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Balancing Time Perspective in Pursuit of Optimal Functioning
Abstract
Dealing with time is a fundamental feature of the human experience, both objective, or so-called clock time, and subjective, personal constructions of time. The focus of this chapter is the construct of time perspective (TP), which is viewed as an integral part of the subjective or personal experience of "lived time". Time perspective is considered to have cognitive, emotional, and social components. The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) is the latest modification of the STPI, which has addressed the shortcomings of the previous scales. Zimbardo and Boyd demonstrate that both Past-Negative and Present-Fatalistic perspectives are associated with strong feelings of depression, anxiety, anger, and aggression. Despite being conceived primarily at a theoretical level, the constructs of TP and a balanced TP offer considerable potential for practical interventions in clinical and occupational psychology. The construct of TP has a potential to provide a theoretical underpinning for time management interventions.
... Time perspective helps make essential decisions, judgments, and taking action. Evaluations of past experiences, both positive and negative, can influence present behaviour, as well as decisions and judgments that consider the potential future consequences of that behaviour (Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2015). ...
... Each perspective offers unique insights into how individuals perceive and interact with time. This study's primary purpose is to understand how individuals' perceptions of the present and future time influence their future-oriented behaviour or decision-making processes (Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2015). In line with this purpose, by only examining present (hedonistic and fatalistic) and future time perspectives, the study not only overlooks critical dimensions of temporal orientation but also could maintain a clear and focused research question without spreading resources too thin. ...
... Time perspective has cognitive, emotional, and social components. It is influenced by various factors such as career, economic or political instability, substance use, individual achievements, traumatic events, and socialization processes (Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2015). Furthermore, the concept of time perspective is viewed as a framework that integrates with a meaningful understanding of life in a coherent manner. ...
In the complex landscape of human decision-making and behaviour, several psychological constructs play a crucial role in shaping people's attitudes towards the past, present, and future. This study examines the interplay between how we perceive our future selves, our consideration of future consequences, and our general time perspectives aiming to deepen our understanding of temporal cognition and its implications for human behavior. The study explored how these factors interact and potentially influence our decisions and behaviour. Through a web survey questionnaire data was collected from the university students. Quantitative analyses explored the associations between individuals' levels of consideration of future consequences, future self-continuity, and their temporal orientations as measured by Zimbardo's Time Perspective Inventory. Results of the study suggests complex associations between these constructs, with individuals' time perspectives and future self-continuity exerting significant influences on consideration of future consequences. By understanding these relationships, gained valuable insights into how individuals make decisions that bridge the gap between their present and future selves and its association with temporal orientations. We discussed implications of the present study on the consideration of future consequences and it provides insights for future investigations.
... In certain situations, each time perspective may be applicable (Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999), but overuse or underuse of any one time perspective may result in cognitive biases (Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999;Boniwell and Zimbardo, 2004), affecting goal-directed behaviors and resulting in negative outcomes (Barnett et al., 2020). Learning to overcome the imbalance and develop a balanced temporal perspective should be a requirement for all of us (Boniwell and Zimbardo, 2003;Boniwell and Zimbardo, 2004). ...
... In certain situations, each time perspective may be applicable (Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999), but overuse or underuse of any one time perspective may result in cognitive biases (Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999;Boniwell and Zimbardo, 2004), affecting goal-directed behaviors and resulting in negative outcomes (Barnett et al., 2020). Learning to overcome the imbalance and develop a balanced temporal perspective should be a requirement for all of us (Boniwell and Zimbardo, 2003;Boniwell and Zimbardo, 2004). ...
... BTP is associated to self-regulated learning (de Bilde et al., 2011). Individuals with BTP enjoy the process of learning and are more creative (Boniwell and Zimbardo, 2004). ...
Objective
Time perspective and time management disposition are critical factors influencing academic achievement. Although balanced time perspective (BTP) has been associated with adaptive functioning across various life domains, its relationship with academic performance remains underexplored. This study proposes a moderated mediation model to examine the link between BTP and academic performance.
Methods
The study included 1,076 high school students (448 boys and 628 girls), aged 15 to 19 years. Participants completed self-report questionnaires assessing BTP, time management disposition, and resilience in their classrooms. Academic performance was measured using standardized test scores routinely administered by the school. The valid data were analyzed using the PROCESS macro for SPSS.
Results
BTP positively predicted academic performance, with time management disposition mediating this relationship. The indirect effect was further moderated by resilience, demonstrating a stronger effect among students with higher resilience levels.
Conclusion
These findings suggest that BTP may influence children’s academic performance and offer novel strategies for promoting academic achievement in high school settings. In addition, the findings highlight the importance of fostering psychological traits like resilience to enhance academic performance. Future studies could explore educational interventions aimed at developing BTP and resilience, thereby enhancing students’ psychological skills.
... 36 These studies have sampled adolescents from various cultural backgrounds and distinguished different time perspective profiles; however, they have consistently discovered a balanced time perspective, which is characterized by low scores on the Past Negative and Present Fatalistic subscales, a moderately high score on the Future subscale, and a high score on the Past Positive subscale. 37 Furthermore, they have consistently found that adolescents with a balanced time perspective profile attain better developmental outcomes. 35,38 The balanced time perspective reflects"an idealized mental framework that allows individuals to flexibly switch temporal frames among past, future, and present depending on situational demands, resource assessments, or personal and social appraisals." 25 Adolescents with a balanced time perspective profile are more efficient in dealing with different situations, which facilitates them achieving better development. ...
... Although these studies have made some progress in exploring time perspective profiles, very little research has investigated the typical time perspective profiles among mainland Chinese adolescents or examined how time perspective profiles are linked to family communication quality and career maturity. Since individuals' time perspective profiles depend on broad cultural contexts, 37 exploring the time perspective profiles in the Chinese cultural context can improve our understanding of this domain. ...
... 32 Adolescents with a balanced time perspective profile can flexibly change their time perspectives according to the requirements of the tasks and life situations they face. 37 For instance, when they make efforts to prepare for their careers, they may be future-oriented (eg, anticipating the consequences of their present actions); when exploring career interests and communicating these interests with parents and peers, they may concentrate on immediate pleasure and recall positive memories. 37,52 Additionally, they usually do not have the proclivity to negatively evaluate past experiences or to feel fatalistic about the present. ...
Purpose
Family communication quality is an influential factor of career maturity; however, very few studies have investigated the internal mechanisms underlying the relation between family communication quality and career maturity. This study investigated the mediating effect of time perspective on this relation, explored adolescents’ time perspective profiles, and examined the relationships among family communication quality, career maturity, and time perspective profiles.
Methods
In this one-year interval longitudinal study, adolescents (67.19% girls; aged 16.10–24.09 years; n = 442) reported parent-adolescent communication quality and time perspective at Time 1 and career maturity at Time 2.
Results
The results showed that family communication quality positively predicted adolescents’ career maturity, and this relation was mediated by adolescents’ Present Fatalistic and Future time perspectives. Additionally, this study identified four time perspective profiles: balanced, moderate, negative, and risk-taking. We further examined how these time perspective profiles are associated with family communication quality and career maturity. The results showed that adolescents’ perceptions of high-quality communication with their parents promoted them to endorse a balanced time perspective profile and protected them from endorsing a negative time perspective profile. Moreover, adolescents with a balanced time perspective profile exhibited better development in terms of career maturity, whereas those with a negative time perspective profile reported poor development in terms of career maturity.
Conclusion
Present Fatalistic and Future time perspectives mediated the association between parent-adolescent communication quality and career maturity. Additionally, adolescents who engaged in high-quality communication with parents were more likely to endorse the balanced time perspective profile and less likely to adopt the negative time perspective profile; these adolescents were also more likely to achieve higher levels of career maturity. These findings highlight the necessity of improving parent-adolescent communication quality and guiding adolescents to establish a balanced time perspective profile with the goal of promoting adolescents’ career maturity.
... Research highlights the significance of cultivating a Balanced Time Perspective (BTP) (3,4). The concept of an "ideal" optimal temporal perspective involves a dynamic interplay among attitudes toward the past, present, and future, adapting to situational demands, values, and individual needs (5). This construct is characterized by flexibility, prioritizing harmony over rigid norms, and has been shown to predict subjective well-being significantly across various studies (3,6). ...
... Later, Boniwell et al. (3) used a cluster-analysis method and identified four distinct profiles based on Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) scores: future-oriented, presentoriented, negative, and balanced. Stolarski et al. (8) introduced the Deviation from the Balanced Time Perspective (DBTP), which represents a persistent temporal bias that contrasts with the BTP (5). It refers to the extent to which an individual's orientation toward past, present, and future perspectives deviates from an optimal or "balanced" time perspective (BTP). ...
Background
Time perspective (TP) influences how individuals perceive and classify their past, present, and future, impacting their cognition, behavior, and psychological outcomes. Deviation from the balanced time perspective (DBTP) is associated with mental health problems (e.g., depression and anxiety). Emotion regulation (ER) encompasses cognitive and behavioral processes to regulate emotions, with maladaptive strategies like rumination and withdrawal linked to depression and anxiety. Despite extensive research on TP and ER, their joint impact, particularly in the context of depression and anxiety, and cultural differences remain underexplored.
Method
Participants (N = 513 Iranian, N = 470 Turkish) completed self-report questionnaires on time perspective, cognitive and behavioral ER, anxiety, and depression symptoms. A moderated mediation model was assessed, incorporating the exogenous variable of DBTP, with ER strategies as mediators, and endogenous variables of depressive and anxiety symptoms. The model accounted for cultural variations in the paths as a moderator.
Results
Significant associations were found between DBTP, ER strategies, depression, and anxiety symptoms. Mediation analyses revealed that both cognitive and behavioral ER strategies (except for adaptive behavioral ER strategies) significantly mediated the associations between DBTP and depression and anxiety. Additionally, multigroup analyses suggested that these mediating effects were consistent across Iranian and Turkish samples, with exceptions in adaptive cognitive ER strategies.
Conclusion
The study highlights the crucial role of TPs and ER strategies in predicting anxiety and depression symptoms, with notable cultural nuances. Specifically, maladaptive strategies exacerbate symptoms, while adaptive strategies mitigate them primarily in Iranian contexts. Cultural subtleties are discussed in detail.
... Las posibles combinaciones entre estas perspectivas temporales -debido a aspectos circunstanciales ora individuales, ora sociales-han hecho posible distinguir una orientación hacia el equilibrio y el bienestar, según la cual predominan el pasado positivo y el futuro, es moderado el presente hedonista y se pre-sentan niveles más bajos en las orientaciones disfuncionales -de pasado negativo y presente fatalista (Boniwell et al., 2010;Boniwell y Zimbardo, 2004;Drake et al., 2008;Sircova et al., 2014;Webster, 2011;Wiberg et al., 2012). ...
... En la muestra estudiada se han observado las tendencias consideradas como indicadoras de bienestar (perspectiva temporal balanceada: Boniwell et al., 2010;Boniwell y Zimbardo, 2004;Drake et al., 2008;Sircova et al., 2014;Webster, 2011;Wiberg et al., 2012). Específicamente, hay un predominio del pasado positivo y el futuro; con respecto al presente hedonista -de valores similares a los otros dos factores-, futuros estudios dirimirán si las puntuaciones obtenidas aquí refieren una perspectiva temporal balanceada específica del ocio serio. ...
El ocio serio, en un sentido tanto positivo como negativo, puede ocupar buena parte del tiempo de una persona —especialmente en la juventud. Para profundizar en conocimiento de las experiencias del ocio y del tiempo, en esta investigación se caracteriza el ocio serio de una muestra de jóvenes, precisando sus relaciones con las perspectivas temporales (pasados negativo / positivo, presentes hedonista / fatalista, futuro). Cumplimentaron los inventarios de ocio serio y de perspectivas temporales 354 jóvenes (186 hombres, 174 mujeres) con edad M = 32,18 y DT = 4,41. Los resultados especifican la frecuencia y la duración de los ocios serios, diferentes entre sí según: el progreso en la práctica, el esfuerzo y la perseverancia —aspectos correlacionados con las perspectivas temporales; en particular, el presente hedonista. Estos hallazgos ofrecen un nuevo conocimiento al ver de qué manera —y hasta qué punto—, en el contexto de la juventud y de la ambivalencia del ocio, el ocio serio está imbricado en las actitudes hacia el tiempo —que orientan y condicionan el comportamiento del día a día.
