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Keanekaragaman Komunitas Mangrove di Sekitar Kawasan Wisata Mangrove Kampoeng Nipah, Sumatera Utara

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Onrizal Onrizal at University of North Sumatra
Onrizal Onrizal
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Abstract and Figures

Mangrove is an important ecosystem along tropical and sub-tropical coastal areas; however, most of mangroves in the world were loss and degraded mainly due to human disturbance. A group of local people in Nagalawan village, Perbaungan sub-district, Serdang Bedagai district has initiated to protect their remaining mangroves and to rehabilitate the degraded mangroves along their village coats from 2000s era. The aims of this research were to explore the mangrove diversity and to determine the mangrove structure in Nagalawan coast which the areas are managed by local people as eco-tourist areas. A total of 32 species comprising 19 species of true mangrove and 13 species of associate mangrove were recorded along Nagalawan coast. Based on vegetation analysis, the mangrove in the area is classified as Avicennia marina – Rhizophora apiculata community with enough population of regeneration stage to guarantee the mangrove stand sustainability in the future. Therefore, the local people initiative of Nagalawan in mangrove protection and rehabilitation should be promoted as part of sustainable mangrove management and biodiversity conservation.
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ABDIMAS TALENTA 1 (1) 2016: 64-69 http://jurnal.usu.ac.id/abdimas
Onrizal. Keanekaragaman Komunitas Mangrove di Sekitar Kawasan Wisata Mangrove …
64
KEANEKARAGAMAN KOMUNITAS MANGROVE DI SEKITAR KAWASAN
WISATA MANGROVE KAMPOENG NIPAH, SUMATERA UTARA
Onrizal, Nurdin Sulistiyono, Yunus Afifuddin
Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Sumatera Utara
email: onrizal@usu.ac.id
Abstract
Mangrove is an important ecosystem along tropical and sub-tropical coastal areas; however, most
of mangroves in the world were loss and degraded mainly due to human disturbance. A group of
local people in Nagalawan village, Perbaungan sub-district, Serdang Bedagai district has initiated
to protect their remaining mangroves and to rehabilitate the degraded mangroves along their
village coats from 2000s era. The aims of this research were to explore the mangrove diversity and
to determine the mangrove structure in Nagalawan coast which the areas are managed by local
people as eco-tourist areas. A total of 32 species comprising 19 species of true mangrove and 13
species of associate mangrove were recorded along Nagalawan coast. Based on vegetation analysis,
the mangrove in the area is classified as Avicennia marina – Rhizophora apiculata community with
enough population of regeneration stage to guarantee the mangrove stand sustainability in the
future. Therefore, the local people initiative of Nagalawan in mangrove protection and
rehabilitation should be promoted as part of sustainable mangrove management and biodiversity
conservation.
Keywords: Mangroves, flora diversity, stand structure, ecotourism, biodiversity conservation.
1. PENDAHULUAN
Indonesia merupakan negara yang
memiliki mangrove terluas di dunia. Sekitar
25% hutan mangrove di dunia terdapat di
Indonesia (Giri et al., 2011, Hamilton &
Casey, 2016). Selain itu, Indonesia juga
tercatat sebagai negara yang memiliki jenis
mangrove terkaya di dunia (Spalding et al.,
2010). Namun demikian, Indonesia juga
tercatat sebagai negara yang terluas
kehilangan mangrove di dunia (Giri et al.,
2011, Spalding et al., 2010, Hamilton &
Casey, 2016). Sekitar 80% dari 1.000.000 ha
kehilangan mangrove Indonesia disebabkan
oleh perluasan tambak udang dan ikan
(Onrizal, 2013, Ilman et al., 2016). Kerusakan
dan kehilangan mangrove juga terjadi di
Sumatera Utara. Onrizal (2010) melaporkan
sekitar 60% mangrove di pesisir timur
Sumatera Utara telah hilang dalam kurun
waktu 1977-2006, yakni dari 103.425 ha
menjadi 41.700 ha. Faktor utama kerusakan
mangrove dalam kurun waktu tersebut adalah
konversi menjadi tambak. Pada dua
dasawarsa mendatang diperkirakan ekspansi
tambak dan perluasan perkebunan kelapa
sawit masih menjadi faktor utama kehilangan
mangrove Indonesia (Richards and Friess,
2015, Ilman et al., 2016).
Dampak industri tambak terhadap
lingkungan sangat besar, antara lain
menyumbang emisi karbon sekitar 0,19 Pg
CO2 per tahun (Danoto et al., 2011,
Murdiyarso et al., 2015), menyebabkan
hilangnya keanekaragaman hayati dan
menurunkan kapasitas adaptasi kawasan
pesisir pantai (Duke et al., 2007). Pada pesisir
timur Sumatera Utara, Onrizal et al. (2009)
melaporkan bahwa kehilangan dan kerusakan
mangrove telah menyebabkan menurunannya
pendapatan nelayan hampir 50%. Selanjutnya,
hal ini juga menyebabkan abrasi dan instrusi
air laut yang terus meningkat di pesisir timur
Sumatera Utara (Onrizal dan Kusmana, 2008,
Onrizal, 2010). Oleh karena itu diperlukan
berbagai upaya untuk menekan laju kerusakan
dan melestarikan hutan mangrove yang tersisa
serta mengelolanya secara lestari.
