No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Antibacterial and Anti-oxidant Activities of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) Leaves
Abstract
In the present study the polyphenolic content, antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity of Trigonella foenum graecum leaves in chloroform, hexane, methanol, ethanol and water extracts were carried out. Total phenolic content was estimated by Folin Ciocalteau method while the flavonoid content was determined using aluminum chloride method. Estimation of total phenolic and flavonoid contents revealed that, the ethanol extract had the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents of 4.9 and 0.47 mg g -1, respectively. The antibacterial activity of various extracts was screened by disc diffusion method and ethanol extract was found to be more potent. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ethanol extract determined by broth dilution method showed a MIC value of 1 mg mL -1 for Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeru ginosa. The antioxidant activities of the leaves were evaluated by various in vitro assays like ferrous reducing antioxidant assay, total reducing power, 1, l-Diphenyl-2-Picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity and inferoxide scavenging activity. Among the solvent extracts tested for antioxidant activities, ethanol extract had the highest activity compared to other solvent extracts. It had a total antioxidant activity of 47 jiM Fe (II) g -1 and an Inhibitory Concentration (IC 50) value of 0.3 and 0.7 mg mL -1 for lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity and DPPH scavenging activity, respectively. These results suggested that ethanol extract of fenugreek leaf is not only an important source for antibacterial components but also a potential source of phenolic antioxidants.
... In (Ramya et al 2011). However in this study, the IC50 values of these extracts were not determined. ...
... The highest IC50 value and therefore the lowest activity was seen in the case of fenugreek hexane extract which was 2500 µg/ml. This conforms with an earlier study where different solvent extracts of fenugreek leaves namely hexane, methanol, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts had very low inhibition capacities(Ramya et al. 2011) with the highest inhibition (33.3%) shown by the ethanol extract at 0.9mg/ml. HoweverRamya et al. 2011 did not find out the IC50 values of these extracts and only made a comparative analysis. ...
... This conforms with an earlier study where different solvent extracts of fenugreek leaves namely hexane, methanol, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts had very low inhibition capacities(Ramya et al. 2011) with the highest inhibition (33.3%) shown by the ethanol extract at 0.9mg/ml. HoweverRamya et al. 2011 did not find out the IC50 values of these extracts and only made a comparative analysis. Further the authors did not assess the superoxide scavenging activity of ethyl acetate and acetone extracts of fenugreek.Nitric oxide (NO), is a important mediator in physiological processes. ...
... Traditionally, T. foenum-graecum L. has a long history of medical uses in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine as a demulcent, lactation stimulant, and laxatives [14]. In ancient Rome, fenugreek was used to aid labour, period cramps, and as a tonic for metabolism [15]. Whereas, in ancient Egypt, fenugreek was used to boost milk production in breastfeeding mothers, and modern Egyptian women still consume these seeds to alleviate menstrual cramps. ...
... Demulcent, lactation stimulant, and laxatives [14] Aid labour, period cramps, and tonic for metabolism [15] Increase milk production in breastfeeding mothers and relieve menstrual cramps, treat cellulitis, boils, and tuberculosis [15] Dysmenorrhoeal and postmenopausal symptoms [6] Topical effect in soothing irritation caused by eczema [16] Lower the amount of calcium oxalate, which is a crystal that causes the formation of kidney stones [16] Detoxifying agent in removing toxic wastes, dead cells, and trapped protein through the lymphatic system [6] 4. Pharmacological Uses of T. foenum-graecum ...
... Demulcent, lactation stimulant, and laxatives [14] Aid labour, period cramps, and tonic for metabolism [15] Increase milk production in breastfeeding mothers and relieve menstrual cramps, treat cellulitis, boils, and tuberculosis [15] Dysmenorrhoeal and postmenopausal symptoms [6] Topical effect in soothing irritation caused by eczema [16] Lower the amount of calcium oxalate, which is a crystal that causes the formation of kidney stones [16] Detoxifying agent in removing toxic wastes, dead cells, and trapped protein through the lymphatic system [6] 4. Pharmacological Uses of T. foenum-graecum ...
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is a medicinal plant that has been used as a food condiment as well as for its multiple therapeutic characteristics since ancient times. Fenugreek plant grows up to 60 cm in height, and its seeds are golden-yellow rhomboidal-shaped. Though fenugreek is more commonly known for its seeds, the leaves and stem have also been reported to have medicinal uses. These properties exhibited are due to the content of the secondary metabolites, also known as phytochemicals, in the fenugreek plant. Such metabolites are alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenols, and many others. Fenugreek has been used traditionally for numerous indications, such as aid in labour, lactation stimulant, and laxatives. In modern research, there have been several animal and clinical studies that have shown therapeutic effects of fenugreek when taken orally. Fenugreek is a suitable plant candidate with a high prospect of being used as a credible medicinal plant to derive new drugs. This review aims to summarize the physical and chemical properties of fenugreek and its bioactive compounds that have been isolated for medicinal purposes and discusses the traditional and pharmacological uses of fenugreek.