... concept are two ways to interpret what balance means. One interpretation is that an ideal temporal focus profile consists of a greater than average focus on the past, present, and future (Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2004). In this way, if a person generally focuses on all time periods, they will be able to draw upon any of this information in the moment based on situation-specific demands. ...
... This line of think ing has spawned a fair amount of research recently, including multiple ways to measure a balanced time perspective. Boniwell and Zimbardo's (2004) contention was that well-be ing will be greatest when individuals score above average on the past positive, present hedonistic, and future scales and low on the past negative and present fatalistic scales. Thus, Drake et al. (2008) categorized people into thirds based on being below the 33rd percentile or above the 66th percentile in the relevant scales. ...
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... Also, excessive focus on future time perspective at the expense of the other time perspectives may lead to negative outcomes, including overwork and a lack of social connections (Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2015). Existing research has indicated that deviation from a balanced time These findings may relate to the findings that time perspective is related to the utilisation of proactive coping mechanisms (Anagnostopoulos & Griva, 2012;Dwivedi & Rastogi, 2017;Zambianchi & Ricci Bitti, 2014). ...
... This finding is in accordance with research indicating a positive association between indicators of recovery, notably including remission from substance use, better mental health and well-being, and proactive coping (Boniwell et al., 2010;Davies & Filippopoulos, 2015;Dwivedi & Rastogi, 2017;Papastamatelou et al., 2015;Shterjovska & Achkovska-Leshkovska, 2014;Wills et al., 2001;Zambianchi & Ricci Bitti, 2014;Zentsova & Leonov, 2013;Zheng & Wang, 2022). It would also appear to contradict the direction of findings by Boniwell and Zimbardo (2015), indicating that future time perspective negatively correlated with indicators of recovery. Due to the lack of a reliable follow-up result relating to future time perspective, it is unknown how these factors might relate at the time of discharge from rehabilitation centres. ...
Recovery from substance use is a complex process with several factors contributing to its success. Thus, it is important to gain a better understanding of the factors that contribute to recovery. The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether health locus of control, self-regulation, and time perspective contribute to recovery capital in the context of South African drug and alcohol rehabilitation centres. The secondary purpose was to determine whether a significant change could be observed in these variables within approximately three weeks. A total of 173 (N = 173) participants voluntarily participated in the study while undergoing treatment in rehabilitation centres. Participants completed a questionnaire to measure recovery capital, health locus of control, self-regulation, and time perspective after intake and before discharge. Recovery capital was measured utilising the Brief Assessment of Recovery Capital-10 questionnaire. Health locus of control was measured using the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scales Shortened Version. Self-regulation was measured using the Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire. Finally, time perspective was measured utilising the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, hierarchical multiple regression, and dependent t-test techniques were used to analyse the data. Additionally, Cronbach alpha coefficients were calculated for all measurement instruments used in the study. This study includes several novel findings regarding recovery from substance use disorders in the South African context. Results indicated that self-regulation and future time perspective are significantly positively correlated with recovery capital at intake. At the same time, past negative time perspective and present fatalistic time perspective displayed significant negative associations with recovery capital. Furthermore, self-regulation was found to be significantly positively related to recovery capital at the time of discharge. The combination of predictor variables, self-regulation, past negative time perspective, present fatalistic time perspective, and future time perspective were all observed to be significant predictors of recovery capital at intake. At the time of discharge, the combination of predictor variables, self-regulation, and present fatalistic time perspective were found to be significant predictors of recovery capital. Finally, significant changes were observed in the means of past negative time perspective, present hedonistic time perspective and present fatalistic time perspective. This study provides valuable insights into the nature of recovery from substance use disorders in South Africa. However, further research is still needed to understand these factors better.
Keywords: Recovery capital, health locus of control, self-regulation, time perspective, substance use, rehabilitation centre, The Brief Assessment of Recovery Capital-10 questionnaire, Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scales Shortened Version, The Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire, Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory
... Temporal perspective characterizes how humans view the past, present and future. Humans have the capacity to develop mental constructs of past and future events, and this capacity to mentally 'time travel' and focus on past, present and future perspectives is considered an evolutionary advantage (Suddendorf & Corballis, 2007) and a sign of psychological well-being (Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2004;. These three components are thought to be hierarchically integrated at different timescales, ranging from a few milliseconds to several decades, to form a broader perception of time (Block, 1990;Pöppel, 1997;Wittmann, 1999). ...
... Experiencing periods of time in nature can induce a more positive outlook of the present (i.e. a eudaimonic view of the present as proposed by Vowinckel et al., 2017) and facilitate the flow between past, present and future temporal frames, which is considered a key characteristic of a balanced time perspective (Stolarski et al., 2015;. Such experiences can therefore have a defining and positive role on human health and well-being by promoting a more positive and balanced time perspective (Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2004;. ...
There is growing evidence that interacting and connecting with nature are essential to maintain human health and well‐being. The benefits of specific nature experiences and the cultural ecosystem services they provide are increasingly being recognized, but many others remain to be discovered and explored.
In this perspective piece, I argue that there is a need to better explore the pivotal role of nature experiences in shaping human time perception—our sense of time . Specifically, I outline the main elements of human time perception and the key factors that shape it, describe recent evidence showing that human time perception changes between urban and natural environments and discuss the potential societal gains from developing a better understanding of this relationship.
Human time perception is complex and involves at least three key dimensions related to temporal succession, temporal duration and temporal perspective. Time perception is shaped by various contextual factors, including the contents of the time period and the cognitive, emotional and bodily characteristics of the experiencer.
There is growing evidence that nature experiences can influence human sense of time by (i) extending human perception of temporal duration and (ii) shifting time perspectives. People who spend time in nature tend to overestimate the length of that experience and show a more positive outlook of the past, present and future, with less focus on a single‐time perspective.
In the context of increasing time scarcity in modern urban societies with dire consequences for human health and well‐being, I argue we need a better understanding of how nature experiences shape our sense of time and suggest how future research can provide actionable insights to help restore a healthier and more balanced relationship with time and nature.
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... The pattern of temporal perspectives is an important predictor of an individual's actions and the choice of coping strategies in stressful and conflict situations (Boloto-va, Hachaturova, 2013;Boniwell, Zimbardo, 2004). In crisis and stressful situations, the future perspective implies the choice of more adaptive cognitive and behavioural coping strategies, whereas the past negative perspective leads to the choice of emotional, less adaptive, and rigid coping strategies. ...
... A balanced temporal profile allows an individual to freely switch time frames between past, present, and future depending on situational demands and/or resource assessments, thus enabling the individual to function optimally (Boniwell, Zimbardo, 2004). The ideal temporal profile is characterized by a balance between a strong positive past perspective, a moderately strong hedonistic present and future perspectives, and a weak negative past perspective and a weak fatalistic present perspective (Zimbardo, Boyd, 2008). ...
b>Wprowadzenie. Rodzice dzieci z ASD doświadczają przewlekłego stresu oraz wypalenia rodzicielskiego ze względu na duże obciążenie związane z wychowaniem dziecka. Zrównoważana perspektywa temporalna stanowi zasób osobowy ułatwiający radzenie sobie z obciążeniami i stresem. Nieliczne jeszcze publikacje dostarczają danych na temat wzorca perspektyw temporalnych występującego u rodziców dzieci z ASD. Cel. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie analizy wyników polskich badań potwierdzających specyfikę wzorców temporalnych występujących u rodziców dzieci z ASD oraz ukazanie możliwości wykorzystania terapii opartej na koncepcji perspektyw temporalnych Zimbardo dla minimalizacji objawów PTSD. Materiały i metody. W pracy zastosowano analizę danych literaturowych Wyniki. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy stwierdzono, iż u rodziców dzieci z ASD częściej niż u rodziców dzieci z ZD występuje nieprzystosowawczy wzorzec perspektyw temporalnych, co może być wyznacznikiem PTSD. Wnioski. Istnieją argumenty świadczące, iż zastosowanie interwencji terapeutycznych zrealizowanych w nurcie terapii opartej na koncepcji Zimbardo może być skuteczne dla złagodzenia stresowych objawów i poprawy jakości życia rodziców dzieci z ASD.
... Each TP is found to be associated with human functioning such as emotional intelligence, self-identity, self-esteem, anxiety, depression, and life satisfaction (Boniwell et al., 2010;Laghi et al., 2013;Stolarski et al., 2011Stolarski et al., , 2020. However, the overuse or underuse of one temporal category may cause dysfunction (Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2004). For instance, F is conducive to academic achievement and planning behaviors, but a completely future-oriented person may have high time pressure and cannot enjoy any personal indulgence . ...
... Considering that the switching capacity is hard to operationalize, Zimbardo and Boyd (2008) redefine BTP as a combination of low scores on PN and PF and relatively high scores on PP, PH, and F; almost all the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI)-based indicators of BTP were calculated with the combination of high adaptive TPs and low non-adaptive TPs, such as cut-off point (Drake et al., 2008), cluster-analysis approach (Boniwell et al., 2010), and the formula of deviation from BTP (DBTP) (Stolarski et al., 2011). BTP is regarded as the focus of positive psychology and is put forward to optimize individuals' social functioning and obtain greater subjective well-being (Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2004). Thus, subjective well-being-related indicators are analyzed as the most natural outcomes of BTP. ...
The existing scales for measuring balanced time perspective (BTP) have limitations, such as poor‐fitting structures or a complex calculation method. Based on previous studies, we conceptualize BTP as an individual's overall positive outlook on the past and future and mindfully living in the present. The present study aimed to develop the Time Perspective Inventory (TPI) for Chinese adults, determine its psychometric properties, and examine a simple calculation method for generating a score to represent BTP. In study 1, a 7‐factor structure of TPI – Past Positive, Past Negative, Mindful Present, Present Hedonistic, Present Excessively Task‐oriented, Future Positive, and Future Negative – was established through exploratory (sample 1, N = 529) and confirmatory (sample 2, N = 577) factor analyses. Findings supported the internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and criterion‐related validity of the TPI. We proposed using the score difference between positive time perspectives and negative time perspectives to calculate the BTP. Findings showed that the correlations between BTP and subjective well‐being indicators and anxiety were higher than among individual dimensions of TPI. Study 2 (sample 3, N = 713) compared the effects of the TPI and the Chinese version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI‐C) on well‐being indicators and anxiety. Results indicated that the variance of life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect, and anxiety explained by BTP measured with TPI was higher than deviation from BTP (DBTP) measured with ZTPI‐C. Together, the TPI yields reliable and valid BTP scores among Chinese adults.
... positive and negative feelings towards the past, present and future) during the developmental stage of adolescence (Tejada-Gallardo et al., 2022). The focus on past, present and potential time perspectives is important given that maladaptive time perspectives can have significant mental health implications (Boniwell and Zimbardo, 2015). In addition, P3p highlights the importance of focusing on the individual's subjective experience of their own mental health, as well as their particular abilities, and the group (e.g. ...
... In addition, young people should hold a reasonable level of optimism regarding positive outcomes from the intervention, especially in the context of positive psychology interventions, where such optimism is in-built to the process and way of thinking. The P3p model also encourages practitioners to develop a balanced time perspective, considering all three temporal perspectives, as has been shown to improve mental health outcomes (Boniwell and Zimbardo, 2015). Mental health interventions should also consider the developmental stage of each individual young person. ...
Purpose
This paper aims to introduce the Platt 3p model (P3p), an innovative framework aiming to address the mental health needs of young people. The model comprises three dimensions: past, present and potential, on which any mental health intervention should act to improve mental health outcomes.
Design/methodology/approach
A conceptual analysis is made that uses an interdisciplinary approach to draw on existing research and theories from psychology, developmental science and educational interventions to create the P3p model.
Findings
The P3p model presents a multi-layered approach that considers subjective, individual and group-level variables that should be considered in comprehensive mental health interventions. It accommodates systemic barriers and individual differences, thus creating the potential for more targeted, effective interventions.