Kelompok masyarakat di Desa
Nagalawan, Kecamatan Perbaungan,
Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai, Provinsi
Sumatera Utara sejak awal tahun 2000an telah
berupaya menyelamatkan mangrove yang
tersisa di wilayah desa mereka dan
merehabilitasi mangrove yang rusak.
Kawasan mangrove dan pesisir yang mereka
pertahankan dan rehabilitasi sejak awal tahun
2010an dikelola menjadi kawasan wisata
mangrove bernama Kampoeng Nipah dan
ABDIMAS TALENTA 1 (1) 2016: 64-69 http://jurnal.usu.ac.id/abdimas
Onrizal. Keanekaragaman Komunitas Mangrove di Sekitar Kawasan Wisata Mangrove …
65
memanfaatkan hasil hutan bukan kayu dari
mangrove untuk menjadi bahan makanan dan
minuman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk
mengungkap potensi kekayaan flora
mangrove dan pemanfaatannya oleh
masyarakat di sekitar kawasan wisata
mangrove Kampoeng Nipah.
2. METODE
Penelitian lapangan dilakukan dalam
periode September – Desember 2016 di pesisir
Desa Nagalawan, Kecamatan Perbaungan,
Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai, Provinsi Sumatera
Utara. Penelitian mencakup (a) survey botani
mangrove dan (b) analisis vegetasi mangrove.
Survey botani mangrove mengikuti
Suharjono (2001), Onrizal et al. (2005) dan
Suhardjono dan Hapid (2011) untuk mengetahui
kekayaan jenis mangrove di kawasan wisata
mangrove Kampoeng Nipah dengan luas sekitar
5 ha. Identifikasi tumbuhan mangrove
menggunakan Tomlinson (1986) dan Giesen et
al. (2007). IUCN RedList (2016) digunakan
untuk mengetahui status konservasi jenis
mangrove yang dijumpai.
Analisis vegetasi mangrove dilakukan
dengan menggunakan metode jalur dengan lebar
10 m mulai dari laut ke arah darat sampai batas
hutan mangrove. Jalur pengamatan dibagi
menjadi plot-plot pengamatan berukuran 10 m x
10 m untuk pengamatan tingkat pohon.
Kemudian secara tersarang di dalam setiap plot
untuk pohon dibuat sub-plot berukuran 5m x 5m
untuk pengamatan tingkat pancang, dan 2m x
2m untuk pengamatan tingkat semai. Seluruh
pohon berdiamater 10 cm atau lebih di dalam
plot untuk tingkat pohon diidentifikasi sampai
tingkat jenis dan diukur diamaternya.
Selanjutnya, permudaan pohon dengan tinggi
1,5 meter atau lebih dan diamater kurang dari
10 cm di dalam sub-plot untuk pancang
diidentifikasi dan dihitung jumlah individunya.
Hal yang sama juga dilakukan untuk permudaan
dengan tinggi kurang dari 1,5 m di dalam sub-
plot untuk semai. Analisis vegetasi ini ditujukan
untuk mengetahui tingkat dominansi dan nilai
keanekaragaman jenis flora mangrove.
3. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
Kekayaan jenis flora mangrove
Berdasarkan hasil survey botani, terdapat
32 jenis tumbuhan mangrove di kawasan
wista Kampoeng Nipah yang sebagian besar
berhabitus pohon lokasi kegiatan yang terdiri
dari 19 jenis mangrove sejati dan 13 jenis
mangrove ikutan. Sebagian besar dari
mangrove sejati merupakan komponen utama
(15 jenis) dan lainnya merupakan komponen
tambahan (4 jenis) (Tabel 1). Berdasar temuan
tersebut, kawasan wisata mangrove
Kampoeng Nipah dengan luasan sekitar 5 ha,
memiliki sekitar 43% dari jenis mangrove
sejati yang dilaporkan oleh Spalding et al.
(2010), yakni 19 jenis dari 44 jenis mangrove
sejati yang ditemukan di Indonesia. Oleh
karena itu, mangrove di kawasan ini sangat
penting dalam upaya pelestarian jenis
mangrove Indonesia.
Berdasarkan penelusuran IUCN RedList
(2016), semua jenis tumbuhan yang dijumpai
tergolong beresiko rendah untuk kepunahan
atau least concern. Sebagian besar jenis
pohon yang dijumpai berhabitus pohon (21
jenis atau sekitar 66%), kemudian diikuti oleh
herba (5 jenis atau sekitar 16%). Selanjutnya,
6 jenis atau 19% lainnya berupa liana, palem,
perdu dan semak (Gambar 1).
