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‘Women’s Language’ or ‘Powerless Language’?
... Thus, the phenomenon of women and language, especially with the start of the feminist movement, Second and Third Wave Approach, it was brought to the agenda and studies have been started widely on this subject. At the core of the first studies carried out in this period, "The language used by the woman is different from the language used by the man because the position of the woman is lower; it shows the dominance in the male language " (Jespersen 1922;Labov, 1972;Lakoff 1973Lakoff , 1975Trudgill, 1974;Zimmerman & West 1975;Fishman 1980;O'Barr & Atkins 1980;Spender 1980;Coates 1989;Mills and Mullany, 2011). ...
... Thus, the phenomenon of women and language, especially with the start of the feminist movement, Second and Third Wave Approach, it was brought to the agenda and studies have been started widely on this subject. At the core of the first studies carried out in this period, "The language used by the woman is different from the language used by the man because the position of the woman is lower; it shows the dominance in the male language " (Jespersen 1922;Labov, 1972;Lakoff 1973Lakoff , 1975Trudgill, 1974;Zimmerman & West 1975;Fishman 1980;O'Barr & Atkins 1980;Spender 1980;Coates 1989;Mills and Mullany, 2011). ...
Narratives are the principal means of encoding and conveying personal experiences. The current study aims to investigate the personal regret narratives of the Turkish university students regarding their personal experiences and to evaluate these narratives from a gender-based perspective. To this end, 116 Turkish university students have participated in this study and the selected personal regret narratives are analyzed within the frame of Labovian narrative categories: abstract, orientation, complicating actions, coda, evaluation and result or resolution. In addition to the existence of these categories, their organizational patterns are also compared with respect to the gender of the participants. The evaluation of the narratives demonstrated that all the narrative components are employed by the Turkish university students; however, female students seem to be more inclined to connect their experiences to daily events or other events in their life by applying coda more frequently than male students using language as independence symbol instead of employing it to develop intimacy as female students do. The results of this study might contribute to discourse analysis, sociolinguistics and social psychology as written regret narratives allow us to have a deeper understanding of how Turkish students organize their experiences which reflects social, discoursal and cognitive dimensions.
... However, it does seem desirable to offer some perspective on how the 'pursuit of balance' and 'dynamism' as seen in Excerpts 1 and 2, respectively, must ultimately reconcile with the need to preserve the "frozen" nature of legal language (Trosborg 1992). This aspect acquires an additional point of interest when we consider that, during spoken interactions, the preservation of the enduring character of the language of the law is often closely intertwined with "powerful" and "powerless" speech styles (O'Barr 1982;O'Barr and Atkins 1980). This challenge is particularly prominent in highly sensitive negotiation contexts, where legal language plays a crucial role in persuading the counterparty to accept specific offers or agreement terms 14 (Rolland 2021). ...
Business communication in intercultural and cross-cultural contexts has attracted considerable attention for a long time. Nevertheless, this wide area of study and research is still difficult to define, due to its complex nature. It is even more difficult to define who its ideal teacher/trainer and learner are. Daniel Defoe, when writing "The Complete English Tradesman" in 1725, was quite explicit about the importance of defining the specific nature of the language of business (“every trade has its nostrums, and its little made words”, Defoe 1725). Defoe’s advice is a clear implicit understanding that there is an internationally recognized and shared language
of business.
The aim of this contribution is that of shedding light on the first manuals of business English (BE) and business communication (BC) and showing how BC in English evolved from national to international, that is, from the essentially British perspective of early studies in business English to the international phenomenon it is today. The study will underline the relevance of some principles of past studies, both in the field of rhetoric and in the history of BE teaching, which should be adapted in a modern perspective to improve students’ and teachers’ performances, as the main cues to effectiveness and efficiency in intercultural and cross-cultural business communication.
... The researchers asked: Is the language of the female witness different from the language of the male witness? Accordingly, they analyzed the sessions of a court in North Carolina, USA, and the researchers looked at the linguistic features that distinguish between male witnesses and female witnesses, which Lakoff called "woman's language", and found that the female witnesses did indeed use the linguistic features that Lakoff decided above, where politeness, hedging, tag Questions, adjectives empty of meaning ...etc, However, these features did not stop at the end of the female witnesses, but the male witnesses also used them a lot, and accordingly the researchers concluded that the matter is not related to sex as much as it is related to the human status in terms of strength and weakness, and from here they called this type of language the name "Powerless Language" [23] , This is instead of Lakoff's term "woman's language". Accordingly, can we say: "Women's use of this speech pattern results from their societal weakness, not because they are female"? ...
Scientists have begun to record their observations about the difference between the language of women and the language of men since the middle of the seventeenth century AD, when studies appeared showing the linguistic differences between the sexes in the societies of the Amazon and the Caribbean. However, interest in the subject increased with the beginning of the twentieth century at the hands of anthropologists, and then the interest grew when the efforts of anthropologists mixed with those of sociologists. At that time, the conviction increased that gender, like other social structures, such as class, geographical area, and age, are all factors affecting speech. However, are these features that scientists have observed, are they achieved in all societies? Is it caused by the woman's gender or her weakness? If it is the first, then the phenomenon must be expelled, and if it is the second, then the man can also be characterized by it. KEYWORDS Women's language-man's language-powerless language
... In contrast to deficit theory dominance theory assumes that men and women can interpret language differently depending on their status. This view is supported by the findings of O' Barr and Atkins (1980) Zimmerman and West (1975) Swacker (1975) Spender (1980 and Hultz (1990) (Borden-King et al., 2020;O'Barr & Atkins, 1986;Spender, 1980;Swacker, 1975;Zimmerman & West, 1975). When women have a higher social status than men, they are better able to express themselves in language. ...
Research exploring language disparities between men and women from a solely biological standpoint remains limited. Nevertheless, numerous studies have highlighted significant differences in language use, especially within social, political, and cultural contexts. These variations are intricately tied to the social structure, reflecting power dynamics within male-female relationships. Adopting an interpretive approach, the examination of gender disparities in language seeks to uncover social realities shaped by diverse gender roles and relationships. Moreover, this inquiry delves into the importance of grasping these linguistic variances to facilitate effective interpersonal communication. Understanding such nuances is pivotal for navigating and bridging potential communication barriers, fostering more meaningful and inclusive interactions across various social landscapes. By acknowledging and comprehending these distinctions, individuals can enhance communication efficacy and foster mutual understanding between genders.
... However, it does seem desirable to offer some perspective on how the 'pursuit of balance' and 'dynamism' as seen in Excerpts 1 and 2, respectively, must ultimately reconcile with the need to preserve the "frozen" nature of legal language (Trosborg 1992). This aspect acquires an additional point of interest when we consider that, during spoken interactions, the preservation of the enduring character of the language of the law is often closely intertwined with "powerful" and "powerless" speech styles (O'Barr 1982;O'Barr and Atkins 1980). This challenge is particularly prominent in highly sensitive negotiation contexts, where legal language plays a crucial role in persuading the counterparty to accept specific offers or agreement terms 14 (Rolland 2021). ...
In the ever-growing and competitive global marketplace, companies must look for new ways to gain a competitive advantage. One of these ways is to negotiate provisions orally while drafting the contract in istanti with four hands. This practice-meant to foster trust, cooperation, and fair understanding-has made it imperative to seek collaboration with interpreters to navigate diverse laws, business practices, and above all, cultural differences. In this more nuanced, deeply interpersonal form of transaction, liaison interpreting in contract negotiations presents itself as a complex, challenging, and fruitful area of expertise. Yet, no previous study has explored this domain, whose originality for interpreters lies in that it combines two challenging aspects: the legal language of contracts with cooperative negotiation strategies in the business field. To address this gap, the study examines an authentic, interpreter-mediated meeting between German buyers and an Italian ceramic tile manufacturer. In this scenario, English serves as the lingua franca for the negotiation. Drawing on Wadensjö's (1998) framework for interpreting roles and renditions, along with Duranti's (2004) concept of Agency for related ethical and socio-cultural aspects, the interpreter's choices are ultimately evaluated from a purely unbiased and descriptive perspective within the cognitive-pragmatic framework of Relevance theory (Sperber and Wilson 1986). Findings reveal that legal interpreters need to constantly redefine and reconsider their role in this "hybrid" setting (Bhatia and Nodoushan 2015), thus blurring the boundaries between the purist vision of the impartial interpreter tasked with addressing crucial legal matters, and the involved cross-cultural mediator engaged in renegotiating identities and meanings when mutually beneficial business outcomes are expected to be achieved. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research, emphasizing the need to abandon broad interpreting clichés in favour of defining ad hoc quality standards for this area of expertise lying at the crossroads between legal and business domains.