Research limitations/implications
Though every effort has been made to provide a robust theoretical foundation, the model has yet to be empirically validated. Future research is taking place to apply the model in school settings to assess its practical efficacy.
Originality/value
The P3p model is novel in its integrative approach, fusing elements from disparate theories into a singular framework. This flexibility allows for person-centred, adaptable interventions that are tailored to individual needs.
... TP can be understood as the cognitive process of directing attention on time domains (i.e., the past, present, and future) and subsequent evaluation of experiences within the frame of the focused domain. This evaluation helps in assigning coherence and meaning to our experiences (Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2015;, aiding in the establishment of a temporal organization that, through repetition, can lead to a habitual tendency that operates without conscious awareness (Maglio et al., 2015). According to Sobol-Kwapinska (2013), TP involves focusing attention on chosen time frames with the subsequent evaluation of relevant experiences with respect to valence, value ranking, and perceived importance. ...
... Given the differential links between specific TPs and mental health, it can be argued that stronger emphasis on the future, past positive, and present hedonistic perspectives together with weaker emphasis on present fatalistic and past negative perspectives might be more facilitative for psychological well-being. This TP profile can be called the balanced time perspective (BTP) profile (Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2015;Boyd & Zimbardo, 2006). Drake et al. (2008) argued that BTP facilitates through all time domains and is the ability "to be able to move between each perspective and to use the most appropriate one in a given situation" (p. ...
Objectives
Research on the effects of time perspectives and dispositional mindfulness on psychological well-being can be potentially insightful. However, time perspective and dispositional mindfulness constructs have mostly been studied separately, leaving room for discussion regarding their interactions. There is, so far, a limited number of empirical studies and no systematic review on this area of research. This systematic review thus aimed at providing an informative outline.
Method
Key databases including Scopus and Web of Knowledge were screened, and the most recent search was conducted in June 2023. Initially, 593 entries were found to meet the criterion of cross-sectional design. Final analysis incorporated the narrative synthesis strategy for resulting 16 eligible articles.
Results
Dispositional mindfulness is closely related to a flexible shift in time perspectives, called the balanced time perspective. In general, dispositional mindfulness was found to positively correlate with an optimistic view of both the past and the future, and it was also positively linked to savoring the present moment experiences. Furthermore, a non-judgmental focus is central to mindful decentering when being attentive to the actual characteristics of present stimuli.
Conclusions
The balanced time perspective is an important construct possibly linking dispositional mindfulness and time perspectives. The present-eudaimonic perspective, self-compassion, and decentering are variables that can further help guide research in outlining complex interactions that also relate to psychological well-being. Future research is advised to include longitudinal and experimental designs for a more comprehensive understanding of relevant interactions.
Preregistration
This study was preregistered to PROSPERO with the number CRD42021241388.
... In the context of positive psychology, coaching has been referred to as "the applied arm of positive psychology" (Biswas-Diener, 2010, p.5, see also Kauffman & Scoular, 2004), and the two fields have been described as "natural partners" (Zimbardo & Boniwell, 2004). As a result, it is the authors' view that coaching should be considered when considering best practice in applying the emerging research into the potential of psychedelics for the betterment of well people. ...
A burgeoning evidence base demonstrates the therapeutic potential of psychedelics. Grounded in a review of existing literature and drawing on assumptions from coaching psychology and positive psychology, this paper argues that psychedelic experiences, beyond their potential to treat disease and disorder, hold promising potential to foster growth, learning, and wellbeing for non-clinical populations, and that coaching can offer effective, safe, and ethical support. Through identifying positive psychological themes in research and highlighting shared motivations to seek coaching and psychedelics, this paper builds the case for psychedelics-assisted coaching, offers a framework for practice, and discusses ethical concerns and future research.
... Time perspective is a modern psychological approach that primarily focuses on individuals' attitude toward time, considering their perception within a temporal framework. It also influences individuals' experiences and well-being by enhancing their relationship with time and life, or even by reconstructing it (Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2015). Time perspective creates frameworks that allow individuals to assign meaning to events within temporal dimensions, including the past, present, and future. ...
In this research, the effectiveness of time perspective therapy was compared with mindfulness on academic motivation, academic fascination, academic procrastination, and academic sustainability in flooded high school students with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. The research design is an extended semi-experimental method with pre-test-post-test and control group and follow-up study. The statistical population of the research included all the first high school students of the academic year 1399-1400 in high schools in Bavi, Karun, Hamidiyeh and Shavor regions of Khuzestan province. 60 people were selected to after the initial screening and the consent of parents and students and completely randomly, 20 people were assigned in the experimental group of mindfulness therapy, 20 people in the experimental group of time perspective therapy and 20 people in the control group. Mississippi PTSD scale, academic motivation questionnaire, short form of Martin and Jackson fascination scale, academic procrastination questionnaire and academic sustainability scale were used. The data was analyzed with 24spss software using multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that the hypotheses related to the effectiveness of time perspective therapy and mindfulness therapy on academic motivation, academic fascination, academic procrastination and academic sustainability are confirmed, But the hypotheses related to the comparison of the effectiveness of these two treatments on several treatments were not determined. Therefore, it is recommended to implement treatments time perspective therapy and mindfulness therapy for research dependent variables and other academic problems of male and female students in different educational levels.
... Time perspective is a modern psychological approach that primarily focuses on individuals' attitude toward time, considering their perception within a temporal framework. It also influences individuals' experiences and well-being by enhancing their relationship with time and life, or even by reconstructing it (Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2015). Time perspective creates frameworks that allow individuals to assign meaning to events within temporal dimensions, including the past, present, and future. ...
In this research, the effectiveness of time perspective therapy was compared with mindfulness on academic motivation, academic fascination, academic procrastination, and academic sustainability in flooded high school students with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. The research design is an extended semi-experimental method with pre-test-post-test and control group and follow-up study. The statistical population of the research included all the first high school students of the academic year 1399-1400 in high schools in Bavi, Karun, Hamidiyeh and Shavor regions of Khuzestan province. 60 people were selected to after the initial screening and the consent of parents and students and completely randomly, 20 people were assigned in the experimental group of mindfulness therapy, 20 people in the experimental group of time perspective therapy and 20 people in the control group. Mississippi PTSD scale, academic motivation questionnaire, short form of Martin and Jackson fascination scale, academic procrastination questionnaire and academic sustainability scale were used. The data was analyzed with 24spss software using multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that the hypotheses related to the effectiveness of time perspective therapy and mindfulness therapy on academic motivation, academic fascination, academic procrastination and academic sustainability are confirmed, But the hypotheses related to the comparison of the effectiveness of these two treatments on several treatments were not determined. Therefore, it is recommended to implement treatments time perspective therapy and mindfulness therapy for research dependent variables and other academic problems of male and female students in different educational levels.
... Cabe señalar que la perspectiva futura no debe sobrevalorarse frente a otras perspectivas temporales. Algunos estudios no identifican relación significativa entre la orientación al futuro y diversos aspectos del bienestar (Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2004). Henson et al. (2006), hallan que la orientación hacia el presente hedonista fue más determinante que la futura de conductas que protegen la salud. ...
El incremento de enfermedades de transmisión sexual y el descenso del uso del preservativo masculino en jóvenes heterosexuales hacen necesario estudiar los comportamientos de uso del preservativo y los factores asociados. Este trabajo tiene como objetivos: estudiar los comportamientos sexuales y su relación con variables sociodemográficas; examinar las diferencias intrasujetos; analizar si la autoeficacia, las perspectivas temporales y la conducta de uso se relacionan con las características sociodemográficas y los comportamientos sexuales. La muestra está formada por 333 personas heterosexuales de 18 a 30 años. Se evidencia un comportamiento sexual más igualitario entre mujeres y hombres, aunque los hombres realizan más conductas de riesgo. Se constatan comportamientos de uso del preservativo diferentes en función de si la relación sexual se mantiene con pareja estable u ocasional. Una mayor autoeficacia y orientación al futuro contribuyen al sexo seguro. Una mayor orientación al presente se asocia con prácticas inseguras. Se perfilan las líneas de actuación a seguir en las intervenciones sobre sexo seguro.
... We agree with Zimbardo and Boyd (1997) that TPs "exert a dynamic influence on many judgments, decisions, and actions" (Zimbardo, & Boyd, 1997, p.1272). Thus, it should also be possible to understand time orientation as indicators for food selection or health-related decisions (van Beek et al., 2017;Zimbardo & Boniwell, 2004). Many studies have already investigated the relationships between time orientation and food purchase or consumption (e.g., Dassen et al., 2015;Daugherty & Brase, 2010;Olsen & Tuu, 2017). ...
This study examines weekly shopping trips of young families using a multi‐perspective approach that considers psychological personality traits, situational influences, and socio‐demographic factors to explain food purchases. Over a period of 4 weeks, the data of 60 shoppers and their families as well as 217 purchases were recorded using questionnaires and receipts. Analysis showed that personality traits and socio‐demographic data are good predictors of food purchases. The study provides insights into the complexity of shopping behavior, shows the need for multi‐perspective approaches, and enables the derivation of strategies to optimize healthy shopping behavior for young families.
... Thus, individuals with a positive and optimistic attitude about their past, present, and future, or a comparatively balanced time perspective (BTP) demonstrate a greater level of life satisfaction. Boniwell and Zimbardo (2004)are of the view that TPs are flexible and people can learn to change their temporal perspective. So, rather than being restricted to any particular temporal bias that minimizes the other TPs (Boniwell, 2005), people can work towards achieving a temporal balance or balanced TP for well-being and optimal functioning (Stolarski et al., 2015). ...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of time perspective on job satisfaction, career satisfaction, and life satisfaction. A sample comprising 321 participants from the teaching community of schools and colleges of Pakistan was included in the study. The Short Version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (SZPTI-15) by Zhang and Bowerman (Zhang, Howell, & Bowerman, 2013) was used to measure the five-time perspectives: Past Negative TP, Past Positive TP, Present Hedonistic TP, Present Fatalistic TP, and the Future TP. Results of our study showed that job satisfaction, career satisfaction, and life satisfaction have a significant and positive relationship with past positive, present hedonistic, and future TPs, and a significant negative relationship with past negative and present fatalistic TPs. The results of our study add a unique and valuable contribution to understanding the impact of time perspectives on the life, emotions, and work-related attitudes of individuals. Further research with a larger sample and a more diversified population will be a valuable contribution for the understanding of individuals’ perspective about time and in the development of a balanced time perspective in Pakistan and other developing countries. Keywords: Time Perspective, Job Satisfaction, Career Satisfaction, Life Satisfaction, Pakistan
... A perspectiva de tempo está direcionada ao entendimento do indivíduo em relação ao fluxo de experiências nas fases temporais do passado, presente e futuro (BONIWELL;ZIMBARDO, 2004). Noescopo perspectiva de tempo, há cinco dimensões, respectivamente: o passado negativo, em que pessoas observam as coisas ruins que ocorreram no passado; o passado positivo, que decorrem de observações positivas do passado; o presente hedonista, que tende a uma atitude em relação ao momento que está vivendo; o presente fatalítico, o qual evidencia circunstâncias oriundas de aspectos que estão fora de controle das pessoas; e, por fim, o futuro, com uma orientação direcionada para aspectos e metas vindouras (ZIMBARDO, BOYD, 1999; STOLARSKI, FIEULAINE, VAN BEEK, 2015). ...
Discussões envolvendo a temática do comportamento sustentável em viagens em todo o mundo, têm focado nos padrões de consumo da sociedade como uma das principais causas dos problemas socioambientais, inclusive nas atividades de turismo. Diante disso, o objetivo do estudo foi analisar antecedentes do comportamento sustentável em viagens de turismo de natureza no Brasil. Através de uma metodologia quantitativa e descritiva, buscou-se investigar as relações entre as variáveis que compõe os construtos teóricos do consumo sustentável em viagens de destinos de natureza no Brasil. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de survey com 313 turistas e as respostas tratadas por análises multivariadas de dados. Os resultados mostram que os três construtos analisados (perspectiva de tempo, capital cultural e orientação para o consumo sustentável) apresentam influência positiva no consumo sustentável em viagens de turismo. Estes resultados podem contribuir para o processo decisório gerencial tanto no setor público quanto no setor privado, ajudando a estabelecer um planejamento e estratégias de marketing para o desenvolvimento dos destinos turísticos, assim como, orientar o comportamento sustentável do consumidor em viagens de turismo de natureza.