Kondisi tegakan
Hutan mangrove tersisa di pesisir desa
Nagalawan memiliki kerapatan tingkat semai
dan pancang yang cukup untuk menjamin
keberlanjutan tegakan hutan di masa
mendatang. Hal ini terlihat dari kerapatan
yang mencapai 8.056 individu per ha untuk
tingkat semai dan 5.911 individu per ha untuk
tingkat pancang. Namun demikian, kerapatan
tingkat pohon tergolong rendah, yakni hanya
mencapai 206 individu per ha (Gambar 2).
Hal ini menunjukan bahwa hutan mangrove di
lokasi studi termasuk hutan mangrove muda
yang berasal dari hutan mangrove terganggu
menuju pemulihan. Oleh karena itu, upaya
pelestarian dan rehabilitasi yang telah oleh
kelompok masyarakat setempat menunjukan
keberhasilan.
Komunitas mangrove
Hasil analisis vegetasi menunjukan bahwa
komunitas mangrove di lokasi kajian
merupakan komunitas Avicennia marina –
Rhizophora apiculata. Hal ini terlihat dari
persentase kerapatan kedua jenis tersebut pada
semua tingkat pertumbuhan dimana keduanya
sebagai jenis penyusun tertinggi komunitas
mangrove (Gambar 3). Kehadiran jenis
Sonneratia alba menunjukan bahwa
komunitas mangrove tersebut termasuk zona
pantai.
ABDIMAS TALENTA 1 (1) 2016: 64-69 http://jurnal.usu.ac.id/abdimas
Onrizal. Keanekaragaman Komunitas Mangrove di Sekitar Kawasan Wisata Mangrove …
66
Tabel 1. Daftar jenis mangrove yang dijumpai di kawasan wisata Kampoeng Nipah
No
Jenis
Nama Lokal
Habitus
Status
1.
Acanthus ilicifolius
Jeruju
Herba
mi
2.
Acrostichum aureum
Piai
Herba
ms, kt
3.
Avicennia alba
Api-api
Pohon
ms, ku
4.
Avicennia marina
Api-api
Pohon
ms, ku
5.
Avicennia officinalis
Api-api
Pohon
ms, ku
6.
Bruguiera cylindrica
Bius
Pohon
ms, ku
7.
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
Tancang
Pohon
ms, ku
8.
Bruguiera sexangula
Mata buaya
Pohon
ms, ku
9.
Calophyllum inophyllum
Nyamplung
Pohon
mi
10.
Canavalia maritima
-
Liana
mi
11.
Cerbera manghas
Bintaro
Pohon
mi
12.
Ceriops tagal
Tengar
Pohon
ms, ku
13.
Clerodendron inerme
Keranji
Semak
mi
14.
Derris trifoliata
Ambung
Liana
mi
15.
Excoecaria agallocha
Buta-buta
Pohon
ms, kt
16.
Hibiscus tiliaceus
Waru
Pohon
mi
17.
Ipomoea pes-caprae
Kacang laut
Liana
mi
18.
Ludwigia adscendens
?
Herba
mi
19.
Lumnitzera littorea
Taruntun
Pohon
ms, ku
20.
Lumnitzera racemosa
Tarumtum
Pohon
ms, ku
21.
Nypa fruticans
Nipah
Palem
ms, ku
22.
Pemphis acidula
Centigi
Pohon
ms, kt
23.
Rhizophora apiculata
Bakau
Pohon
ms, ku
24.
Rhizophora mucronata
Bangka
Pohon
ms, ku
25.
Rhizophora stylosa
Bakau
Pohon
ms, ku
26.
Scaevola taccada
Bakung-bakung
Perdu
mi
27.
Sesuvium portulacastrum
Gelang laut
Herba
mi
28.
Sonneratia alba
Prapat
Pohon
ms, ku
29.
Sonneratia caseolaris
Pedada
Pohon
ms, ku
30.
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis
?
Herba
mi
31.
Terminalia catappa
Ketapang
Pohon
mi
32.
Xylocarpus granatum
Nyirih
Pohon
ms, kt
Keterangan: ms = mangrove sejati, mi = mangrove ikutan, ku = komponen utama, kt = komponen tambahan
Gambar 1. Flora mangrove berdasarkan habitusnya di kawasan wisata Kampoeng Nipah.
ABDIMAS TALENTA 1 (1) 2016: 64-69 http://jurnal.usu.ac.id/abdimas
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Gambar 2. Sebaran flora mangrove berdasarkan tingkat pertumbuhannya di kawasan wisata
Kampoeng Nipah.
Gambar 3. Sebaran jenis-jenis penyusun komunitas mangrove di kawasan wisata Kampoeng Nipah
pada tingkat semai (A), pancang (B) dan pohon (C)
Dominansi Jenis
Berdasarkan hasil analisis vegetasi, jenis
Rhizophora apiculata (INP 102,1%)
merupakan jenis dominan pada tingkat semai
dan kemudian diikuti oleh jenis Avicennia
marina (INP 55,7%) sebagai jenis ko-
dominan (Tabel 1). Selanjutnya, pada tingkat
pancang (Tabel 2), jenis Avicennia marina
(INP 135,4%) dan Rhizophora apiculata (INP
39,0%) secara berturut-turut tercatat sebagai
jenis dominan dan kodominan.