... Apart from its nutritional value, it is also well documented for its diverse therapeutic properties. Being a rich reservoir of diverse phytoconstituents, it exhibits various pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antidiabetic, antiatherogenic, antioxidative, anti-parasitic, hypocholesterolemic, hypotensive, antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcerogenic, antipyretic, anti-fertility, antiseptic, arthritis, hyperthyroidism, immunomodulatory, anti-allergic, antitumor, etc., (Mandal & DebMandal, 2016;Premanath et al., 2011;Tejaswini et al., 2012). The steroid saponins are reported as a good anti-inflammatory and lactation stimulating agent. ...
... Khan et al. (2019) reported that AgNP prepared from fenugreek possesses the potential of inhibition (40%-50%) of mycelial growth. Premanath et al. (2011) reported fenugreek leaves ethanol extract as a strong antibacterial agent than its aqueous extract. Concomitantly, Singh et al. (2014) also found Trigonella leaf ethanolic extract with strong antibacterial efficacy than the seed extract. ...
... The plant shows the different antioxidant results with different solvents. Premanath et al. (2011) stated ethanol extract with high radical scavenging activity (RSA) and reducing power followed by methanol extract. Sindhu et al. (2012) reported that fenugreek seed mucilage can upregulate the activity of antioxidative enzymes like catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and the levels of glutathione (GSH), vitamin C and lipid peroxidation. ...
Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) belonging to the family Fabaceae, is widely used for both culinary as well as clinical purposes since antiquity. Folkloric medicines across globe particularly use this plant for boosting immunity and combating digestive and reproductive impairments. The plant is rich reservoir of different phytoconstituents attributed to their diverse pharmacological effects. Therefore, the present article is planned on its ethnomedicinal uses, botanical description, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, clinical efficacy, mechanism of action and nanoparticle synthesis. In all pharmacological studies, the dose, major bioactive, type of extract and possible outcomes is also discussed, to establish its specific role against a particular ailment. It was hypothesized that the nanoparticle synthesis will lead to the enhanced pharmacology. Results showed that ethnomedicinal data well supports the different pharmacological aspects of Trigonella formulations in different countries. Trigonelline (phytoestrogen) renders most of therapeutic potential of Trigonella. The reported therapeutics can also be accounted as the synergistic pharmacology of different bioactives. Nanoparticle synthesis significantly improves its pharmacological efficacy. Clinical studies well validated its antidiabetic and reproductive health improving efficacies. Though no serious toxic effects were observed with the use of this plant but further well-designed placebo trials are still needed to demonstrate its full therapeutic potential.
... Several studies have shown that fenugreek seed extracts possess antibacterial, antifungal, and antidandruff activity, 12,13 whereas variable results for antibacterial and antifungal activity have been reported for the fenugreek leaf extracts. [14][15][16] To date, no study has been carried out on the activity of fenugreek leaves extract against Malassezia spp. Furthermore, it is much easier to prepare and process extracts of fenugreek leaves compared to mucilaginous fenugreek seeds. ...
... 35 Fenugreek leaves, although more abundant in nature compared to the seeds, have been relatively less explored for bioactivity. The reported literature demonstrates the antioxidant, antiplasmodial, wound healing, and antiulcer activity of the fenugreek leaves, 15,36,37 whereas variable results for antibacterial and antifungal activity have been reported for the fenugreek leaf extracts. [14][15][16] Thus far, no study has been carried out to explore the activity of fenugreek leaf extract against Malassezia spp. ...
... The reported literature demonstrates the antioxidant, antiplasmodial, wound healing, and antiulcer activity of the fenugreek leaves, 15,36,37 whereas variable results for antibacterial and antifungal activity have been reported for the fenugreek leaf extracts. [14][15][16] Thus far, no study has been carried out to explore the activity of fenugreek leaf extract against Malassezia spp. We focused on the preparation and evaluation of aqueous and ethanolic extract of fenugreek leaves with the hope of developing herbal formulation suitable for the treatment of cutaneous fungal infections. ...