... Под темпоральной компетентностью мы понимаем владение навыками планирования времени и самоорганизации, ощущение неразрывности прошлого и будущего, расстановка приоритетов в выборе деятельности, пластичность временных рамок общения, рациональное распределение режима дня и способность его корректировать в зависимости от условий [19]. Темпоральная компетентность включает такие параметры, как временная перспектива [20], эмоциональная окраска времени и проявленность дезорганизаторов времени [9], образует сбалансированную временную характеристику личности [21]. ...
A colossal information flow and a high degree of uncertainty in social situations impose new demands on the ability to self-organize and effectively plan time. Modernization of educational platforms involves strategies for continuous learning, including a large layer of independent work and distance technologies. In this regard, new requirements for the formation of competencies are increasing, centered around the skills of organizing time and planning activities that change pace. The problem field of this article is focused around the contradiction between the need for research into the dynamic temporal characteristics of modern students and the insufficient elaboration of this topic in educational practices. The authors explore the problem of temporal competence in the learning process among students of a pedagogical university in different courses of study. The purpose of the article is to determine the features of the formation of the studied characteristics depending on the course of study. Within the framework of this study, results were obtained reflecting the characteristics of the time characteristics of students from the first to the fourth year. To identify the characteristics of students' temporal competence, an empirical study was conducted using diagnostic methods: the method of studying the time perspective of personality by F. Zimbardo (adapted by A. Syrtsova, E. T. Sokolova, O. V. Mitina), the “Semantic Differential method time” (L. I. Wasserman, E. A. Trifonova, K. R. Chervinskaya). The empirical sample consisted of 246 full-time students aged 17 to 21 years (120 females and 126 males). As a result of the study, features of the functioning of temporal competence from the first year to the graduation were identified and described.
... En esta concepción del concepto se supone una articulación balanceada entre las diferentes instancias temporales, lo que lleva al sujeto a tener flexibilidad y armonía conductual cuando debe enfrentar demandas situacionales, y cuando se trata del logro de una competencia temporal para lograr una mejor adaptación (Grasso Imig, 2019; Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999). No obstante, dicho equilibrio puede verse alterado cuando alguna de estas instancias temporales registra un predominio sobre las otras, lo que promueve un sesgo en la perspectiva temporal del individuo (Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2004;Boyd & Zimbardo, 2005;Grasso Imig, 2019;Vázquez, Difabio de Anglat & Noriega Biggio, 2016;Zimbardo, Keough & Boyd, 1997;Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999). ...
Objetivo. Analizar un modelo predictivo del rendimiento académico, considerando como variables predictoras: perspectiva temporal, personalidad y estrategias de aprendizaje. Método. Se realizó un estudio correlacional - explicativo, diseño no experimental, transversal. Participaron 334 estudiantes universitarios de Buenos Aires; se les administró una encuesta sociodemográfica, el Inventario de Perspectiva Temporal de Zimbardo (Grasso Imig, 2020), el Big Five Inventory (Castro Solano & Casullo, 2001) y el Inventario de Estrategias de Aprendizaje y Estudio (Freiberg Hoffman, Ledesma & Fernández Liporace, 2017). Resultados. Se hallaron en cada variable factores que predicen tanto un adecuado (medio/alto) rendimiento académico como uno bajo. En función de esto, se infiere que las dimensiones positivas incrementan el rendimiento, mientras que sucede lo contrario con las dimensiones negativas. Discusión. En función de los resultados se infiere que las dimensiones positivas asociadas al rendimiento lo incrementan, mientras que sucede lo contrario con las dimensiones negativas, es decir, dan cuenta de un bajo rendimiento.
... Our decision-making processes are influenced by past experiences, and we contemplate the potential consequences of our choices on our future. Consequently, the attitudes we adopt toward the past, present, and future play a crucial role in shaping our psychological functioning and influencing how we respond to external and social stimuli [9,10]. Furthermore, being social creatures, humans are naturally inclined to engage in interpersonal relationships with others at different levels, ranging from our closeknit neighbourhoods to entire cities and even beyond [11]). ...
Purpose
Social context and time are two dimensions within which our entire existence is embedded. Therefore, prompting a positive set of attitudes and beliefs towards these elements is fundamental for individuals’ psychological well-being. Currently, there is limited understanding regarding the interplay between the sense of community and time perspective in relation to psychological distress. The present study aims, at investigating the effects that the sense of community and time perspective have on the levels of anxiety, depression, and stress. Particular attention has been dedicated to testing whether the effect of sense of community on anxiety, depression, and stress is mediated by the deviation from a balanced time perspective.
Methods
To accomplish our purposes, we asked 352 participants to complete an online survey and respond to the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21), the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), and the Multi-Dimensional Sense of Community Scale (MTSOCS). From these scales, we obtained the scores for anxiety, depression, and stress as well as a general score for the sense of community and the deviation from a balanced time perspective. We computed three General Linear Mediation Models, one for each scale of the DASS-21.
Results
The results showed that the relationship between sense of community and psychological distress was mediated by the deviation from a balanced time perspective extending previous findings and enriching the existing literature on time perspective.
Conclusion
The results described so far could be applied to build a series of interventions aimed at promoting psychological well-being in the general population. Considering our findings, we suggest that individuals’ health could be promoted by both improving their sense of community, which in turn would decrease their levels of stress, and by restructuring their time perspective when it became dysfunctional and unbalanced.
... In addition, the positive PsyCap theory holds that PsyCap can help individuals cope with the environmental changes and challenges brought about by these changes (Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2015). Since the outbreak of COVID-19, organizations and individuals have been facing an unprecedentedly severe and challenging environment. ...
In order to validate the 12-item Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ-12) and investigate the latent profiles of psychological capital (PsyCap) in Chinese employees, we conducted two studies. In Study 1, we systematically evaluated the psychometric properties of the PCQ-12 among a sample of 755 Chinese employees. The results showed that the PCQ-12 is a reliable and valid tool for measuring Chinese employees’ PsyCap and that it is superior to the 24-item Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ-24). In Study 2, the validated PCQ-12 in Study 1 was used to measure the PsyCap of 1,349 Chinese employees from various organizations and industries, and a person-centered analytic approach was adopted to investigate the latent profiles of PsyCap. The results revealed four distinct profiles with the four components (i.e., efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience) of PsyCap at similar levels, that is, low, low/moderate, high/moderate, and high. These profiles significantly differ in work outcomes, with the employees in the High PsyCap profile exhibiting the highest levels of work engagement and job satisfaction and the lowest levels of turnover intention, while employees in the Low PsyCap profile exhibit the opposite. Our research demonstrated that the PCQ-12 is a valid and convenient instrument to measure Chinese employees’ PsyCap and offers a fine-grained portrait of their PsyCap in Chinese culture. Moreover, the quantitatively distinct PsyCap profiles found in our research support the unitary structure of PsyCap with its four components converging into an underlying positive capacity and emphasize the synergistic effects of the four components on work outcomes, which informs the current debate over PsyCap and enriches the existing PsyCap literature, thus further shedding light on managerial practice.
... Past-time orientation makes people more comfortable with their memories and established routines than others who live more for the moment or relate more to future events and objectives (Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999). Because past-oriented individuals also have more interest in traditions, history and consistency , better maintain relationships over time (Karande and Merchant, 2012) and avoid change (Boniwell and Zimbardo, 2015), past orientation may interact with brand heritage as a temporal perception to impact inferences of warmth and competence. ...
Purpose
Research has started exploring how brand heritage perceptions affect people. However, little attention has been paid to the underlying mechanisms and the link between brand heritage and relational outcomes. This study aims to integrate research on brand heritage with the stereotype-content model (SCM) to offer a novel explanation of why and when consumers identify with heritage brands.
Design/methodology/approach
Two quasi-experimental studies with consumers in Germany ( N = 312 and N = 300) focus on multiple real brands to test the mediating roles of warmth and competence. Given the central role of anthropomorphism in brand applications of the SCM, two corresponding variables are examined as moderators, one relating to the brand (brand anthropomorphism) and the other relating to the individual (a person’s feeling of loneliness). Category involvement, state anxiety, brand familiarity, past orientation and consumer age are included as controls.
Findings
The findings indicate that warmth and competence mediate the brand heritage consumer–brand identification relationship. In addition, they highlight the moderating role of brand anthropomorphism and loneliness.
Research limitations/implications
This study offers a novel process explanation for how brand heritage perceptions influence consumer–brand relationships, contingent upon loneliness and anthropomorphism.
Practical implications
The findings help marketers better understand how and when warmth and competence transmit positive brand heritage effects, resulting in more favorable responses.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work is among the first to adopt a stereotype-content and anthropomorphic perspective on consumer responses to brand heritage perceptions.
... Il y aurait de nombreux critères pour définir ce qui caractérise l'Occident, ensemble lui-même pluriel et hétérogène comme nous le verrons plus bas, mais nous devons nous pencher sur une caractéristique particulière qui contamine la mesure du bonheur : le rapport au temps. Celui-là a fait l'objet d'innombrables travaux et de nombreuses caractérisations (Bradshaw, 2004 ;Boniwell et Zimbardo, 2015) 37 . Des rapports au passé, au présent et au futur différents sont observables entre les pays, entre les villes et les campagnes et entre les classes sociales. ...
Objectif de vie pour tout un chacun, démonstration de puissance pour l’État, le bonheur fait l’objet de nombreux classements. Les indicateurs utilisés résultent toutefois de constructions fondées sur différentes idées du bonheur, incluant de manière variable la préservation du vivant. Le bien-être des sociétés occidentales en particulier repose sur un imaginaire consumériste peu en phase avec les préoccupations écologiques. Mais est-il possible aujourd’hui d’être heureux sans se soucier des limites planétaires ? Est-il envisageable d’indexer le bonheur sur d’autres récits, davantage axés sur l’émotion que sur la possession, la comparaison et leurs effets délétères ?
Cet ouvrage interroge le rôle que ces palmarès du bien-être et les mesures sur lesquelles ils s’appuient jouent dans la prise en compte de l’environnement. En faisant le tour des liens entre mesures du bonheur et empreinte écologique, il sonde notre rapport au vivant là où on s’y attend le moins, au coeur même de notre quête du bonheur.
... 12 In relation to health promotion, negative biases in time perspective can degrade individuals' intentions, planning, experience, and recall of physical activity 13 as well as healthy eating habits. 14 In contrast, a Balanced Time Perspective (BTP; ie, an optimal focus across each time perspective 9,15 ) has been associated with better physical and psychological health, 16 greater confidence and optimism in goal pursuit, 17 and more effective coping with stress. 18 Previous research examining associations between time perspective and health behaviors notes a positive relationship between Future time perspective and the intention to eat healthy, 19 as well as promotion of weight management and physical activity in support of the treatment and management of recently diagnosed health conditions (eg, diabetes). ...
Purpose
To examine associations between time perspective and health promotion behaviors of physical activity and weight management.
Design
Quantitative cross-sectional.
Setting
This study is part of the Betula project on aging, memory, and dementia in Northern Sweden.
Subjects
417 older adults aged between 55 and 85 years.
Measures
Swedish-Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory; Physical Activity in the past year, past week, and in comparison with others of similar age; Weight Management = Body Mass Index (BMI; kg/m²).
Results
After controlling for age, sex, and years of education, hierarchical linear regression indicated a Balanced Time Perspective was significantly associated with more physical activity in the past year (P = .04), the past week (P < .001), and in comparison with others (P < .01). Past Negative time perspective was associated with less physical activity in the past year (P = .03), and in comparison with others (P = .03). Present Fatalistic was associated with less physical activity during the past week (P = .03), and in comparison with others (P = .01). Present Hedonistic was associated with more physical activity the past week (P = .03), and in comparison with others (P = .03). Past Negative was associated with higher BMI (P = .02), and Future Negative were associated with lower BMI (P = .01). Taken collectively, greater positivity and flexibility across time perspectives was associated with more physical activity, whereas negative oriented time perspectives related with less physical activity and poorer weight management.