Sebagaimana halnya pada tingkat
pancang, jenis Avicennia marina (INP
117,5%) dan Rhizophora apiculata (INP
101,2%) secara berturut-turut merupakan jenis
dominan dan kodominan pada tingkat pohon
(Tabel 3). Selanjutnya 3 jenis lain memiliki
komposisi yang tergolong kecil, dimana INP
kumulatifnya < 90%.
ABDIMAS TALENTA 1 (1) 2016: 64-69 http://jurnal.usu.ac.id/abdimas
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68
Tabel 1. Indeks nilai penting (INP) jenis tingkat semai
Jenis
K (ind/ha)
F
INP (%)
Avicennia marina
1806
5
55,7
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
417
1
11,8
Lumnitzera racemosa
556
2
20,2
Rhizopora apiculata
5000
6
102,1
Sonneratia alba
278
1
10,1
Jumlah
8056
15
200,0
Tabel 2. Indeks nilai penting (INP) jenis tingkat pancang
Jenis
K (ind/ha)
KR (%)
F
FR (%)
INP (%)
Avicennia marina
4822
81,6
14
53,8
135,4
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
44
0,8
1
3,8
4,6
Lumnitzera racemosa
178
3,0
3
11,5
14,5
Rhizopora apiculata
711
12,0
7
26,9
39,0
Sonneratia alba
156
2,6
1
3,8
6,5
Jumlah
5911
100,0
26
100,0
200,0
Tabel 3. Indeks nilai penting (INP) jenis tingkat pohon
Jenis
K (ind/ha)
KR (%)
F
FR
D (m2/ha)
DR (%)
INP
Avicennia marina
89
43,2
11
35,5
0,92
38,8
117,5
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
28
13,5
5
16,1
0,37
15,7
45,4
Lumnitzera racemosa
17
8,1
3
9,7
0,20
8,5
26,3
Rhizopora apiculata
67
32,4
11
35,5
0,79
33,2
101,2
Sonneratia alba
6
2,7
1
3,2
0,09
3,8
9,7
Jumlah
206
100,0
31
100,0
2,38
100,0
300,0
4. KESIMPULAN
Komunitas mangrove di sekitar kawasan
wisata mangrove Kampoeng Nipah tergolong
kaya yang disusun oleh 32 jenis. Sebanyak 19
jenis diantaranya merupakan jenis mangrove
sejati, sehingga dengan luasan hanya sekitar 5
ha, namun mencakup sekitar 43% dari total
jenis mangrove sejati yang dijumpai di
Indonesia, yakni 44 jenis (Spalding et al.,
2010). Oleh karena itu, hutan mangrove
tersebut sangat penting bagi kelestarian jenis
mangrove di Indonesia.
Berbagai upaya pengelolaan mangrove
oleh masyarakat lokal di sekitar wisata
mangrove Kampoeng Nipah telah
menunjukan pemulihan tegakan mangrove
dan menjadi sumber pendapatan bagi
masyarakat nelayan sehingga menjadi salah
satu faktor untuk menjamin kelestarian
sumberdaya mangrove di masa mendatang di
kawasan tersebut. Oleh karena itu, upaya
pelestarian oleh kelompok masyarakat ini
penting untuk dipelajari, kemudian diadopsi
dengan modifikasi yang sesuai untuk
diterapkan pada lokasi mangrove lainnya
melalui pengelolaan mangrove partisipatif
dan integratif.
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH
Artikel ini merupakan salah satu hasil dari
Program Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat
Berbasis Penelitian yang didanai melalui
Dana NON PNBP USU Tahun 2016 Nomor:
543C/UN5.2.3.2.1/PPM/2016, tanggal 31
Agustus 2016. Oleh karena itu, diucapkan
terima kasih kepada pimpinan universitas atas
dukungan dana dan fasilitas yang diberikan.
Selanjutnya, ucapan terima kasih disampaikan
kepada kelompok masyarakat pengelola
wisata mangrove Kampoeng Wisata yang
tergabung di dalam Koperasi Serba Usaha
(KSU) Muara Baimbai dan Kelompok
Perempuan Muara Tanjung atas kerjasamanya
dalam menyukseskan pelaksanaan program di
lapangan.