... For instance, humor is used by individuals to improve their own status in a group (Bitterly, 2022;Duncan, 1982;Holmes & Marra, 2002b;Tapley, 2006), and is an important tool for effective leadership (Meyer, 2000;Romero & Cruthirds, 2006). Dunbar et al. (2012) showed that humor was used more by powerful people in social interactions, whereas quiet and humorless speech style was shown to be used in conversation by individuals with low power or status compared to their conversational partners (O'Barr & Atkins, 1980). Moreover, humorous orientation (the use of humor as a social skill) has been associated with higher social attraction, making the speaker more socially appealing (Wanzer et al., 1996). ...
Research has shown that subversive humor may be used to challenge existing societal hierarchies by confronting people with prejudice. Expanding on this literature, we hypothesized that humor would create two simultaneous and offsetting psychological mechanisms: increasing collective action motivation by signaling speaker power and inspiring efficacy and decreasing collective action motivation by reducing negative emotions towards men as the powerful group. We tested our hypotheses in two experiments, conducted among self-identified women. Study 1 (N = 374) compared videos featuring a comedian (subversive humor vs. non-humor vs. unrelated humor) and Study 2 (N = 224) utilized vignettes depicting a woman’s response to a sexist workplace interaction (subversive humor vs. non-humor vs. amenable response). Subversive humor (vs. unrelated humor/amenable response) increased group efficacy and subsequently collective action intentions. Simultaneously, and as an offsetting mechanism, subversive humor (compared to non-humor) reduced negative emotions toward men and subsequently lowered collective action intentions. Our results call into question the efficaciousness of humor responses to inspire women observers toward collective action for gender equality and emphasize the need for a deeper understanding of humor as a tool to promote action for equality.
... Most of them (Trudgill's 1972 study, for example) suggest that women's speech shows more status-consciousness. Lesley Milroy (1987) represents an empirical demonstration that women as a group do not necessarily produce more standard speech than men. ...
The book focuses on the construction of meaning within the framework of cross-gender talk-in-interaction among Romanian language speaking participants and aims at identifying the importance of the variable of gender in the determination of different conversational styles for men and women. The theoretical background includes ample inquiry into language and gender, linguistic sexism and stereotyping, an extensive survey of traditional and most recent views of feminism. Following a case-study using the Conversation Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis approaches, the conclusion is that, although there are recurrent features, such as conflict talk for male speakers and cooperative verbal interaction for female speakers, the generalizations regarding the variable of gender are impossible when analyzing conversational styles. The findings of this research might be of help for both Romanian and other language scholars belonging to a multiplicity of domains such as linguistics, sociology, psychology, who are interested in the male/female interactional construction of meaning.
... The ten features outlined by Lakoff (1973) in regards to women's speech are the use of lexical hedges or fillers, tag questions, declaratives, empty adjectives, intensifiers, super polite form, emphatic stress, specialised vocabulary, and an avoidance of swear words. Apart from that, other theories exist to outline the differences in men and women's speech, such as The Difference Theory pioneered by Tannen (1990); Howe (1997) and The Dominance Theory as explained by (O'Barr and Atkins, 2009). ...
The use of the English language has been known to differ among its users based on a myriad of factors. One of these factors is gender, a social construct that influences many facets of life, including language use. The aim of this study is to investigate gender differences in the use of the English language among Form 3 secondary school students in Malaysia by looking at Lakoff’s theory of women’s language. Using a quantitative approach, this study consisted of 30 Form 3 students consisting of 15 boys and 15 girls as the respondents. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics. The findings show some similarities and differences in language use between male and female students. Some of the similarities in male and female language use include the usage of hedges, fillers, and interruptions in speech. The differences can be seen in the use of tag questions, swear words, empty adjectives, volume of voice, and the use of formal and informal languages between male and female students. The main implication of this study is to contribute to the knowledge of gender and language use in Malaysia and to highlight the existence of women’s language in the educational sphere.
... Although their research on gender and language introduced new insights into the context of relations between men and women (Lakoff's through the deficit model and Tannen's with the difference model), their overall view of gender implied that "what is done, can't be undone" and that women ought to simply embrace their socially predestined role (e.g., of being physically and intellectually inferior to men, less important than men, dependent on men, invisible in the company of men, the property of men) (Marković 2003: 403). This heavily marked the development of their theories which were (just as the dominance model theories) eventually strongly criticised by a number of authors (e.g., Fishman 1980;O'Barr and Atkins 1998;Cameron et al. 1988;Uchida 1992;Troemel-Ploetz 1991). ...
This paper presents an overview of early research into gender and language conducted in various developed Western countries and their languages. Different models were proposed to establish the properties of the language used by men and women. A major concept in early research was the 'woman's language', regarded as inferior, and subject to pejorative connotations. The presented models represent an important beginning of research on gender and language, although they are largely no longer considered current due to the many shortcomings of their theory and weak empirical support. The paper also reviews contemporary critical frameworks and offers suggestions for further research.
... Dans le discours, des chercheurs ont proposé que les femmes et les hommes parlent d'une manière différente au niveau de la prononciation, de la grammaire, du lexique et du discours (Bailly, 1992 ;Dubois & Crouch, 1975 ;Eckert, 1989Eckert, , 2000Eckert & McConnell-Ginet, 2013 ;Holmes & Meyerhoff, 2008 ;Labov, 1990 Gumperz, 2004 ;Lakoff, 1973Lakoff, , 2004O'Barr & Atkins, 1980 ;Penelope, 1990 ;Thorne & Henley, 1975). Dans ce contexte, sont apparues plusieurs études examinant les termes dépeignant les femmes sous un jour défavorable, en ayant recours à des noms d'humains féminins (prostituée, maîtresse, etc.) ou des termes blessants adressés à celles-ci. ...
Cette étude a pour objectif d’enquêter sur les métaphores de genre (MG désormais) qui décrivent les femmes (métaphores désignant les femmes, MF) et les hommes (métaphores désignant les hommes, MH) en français et en mandarin en se fondant sur la Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Pour chaque langue, les métaphores sont récoltées en adoptant deux sources de données : un dictionnaire et un questionnaire administré à 240 locuteurs (120 hommes, 120 femmes). Nous établissons par la suite une comparaison intra-langue ainsi qu’inter-langue. Les résultats des dictionnaires montrent que même si l’utilisation des domaines sources diffère entre les deux langues, les métaphores s’adressant aux femmes et aux hommes sont asymétriques en quantité et qualité. Premièrement, le nombre de MF est plus élevé que le nombre de MH. Deuxièmement, les connotations de ces MF sont plus péjoratives que celles liées aux MH, particulièrement au sujet de la sexualité des femmes.Les données des questionnaires sont analysées à trois niveaux : l’appartenance aux domaines sources (ANIMAUX, PLANTES), les types de MG (lions, fleurs) et les caractéristiques des MG (traits physiques, personnalité, fonctions et rôles sociaux). En analysant les MF et MH auprès des locuteurs et locutrices natifs du français et du mandarin, nous remarquons que même si l’utilisation des domaines sources et les caractéristiques soulignées sont différentes, des modèles similaires émergent dans les deux langues. Une Théorie du script du genre linguistique est par conséquent proposée afin d’interpréter ces modèles. Elle explique comment des métaphores conventionnelles concernant les deux sexes sont utilisées comme un script écrit pour guider les femmes et les hommes afin qu’ils jouent les rôles sociaux qui leur sont assignés. Enfin, la comparaison inter-langue révèle certaines réalités sociales en montrant les différences de traitement entre les deux sexes en France et à Taïwan. De plus, nous montrons que la sélection des domaines sources et des caractéristiques qu’ils contiennent est associée à la cosmologie de ces deux cultures. Dans la culture française, la relation entre les humains et d’autres êtres est considérée comme verticale, expliquée par la structure hiérarchisée de LA GRANDE CHAÎNE DE LA VIE. En revanche, cette relation est vue comme horizontale dans la culture chinoise où les humains et l’univers sont perçus comme vivants en harmonie, ce qui est défini par la philosophie de l’Unité de l’univers et du genre humain.