Conclusion
Time perspective can be associated with health behaviors in older adults and have implications for health across the lifespan. Health promotion interventions may target older adults’ enjoyment of exercise and weight management in the present, rather than highlight potential negative health outcomes in the future.
... In line with the theoretical arguments and empirical evidence showing that a balanced time perspective profile is a more important predictor of well-being than score on any single ZTPI dimension (Boniwell and Zimbardo, 2004;Boniwell et al., 2010), we also calculated the Deviation from Balanced Time Perspective (DBTP) index (Zhang et al., 2013;Stolarski et al., 2015b). This index reflects a Euclidean distance of an individual profile from a theoretically defined "optimal" one, characterized by a combination of high scores on the Future, Present-Hedonistic, and Past-Positive scales with low Present-Fatalistic and Past-Negative scores. ...
Introduction
The notion of satisfaction with the use of one’s time has not been operationalized previously. Based on qualitative interviews, we propose a concept of positive time use comprised by four components: self-congruence of daily activities, balance between activities, efficient use of time, and a sense of mastery over one’s time.
Methods
Using data from two UK adult samples (N = 173 and N = 357), we developed a new measure, Positive Time Use Inventory (PTUI), and investigated its structural and convergent validity.
Results and discussion
The associations of positive time use with balanced time perspective, affect balance, satisfaction with life, sense of coherence, and self-reported satisfaction with time use indicate convergent and discriminant validity of the new measure. Positive time use partially explained the associations of balanced time perspective with subjective well-being and fully mediated the effects of future time perspective and time management on subjective well-being. We propose positive time use as a new model of temporal well-being, which brings together the notions of work-life balance, time efficiency, and time mastery in a single comprehensive framework, helping to inform the time management coaching interventions.
... Both competencies and relationships are in the psychological sense valid personality dimensions when it comes to construing the sense of quality of life, for they are instrumental in gaining satisfaction from what one learns, experiences or confronts other people with. Many other studies, inclusive of the author's own research, support this regularity (Brandmaier, Ram, Wagner & Gerstorf, 2017;Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2004;Mróz, 2018). ...
Objective. Research findings suggest that within a group of managers, personal and axiological variables, appear to be predictive of the sense of quality of life, and the structure of the new in psychology MOA path model is different for each gender.
Methods. This study focuses on the direct link between the sense of quality of life and the dimensions of the MOA in a group of female and male managers. The sample population comprised 688 managers. A new Modified Sense of Quality of Life Questionnaire, the Adjective Check List (ACL) and the Rokeach Value Scale (RVS) were used to evaluate quality of life and personal and axiological dimensions. Results. The sense of quality of life to be predicted by such dimensions as adaptation, competencies, autonomy, relationships and such values as “mature love” and “security of existence for the family" (providing for family); in short: “family security”. The linear combination of the MOA personality and axiological variables offer an explanation for 46.7% of the variances in the sense of quality of life (44.3% for women, 47.8% for men). Discussion. The linear combination of the MOA personal and axiological variables offer an explanation
of the variances in the sense of quality of life (47%). The variability in the results pertaining to the sense of quality of life in senior-level employees can be explained by the relation between personality traits and values.
Keywords: Personality-Axiological Model MOA, sense of quality of life, managers, competence, relationships, autonomy
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... Orientacja na przyszłość wiąże się z koncentracją na rodzinie, tradycji, historii, a także z wyższym poziomem konserwatyzmu i niższą otwartością na nowe doświadczenia. Osoby zorientowane na teraźniejszość (hedonistycznie) w niewielkim stopniu skupiają się na konsekwencjach podejmowanych działań i poszukują doznań; orientacja teraźniejsza fatalistyczna natomiast wiąże się z poczuciem zewnętrznego umiejscowienia kontroli i poczuciem braku wpływu na własne życie (Boniwell i Zimbardo, 2015). ...
The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the Polish people’s life. At the same time the development period may also modify a perception of life situation. The paper presents the results of research on temporal perspective in the early (n = 38) and the middle (n = 38) adulthood in a pandemic situation. Participants of the study wrote a narrative about their life. The obtained narratives were analyzed according to the categories distinguished by Zimbardo and Boyd and coded: past positive perspective, past negative perspective, present fatalistic perspective, present hedonistic perspective, future perspective. Some extra categories of perspectives were also used: the neutral dimension (in relation to the past, present and future) and axiological (in relation to present). Results showed dominance of present perspective in both groups, wherein it was more frequent in the early adulthood. There were statistically significant differences in present fatalistic perspective – in the early adulthood it occurred more frequently. No significant differences between groups were noticed in reference to other perspectives. The obtained material probably captures a part of the process of incorporating atypical life situations into the internal narrative scheme. It also seems that the pandemic crisis triggered the need to focus on maintaining the current level of functioning in the face of new challenges.
... We also suggest expanding our research's objective by working on the newly introduced Future Negative and Future Positive subfactors of the Future factor of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory [88]. Finally, future research could further analyze the relationship between metacognition, mindfulness and "Balanced Time Perspective", given that the latter is a primary topic of attention and discussion [89]. ...
Background: Mindfulness may serve as a component of metacognitive beliefs and can also be viewed as a form of time perspective. The interplay between time perspective and metacognitive beliefs remains understudied. Both aspects, however, display considerable stability over time and significantly influence an individual's life and well-being. Lebanon, marked by its diverse and complex history, struggles with various political, social, and economic challenges. This study offers a valuable and unprecedented opportunity to examine these connections within a distinct cultural context, shedding light on the unique experiences of the Lebanese population. Therefore, our research aims to investigate the connection between time perspective and metacognition, with a focus on the role of mindfulness as a mediator.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from August to November 2022 and involved participants from various regions of Lebanon. The questionnaire included sociodemographic data and scales such as the Arabic versions of the 15-item Short Form of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, the Metacognitions Questionnaire, the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-2).
Results: Our investigation recruited 423 participants. The analysis showed that individuals with a positive stance on their past, a hedonistic present, or a future-oriented outlook exhibited heightened levels of mindfulness. This elevated state of mindfulness, in turn, demonstrated a significant link to augmented cognitive self-consciousness (An increased introspection into one's own thoughts). We also observed a direct association between a future-focused time perspective and high scores of cognitive self-consciousness. Furthermore, mindfulness emerged as a crucial mediator in the relationships between time perspectives and negative beliefs about the danger of worry. Similarly, individuals with a positive view on their past, a hedonistic present orientation, or a future-focused mindset demonstrated elevated levels of mindfulness, which was correlated with less negative beliefs about the danger of worry. Notably, a positive past perspective was directly associated with less negative views on worry and the subsequent loss of control, whereas higher future focused time perspective scores was significantly and directly associated with more negative beliefs about worry, whereas more future focused time perspective was significantly and directly associated with more negative beliefs about worry.
Conclusion: Our findings found several meaningful associations between our variables, but it primarly underscored the significance of considering distinct subcomponents within mindfulness and psychopathological metacognition that may overlap, shedding light on their differential impacts on psychological well-being. We were also able to mirror the dual pathway theory of time perspective suggested in previous studies. These insights carry notable implications for the development and refinement of mindfulness-based and metacognitive interventions, emphasizing the need for tailored approaches that consider varying time perspectives. Continued investigation in this area promises to advance our understanding of these constructs and refine their practical applications in mental health interventions and well-being enhancement strategies.
Savoring and balanced time perspective are two time‐based constructs linked to subjective well‐being (including life satisfaction, and positive and negative affect). However, their interaction and joint impact on subjective well‐being remain underexplored. This study investigates the relationships among three variables across two studies. In Study 1 (N = 395), a cross‐sectional design was employed to investigate both direct and indirect links between savoring, balanced time perspective, and subjective well‐being, emphasizing the mediating role of balanced time perspective. The results revealed direct relationships between variables, with a balanced time perspective mediating the influence of savoring on life satisfaction and positive affect, but not on negative affect. Study 2 (N = 127) employed a 14‐day savoring intervention to evaluate its effects on three variables. The intervention group showed significant improvements in savoring, balanced time perspective, life satisfaction, and positive affect, along with reductions in negative affect. Mediation analysis revealed that the savoring intervention indirectly enhanced life satisfaction through a balanced time perspective, while directly influencing positive and negative affect. These findings highlight the interconnected roles of savoring and balanced time perspective in enhancing subjective well‐being, offering a temporal framework to better understand and improve subjective well‐being.
This study explores the impact of death representations on openness to death education among university students in teaching and education degree programs. Drawing from Terror Management Theory, the roles of future time perspective (FTP), death anxiety, and the ontological representation of death as total annihilation were analyzed. The results show that viewing death as annihilation negatively impacts FTP, reducing the ability to think about the future. Diminished FTP increases negative thoughts about death and lack of death acceptance. When FTP still allows making sense of life despite death, it reduces death rejection, however, it does not increase openness to death education, activating proximal defenses. Conversely, when death representation constrains FTP, death thoughts emerge that lead to desiring death education pathways, activating distal defenses. The study highlights the importance of addressing death representations and developing a healthy time perspective in training programs for educators.
Aim. To describe the peculiarities of the time perspective of a psychologist as a labor subject at the stage of professional training of the pre-professional development stage.
Methodology. We analyze the results of the methodology "Time Perspective Questionnaire" by F. Zimbardo (adapted by A. Syrtsova, O. V. Mitina) conducted on 817 students – psychologists of 1–4 courses, studying in the leading universities of Moscow and central Russia. Interpretation of the research results was confirmed by methods of mathematical and statistical data processing.
Results . The substantive features of time perspective at different phases of professional training were revealed. The prevalence of temporal orientation of positive present and promising future is observed with increasing degree of students' professional training.
Research implications. The results of the study contribute to the study of the problem of constructing temporal perspectives of professional formation of a psychologist as a subject of labor.
This study investigated the therapeutic benefits of reading nature-inspired autobiographical poetry as a facilitator of optimal functioning within the PERMA model, which includes Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment. A mixed-methods approach assessed the experiences of 167 participants selected from a pool of 365 members in virtual groups on WhatsApp, WeChat, and Telegram, who engaged with shared poetry since 2021. Participants were selected through convenience sampling to target individuals already interested in poetry. Data were collected via structured questionnaires, with 76 participants providing qualitative feedback in the focused group. Statistical analyses, including Spearman correlation and multiple regression, revealed significant relationships between reading nature-inspired poetry and enhanced psychological outcomes, fostering a deeper connection to nature and promoting overall well-being. Key themes aligned with the PERMA model emerged from participants’ responses, highlighting the poetry’s role in cultivating positive emotions and interpersonal relationships. This research underscored the value of nature-inspired autobiographical poetry as an effective therapeutic intervention.
У статті розглянуто поняття самотності та соціальної ізоляції, причини виникнення та особливості переживання самотності у підлітковому віці з метою проведення дослідження, що буде корисним у професійній діяльності практичного психолога, в роботі з підлітками, які переживають усамітнення та соціальну ізоляцію. Висвітлено теоретичні підходи до визначення самотності, проаналізовано критерії, загальні й ті, що стосуються вивчення саме явища усамітнення. Простудійовано результати емпіричного дослідження, передусім аналіз рівня афіліації, індивідуального відчуття самотності, його співвідношення з іншими психологічними характеристиками і визначення негативних аспектів соціальної взаємодії, що можуть впливати на почуття самотності й усамітнення.
Our study aims to identify if the deviation from a balanced time perspective (DBTP) is a predictor of the quality of life among older adults. We also investigated whether awareness of aging moderated and death anxiety mediated the relationship between DBTP and quality of life. A sample of 436 participants was involved in the study ( M = 68.27; SD = 6.56; 66.7% female, 33.3% male). They completed scales for measuring the study variables. The results showed that DBTP did not predict quality of life. Awareness of aging did not moderate the relationship between DBTP and quality of life, while death anxiety negatively predicts quality of life, and also mediated the relationship between DBTP and quality of life. Starting from the results obtained, promotion and intervention plans can be developed to improve mental and physical health services.