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Indonesia has the largest mangrove forests in the world. However, Indonesia is also listed as the largest contributor to loss of the world's mangrove forests. Good mangroves will support the lives of coastal communities and vice versa. Mangrove forests in the area of Kampung Nelayan Seberang, Medan Belawan and its surroundings were also degraded. Therefore, degraded mangrove forests need to be restored through mangrove restoration activities with the involvement of the surrounding community. This community service activity through the Assisted Village Program will carry out mangrove restoration activities with the people of Kampung Nelayan Seberang. The success of restoration activities is determined by good understanding of the mangrove ecosystem and the commitment of the community to be involved in restoring it. The objective of this study was to identify understanding related to mangrove ecosystems and community perceptions of its restoration efforts. Collecting data was carried out by interviewing respondents who represented the population. Descriptive analysis is used to describe the socio-economic conditions, understanding and perceptions of the community regarding ecosystems and mangrove restoration. Generally, respondents understand the role of mangrove forests and agree that mangrove restoration must be done together. Amount of 53 - 83% of respondents agreed and understood that mangrove restoration is important for life and has an impact on income, social and cultural life. The results showed that 60 - 90% of respondents around the restoration area need a rehabilitation program and are willing to be involved in a mangrove restoration program with the parties.
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... Pemulihan tegakan mangrove dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa upaya yaitu mengolah hasil mangrove sehingga dapat bermanfaat seperti untuk dikonsumsi, pelestarian jenis mangrove, dan rehabilitasi (Onrizal et al. 2016). Faktor yang mempengaruhi jumlah jenis mangrove yaitu kegiatan antropogenik yang memberikan dampak negatif, dilakukan secara terus menerus baik disengaja atau tidak disengaja, seperti alih fungsi lahan mangrove yang dijadikan sebagai lahan dan tambak penebangan pohon (Susanto et al. 2013). ...
MANGROVE DAN BIOTA ASOSIASINYA: ASSESMENT AWAL KAWASAN REHABILITASI EKOSISTEM MANGROVE DI TANGERANG
Article
  • Apr 2022
Wilayah pesisir Kabupaten Tangerang merupakan wilayah mangrove yang sedang dalam proses rehabilitasi. Makrozoobentos sebagai salah satu biota asosiasi yang berhabitat pada ekosistem mangrove. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis sebaran dan kelimpahan makrozoobentos yang merupakan biota asosiasi pada kawasan rehabilitasi ekosistem mangrove di pesisir Kabupaten Tangerang. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Februari hingga Maret 2022 ditiga desa yaitu Desa Ketapang, Desa Patramanggala, dan Desa Tanjung Pasir, Kabupaten Tangerang. Analisis data terdiri atas penentuan stasiun pengambilan contoh, pengolahan data vegetasi mangrove, pengolahan data makrozoobentos, dan penutupan kanopi menggunakan ImageJ. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan makrozoobentos di pesisir Kabupaten Tangerang (tiga desa) terdiri dari 3 filum, 4 kelas, dan 28 genus. Persebaran Polychaeta dipengaruhi suhu tanah, Malacostraca dan Bivalvia dipengaruhi pH air, serta Gastropoda dipengaruhi oleh suhu tanah dan penutupan mangrove. Persentase penutupan mangrove pada mangrove rehabilitasi (stasiun 1 dan 2) masuk ke dalam kriteria baik dan sedang sedangkan mangrove alami (stasiun 3) masuk ke dalam kriteria baik dan sangat padat.
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... Pemulihan tegakan mangrove dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa upaya yaitu mengolah hasil mangrove sehingga dapat bermanfaat seperti untuk dikonsumsi, pelestarian jenis mangrove, dan rehabilitasi (Onrizal et al. 2016). Faktor yang mempengaruhi jumlah jenis mangrove yaitu kegiatan antropogenik yang memberikan dampak negatif, dilakukan secara terus menerus baik disengaja atau tidak disengaja, seperti alih fungsi lahan mangrove yang dijadikan sebagai lahan dan tambak penebangan pohon (Susanto et al. 2013). ...
MANGROVE DAN BIOTA ASOSIASINYA: ASSESMENT AWAL KAWASAN REHABILITASI EKOSISTEM MANGROVE DI TANGERANG
Article
  • Apr 2022
Wilayah pesisir Kabupaten Tangerang merupakan wilayah mangrove yang sedang dalam proses rehabilitasi. Makrozoobentos sebagai salah satu biota asosiasi yang berhabitat pada ekosistem mangrove. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis sebaran dan kelimpahan makrozoobentos yang merupakan biota asosiasi pada kawasan rehabilitasi ekosistem mangrove di pesisir Kabupaten Tangerang. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Februari hingga Maret 2022 ditiga desa yaitu Desa Ketapang, Desa Patramanggala, dan Desa Tanjung Pasir, Kabupaten Tangerang. Analisis data terdiri atas penentuan stasiun pengambilan contoh, pengolahan data vegetasi mangrove, pengolahan data makrozoobentos, dan penutupan kanopi menggunakan ImageJ. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan makrozoobentos di pesisir Kabupaten Tangerang (tiga desa) terdiri dari 3 filum, 4 kelas, dan 28 genus. Persebaran Polychaeta dipengaruhi suhu tanah, Malacostraca dan Bivalvia dipengaruhi pH air, serta Gastropoda dipengaruhi oleh suhu tanah dan penutupan mangrove. Persentase penutupan mangrove pada mangrove rehabilitasi (stasiun 1 dan 2) masuk ke dalam kriteria baik dan sedang sedangkan mangrove alami (stasiun 3) masuk ke dalam kriteria baik dan sangat padat.