... Although their research on gender and language introduced new insights into the context of relations between men and women (Lakoff's through the deficit model and Tannen's with the difference model), their overall view of gender implied that "what is done, can't be undone" and that women ought to simply embrace their socially predestined role (e.g., of being physically and intellectually inferior to men, less important than men, dependent on men, invisible in the company of men, the property of men) (Marković 2003: 403). This heavily marked the development of their theories which were (just as the dominance model theories) eventually strongly criticised by a number of authors (e.g., Fishman 1980;O'Barr and Atkins 1998;Cameron et al. 1988;Uchida 1992;Troemel-Ploetz 1991). ...
The present study examined predictors of the intention to become vaccinated against COVID-19 among the Slovenian public. A cross-sectional, non-probability sample was collected through an online survey in March and April 2020 (N = 826; Mage=33.2 years). We tested four groups of predictors: demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, health status and political (left–right) orientation. Our ordinal regression model explained 44% of the variance in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. All six predictors had a significant impact on vaccine hesitancy, which was significantly higher among women, among 30–39-year-olds, the less educated, the self-employed and unemployed, those reporting excellent self-rated health and those with a centrist political orientation (followed by right-oriented respondents). Implications of the results are discussed.
[V pričujoči raziskavi smo proučevali napovedovalce namere za cepljenje proti covidu-19 med slovensko javnostjo. Presečni, neverjetnostni vzorec je bil pridobljen s spletno anketo med marcem in aprilom 2020 (N = 826; Mstarost = 33,2 leta). Analizirali smo štiri skupine napovedovalcev oklevanja: demografske in socioekonomske napovedovalce, zdravstveni status in politično usmeritev (levo/desno). Naš ordinalni regresijski model je razložil 44 % variance v oklevanju pred cepljenjem proti covidu-19. Vseh šest napovedovalcev je učinkovalo na oklevanje pred cepljenjem, ki je bilo statistično značilno višje med ženskami in med 30–39-letniki, nižje pa med manj izobraženimi, samozaposlenimi in brezposelnimi, tistimi z odličnim samoocenjenim zdravjem in tistimi s sredinsko politično usmeritvijo (sledili so desno usmerjeni anketiranci). V sklepnem delu prispevka razpravljamo o implikacijah rezultatov naše raziskave.]
The use of IPEDs (Image and Performance Enhancing Drugs) has become a growing area of concern for public health, particularly over the last decade (Santos and Coomber, 2017). The vast majority of the population consuming these substances are men, who are utilising them in the attempt to boost their physical appearance and/or performance (Sagoe et al., 2014). Historically, it was widely understood that men who use IPEDs do so predominantly for athletic pursuits, in order to improve sporting performance or for bodybuilding (Hope et al., 2021). However, recent years has seen a diffusion of these substances in society, with more non-sporting populations consuming them (Bates and Backhouse, 2019), often in the pursuit of achieving body image goals (Harris, Dunn and Alywn, 2016), and/or increasing muscularity (Bates et al., 2021). In this growing cohort, the role of masculinity plays an important role of influencing this consumption, with neoliberal masculine contemporary body image ideals reflecting an increasingly sexualised and fetishized version of the male form (Wykes and Gunter, 2004; Hakim, 2019).
However, there have been limited studies exploring the role of idealised and contemporary masculinities in the uptake and continued use of these substances, as well as the cultures that surround them. This study presents one of the very first qualitative explorations of the perceptions of masculinities among men who use IPEDs. This research took place between 2019-2022, during the COVID-19 pandemic, and as such has also grounded its findings within the time context of the pandemic, and further seeks to observe how men’s use of IPEDs and other fitness behaviours were affected during this time. This thesis is therefore conducted in order to provide context and insight into the population of men who use IPEDs, and, ultimately, hopes to encourage drug policy and its makers to consider these thematic connections, and to reflect these in its development and implementation.
The contribution made by this research work consists of two main studies, exploring six research objectives. The first aims to explore the objectives specifically relating to their presentation across online platforms. It consists of a netnographic investigation carried out across four major bodybuilding forums and focuses on the following areas of analysis: (1) Masculinities, (2) Motivations for use (of IPEDs), (3) Body goals (e.g., losing mass), (4) Attitudes towards women and/or sexuality, and (5) General attitudes towards IPED use. From this, five major thematic subthemes emerged and were analysed in a subsequent application to theory: (1) Workout routines, (2) IPED use in lockdown, (3) The body and body image, (4) Mental health, IPED use and COVID-19, and (5) Masculinities, sex, and sexuality.
Additional data was collected during a follow up study, which provides further insight into the research aims and objectives, as well as further context to the themes observed during the netnographic study, by utilising first-person accounts from men who use IPEDs. This research consists of a cross-sectional survey comprising of 11 independent questions, providing mixed data types, including written word, original images, and Likert scales. The invites to participate in this study were disseminated across the platforms observed during the netnographic research component, as well as additional online forums and social media. 15 men participated in the survey during May 2021, and their responses were subject to deductive thematic analysis, which highlighted four prominent themes which were subsequently analysed: (1) IPED use, exploring uptake, side-effects, and the impact of COVID-19. (2) Body image amongst men who use(d) IPEDs, which explores body image goals and the impact of culture on body ideals. (3) Idealised masculinities amongst men who use IPEDs, which explores the connections of these idealisations to body image, themes of dominance and toxicity, heteronormativity, sexual performance, and capitalism. (4) Social media, IPEDs, masculinities and mental health, which explores the pressures on body image presented by social media, and its role in mental health amongst men who use IPEDs.
The original contribution to knowledge focuses on the intersection of methodology types applied to this topic area, as well as the in-depth analysis of masculine gender identities and their contemporary influences. The main conclusions presented by this thesis, by research objectives, are (1) findings supported broader literature on key motivations for uptake of IPEDs amongst men, with predominant rationales being: muscle gain, body image, and strength. (2) An emphasis on traditional masculine identities was observed within the collected data, including language related to heteronormativity and sexism. Clear links were also made between men who consume IPEDs utilising muscularity as a tool to present and articulate visual expressions of masculinities. (3) A relationship between social and traditional medias and contemporary idealised forms of masculinities was observed and was further highlighted as a key influence on body image goals amongst men who use IPEDs. (4) An influential relationship was observed between capitalism, subcultural ideals, and the uptake of IPEDs, specifically in relation to societal body image norms. (5) COVID-19 was shown to significantly impact on both fitness behaviours and the consumption of IPEDs, including the rationales for uptake and continued consumption. Online platforms also presented as key areas for support and education for men who use IPEDs, with heightened importance in the COVID-19 pandemic. (6) COVID-19 did not exacerbate existing views relating to traditional masculinities, heteronormativity, and sexism, but did provide new language to be used within these contexts.
Overall, a strong relationship between body image, idealised masculinities and online spaces emerged throughout this research. These factors were observed both in relation to influences of uptake of IPEDs, as well as acting as important avenues for the effective dissemination of support and education to men who consume IPEDs. Future studies should continue to explore the nuances of these relationships and the effective utilisation of online spaces for encouraging safe consumption.
The purpose of this study is to explore and describe the role of cooperative principles and politeness strategies in forming phatic speech acts in women's communication on Facebook. This research is qualitative research. This study applies an ethnographic approach. The data type used is qualitative in words, sentences, photographs, documents, journals, and articles. The primary data in this study is the speech of women who are divided into categories, namely adult women and adolescents. The data collection techniques are interviews, observation, and documentation. The data analysis technique used the ethnographic analysis model introduced by Spradley. The research results show that adult women implement the cooperative principles of relevance maxims and quality maxims. They also violate the cooperative principles of relevance maxim, quality maxim, and quantity maxim, while the politeness strategy applies positive politeness strategies. Negative politeness strategy, off-record strategy, and bald on-record strategies. The findings that adult women have analyzed tend to apply the maxim of relevance, violate the principle of cooperation of relevance, and use positive politeness strategies. Teenagers use phatic speech acts by applying the principles of relevance and method cooperation, violating the maxims of relevance, quantity, and quality and using positive politeness and bald off-record strategies. Overall, dominant adolescents perform phatic speech acts by applying the maxim of manner, violating the maxim of relevance, and using positive politeness strategies.