Introduction. The work aims to study the manifestations of time perspective and the traits of emerging adulthood, as well as their interrelationships in young people with and without work experience. The relevance of the study is explained by the current trend towards infantilization of young people, expressed in the increase in the average age of the beginning of professional and family life. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that the perspective of time and work experience are considered as the main predictors of increased manifestation of traits of emerging adulthood.
Objective. Examine the relationships between the temporal perspective of personality and emerging adulthood traits in youth with and without work experience.
Materials and Methods. In the course of the study, 47 people aged 18 to 25 years were interviewed, among whom 26 people had experience in professional activities and 21 people had no work experience. To achieve the goal of the study, the following techniques were used: the technique “Traits of emerging adulthood”, the technique “Level of infantilism expression”, the questionnaire “Time perspective of Zimbardo personality”, as well as the author’s questionnaire-questionnaire. The reliability of the results obtained is ensured by the use of statistical data processing methods.
Results . Young people without work experience were found to be more oriented towards the present with a fatalistic and hedonistic attitude toward it. They are also more prone to experimentation, self-directedness, and an increase in some traits of infantilism compared to young people with work experience. Statistically significant correlations were found between temporal orientations of personality and traits of maturing maturity, infantilism, which can change depending on the presence of work experience.
Discussion. The research confirms the existence of a trend of delayed adulthood among young people. The manifestation of traits of a more childish position of young people, such as self-directedness, experimentation, disordered behavior, infantilism, low indicators of work motivation can be explained by the imbalance of their time perspective. The orientation towards a fatalistic and hedonistic present demonstrated by young people may act as a mechanism of adaptation of young people in the conditions of uncertainty of their social position.
This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of time perspective therapy with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on academic motivation, academic engagement, academic procrastination, and academic persistence in flood-affected secondary school students with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The research design was a quasi-experimental extended study with a pretest-posttest and control group, along with follow-up. The statistical population consisted of all first-year secondary school students in the 2020-2021 academic year from the regions of Bavi, Karun, Hamidiyeh, and Shavur in Khuzestan province. After initial screening and obtaining consent from parents and students, 60 participants were selected. The participants were randomly assigned to three groups: 20 in the cognitive-behavioral interventions group, 20 in the time perspective therapy group, and 20 in the control group. The Mississippi PTSD Scale, Academic Motivation Questionnaire, Short Form of the Flow Scale by Martin and Jackson, Academic Procrastination Questionnaire, and Academic Persistence Scale were used for data collection. The data were analyzed using SPSS 24 software through multivariate and univariate covariance analysis. The findings indicated that the hypotheses regarding the effectiveness of time perspective therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy on academic motivation, academic engagement, academic procrastination, and academic persistence were confirmed. However, the hypotheses comparing the effectiveness of these two therapies on the dependent variables were not supported. Therefore, the implementation of time perspective therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy is recommended for the dependent variables of the study as well as for other academic issues faced by male and female students at various educational levels.
The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of a new middle-school-classroom forgiveness curriculum in promoting forgiveness and reducing anger. The students in this study were 153 fourth through eighth graders in three regional parochial schools. The students were assigned to forgiveness education or control groups in the fall semester and reassigned to the opposite group in the spring semester. Before-and-after assessments of forgiveness and anger were collected in both the fall and spring semesters. The quantitative results showed that levels of forgiveness increased as expected in both semesters, but anger did not change in expected ways. The qualitative results showed that the children’s conceptualizations of the forgiveness process aligned closely with the core forgiveness curriculum content. The results suggest that meaningful work can be accomplished to promote forgiveness in the middle school classroom using this newly developed, efficient, and effective curriculum that can be implemented by teachers and staff.
Relevance. Self-affirmation is integral to the development of individuals who are socially active, possess distinct viewpoints, and can defend their beliefs. Understanding the interplay between self-affirmation strategies and time perspective is crucial for psychological interventions.Purpose. The study aimed to explore the relationship between different self-affirmation strategies (constructive, dominant, and self-suppression) and the temporal perspectives of individuals.Methodology. Employing the "Strategies of self-affirmation of personality" (N.E. Kharlamenkova and E.P. Nikitin) and "The Time Perspective of Personality" (F. Zimbardo) questionnaires, we analyzed the responses from university students across several institutions and years. This comparative analysis allowed us to categorize the students based on their predominant self-affirmation strategy and to examine the association between these strategies and their perspectives on time.Results. The results showed distinct correlation patterns between self-affirmation strategies and various dimensions of time perspective. Students employing a constructive strategy frequently aligned with positive past and future-oriented perspectives. In contrast, those with a dominant strategy were more future-oriented but less positive about the past. Those with a self-suppression strategy tended to have a more negative view of the past.Conclusions. The findings highlight the significance of tailoring psychological interventions to align with the individual�s dominant self-affirmation strategy and time perspective. This tailored approach can enhance the effectiveness of programs designed to foster healthier self-affirmation practices among young adults.
Introduction. Modern concepts of education are based on the principles of anticipation, determination of the present by the future (advanced education, Life Long Learning). The same pattern applies to the personality of both the subject of life in general and professional life in particular. Aim. Based on the theoretical and methodological analysis, identification and empirical research of the psychological characteristics of the future, the present research aims to consider the future as a personal construct in the structure of the subjective image of professional life. Methodology and research methods. The key methodological approaches are the subjective approach and the theoretical and methodological foundations for using the synergetic approach to study the psyche, mental phenomena and processes. The study employs survey methods; the methods of mathematical and statistical data processing: comparative analysis and factor analysis were carried out using the IBM SPSS Statistics v.20 program. Results. Based on theoretical ideas about time modes, time perspective, psychological characteristics of organisation and perception of time, as well as the results of an analysis of the works of foreign and Russian authors, a structural-functional model of the subjective image of professional life is proposed, including four blocks: a block of retrospection, a block of regulation of actual activity, a prognostic block, and a transspective block. Scientific novelty. The use of a subjective and synergetic approach to modelling the image of the professional future is justified. A structural-functional model of the image of the professional future is proposed, including invariants that represent a formal and meaningful representation of the temporal modes of the past, present and future and a mechanism for comparing the current state with the desired (“needed future”). Practical significance. The presented structural-functional model of the subjective image of professional life can serve as the basis for the development of a subject-oriented approach to professional guidance and support of professional development at the stage of choosing a profession and professional training with practical means of constructing a professional future.
Purpose
The relationship between variation in time perspectives and collaborative performance is scarcely explored, and even less is known about the respective mechanisms that lead to varying task performance. Thus, we aim to further the literature on time perspectives and collaborative performance, shedding light on the underlying behavioral patterns.
Design/methodology/approach
We report a quasi-experiment analyzing the impact of past, present and future orientation variation in dyads (N = 76) on their quantitative and qualitative performance when confronted with a simple incentivized creative task with constraints. Subsequently, we offer a qualitative analysis of comments given by the participants after the task on the collaboration.
Findings
Results indicate that a dyad's elevation of past orientation and diversity in future orientation negatively affect collaborative performance. At the same time, there is a positive effect of elevation of future orientation. The positive effect is driven by clear communication and agreement during the task, while the negative effect arises from work sharing and complementation.
Practical implications
This study provides insights for organizations on composing individuals regarding their temporal focus for collaborative tasks that should be executed rapidly and require creative solutions.
Originality/value
Our study distinguishes by considering the composition of past, present and future time perspectives in dyads and focuses on a creative task setting. Moreover, we explore the mechanisms in the dyads with a substantial elevation of/diversity in future orientation, leading to their stronger/weaker performance.
Purpose
Declining energy and increasing fatigue, common in older age, predict neurodegenerative conditions, but their neural substrates are not known. We examined brain resting state connectivity in relation to declining self-reported energy levels (SEL) and occurrence of fatigue over time.
Methods
We examined resting-state functional MRI in 272 community dwelling older adults participating in the Health Aging and Body Composition Study (mean age 83 years; 57.4 % female; 40.8 % Black) with measures of fatigue and SEL collected at regular intervals over the prior ten years. Functional connectivity (FC) between cortex and striatum was examined separately for sensorimotor, executive, and limbic functional subregions. Logistic regression tested the association of FC in each network with prior fatigue state (reporting fatigue at least once or never reporting fatigue), and with SEL decline (divided into stable or declining SEL groups) and adjusted for demographic, physical function, mood, cognition, and comorbidities.
Results
Higher cortico-striatal FC in the right limbic network was associated with lower odds of reporting fatigue (better) at least once during the study period (adjusted odds ratio [95 % confidence interval], p-value: (0.747 [0.582, 0.955], 0.020), independent of SEL. Higher cortico-striatal FC in the right executive network was associated with higher odds of declining SEL (worse) during the study period (adjusted odds ratio [95 % confidence interval], p-value: (1.31 [1.01, 1.69], 0.041), independent of fatigue. Associations with other networks were not significant.
Conclusions
In this cohort of older adults, the cortico-striatal functional connectivity of declining SEL appears distinct from that underlying fatigue. Studies to further assess the neural correlates of energy and fatigue, and their independent contribution to neurodegenerative conditions are warranted.
Background. The Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 led to a sharp increase in the number of Ukrainian refugees in Europe. Due to the war and the subsequent need to adapt to new socio-cultural conditions, the mental health of this population is particularly vulnerable. People who have been forced to leave their country experience significant stress and are prone to developing symptoms of anxiety and depression. While psychopathology in this context has been well researched, protective factors that could potentially contribute to a better adjustment of Ukrainian refugees in the new environment have been less frequently studied. Accordingly, this study aims to fill this gap by examining the role of time perspective and personality traits in influencing the psychological well-being of Ukrainian refugees. Methods. A sample of 599 Ukrainian refugees from different European countries was studied using three key instruments: the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, short version (ZTPI-15), the Big Five Personality Inventory, short version (BFI-10), and the Singer-Wheeler Life Satisfaction Scale (SWLS). Correlation and hierarchical regression analyses were used to determine the relationships between these constructs. Results. Both time perspective and personality traits were shown to predict subjective well-being significantly. In particular, refugees who demonstrate greater openness, emotional stability, and friendliness report higher levels of life satisfaction. Similarly, positive orientations toward the past and future were associated with increased well-being, while negative orientations were associated with decreased well-being. In contrast, conscientiousness, extraversion, and fatalistic orientation to the present were not significant predictors of subjective well-being, which is at odds with some existing literature. Conclusions. These findings emphasize the importance of considering both time perspective and personality traits in understanding the psychological well-being of Ukrainian refugees. They also point to the potential benefits of interventions to develop adaptive time perspectives and positive personality traits. Further research is needed to develop and evaluate such interventions.
Previous research has found that family factors predict adolescents' self-concept development, but few studieshave described the mechanisms underlying the relationship. We conducted a cross-sectional (Study 1) and longitudinal study (Study 2) to examine the association between family functioning and adolescents' self-conceptclarity (SCC). In Study 1 (N = 2767), we explored the mediating roles of balanced time perspective (BTP) anddepression through a cross-sectional multiple mediating model. In Study 2 (N = 794), two longitudinal modelswere constructed to verify the longitudinal mediating relationship between family functioning, BTP, depression,and SCC. The results of both studies supported our hypothesis: Adolescents with better family functioning havehigher BTP levels, experience less depression, and are more likely to develop an explicit self-concept. The studiesreveal the influencing mechanism of ‘Environment–Personality–Cognition–Self’, deepening the research on therelationship between family factors, personality development, mental health and adolescent self exploration.