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... Kampung Nelayan, Medan Belawan merupakan masyarakat pesisir yang kehidupannya sangat tergantung pada sumberdaya pesisir, yakni mangrove dan perairannya. Mangrove menyediakan Prosiding PKM-CSR, Vol. 3 (2020) e- ISSN: 2655-3570 dukungan kehidupan tidak saja bagi masyarakat pesisir namun juga bagi kehidupan biota perairan pesisir Onrizal et al. (2016). Ketergantungan pada sumberdaya pesisir yang tinggi menyebabkan eksploitasi berlebihan sehingga menimbulkan degradasi degradasi hutan mangrove dan penurunan kualitas perairan pesisir. ...
Tantangan Merintis Kemitraan Ekowisata Mangrove: Lesson Learning Bersama Masyarakat Pesisir Belawan
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2020
Masyarakat Kampung Nelayan Seberang Belawan sudah ada sejak 1957. Sejumlah nelayan awalnya menjadikan pinggiran hutan mangrove di Pesisir Belawan sebagai tempat singgah sementara selama melaut, namun seiring waktu kini berkembang menjadi perkampungan nelayan. Kehidupan nelayan pesisir masih sangat tradisonal dan cenderung marginal dari kegiatan pembangunan. Mereka mengandalkan penghidupan dari hasil tangkapan laut seperti ikan, kepiting dan udang. Keberadaan hutan mangrove yang berstatus hutan lindung dan hutan produksi terbatas di sekitar perkampungan nelayan belum banyak berdampak terhadap kesejahteraan. Bahkan di tahun 2000an banyak yang memanfaatkan mangrove secara illegal untuk dibuat menjadi arang, sehingga menurunkan produktivitas tangkapan laut serta mengancam kelestarian lingkungan. Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat dengan konsep Desa Binaan USU di Pesisir Belawan ini dirancang dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan nelayan melalui pemanfaatan jasa lingkungan ekowisata hutan mangrove berbasis ekonomi masyarakat. Metoda yang digunakan LPPM USU yaitu memfasilitasi pembentukan kelembagaan wisata dengan pola kemitraan nelayan dan Dinas Kehutanan Provinsi Sumatera Utara serta pelatihan pengelolaan ekowisata. Analisis potensi wisata menunjukkan hutan mangrove sangat terbuka untuk dikembangkan menjadi ekowisata di Pesisir Belawan. Pengelolaan ekowisata diharapkan menjadi pintu akses masyarakat terhadap pemanfaatan hutan mangrove secara legal serta adanya alternatif penghidupan yang berkelanjutan.
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Mangrove Distribution in North Sumatera, Indonesia A Review
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2024
Mangrove forests provide important ecosystem services but are currently undergoing degradation. North Sumatra's mangrove areas are threatened by land conversion and aquaculture. This article describes the overall distribution of mangroves in North Sumatra, Indonesia. The method used in this study is the protocol search, appraisal, synthesis, analysis, report (PSALSAR), and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) framework. Based on consolidated literature, North Sumatra Province has 34 mangrove species. There are two endangered mangrove species, Bruguiera hainesii as a Critically Endangered "CR" species and Avicennia lanata as a Vulnerable "VU" species. Knowing the distribution of the species and their threats we can plan appropriate conservation efforts and further research.
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A review on the biodiversity and conservation of mangrove ecosystems in Indonesia
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2024
  • BIODIVERS CONSERV
This study was conducted to analyze the biodiversity of mangrove species and fauna in Indonesia as well as the management strategies for its preservation. The results showed that the total number of mangrove species was 240, consisting of 48 true and 192 associated mangrove. This number also comprised 74 trees, 36 shrubs, 52 herbs, six palms, 43 epiphytes, 23 lianas, three ferns, and three parasite species. Aglaia mackiana was identified as a new record in the Papua region attributed to the New Guinea Coastal Current (NGCC), while Ceriops australis was newly found in regions of Papua, Bali—Nusa Tenggara (Timor, Flores, Sumbawa), Java, and Sumatra (Pulau Bilinton). The diversity of marine fauna in the mangrove area consisted of 125 fish species from 47 families and 169 macrozoobenthos from 52 families. In addition, there were 161 terrestrial faunas, consisting of 80 birds, 38 squamata, four crocodiles, six amphibians, 11 testudinate, and 21 mammal species. This high level of biodiversity was influenced by the commitment of the Indonesian government to managing mangrove ecosystems through conservation. These efforts were carried out to preserve and improve ecosystem services such as mangrove biodiversity, carbon stock potential, coastal protection, and the unique biodiversity of marine and terrestrial fauna. Based on the results, incredibly unique fauna included Crocodilus found in Papua, Kalimantan, Java, and Sumatra region, Halcyon sp. in Papua and Java region, Anhinga sp. in Kalimantan and Java region, as well as Nasalis larvatus in Kalimantan.