The article highlights the trends of the present world, the informatization of society, the intensive development of innovative technologies entails a rethinking of values in art and language environment. Learning a language certainly includes considering a whole range of external circumstances in which it really develops and actively functions: the society that uses the language, its social structure, age difference between native speakers, social status, level of culture and education, place of residence, as well as differences in their speech behavior depending on the language situation. The relevance of the study is determined by the change in human consciousness during the postmodern cultural era, a feature of which is the rethinking of values, the definition of specific trends in the philosophical essence of the postmodern. The study presents the theoretical foundations of postmodern reflection in the social manifestation of speech. Postmodern forms a value attitude to progress as a single unchanging constant, formed throughout historical development. The article examines the conditions of equality of social factors between men and women who choose different strategies of speech behavior, manifested in the models of text construction, use of linguistic means, associations arising in both sexes as one of the aspects of postmodern semantic representation. In the course of the study the concept of "ethnicity" is defined, replacing the concept of "ethnos" and denoting the existence of separate ethnic groups. The study is based on the method of analysis and synthesis, the research, descriptive and scientific method was used to determine the postmodern aspect of the social factor of language variation. The results of the study are the basis for determining the social factor of speech in the context of postmodern society.
Dilin günlük kullanımı başta olmak üzere medya, siyaset, hukuk, reklamcılık, sanat vb. farklı alanlardaki tüm kullanımlarına bakıldığında sezdirimlerden sıklıkla faydalanıldığı görülmektedir. Sezdirimin farklı alanlarda kullanılmasını sağlayan özelliği, onun doğruluk koşullu olmayan ve edimsel bağlama dayalı anlama işaret ediyor olmasıdır. Sezdirimlerin bu özelliği, onu bildirişimin temel kavramlarından biri hâline getirmekle birlikte bildirişim sırasında anlam yorumlamada belirsizliklerin ortaya çıkmasına da yol açmaktadır. Bu belirsizliklerin ya da yorumlama farklılıklarının sezdirimin farklı işlevlerinin tespitiyle anlaşılabileceği/açıklanabileceği düşünülmektedir. Sezdirimle ilgili çalışmalar büyük oranda onu tanımlamak, sınırlarını belirlemek, benzer edimbilimsel ve anlambilimsel kavramlardan ayırt etmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmalarda sezdirimlerin işlevlerine değinilmiş olsa da toplu bir çalışmanın varlığından bahsedilememektedir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmayla birlikte sezdirimlerin kullanıldığı farklı işlevleri belirlemek ve bu işlevlerde kullanılmasını sağlayan özelliklerini ortaya koymak amaçlanmaktadır. İşlevlerin belirlenmesi sürecinde tiyatro metinlerinden, günlük hayatta karşılaşılan örneklerden, farklı çalışmalarda tespit edilmiş örneklerden ve varsayımsal olarak oluşturulan olası dil kullanımlarından faydalanılmıştır. Bahsi geçen tiyatro metinleri ve konuşma örnekleri Türkçe metinlerle sınırlandırılmıştır. Sezdirimlerin işlevlerinin ve bu işlevlerde kullanılmasını sağlayan özelliklerin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılan bu çalışmanın sonucunda: 1. Sorumluluktan kaçma, 2. Dilde tasarruf / En az çaba, 3. Nezaket, 4. Etkinliği, gücü artırma, 5. Tabu, günah, yasak, utanç verici vb. olduğu düşünülen ifadelerden kaçınma, 6. Hedef gizleme ve 7. Bildirişim alışkanlıkları olmak üzere temelde yedi farklı işlev tespit edilmiştir. Bu işlevlere sebep olduğu düşünülen sezdirim özellikleri ilgili bölümlerde açıklanmıştır.
Numerous studies have critiqued the stereotypical and essentialist assumptions inculcated by cultural artefacts and texts through the lens of feminism, poststructuralism, sociology, and linguistics. Notwithstanding the attempts to establish gender equality and inclusivity in contemporary times, the present study examines how language spreads and supports masculine biases through various dominant and popular discourses of society. The study considers the omnipresence of language in society and observes that language tends to legitimise the behaviour and preferences of men as dominant while objectifying or trivialising those of women. Taking a cue from Robin Lakoff’s deficit and dominant approaches, the paper chooses instances and examples from various discourses to study how language nourishes patriarchal attitudes and naturalises the domination of men over women. Though Lakoff’s perspectives came four decades ago, an overview of the present scenario reveals the contemporaneity of her observations in studying the masculine bias in language.
The present research is the study of linguistic variations in the language of males and females in the movie North Country. By applying Robin Lakoff's deficit theory to the work, the research highlighted the difference based on hedging, tag questions, and intensifiers. Language variation in gender was a common topic in the 1970s, but till now not much empirical evidence is present to support Robin Lakoff’s theory, the research has provided a firm ground for the theory. The research study is a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the discourse of males and females in the movie "North Country." The research study findings in accordance with its objectives show how male and female's language differs from each other by providing empirical evidence, as males and females show different trends in the use of tag questions, hedging, and intensifiers. This is a highly significant study academically it will provide analyzed data with evidence to students of genderlect.
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The aim of the study is to present an analysis of the lexical and grammatical means of expression of dominant assessment in the speech behavior of the Russian-speaking and English-speaking virtual language personality in blogs, depending on belonging to a particular gender. The research material is a card index of more than 200 posts of beauty bloggers on the social network in 2021. There were used 15 accounts of the Russian-speaking and 15 accounts of the English-speaking addressers. All blogger’s virtual language personalities position themselves on the Internet as men, transgender people (mtf – male-to-female) and women. In total more than 3,800 small syntactic groups have been analyzed. The following research methods were used in the work: the lexico-semantic, lexico-grammatical, and stylistic analyses, method of objective pragmalinguistic analysis combining modified content analysis and the comparison method. When studying the differences in the media speeches among the English- and Russian-speaking virtual communicative personalities, several lexical differences in the speeches of the women, men and transgender people were identified. Thus, among the Russian-speaking bloggers the highest percentage of negative attitudes and in general the brightest emotional coloring of lexis and grammar constructions was observed in the men’s media speech despite the widespread stereotype about the greater emotional intensity of women’s media speech. The women in their media speech tend to prevail in the formation of positive assessment. For the transgender people in blogs, all three indicators of the formation of assessment using lexical and grammatical means occupy a middle position between the media speech of the women and the men, which indicates the presence of female and male traits in the media speech of the transgender people. For the English-speaking virtual communicative personalities in the media speeches of the women and the men, all three indicators are approximately equal, while for the transgender people the index of the formation of a negative attitude using lexical and grammatical means is twice exceeded, and the indicator of the formation of a positive attitude through vocabulary is twice reduced. In general, the media speech of the English-speaking transgender people in blogs is characterized by a more open and more emotionally colored lexical and grammatical constructions in media speech. The transgender bloggers share all the events from their lives, regardless of whether they are positive or negative, which indicates maximum self-presentation and maximum attention of Internet users to their language personality and lifestyle among Internet users. It seems promising to consider the linguopragmatic aspect of gender self-presentation of virtual language personalities in blogs, to identify the main tactics of their self-presentation in media space.
This study was an attempt to determine how social identity is represented in terms of social actors, social actions, and discourse practices. Following a discourse analysis perspective, Summit Series were explored in terms of ve variables, namely, social actor representation, social action representation, modality, intertextuality, and idiomatic/metaphoric expressions. After enumerating and tabulating different variables and categories, the data were analyzed. The study revealed the passivation and subjection social actors as being dominant for females and the bene cialization social actors for males. Furthermore, the dominant social actions were found to be cognitive and affective reaction rather than material or semiotic actions. Hence, it was found that the examined textbook is mixed-genre with its focus on the culture of the western countries in which the ethnic groups were either marginalized or manifested as being weird. Likewise, it was revealed that there is more involvement in serious matters for men and trivial, passionate and entertaining matters for females. In fact, the textbook is following the dominant trend in which identity is represented elaborately in a speci c way by manipulating various semiotic variables among which social actors, social actions, modality, intertextuality, metaphoric expressions in a particular sociocultural setting and mixed-genre presentation are worth emphasizing.