Family functioning, understood as cohesion and adaptability, is critical in families with adolescent children, given the changes that this stage implies at the family level. Time perspective is one variable that can facilitate better family functioning through the way people give meaning to the process they live. In this study, we examined the relationship between family functioning and the time perspective of adolescent children’s parents. The FACES IV and ZTPI were administered to 276 parents of adolescents. Regression analyses indicated that the past positive, past negative, and future scores predicted family cohesion and adaptability, explaining at least 20% of the variance. Balanced families, with greater cohesion and adaptability, presented a higher level of past positive and future-oriented temporal perspectives, compared to unbalanced families, which presented a greater orientation to the past negative and deviated from the balanced temporal profile. The importance of considering the inter-relationship between family functioning and time perspective was discussed, considering its impact on the health and well-being of families with adolescents.
p>The article presents a description of the theoretical model of dreams and constructive dreaming, developed by a team of authors (Osin E.N., Kedrova N.B., Egorova P.A.). The dreaming is considered by the authors as a phenomenon of culture. The article provides a brief comparative analysis of the content of the concepts of “dream” and “dreaming” in English-speaking and Russian-speaking cultures, and also shows the differences in psychological approaches to understanding dreams and dreaming, depending on the cultural context. The paper provides definitions of dreams and constructive dreaming, discusses in detail the genesis of a dream, its content and types, as well as the positive functions of daydreams and constructive dreaming in the regulation of mental activity: development of intrinsic motivation, orientation in the decision-making process, development of a future time perspective, development of values-based motivation, support of psychological well-being. Based on the theoretical model we formulate the hypotheses for an empirical study of the positive functions of dreams and constructive dreaming. The results are presented in the second part of the work.</p
Problem statement. It is shown that an important aspect of the phenomenon of the image of the future is its role in overcoming stress and forming an individual temporal perspective. The deployment of full-scale combat operations on the territory of Ukraine led to the fact that the individual time horizon of personal planning became short-term. People are in a state of acute stress. A positive attitude towards the future contributes to the effectiveness of an individual's activity and creates cognitive, adaptive and contextual resources. This contributes to the improvement of a person's mental health. The question of the resourcefulness of a positive representation of the image of the future has been little studied in psychological science. The purpose of the article is to present the results of an empirical study of the resourcefulness of the image of the future in strategies for overcoming stress and forming an individual time perspective. Results of the research. The features of the internal structure of the image of the future are determined through the following components: Future clarity, Future reliability, Future positivity and Future activity. It is shown that the components of the image of the future have a direct effect on the coping strategies: Expanding the view of the problem, Search for resources, Focusing on the positive and the reverse effect on the coping strategy Rejection of action. It was found that the components of the image of the future have a direct effect on the "Future" component in the time perspective and an inverse effect on the "Future negative" component in the time perspective. Conclusions and prospects for further research. It is concluded that a positive and active attitude to the future enables respondents to act in relation to future stressors by reassessing the situation, shifting the focus of attention from negative aspects to positive ones, and moving away from its dangerous influence. It is noted that in order for the orientation to the future to be expressive and to realize the purposefulness of the personality, the clarity of future contours and active efforts to rebuild it are necessary. Prospects for further research will be the study and identification of the construct "Types of coping in the temporal perspective", which can be defined as the interaction of the personality with stress in a temporal context.
This study expands on past deceleration and slow consumption research by introducing and validating a measure of need‐for‐deceleration, an individual's motivational ability to engage in activities aimed at slowing down the perceived fast passage of time. Following initial scale development, two studies establish construct validity by placing need‐for‐deceleration into a nomological network. Results indicate that the measure correlated with, but was distinct from, variables involving negative affective states, such as state anxiety and neuroticism. Need‐for‐deceleration scores were not related to materialism, but negatively correlated with self‐efficacy, life satisfaction, work‐life balance, and conscientiousness. Correlations were positive with need‐for‐uniqueness, future time orientation, and susceptibility to normative influence. Need‐for‐deceleration was also associated with regulatory focus (positively with prevention, and negatively with promotion focus). To explore criterion validity, a third study establishes associations between need‐for‐deceleration and consumer lifestyle variables. Developing and validating the scale can help researching and managing products relating to the consumption of time, wellness, mindfulness, and simplicity.
Past research suggests that biases in temporal orientation may have systematic effects on goal-directed behavior and that physical and mental well-being is associated with balanced time perspective (BTP, Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999). The aim of this study was to examine different operationalizations of the BTP, and to present an alternative proposal in which BTP is measured as a multidimensional, rather than a binary, construct. Two versions of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) were administered to a sample of 502 individuals. The proposed operationalization shows important advantages in terms of ecological validity of the multidimensional definition, sample independency and possibility to adjust for country differences. Our proposal may also have practical implications both for individuals and groups, e.g. in working teams, psychological counseling, psychotherapy and when recruiting personal for leading positions.
Keywords: ZTPI (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory), S-ZTPI (Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory), levels of balance, BTP operationalization.
The theoretical notion of balanced time perspective (BTP) has been suggested by a number of authors and some attempts to operationalize BTP (Boniwell, 2005; Drake, Duncan, Sutherland, Abernethy & Henry, 2008; Sircova & Mitina, 2008; Boniwell, Osin, Linley & Ivanchenko, 2010) has been done. The aim of the present study was to get a deeper understanding of the BTP-concept by studying seven BTP-persons with both interviews and self-rating scales (e.g. SCL-90, Life Events scale, Scales of Psychological Well-Being (C. Ryff) and Satisfaction with Life Scale (E.Diener) at two occasions. Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (S-ZTPI) (Carelli, Wiberg & Wiberg, 2011) was administered in order to study the stability and change in BTP-level. The results showed a great stability in the BTP-level (Wiberg, Sircova, Wiberg & Carelli, in press), although a small change was observed. The 14 interviews were analyzed according to Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The result shows a consciousness about the “now” among the participants and a synchronicity between the present and the past and also between the present and the future. The results give strength to a holistic present scale (Zimbardo & Boyd, 2008) and an “extended now”.
Key words: BTP, S-ZTPI, Interviews, IPA
The goals of this study were to determine the relations between having a balanced time perspective (BTP) with various measures of subjective well-being (SWB) and to test how various operationalizations of a BTP might impact the relation between having a BTP and SWB. We operationalized a balanced time perspective using: (a) Drake et al.’s Time Soc 17(1):47–61, (2008) cut-off-point method, (b) Boniwell et al.’s J Posit Psychol 5(1):24–40, (2010) suggestion of using a hierarchical cluster analysis, and (c) a deviation from a balanced time perspective (DBTP; Stolarski et al. Time Soc, 2011). The results demonstrated that having a BTP is related to increased satisfaction with life, happiness, positive affect, psychological need satisfaction, self-determination, vitality, and gratitude as well as decreased negative affect. Also, the DBTP was the best predictor of SWB. We discuss why individuals with a BTP are likely to be happier in life.
Two studies examined whether those identified as having a more present time perspective (PTP) are more likely to report using alcohol, drugs, and tobacco. In Study 1, across 2,627 participants from 15 samples, we found that PTP, as assessed by the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, was related to more frequent self-reported alcohol, drug, and tobacco use (Substance Use scale: average r = .34, p <.001). Future time perspective (FTP) was negatively related to reported substance use (average r = -.16, p < .001), but the relation was weaker than that of PTP, suggesting that PTP and FTP are independent constructs. In Study 2, we found that PTP was a significant predictor of reported substance use even after controlling for many personality traits that have been related to increased substance use. These findings indicate that time perspective is an important individual difference construct that should be considered when examining health-related behaviors, such as substance use and abuse, and in planning intervention programs.
Past research suggests that biases in temporal orientation may have systematic effects on goal-directed behavior and that physical and mental well-being is associated with balanced time perspective (BTP, Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999). The aim of this study was to examine different operationalizations of the BTP, and to present an alternative proposal in which BTP is measured as a multidimensional, rather than a binary, construct. Two versions of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) were administered to a sample of 502 individuals. The proposed operationalization shows important advantages in terms of ecological validity of the multidimensional definition, sample independency and possibility to adjust for country differences. Our proposal may also have practical implications both for individuals and groups, e.g. in working teams, psychological counseling, psychotherapy and when recruiting personal for leading positions.
Two studies were conducted investigating the relationship between the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) scales and well-being measures in British (N = 179) and Russian (N = 289) student samples. On the basis of person-oriented approach, a cluster-analysis operationalization of Balanced Time Perspective (BTP) using ZTPI was proposed and validated, demonstrating more evidence for its validity than the previously suggested cut-off-point approach. Four distinct time perspective patterns were discovered in both samples: future-oriented, present-oriented, balanced and negative. The clusters revealed significant differences in well-being, with members of the BTP cluster demonstrating the highest scores in both samples. The relationship between ZTPI and Temporal Life Satisfaction Scale in the British sample was found to be non-uniform for past, present and future. Based on these findings, a distinction between three aspects of time perspective is theoretically proposed, and its implications for the future development of the ZTPI are discussed.
Reports findings from studies that used the Time Structure Questionnaire (TSQ), an instrument designed to measure the degree to which individuals perceive their use of time as structured and purposive. Results from 3 samples of university students showed that the TSQ has acceptable psychometric properties. They also showed that TSQ total scores were positively correlated with a sense of purpose in life, self-esteem, reported health, present standing and optimism about the future, Type A behavior, and more efficient study habits, and were negatively correlated with depression, psychological distress, anxiety, neuroticism, physical symptoms, hopelessness, and anomie. Perceived use of time also varied with role demands, such as whether a person was single or married, employed or unemployed, or a part-time or full-time student. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Time perspective (TP), a fundamental dimension in the construction of psychological time, emerges from cognitive processes partitioning human experience into past, present, and future temporal frames. The authors' research program proposes that TP is a pervasive and powerful yet largely unrecognized influence on much human behavior. Although TP variations are learned and modified by a variety of personal, social, and institutional influences, TP also functions as an individual-differences variable. Reported is a new measure assessing personal variations in TP profiles and specific TP "biases." The 5 factors of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory were established through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and demonstrate acceptable internal and test-retest reliability. Convergent, divergent, discriminant, and predictive validity are shown by correlational and experimental research supplemented by case studies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This study investigated correlates of five time per-spectives (TP) and the Balanced Time Perspective (BTP) construct proposed by Zimbardo and colleagues. Two hundred and sixty Scottish participants completed the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI: Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999), Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky and Lepper, 1999) and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (Brown and Ryan, 2003). The most prevalent TP profile was moderate to high score on all five of TPs of the ZTPI. BTP participants were significantly happier and more mindful. Happiness and mindfulness were positively correlated but future TP did not correlate with subjective happiness. KEY WORDS • Balanced Time Perspective • happiness • mindfulness • temporal frames • time perspective
This research introduces a new individual difference variable, time perspective, as an important predictor of risky driving. Across three separate replications, with 2863 participants, present time perspective is significantly correlated with reported risky driving behaviors. Its effect is greater than, and independent of, the negative correlations between future time perspective and risky driving. Additionally, males are more present-oriented and report taking more risks than females, while females are more future-oriented. Regression analyses and discriminate validity assessments demonstrate that present time perspective remains an independent predictor of risky driving even when pitted against nine other measures previously reported as related to driving risk, such as, sensation seeking, impulsivity, and aggression. Although complicated by the number of factors potentially involved, it is imperative to attempt to predict such risk because of the enormous economic and psychological toll resulting from auto accidents and fatalities related to risky driving. Discussion centers on implications for education based on understanding the psychological dynamics of time perspective and links to general risk-taking and self-regulation.
In this article questions such as “What is a good use of time?” and “How can one’s relationship with time contribute to their well-being?” are raised and discussed with regard to empirical research on various aspects of psychology of time. In the fist part of the paper, the construct of time perspective is considered. It is argued that a balanced time perspective is associated with the highest levels of well-being. The second part draws on qualitative and quantitative research and addresses the concept of perceived time use. Four factors, are shown to play a major role in how people spend their time and how happy they feel with it: liking what one does and perceiving it as worthwhile, balance, responsibility and achievement, and time anxiety and lack of control. The last part of the paper considers practical implications of psychology of time for coaches and other professionals. Published (publisher's copy) Peer Reviewed
In contrast to younger groups, research with the elderly suggest a predominantly present-focused temporal orientation. One aspect of satisfaction, optimism is conceptualized as a form of future perspective. Health psychology generally asserts that health-enhancing messages depend for effect on a person perceiving future benefits to actions taken in the present to enhance health or minimize ill-health risk. The extent to which the elderly perceive or value the future should impact on health maintenance behaviors. In a study of eighty-six elderly people, the dominant ways of viewing time coalesced around a variety of present time perspectives. Within-group differences revealed that as people aged, they became less satisfied with life relative to their level of optimism. For the young-old, optimism was positively correlated with satisfaction, but for the oldest-old the variables were negatively associated. Optimism increased with age while satisfaction decreased with age. The decrease in satisfaction is most probably related more to a sense of realism about the tasks of aging than a sense of "death anxiety," or avoidance of the future. As people age, temporal variables become less important in predicting optimism or satisfaction and optimism becomes less important as a predictor of satisfaction. Implications for developing models of health management in the elderly are discussed.