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Kajian Perilaku Masyarakat Pesisir yang Mengakibatkan Kerusakan Lingkungan di Pantai Mangrove Desa Tanjung Rejo Kecamatan Percut SEI Tuan
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2024
One of the most common places found is the beach. The beach is where the tide meets the land. Beaches are one of the rapidly growing tourist destinations and have strategic potential, such as the mangrove beach. The most common environmental problem is waste. High waste production will definitely have an impact on the environmental health involving communities and other living creatures. The purpose of this research is to understand the behavior of the community that causes environmental damage. This research uses a quantitative descriptive method where data is collected through questionnaires with simple random sampling techniques. The results show that coastal community behavior tends to be less favorable because it causes environmental damage at the mangrove beach. The conclusion of this research is that community behavior falls into the less favorable category, causing environmental damage at the mangrove beach. This is supported by the overall results, where the activities of the population (50%), natural resource conditions (80%), and mangrove conditions (53.3%) all fall into the less favorable category.
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Analisis Vegetasi Mangrove Di Suaka Margasatwa Karang Gading Dan Langkat Timur Laut
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2022
Mangrove adalah komunitas yang hidup di daerah pasang surut air laut. Hutan mangrove di Indonesia tersebar di beberapa lokasi salah satunya di Pulau Sumatera tepatnya di Suaka Margasatwa Karang Gading dan Langkat Timur Laut (SM KGLTL) di Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Kajian analisis vegetasi mangrove di SM Karang Gading dan Langkat Timur Laut dilakukan pada bulan September-Oktober 2019. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mengidentifikasi jenis mangrove yang ada di dalam kawasan dan juga dominansi jenis mangrove. Pengumpulan data dilakukan menggunakan transek garis berpetak dengan ukuran plot contoh 10 x 10 m. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ditemukan mangrove sejati sebanyak 14 jenis dan mangrove asosiasi sebanyak 23 jenis. Kerapatan semai yang mencapai 6.774 ind/ha, pancang 4.708 ind/ha, tiang 1.067 ind/ha, dan pohon sebanyak 725 ind/ha. Jenis mangrove yang dominan ditemui di SM.KGLTL adalah jenis Rhizopora apiculata, Avicennia alba, dan Bruguiera parviflora.
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Kajian Perilaku Masyarakat Pesisir yang Mengakibatkan Kerusakan Lingkungan di Pantai Mangrove Desa Tanjung Rejo Kecamatan Percut SEI Tuan
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2023
One of the busiest places is the beach. The beach is where the highest tide meets the mainland. The beach is a rapidly developing tourist destination with strategic potential, including the mangrove beach. The most common environmental problem is waste. The high rate of waste generation will definitely have an effect on the health of the environment, which includes the community and other living beings. The objective of the research was to determine community behavior that resulted in environmental damage. The research used a descriptive quantitative method where the data collected was based on the results of a questionnaire using a simple random sampling technique. The results showed that the behavior of coastal communities was in the unfavorable category as it resulted in environmental damage to mangrove beaches. The conclusion of this study is that the behavior of the community is in the unfavorable category, causing environmental damage to the mangrove coast. This is supported by the overall results with the highest value category for population activity (50%), natural resource conditions (80%) and mangrove conditions (53.3%). ) is not very good. Keywords : Behavior, Coastal community, Environmental damage, Mangrove
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Creation of a high spatiotemporal resolution global database of continuous mangrove forest cover for the 21st Century (CGMFC-21)
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2016
Aim To provide high‐resolution local, regional, national and global estimates of annual mangrove forest area from 2000 through to 2012 with the goal of driving mangrove research questions pertaining to biodiversity, carbon stocks, climate change, functionality, food security, livelihoods, fisheries support and conservation that have been impeded until now by a lack of suitable data. Location Global, covering 99% of all mangrove forests. Methods We synthesized the Global Forest Change database, the Terrestrial Ecosystems of the World database and the Mangrove Forests of the World database to extract mangrove forest cover at high spatial and temporal resolutions. We then used the new database to monitor mangrove cover at the global, national and protected area scales. Results Countries showing relatively high amounts of mangrove loss include Myanmar, Malaysia, Cambodia, Indonesia and Guatemala. Indonesia remains by far the largest mangrove‐holding nation, containing between 26% and 29% of the global mangrove inventory with a deforestation rate of between 0.26% and 0.66% per year. We have made our new database, CGMFC‐21, freely available. Main conclusions Global mangrove deforestation continues but at a much reduced rate of between 0.16% and 0.39% per year. Southeast Asia is a region of concern with mangrove deforestation rates between 3.58% and 8.08%, this in a region containing half of the entire global mangrove forest inventory. The global mangrove deforestation pattern from 2000 to 2012 is one of decreasing rates of deforestation, with many nations essentially stable, with the exception of the largest mangrove‐holding region of Southeast Asia. We provide a standardized spatial dataset that monitors mangrove deforestation globally at high spatio‐temporal resolutions. These data can be used to drive the mangrove research agenda, particularly as it pertains to monitoring of mangrove carbon stocks and the establishment of baseline local mangrove forest inventories required for payment for ecosystem service initiatives.