In the literature on language and gender, women have been found to use certain varieties more than men. Such varieties have been regarded as "women's language" as can be seen for example in Lakoff (1973). In this paper, I examine the use of Yoruba honorific pronouns in the movie, Ẹfúnsetán Aniwura (Ogunsola, Kelani, and Íṣọlá, 2005), and establish that Yoruba women use honorific pronouns more than men. However, I follow O'Bar and Atkins (1980) and Wetzel (1988) and argue that the use of honorific pronouns in Yoruba is a feature of powerless language rather than that of women's language. I suggest that the term "women's language" should be reserved for language varieties that have been documented to be exclusively used by women. I suggest that a distinction should be made between "powerless language" that women are made to use more and "women's language" that is made powerless. This allows us to ask fundamental questions about the relations between power, language, and gender and between language evolution and gender differentiation.
Àṣamọ̀
Nínú iṣẹ́ ìwadǐ ìmọ̀ ìjìnlẹ̀ nípa èdè àti ọrọ̀ akọ-sábo, àwọn onímọ̀ ìjìnlẹ̀ ti ṣe àwárí rẹ̀ pé àwọn obìnrin máa ń lo àwọn ìsọwọśọrọ̀ kan ju àwọn ọkùnrin lọ. Irúfẹ́ àwọn ìsọwọśọrọ̀ yí ni àwọn onímọ̀ ìjìnlẹ̀ bíi Lakoff (1973) pè ni "èdè àwọn obìnrin". Nínú ìwadǐ ìmọ̀ ìjìnlẹ̀ yí, mo ṣe ìwadǐ ìsọwọĺò àwọn ọrọ̀ arọṕò orúkọ ajẹmọ-ọẁọ̀ nínú eré àgbéléwò Ẹfúnsetán Aniwura (Ogunsola, Kelani, àti Íṣọlá, 2005). Mo fi hàn pé àwọn obìnrin ń lo àwọn ọrọ̀ arọṕò orúkọ ajẹmọ-ọẁọ̀ ju àwọn okùnrin lọ. Sùgbọń, mo tẹlé O'Bar àti Atkins (1980) àti Wetzel (1988) láti ṣe atótónu pé lílo ọrọ̀ arọṕò orúkọ ajẹmọ-ọẁọ̀ jẹ́ àbùdá "èdè ọlẹ" àti pé kìí ṣe àbùdá "èdè obìnrin". Mo dábǎ pé ohun tí ó yẹ kí á maá fi ọrọ̀ ìjìnlẹ̀ "èdè obìnrin" perí ni ìsọwọĺò èdè tí ó jẹ́ pé àwọn obìnrin nìkan ni ìwadǐ ti fi hàn pé wọń ń lòó. Mo dábǎ pé ó yé kí ìyàtọ̀ ó wà láàrin "èdè ọlẹ" tó jẹ́ pé àwọn obìnrin ni wọn ń lòó jù àti "èdè obìnri" tí àwùjọ sọ di ọlẹ. Èyí fún wa ní àǹfààní láti bèèrè àwọn ìbéèrè ìpìlẹ̀ tó níí se pẹlú àjọṣepọ̀ láàrin agbára, èdè, àti ọrọ akọ-sábo àti ìbáṣepọ̀ láàrin ìgbèrúyípadà èdè àti ìṣèyàtọ̀ alákọ-sábo. Ọ̀rọ̀ gbòógì: èdè obìnrin, èdè ọlẹ, ọrọ̀ arọṕò orúkọ ajẹmọ-ọẁọ, Yorùbǎ
This study aisle the language variations that make human beings distinct from varmints. On a more deep-rooted rationale of discrepancies among human language, the Difference Theory (1990) introduced by Deborah Tannen, is applied from linguistic canon to the male and female students studying in the co-education public sector universities of Lahore. Heading toward the objectives, antagonisms between male and female vernacular in the same culture contribute to the realm of sociolinguistics precisely of gender-based language variations in the Pakistani context. Data is analyzed through mix method approach to proceed with the aims of the study from five public sector co-education universities including; The University of Punjab, Government College University, University of Education, University of Engineering and Technology, and the Information Technology University of Punjab. Specifically, the anthology of data through a questionnaire, having a 1-10 scale with 3 variables is analyzed with the help of SPSS for testing the reliability of manipulated variable of gender difference in language use comparatively among males and females. The number of male and female participants remains at 50 respectively from each university. For the uniformity of results, only undergraduate first-semester students are included in this study with ethical consideration consent, considered before filing the questionnaire. The constraint of this study entails the; specific sample population, public sector universities, degree programs of students, and truth condition implication that may generate different results in extended studies.
This chapter investigates the potential effects of unequal power relations on participation in a group of student teachers and invited professionals in two collaborative workshops in Second Life. The basic research enquiry addresses whether the relative anonymity afforded by virtual world environments has an effect on established power structures, thereby empowering relatively powerless language learners to more active participation than would be the case in more traditional learning set-ups. The data includes recordings, group reflections, and individual questionnaires. Participation was examined from the aspects of floor space, turn length, and utterance functions, and complemented with student reflections. The results show that the differences of floor space and turn length between the invited professionals and the students were small. The invited professionals did more conversational management than the students, while the students performed more supportive speech acts. No major gender differences in participation were found. There was, however, considerable individual variation.