A science of positive subjective experience, positive individual traits, and positive institutions promises to improve quality of life and prevent the pathologies that arise when life is barren and meaningless. The exclusive focus on pathology that has dominated so much of our discipline results in a model of the human being lacking the positive features that make life worth living. Hope, wisdom, creativity, future mindedness, courage, spirituality, responsibility, and perseverance are ignored or explained as transformations of more authentic negative impulses. The 15 articles in this millennial issue of the American Psychologist discuss such issues as what enables happiness, the effects of autonomy and self-regulation, how optimism and hope affect health, what constitutes wisdom, and how talent and creativity come to fruition. The authors outline a framework for a science of positive psychology, point to gaps in our knowledge, and predict that the next century will see a science and profession that will come to understand and build the factors that allow individuals, communities, and societies to flourish.
This article reports the development and validation of a scale to measure global life satisfaction, the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Among the various components of subjective well-being, the SWLS is narrowly focused to assess global life satisfaction and does not tap related constructs such as positive affect or loneliness. The SWLS is shown to have favorable psychometric properties, including high internal consistency and high temporal reliability. Scores on the SWLS correlate moderately to highly with other measures of subjective well-being, and correlate predictably with specific personality characteristics. It is noted that the SWLS is Suited for use with different age groups, and other potential uses of the scale are discussed.
The fundamental nature of human time experience has concerned artists, poets, philosophers, and scientists throughout the ages. Any consideration of human action requires awareness of its temporal aspects. However, simply to view time in the same units and dimensions as the physicist employs in describing events robs personal time of its "lived" quality. The use of physical time concepts in the description of human events is often artificial and misleading. It fails to account for the facts that human time estimates rarely match clock and calendar time; that societies and individuals demonstrate vast differences in their constructions and uses of time; and that temporal perceptions and attitudes change within an individual both during a single day and throughout his life span. The present volume does not view time as something that is sensed in the same way that one would sense or perceive spatial or sensory stimuli. Rather, it views time as a complex set of personally experienced cognitive constructs used by individuals and cultures to account for the order, the duration, and the organization of events. The authors in this book take a strong departure from earlier psychophysical studies of a "time sense" and address themselves to the uses and elaborations of time concepts in personal and social functioning.
Although the tendency to delay gratification is by definition the core feature of twoincreasingly popular—within the scope of individual differences at least—constructs: emotional intelligence (EI) and time perspective (TP), the role of the latter two in its development has never been investigated before. Moreover, none of existing research reports consider mutual relationships between EI and TP. Our research investigated relationships between TP, EI and the rate of discounting of delayed awards, understood as one of the forms of gratification delay. We also applied a new method of assessing balanced time perspective—the Deviation from the Balanced Time Perspective (DBTP). 126 university students participated in the study. The results obtained suggest the existence of several important connections between TP and EI and moderate impact of DBTP on the process of discounting. Future studies on temporal orientation could be enriched by utilizing this integrative measure of balanced time perspective (the DBTP coefficient) and by partitioning award delays into stages when analyzing temporal discounting strategies.
Psychological time is one of the most important dimensions for understanding human behaviour. Short durations, in particular, have a special role in everyday life and their perception is a factor which explains important aspects of behaviour. These arguments are demonstrated in this article via one of the most important domains of modern life: consumer behaviour. Based on the extant literature, a conceptual framework is developed and then applied to show how time is linked to consumer behaviour in various ways. It is argued that temporal behaviour is a product of dynamic interactions among personality, situational, cognitive and social determinants. An agenda for future research is also presented.
Drinking self-efficacy has been strongly advocated as an important variable in determining outcome in both abstinent and controlled drinking treatment programmes. The possibility that the predictive ability of self-efficacy could be enhanced by an understanding of time perspective was explored in this study. Thirty-one severely dependent alcoholics were enrolled in an abstinence programme. Contrary to expectations drinking self-efficacy measured at treatment onset was not a predictor of outcome, although there was some marginal significance observed for future temporal orientation as a predictor of long term abstinence.
Time concepts and expressions permeate our language and thought, our perceptions, and our arrangements with others. Yet, despite their pervasiveness, until recently social psychology has been, as the authors of "Time and Human Interaction" put it, virtually "timeless." Neither the temporal assumptions implicit in the psychologist's observations, theories, and measurements, nor the effects of cultural conceptions of time or social interactions, have received more than scant attention. In this ambitious new work, Joseph McGrath and Janice Kelly explore the reasons for this neglect, lay bare some of the assumptions about time underlying current research, and map out three broad areas of concern to psychology: the effects of temporal factors, such as time pressure, on behavior; the influence of social and psychological factors on the temporal patterning of behavior, on individual experiences, and uses of time; and finally, the temporal features of research methodology.
Woven from such diverse sources as the philosophy of time, psychological analyses of time judgements, biological studies of entrainment, and social psychological investigations of effects of time limits and work shifts, this volume offers a unique synthesis of conceptual, methodological, and substantive issues in the social psychology of time. Problems long ignored because of their complexity are presented clearly and compellingly, making this an important book for students of business and organizational dynamics as well as social psychologists and advanced students interested in time, group processes, and research methodology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Students (N = 302) in Chinese elementary schools were assessed regarding their academic delay of gratification (ADOG) and reported the time they devoted to non-school study and playtime during an extended interval prior to taking a high-stakes final exam. Students high compared those low in ADOG were more likely to spend time studying and less time playing several weeks prior to the exam. Growth curve analyses verified, however, that this difference diminished as a function of the temporal proximity to the exam, and that the group differences were non-existent just before the exam. Associations between ADOG and students' academic motivation and use of learning strategies replicated those obtained previously with adults in the USA. Results contribute to the general literatures on volition, homework and the dynamics of conflicting goals and action tendencies.
In this study we compared the relationships between time perspectives, the Big Five personality traits, and life satisfaction. Our results replicated past work in that personality traits and time perspectives were both associated with life satisfaction. Individuals high on extraversion and those having a past positive and a present hedonism time perspective were more satisfied with their lives; individuals high on neuroticism and those having a past negative time perspective were less satisfied with their lives. Further, hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that time perspectives accounted for an additional 13.7% of the variance in life satisfaction beyond personality traits; whereas, personality traits accounted for an additional 4.4% of the variance in life satisfaction beyond time perspectives. Mediation models demonstrated that time perspectives partially accounted for the personality and life satisfaction relationship. We discuss the possibility that most of the association between personality traits and life satisfaction may be due to individual differences in cognitive time frames.
Affectometer 2 is a 5-minute inventory of general happiness or sense of well-being based on measuring the balance of positive and negative feelings in recent experience. Since this scale is directly derived from its parent scale, Affectometer 1, psychometric findings on the longer scale are reported along with initial data on Affectometer 2. These results indicate high reliability, high validity, and slight contamination by current mood and social desirability. Among the findings of special interest are: (a) the independence of positive and negative affect proposed by Bradburn is not confirmed; (b) well-being is highly and inversely related to neuroticism, anxiety, depression and somatic complaints; (c) the relationship of well-being to depression is curvilinear; (d) well-being scores are determined more by short-term states than long-term traits; (e) well-being can be characterized by 10 “qualities of happiness”.
This study explored whether self-efficacy and time perspective of homeless adults (N= 82) living in a shelter affected their coping strategies related to obtaining housing and employment. Participants with high self-efficacy searched more for housing and employment and stayed at the shelter for a shorter duration, whereas participants with low self-efficacy were more likely to request an extension of their stay at the shelter. Those high on future orientation had shorter durations of homelessness and were more likely to enroll in school and to report gaining positive benefits from their predicament, whereas those with a high present orientation had more avoidant coping strategies. Despite the predictive power of self-efficacy and future orientation of proactive search behaviors, there were no predictors of obtaining stable housing, which is a scarce resource in the area. However, a high present orientation predicted obtaining temporary housing. A present temporal perspective may be adaptive in finding short-term solutions to an unstable situation, such as homelessness. The role of time perspective in crisis situations is discussed, as well as the severe environmental constraints on the exercise of personal control over reality dictated by social, economic, and political forces.
This study investigated the relationship between living in the present, a key manifestation of psychological well-being comparable with a flow state [Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: the psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper & Row], and positive illusion. Living in the present was measured with Shostrom's [Shostrom, E. L. (1964). An inventory for the measurement of self-actualization. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2, 207–218] Time Competence scale. Positive illusion was assessed with positive and negative trait ratings of the self and average others, where self ratings were more positive overall. Despite views currently in vogue that well-being is enhanced by illusory perceptions, it was predicted that illusions would be fewer for a high than for a moderate living in the present group. The results supported the prediction. They were interpreted with reference to the theory that empowered individuals have relatively clear perceptions [Maslow, A. H. (1968). Toward a psychology of being (2nd ed.). New York: Van Nostrand]. In line with depressive realism theory [Alloy, L.B. & Abramson, L.Y. 1988, Depressive realism: four theoretical perspectives. In L. B. Alloy (Ed.), Cognitive processes in depression. New York: Guilford Press), the results also showed that when low and moderate living in the present groups were compared, the low group had fewer illusions.
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Fielding Institute, 2000. Microfiche.
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1998. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 254-286). Department: Teachers College.
The Wisdom of Life / Arthur Schopenhauer; translated by T. Bailey Saunders Note: The University of Adelaide Library eBooks @ Adelaide.
Time perspective is an important but subtle cognitive construct underlying personality, decision making, and goal setting. This study identified 3 temporal dimensions--temporal extension, temporal attitude, and temporal structure--and reviewed the associations among them. T. J. Cottle's (1969, 1977) work on temporal profiles was briefly reviewed; it suggested that 3 types of temporal profiles can be isolated and that 3 broad personality dimensions--human agency, mood, and temperament--from characteristic associations with each of the temporal profiles. The authors expected the profiles to reflect developmental sensitivities as a person moves from adolescence into early adulthood. Two samples (159 high school students and 236 university students) participated in the study. The results provided some limited support for the actualizer and atomist profiles; somewhat surprisingly, the role of temporal extension appeared to be insignificant. No evidence was found for a developmental transition of time perspective between middle adolescence (15-17 years) and early adulthood (18-25 years).
A sample of 222 undergraduates was screened for high happiness using multiple confirming assessment filters. We compared the upper 10% of consistently very happy people with average and very unhappy people. The very happy people were highly social, and had stronger romantic and other social relationships than less happy groups. They were more extraverted, more agreeable, and less neurotic, and scored lower on several psychopathology scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Compared with the less happy groups, the happiest respondents did not exercise significantly more, participate in religious activities significantly more, or experience more objectively defined good events. No variable was sufficient for happiness, but good social relations were necessary. Members of the happiest group experienced positive, but not ecstatic, feelings most of the time, and they reported occasional negative moods. This suggests that very happy people do have a functioning emotion system that can react appropriately to life events.
Time, work, and meaning
- M. K. Elliot
A Psychology Today reader survey
- Zimbardo P. G.
Flow: The psychology of happiness
- M. Csikszentmihalyi
A question of balance: Examining relationships between time perspective and measures of well-being in the British and Russian student samples
- Boniwell
The effects of aging and depression on time perspective in women
- M. A. Carr
The time paradox: The new psychology of time that will change your life
- P. Zimbardo
- J. Boyd
The how of happiness: A practical guide to getting the life you want
- S. Lyubomirsky
Draft Manual, Stanford Time Perspective Inventory
- P. G. Zimbardo
The truth about burnout: How organizations cause personal stress and what to do about it
- C. Maslach
- M. Leiter