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Perubahan Tutupan Hutan Mangrove di Pantai Timur Sumatera Utara Periode 1977-2006
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2010
Land-cover change of mangrove forests at eastern coast of North Sumatra in Period 1977 to 2006. Mangrove is one of the world’s threatened major tropical environments. Nevertheless, activities that contribute to this depletion continue. The main objectives of this research were to analyze the land cover change of mangrove forests in eastern coastal of North Sumatra based on previous inventory in period 1997 to 2006 and to acquire the factors of mangrove disturbance in the areas. In fact, mangrove forest areas in eastern coastal of North Sumatra decreased 59.68% from 103,425 ha in 1977 to 41,700 ha in year 2006. Expansion of aquaculture ponds and extraction of timber and fuel wood were most important factors of mangrove forest degradation in the areas. Therefore, we need to rehabilitate the degraded mangrove forests in the area both massively and systematically, and to prevent the remaining mangrove forests from destruction activities.
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Studi Ekologi Hutan Mangrove di Pantai Timur Sumatera Utara (Ecological study on mangrove forest in East Coast of North Sumatra)
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2009
Ecological studies on mangrove forest in East Coast of North Sumatra have been carried out with field work in transect method and laboratory analyses. This study would be covered on floristic composition, abrasion, green belt, soil properties, and water quality of mangroves. Land system map and landsat TM imagery (year 1996 coverage) as main material in this study were used and overlay to determine training area. Based on vegetation inventory found that 20 mangrove species and by vegetation analyses, we known that Avicennia marina was as dominant tree species of seedling and sapling stage. Tree stage was not found in the area, yet. Environment properties of the mangrove area were suitable for mangrove growth and rehabilitation with the exception of pyrite content in the mangrove soil. Average of mangrove green belt was 25 m with range from 10 to 80 m in KJP (Kajapah) land system and 30 m with range 10 to 50 m in PTG (Putting) land system. Abrasion rate in the area was very high, i.e. 6 m per year in KJP land system, and 10 m per year in PTG land system.
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A historical analysis of the drivers of loss and degradation of Indonesia’s mangroves
Article
  • Mar 2016
  • LAND USE POLICY
Mangroves have been systematically exploited in Indonesia since 1800, especially for the development of brackish water shrimp aquaculture (called ‘tambak’) and for timber harvesting. By the end of the 1960s, Indonesia is estimated to have lost more than 200,000 ha of its mangroves mostly in Java and Sumatra. The rate of mangrove loss started to dramatically increase in the 1970 when exploitation shifted to new areas outside Java, particularly in Kalimantan and Sulawesi, encouraged by government policies to boost timber production, followed by policies to expand tambak in 1980s and large scale tambak development triggered by increased shrimp price during Asian financial crisis in 1997. The result has been the loss of nearly 800,000 ha of mangroves in only 30 years, mostly now in the form of low productivity or abandoned tambaks. In recent years, timber harvesting activities in Indonesia's mangroves appear to have become more sustainable. Our analysis suggests that aquaculture will continue as the main driver of change in mangrove ecosystems in Indonesia followed by palm oil plantation. Failure to deal with the current low productivity of shrimp aquaculture in many parts of Indonesia will force shrimp producers to clear an estimated 600,000 ha more mangroves to make way for shrimp farms over the next two decades. However, with improvements in brackish water aquaculture productivity, halting palm oil concession to utilise mangroves, along with maintaining other mangrove use pressures at moderate levels, the net loss of mangroves in the next two decades could be reduced to around 23,000 ha.
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IUCN [International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources]. 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
  • Jan 2016
  • 448-459
. Land Use Policy 54 (2016): 448-459 IUCN [International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources]. 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2016.2. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 9
Impact of Mangrove Forests Degradation on Fisherman Income and Fish Catch Diversity in Eastern Coastal of North Sumatra
  • May 2009
  • 6-8
  • Purwoko Onrizal
  • A Mansor
Onrizal, Purwoko, A., Mansor, M. 2009. Impact of Mangrove Forests Degradation on Fisherman Income and Fish Catch Diversity in Eastern Coastal of North Sumatra, Indonesia. Paper presented at the International Conference on Natural and Environmental Sciences 2009 (ICONES'09) at Hermes Palace Hotel, Banda Aceh, 6-8 May 2009
  • Jan 2005
  • 34-39
  • Rugayah Onrizal
  • Suhardjono
Onrizal, Rugayah, Suhardjono. 2005. Flora mangrove berhabitus pohon di Hutan Lindung Angke Kapuk, Jakarta. Biodiversitas 6 (1): 34 -39