Povijesno se uglavnom ignoriralo pitanje uloge emocija, pa se u drugoj polovini 20. st. osjećala zabrinutost zbog zanemarenosti istraživanja emocija u akademskom svijetu (Oatley, Jenkins, 2003). Povećani humanistički interes za temu emocija u svijetu pojavljuje se potkraj 1980-ih. Uvodno će se predstaviti teza o (književnoj) emocionologiji kao novoj interdisciplinarnoj svjetskoj istraživačkoj paradigmi. S obzirom da podrazumijeva pitanje ekspresije, reprezentacije te recepcije emocija kao glavnih težišta u bavljenju odnosom književnog teksta i emocija u moderno doba (Brković, 2015), književna emocionologija bit će predstavljena na primjeru psihološke drame Nora danas (2005.) Mire Gavrana. Potpuno suprotno Ibsenovoj klasičnoj Nori/Lutkinoj kući (1879), Gavranova hrvatska Nora danas promiče , , antifeminizam“ (Čale Feldman, 2017). Stoga će diskurzivno emocionalno uvjetovana izgradnja depresivnog identiteta Gavranove dramske protagonistkinje, Nore, biti izravno povezana s antifeminističkim kriterijem. Ibsenova Nora i Torvald ovdje će zamijeniti (emocionalne) uloge, pa ćemo kod Gavrana istražiti suvremene književne identitete: Noru kao (anti)lutku, a njezina supružnika Tonija kao suvremenog (anti)lutka. Bit će to i prvi rad koji donosi definiciju lutka kao književnoteorijskog narativnog konstrukta. Definirat će se i novoosmišljeni pojam Tonijev sindrom, po uzoru na Norin sindrom (Muzaferija, 2006). Povezano s književnim identitetima, bit će predstavljena definicija emocionalnog tijela. Pomoću emocija koje u nama izaziva književno djelo možemo steći praktično znanje koje se tiče izoštravanja percepcije i boljega razumijevanja ljudskih postupaka i njihovih motivacija (Robinson, 2005.). Stoga razumijevanje depresivnog emocijskog identiteta u Nori danas M. Gavrana može biti gotovo terapijske naravi. Govoreći o Norinu (emocijskom) depresivnom identitetu, autorica smatra da se afektivno-kognitivnom naratologijom, putem svijeta književnosti, može ukazati na društvene probleme 21. stoljeća, a svakako (kroz biblioterapiju) pretpostaviti terapijski utjecaj otkrivanja emocija književnih protagonista u tekstu i njihov recepcijski utjecaj na čitatelje, čime se i znanost o književnosti, u interdisciplinarnom ključu, približava onome što se naziva znanost o životu (engl. life sciences). Kada je riječ o emocionalno kodiranoj emociji depresije u tekstu (kao čitatelju moguće srodnoj emociji), poželjan recepcijski kategorizacijski slijed jest: identifikacija pa averzija (isključuje se empatija i simpatija). Iako je I. Brković na Kliofestu (2015) emocionologiju najavila kao mainstream književnu znanost, pet godina poslije smatramo kako bi emocionologija mogla postati suvremena humanistička istraživačka paradigma, a svakako bi emocionološko čitanje teksta trebalo (p)ostati jedno od budućih temeljnih načela razumijevanja suvremene književne poetike, poglavito u svijetu masovne tehnologizacije i digitalizacije u kojemu emocije zauzimaju rubno mjesto. ENGLISH: Historically, the issue of the role of emotions has been largely ignored, so in the second half of the 20th century. felt concerned about the neglect of emotion research in academia (Oatley, Jenkins, 2003). Increased humanistic interest in the topic of emotions in the world emerged in the late 1980s. The thesis on (literary) emotionology as a new interdisciplinary world research paradigm will be presented in the introduction. Since it involves the issue of expression, representation and reception of emotions as the main focus in dealing with the relationship between literary text and emotions in modern times (Brković, 2015), literary emotionology will be presented on the example of psychological drama Nora Today (2005) by Miro Gavran. In stark contrast to Ibsen's classic Nora / Puppet House (1879), Gavran's Croatian Nora today promotes "antifeminism" (Čale Feldman, 2017). Thus, the discursively emotionally conditioned construction of the depressive identity of Gavran’s dramatic protagonist, Nora, will be directly related to the antifeminist criterion. Ibsen's Nora and Torvald will swap (emotional) roles here, so we will explore Raven's contemporary literary identities: Nora as an (anti)puppet, and her spouse Tony as a contemporary (anti)Man-doll. It will also be the first work to define a Man-doll as a literary- theoretical narrative construct. The newly conceived term Tony's syndrome will be defined, following the example of Nora's syndrome (Muzaferija, 2006). Related to literary identities, the definition of the emotional body will be presented. With the help of the emotions that the literary work evokes in us, we can acquire practical knowledge regarding the sharpening of perception and a better understanding of human actions and their motivations (Robinson, 2005). Therefore, M. Gavran's understanding of depressive emotional identity in Nora today can be almost therapeutic in nature. Speaking about Nora's (emotional) depressive identity, the author believes that affective-cognitive narratology, through the world of literature, can point to social problems of the 21st century, and certainly (through bibliotherapy) assume the therapeutic impact of discovering the emotions of literary protagonists in the text and their reception to readers, which brings the science of literature, in an interdisciplinary way, closer to what is called life sciences. When it comes to the emotionally coded emotion of depression in the text (as a reader possibly related emotion), the preferred reception categorization sequence is: identification and then aversion (empathy and sympathy are excluded). Although I. Brković announced emotionology as a mainstream literary science at Kliofest (2015), five years later we believe that emotionology could become a modern humanistic research paradigm, and emotionology reading of the text should certainly remain one of the future fundamental principles of understanding contemporary literature. poetics, especially in the world of mass technologicalization and digitalization in which emotions occupy a marginal place.
Sosyal ve kültürel olarak inşa edilen toplumsal cinsiyet farkları ve özellikleri çağdaş toplumun en ilgi çeken meselelerinden biridir. Farklı bilim alanlarında cinsiyet ve toplumsal cinsiyet ile ilişki disiplinler arası çalışmaların son yıllardaki artışı dikkat çekmektedir. Bu makalenin genel amacı cinsiyet, toplumsal cinsiyet ve dil ilişkileri üzerine değerlendirmelerde bulunmaktır. Dil, cinsiyet ve toplumsal cinsiyet bağlamında oluşan ve anlam kazanan bazı görüş ve düşüncelerin aktarılmasıyla beraber bunlar üzerine temellenen teorik yaklaşımlar ve kuramlar üzerinden söz konusu olgular arasındaki bağlar incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Böylece toplumsal cinsiyet ve cinsiyet olgularının dilin fonetik, morfolojik ve leksik düzeyindeki göstergelerinin tespit edilerek incelenmesi de bu çalışmanın amaçları olarak sayılmalıdır. Nitekim çalışmanın sonucunda dilin ses düzeyindeki cinsiyet göstergelerinin genellikle kadın ve erkek biyolojik ve fizyolojik altyapısından kaynaklanan cinsiyet farklılıklarına dayandığı; dildeki cinsiyet göstergelerini içeren gramer kategorilerinin toplumun diyalektik dünya algılayışı üzerine kuruldukları; dilin leksik düzeyinin, toplumsal cinsiyet göstergelerini anlamsal çağrışımlarında içermesi, leksik boyutun üstün cinsiyet işaretli düzey üzerinde kurgulandığı tespit edilmiştir.
This paper analyses how gender is constructed by the Tivs through their interpretation of Hamlet in comparison with how Shakespeare projects these characters. Hamlet, a tragic play by Shakespeare, presents a patriarchal system of governance with strong themes of betrayal, love, kinship, religion, and revenge. The lack of agency and autonomy of women, sexual objectification, and their plagues as victims of patriarchy portrayed in Hamlet is a vivid presentation of the fate of women in a patriarchal world. While these may seem universal, the contradictory interpretation of Hamlet by the Tivs in Nigeria demands an inquiry into how the people of Tiv construct and interpret gender in Shakespeare's Hamlet. This paper, therefore, compares the Tiv's culture and gender values with Shakespeare’s Hamlet. The paper argues that the Tiv’s construction of gender contradicts Western conceptions of gruesome patriarchal performance in Africa as presented in Western literature. The analysis revealed that the Tiv’s construction of gender gave more agency, power, and respect to women and differed significantly from how Shakespeare constructed gender in Hamlet. The masculinization of witchcraft and the demeaning of the male characters in Hamlet gave less honour and power to the male characters. Tiv’s interpretations and gender constructions present a rather diverging representation of women in Hamlet based on cultural negotiations and lived experiences; thereby, demonstrating how cultural dynamism shapes gender constructions.
Existing literature has provided a firm dichotomy between language differentials between the male and female gender. Regardless of different contexts and discourse types, these language differences tend to persist. In courtroom discourse, the linguistic constructions of female legal practitioners are loosely regarded as ‘powerless language’ characterized with polite constructions, hesitations, and hedges which is in firm contrast with their male counterparts who tend to be more definite in their linguistic constructions.
The present study tends to examine how performed court discourse challenges this narrative. Using selected courtroom scenes of Mike Ross trial in the American TV show the suits, the study notes that
while female legal practitioners use these ‘powerless’ linguistic patterns in the court interaction not as a demonstration of inferior or subordinate status to their male counterparts but dexterously deployed to achieve intended outcomes.
The variations in language use between men and women have been studied for a long time. Lexical choices made by the speakers or writers play on the cognition of the listener or reader and reduplicate gender related biases or preconceived notions even when the recipients of the message are gender neutral. This process is unconscious and automatic. Gender differences and biases based upon these have been and are an indivisible facet of the global cultural ethos. Patriarchal social design and traditional practices titled in disfavour of women continue to foster gender bias. Inequality between genders is multidimensional and for this very reason, a challenge for social scientists and policy makers. The aim of this paper is to look at the disparities in gendered language and to conclude if there is such a thing as gendered language. It also clarifies the meanings of few gender-linguistic words. The paper also seeks to clarify these variations on the grounds of these differences and changes. The study summarises a large number of leading theories on the question of gendered language and sociolinguistic factors that may be the cause of such variations in language use and why there may be a need to look at the issue of gendered language through a more magnifying glass.
Existing literature has provided a firm dichotomy between language differentials between the male and female gender. Regardless of different contexts and discourse types, these language differences tend to persist. In courtroom discourse, the linguistic constructions of female legal practitioners are loosely regarded as ‘powerless language’ characterized with polite constructions, hesitations, and hedges which is in firm contrast with their male counterparts who tend to be more definite in their linguistic constructions. The present study tends to examine how performed court discourse challenges this narrative. Using selected courtroom scenes of Mike Ross trial in the American TV show the suits, the study notes that while female legal practitioners use these ‘powerless’ linguistic patterns in the court interaction not as a demonstration of inferior or subordinate status to their male counterparts but dexterously deployed to achieve intended outcomes.
Adopting a Conversation Analysis approach, this study examined disagreements in casual Taiwanese Mandarin conversations, with a focus on the role of gender, in recorded spoken interactions. The data consisted of 281 spontaneous conversations in ordinary settings among family members, friends, classmates, roommates, and colleagues and were categorized into three broad categories according to relative severity of disagreement: (1) softened disagreements; (2) disagreements neither softened nor strengthened; and (3) strengthened disagreements. The results showed that the three main types of disagreements had similar distributions in the data. In softened disagreement responses, negative politeness was most often used as mitigation, and contrastive markers such as keshi, danshi, and buguo (all meaning 'but') were the most commonly used linguistic markers. In neither softened nor strengthened disagreements, clarification was the pragmatic strategy used most frequently, and in strengthened disagreements, rhetorical questions were used most often. The data were further analyzed with respect to inter-and intra-gender interactions. Furthermore, the results also indicated that females were generally more polite than males in intra-gender interactions than in inter-gender interactions. This apparent impoliteness in the female-to-male interactions could indicate that the females feigned mock impoliteness in order to show solidarity with their male interlocutors. Some instances of this mock impoliteness were in the form of sajiao ('buttering up someone') by the females in order to persuade males into accepting their opinions.
The range of conversational strategies that highlight the presumed disparities in communication styles between men and women also recognizes the conversational phenomenon of referentiality has been observed in the 1970s – that women, more often than men, at the beginning of their statements explicitly emphasize what has been said before and thus build a conversational core. The aim of the paper, therefore, is to determine the presence and conversational functions of such a phenomenon in media discourse by analyzing conversational pairs in television interviews represented with gender equal guests and presenters. Through conversational and discourse analysis and the use of the computer software Elan, a useful tool for transcription and annotation, we gained the result of two-layer corpus of 13 interviews, consisting of about 73,000 words. With all the limitations of the corpus and the methodology that this approach carries, the analysis shows that four possible conversational and pragmatic functions of referentiality are recognizable in media discourse, with the difference that they are more often observed in male conversational pairs. Referentiality in media discourse implies the following pragmatic functions: supporting the interlocutor, strengthening one's statement, encouraging the flow of conversation and clarifying or requesting additional information. This is more often recognized in interviews with a male presenter and with male conversational pairs.
Quite important for scientists is the question of the place of gender characteristics in the choice of linguistic means, as well as the reflection in the language of stereotypes associated with gender. Each person has his own style of communication, which depends on upbringing, education, age, social status, and gender. In general, men and women speak differently, although each person has a different level of gender speech characteristics.
This study focuses on how linguistic markers are utilized by women in media to highlight stereotypes and reinforce systems of oppression. Using data from the popular television program The Big Bang Theory, the speech patterns of the three main female characters, Penny, Amy, and Bernadette, were analyzed. It was found that changes in the speed and pitch of the dialog delivered by these characters correlated with the characters enacting certain female stereotypes that are not at the forefront of their personalities. The stereotypes of the traditionally feminine woman, overly aggressive woman, and ditzy blond are key in maintaining the inferior status of women. The stereotype of the traditionally feminine woman serves as an example of how women are supposed to act out their female identity, the overly aggressive stereotype is a warning against utilizing emotions outside of a traditional feminine community of practice, and the ditzy blond stereotype is used to provide proof of the inferiority of women and justify the continued subjugation of them.
Language is an indispensable instrument whereby we organize and build our social ties in our communities, and society at large. Human language is critically interwoven into the processes whereby human beings communicate, build knowledge, transmit information, and determine the identity of both the addresser and the addressee in any communicational exchange. We could hypothetically assert that if there is unmistakably one thing without which man as a species can hardly live in the social realm, it is language par excellence. In an admittedly multi-layered and inherently complex sociolinguistic configuration, the individual speaker’s linguistic choice, the different roles he or she plays, be they in a position of addresser or addressee, and the various situations where the speech takes place do serve as markers reflecting one’s identity and communication styles. In this respect, factors such as sex, age, level of education, occupation, race, and geographical origin can virtually be reflected via one’s speech. This article sets out to analyze (1) the influential role of speech, (2) gender and identity, (3) dominance/difference, and (4) cross-gender oral communication in the Moroccan context using a homogenous convenience sample of Moroccan participants. This study falls within the scope of gender studies. Its major aim is to demonstrate the roles that mixed-gendered interlocutors can play in order to maintain effective communication. Therefore, their perceptions regarding interruptions, conversation dominance, turn-taking and choice of topics in conversations are analyzed. Different research instruments have been implemented to collect data including recordings of real-life conversational speech, classroom observation, and interviews. The findings indicate that gender-based differences permeate the conversational styles of both men and women across cultures and with divergent degrees of strength and expression. It has also been shown that although communication breakdown is a source of frustration, it remains a common phenomenon in social interactions. Therefore, overcoming difficulties in maintaining effective communication between members of different genders is dependent on the interlocutors’ belief that accepting difference in language and communication styles can make cross-gender communication a satisfactory social experience. This study is expected to raise awareness regarding the socialization processes the two sex groups have gone through which shape in substantial ways the way they speak, behave and interact among each other.
Although the question of whether women and men speak differently is a topic of hot debate, an overview of the extent towhich empirical studies provide robust support for a relationship between sex/gender and language is lacking. Therefore, the aim of the current scoping review is to synthesize recent studies from various theoretical perspectives on the relationship between sex/gender and language use in spoken face-to-face dyadic interactions. Fifteen empirical studies were systematically selected for review, and were discussed according to four different theoretical perspectives and associated methodologies. More than thirty relevant linguistic variables were identified (e.g., interruptions and intensifiers). Overall, few robust differences between women and men in the use of linguistic variables were observed across contexts, although women seem to be more engaged in supportive turn-taking than men. Importantly, gender identity salience, institutionalized roles, and social and contextual factors such as interactional setting or conversational goal seem to play a key role in the relationship between speaker’s sex/gender and language used in spoken interaction.
By drawing upon cognitive resources, professional court interpreters should uphold as a guiding principle for their choices the need to preserve the pragmatics of the ongoing interaction between legal experts and witnesses during the trial, since participants’ speech style, register and rhetorical strategies are bound to deeply influence the overall outcome of the judicial proceeding. In Italy, however, low quality standards and lack of specific training paint a grim picture of legal services with regard to the achievement of pragmatic equivalence in courtroom settings, thus suggesting the need for further research in this field. Given these premises, the aim of this paper is to propose a new didactic approach to provide adequate preliminary training for future consecutive court interpreters from English into Italian and vice-versa. In particular, after briefly discussing the issues, tasks and challenges of legal equivalence, an actual ESP course – developed in order to widen non-specialists’ pragmatic and sociolinguistic micro-skills in court interpreting – is taken as a reference for effective needs assessment, syllabus design and material selection. The rationale of this approach lies in the creation of a student-centred and rich learning environment where multi-layered teaching methodologies, audio-visual resources and corpus-linguistic evidence are tailored to the learners’ background knowledge and increasingly approximated to real-life situations. Specifically, this paper argues for the need for a flexible syllabus suitable for enhancing students’ understanding of the spoken language of the law through the creation of ‘blended learning scenarios’ in which the analysis of popular legal movies can pave the way for more challenging activities aimed at identifying – in real-life trials – translation equivalents and pragmatic patterns from a cross-cultural perspective, with the ultimate goal of fostering students’ procedural knowledge, i.e. the ability to predict and find the best interpreting solutions in professional situations when constrained by time pressure and extremely high-level expectations.
Language is an indispensable instrument whereby we organize and build our social ties
in our communities, and society at large. Human language is critically interwoven into
the processes whereby human beings communicate, build knowledge, transmit
information, and determine the identity of both the addresser and the addressee in
any communicational exchange. We could hypothetically assert that if there is
unmistakably one thing without which man as a species can hardly live in the social
realm, it is language par excellence. In an admittedly multi-layered and inherently
complex sociolinguistic configuration, the individual speaker’s linguistic choice, the
different roles he or she plays, be they in a position of addresser or addressee, and the
various situations where the speech takes place do serve as markers reflecting one’s
identity and communication styles. In this respect, factors such as sex, age, level of
education, occupation, race, and geographical origin can virtually be reflected via one’s
speech. This article sets out to analyze (1) the influential role of speech, (2) gender and
identity, (3) dominance/difference, and (4) cross-gender oral communication in the
Moroccan context using a homogenous convenience sample of Moroccan participants.
This study falls within the scope of gender studies. Its major aim is to demonstrate the
roles that mixed-gendered interlocutors can play in order to maintain effective
communication. Therefore, their perceptions regarding interruptions, conversation
dominance, turn-taking and choice of topics in conversations are analyzed. Different
research instruments have been implemented to collect data including recordings of
real-life conversational speech, classroom observation, and interviews. The findings
indicate that gender-based differences permeate the conversational styles of both men
and women across cultures and with divergent degrees of strength and expression. It
has also been shown that although communication breakdown is a source of
frustration, it remains a common phenomenon in social interactions. Therefore,
overcoming difficulties in maintaining effective communication between members of
different genders is dependent on the interlocutors’ belief that accepting difference in
language and communication styles can make cross-gender communication a
satisfactory social experience. This study is expected to raise awareness regarding the
socialization processes the two sex groups have gone through which shape in
substantial ways the way they speak, behave and interact among each other
Language is an indispensable instrument whereby we organize and build our social ties in our communities, and society at large. Human language is critically interwoven into the processes whereby human beings communicate, build knowledge, transmit information, and determine the identity of both the addresser and the addressee in any communicational exchange. We could hypothetically assert that if there is unmistakably one thing without which man as a species can hardly live in the social realm, it is language par excellence. In an admittedly multi-layered and inherently
complex sociolinguistic configuration, the individual speaker’s linguistic choice, the different roles he or she plays, be they in a position of addresser or addressee, and the various situations where the speech takes place do serve as markers reflecting one’s identity and communication styles. In this respect, factors such as sex, age, level of education, occupation, race, and geographical origin can virtually be reflected via one’s speech. This article sets out to analyze (1) the influential role of speech, (2) gender and identity, (3) dominance/difference, and (4) cross-gender oral communication in the Moroccan context using a homogenous convenience sample of Moroccan participants. This study falls within the scope of gender studies. Its major aim is to demonstrate the roles that mixed-gendered interlocutors can play in order to maintain effective
communication. Therefore, their perceptions regarding interruptions, conversation dominance, turn-taking and choice of topics in conversations are analyzed. Different research instruments have been implemented to collect data including recordings of
real-life conversational speech, classroom observation, and interviews. The findings indicate that gender-based differences permeate the conversational styles of both men and women across cultures and with divergent degrees of strength and expression. It
has also been shown that although communication breakdown is a source of frustration, it remains a common phenomenon in social interactions. Therefore, overcoming difficulties in maintaining effective communication between members of different genders is dependent on the interlocutors’ belief that accepting difference in
language and communication styles can make cross-gender communication a satisfactory social experience. This study is expected to raise awareness regarding the socialization processes the two sex groups have gone through which shape in
substantial ways the way they speak, behave and interact among each other.
Prior research on coercive control has focused on coercive behavioral tactics to better understand how coercion is exacted in abusive relationships. Furthering this body of research, this study extends coercive behavior to the linguistic domain, by examining the linguistic correlates of long-term coercive relationships. Using transcripts of wiretapped conversations, spanning a 2-year period, between two pimps and four women they sexually exploited, this study examined the distinct linguistic manifestation of asymmetric power in commercial sexual exploitation. Our findings suggest a complementary linguistic dimension to the commonly reported behavioral repertoire of coercive control tactics. Specifically, the victims consistently complied with the microregulation and surveillance presumed by their pimps by engaging in discursive overelaboration. This overelaboration often included details of their location, activity, and timing—and were designed to justify those as work-and profit-relevant. This pattern of pre-emptive, unsolicited overelaboration that the commercial sexually exploited women exhibited toward their pimps was almost nonexistent in their personal conversations with other individuals. These results open the opportunity for the indirect measurement of interpersonal abuse, making it less dependent on explicit physical abuse and more broadly situated within the coercive environment.
Language is an indispensable instrument whereby we organize and build our social ties in our communities, and society at large. Human language is critically interwoven into the processes whereby human beings communicate, build knowledge, transmit information, and determine the identity of both the addresser and the addressee in any communicational exchange. We could hypothetically assert that if there is unmistakably one thing without which man as a species can hardly live in the social realm, it is language par excellence. In an admittedly multi-layered and inherently complex sociolinguistic configuration, the individual speaker's linguistic choice, the different roles he or she plays, be they in a position of addresser or addressee, and the various situations where the speech takes place do serve as markers reflecting one's identity and communication styles. In this respect, factors such as sex, age, level of education, occupation, race, and geographical origin can virtually be reflected via one's speech. This article sets out to analyze (1) the influential role of speech, (2) gender and identity, (3) dominance/difference, and (4) cross-gender oral communication in the Moroccan context using a homogenous convenience sample of Moroccan participants. This study falls within the scope of gender studies. Its major aim is to demonstrate the roles that mixed-gendered interlocutors can play in order to maintain effective communication. Therefore, their perceptions regarding interruptions, conversation dominance, turn-taking and choice of topics in conversations are analyzed. Different research instruments have been implemented to collect data including recordings of real-life conversational speech, classroom observation, and interviews. The findings indicate that gender-based differences permeate the conversational styles of both men and women across cultures and with divergent degrees of strength and expression. It has also been shown that although communication breakdown is a source of frustration, it remains a common phenomenon in social interactions. Therefore, overcoming difficulties in maintaining effective communication between members of different genders is dependent on the interlocutors' belief that accepting difference in language and communication styles can make cross-gender communication a satisfactory social experience. This study is expected to raise awareness regarding the socialization processes the two sex groups have gone through which shape in substantial ways the way they speak, behave and interact among each other.
Rad je uvodno poglavlje knjige "Rodni jezici. Zbornik radova o jeziku, rodu i spolu". Iako je feminističko promišljanje jezika započelo prije više od četrdeset godina kada je Robin Lakoff objavila prekretnički članak "Language and Woman's Place" (1973), u Hrvatskoj se nije razvilo ozbiljnije akademsko promišljanje te discipline. U ovome se tekstu nastoji objasniti zašto su tekstovi uvršteni u knjigu "Rodni jezici" kanonski za rodnu lingvistiku i zašto je njihov prijevod s engleskoga na hrvatski važan za registriranje te discipline u hrvatskoj akademskoj zajednici.
Our use of language embodies attitudes as well as referential meanings. ‘Woman's language’ has as foundation the attitude that women are marginal to the serious concerns of life, which are pre-empted by men. The marginality and powerlessness of women is reflected in both the ways women are expected to speak, and the ways in which women are spoken of. In appropriate women's speech, strong expression of feeling is avoided, expression of uncertainty is favored, and means of expression in regard to subject-matter deemed ‘trivial’ to the ‘real’ world are elaborated. Speech about women implies an object, whose sexual nature requires euphemism, and whose social roles are derivative and dependent in relation to men. The personal identity of women thus is linguistically submerged; the language works against treatment of women, as serious persons with individual views.
These aspects of English are explored with regard to lexicon (color terms, particles, evaluative adjectives), and syntax (tag-questions, and related aspects of intonation in answers to requests, and of requests and orders), as concerns speech by women. Speech about women is analyzed with regard to lady : woman, master : mistress, widow : widower , and Mr : Mrs., Miss , with notice of differential use of role terms not explicitly marked for sex (e.g. professional ) as well.
Some suggestions and conclusions are offered for those working in the women's liberation movement and other kinds of social reform; second language teaching; and theoretical linguistics. Relevant generalizations in linguistics require study of social mores as well as of purely linguistic data.