Malassezia spp. are commensal yeasts that can cause cutaneous ailments such as dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. We sought to develop a cost-effective, herbal formulation for the treatment of cutaneous ailments related to Malassezia spp. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum-graecum L.) leaves exhibited activity against a clinical isolate and commercial strain of Malassezia furfur. The extracts were also found to be active against other pathogenic fungi such as Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical evaluation of aqueous extract showed a predominant presence of flavonoids apart from alkaloids, saponins, carbohydrates, phenols, and proteins. Gel formulation of 30% aqueous fenugreek leaf extract was developed and optimized using sodium alginate as a gelling agent. The formulation showed good physicochemical characteristics and retained activity against M. furfur during 3-month accelerated stability studies. Furthermore, the developed herbal gel formulation did not show any irritation or sensitization in New Zealand rabbits after topical application, proving its cutaneous safety. Thus, topical gel formulation containing fenugreek leaf aqueous extract could be a safe and effective herbal treatment for various cutaneous fungal infections, including dandruff.
... The antioxidant capacity seeds of the T. foenum-graecum were determined using a total polyphenol (38.97 ± 0.34 mg GAE/g sample), total flavonoid (14.417 ± 0.23 mg QE /g sample), and DPPH (172.6 ± 3.1 µg/mL) process, as outlined by Akbari et al. (2019). In an article by Premanath et al. (2011), the antioxidant properties of T. foenum-graecum seeds were investigated using the total polyphenol, total flavonoid, FRAP, and DPPH processes. The total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents were found to be 4.2 ± 0.15 mg GAE/g and 0.32 ± 0.02 mg QE/g, respectively. ...
... The T. foenum-graecum had no effect against any of the test microorganisms at the tested concentrations in this study. However, it has been noted in the literature that the seeds of T. foenum-graecum show a great and broad effect on test microorganisms that can be used against gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and fungi (Premanath et al. 2011;Moniruzzaman et al. 2015). ...
Purple nutsedge roots (Cyperus rotundus L.) and fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) have been traditionally used as food and to treat common ailments. After extraction by solid-phase microextraction (SPME), the chemical structure of the revealed volatile fractions was researched with gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The determined substances of the C. rotundus were pentadecanolide (72.0%), palmitic acid (8.2%), 16-hydroxy-6-hexadecenoic acid omega lactone (4.4%), and (Z)-anethol (3.9%). Most of the identified compounds of the T. foenum-graecum were pentadecanolide (61.3%) and (Z)-anethol (16.5%). The C. rotundus showed good antifungal activity against the yeast strands of Candida albicans and Candida krusei. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) numbers were 250 and 125 µg/mL, respectively. However, the T. foenum-graecum seeds did not show any effect against the test microorganisms. The C. rotundus roots in particular exhibited good 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity with an IC50 number of 0.91 mg/mL.
... The current study is the first report for the estimation of the TPC and TFC of T. stellata, where their TPC was estimated as 32.8 ± 1.57 mg GAE/g and their TFC was 5.6 ± 0.14 mg RE/g. However, several previous studies discussed the contents of TP and TF in other Trigonella species, e.g., T. spruneriana [30] and T. foenum graecum leaves [31], seeds [32], and explant [33]. The phenolic compounds represent an important class of secondary metabolites with pronounced antioxidant properties. ...
... This means that the observed antioxidant activity of T. stellata extract could be attributable to its content of phenolic constituents. As previously mentioned, the current study is the first report for the analysis of the phytochemical content and investigation of the antioxidant capability of T. stellata; nevertheless, the antioxidant potential of several Trigonella species was previously reported [30][31][32][33]. Among these reports, one study tested the antioxidant activity of T. foenum graecum using different in vitro and ex vivo methods and concluded potent activity for the seed extract [36]. ...
The current study accentuates the significance of performing the multiplex approach of LC-HRESIMS, biological activity, and docking studies in drug discovery, taking into consideration a review of the literature. In this regard, the investigation of antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Trigonella stellata collected from the Egyptian desert revealed a significant antioxidant capacity using DPPH with IC50 = 656.9 µg/mL and a moderate cytotoxicity against HepG2, MCF7, and CACO2, with IC50 values of 53.3, 48.3, and 55.8 µg/mL, respectively. The evaluation of total phenolic and flavonoid contents resulted in 32.8 mg GAE/g calculated as gallic acid equivalent and 5.6 mg RE/g calculated as rutin equivalent, respectively. Chemical profiling of T. stellata extract, using LC-HRESIMS analysis, revealed the presence of 15 metabolites, among which eleven compounds were detected for the first time in this species. Interestingly, in vitro testing of the antidiabetic activity of the alcoholic extract noted an α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity (IC50 = 559.4 µg/mL) better than that of the standard Acarbose (IC50 = 799.9 µg/mL), in addition to a moderate inhibition of the α-amylase enzyme (IC50 = 0.77 µg/mL) compared to Acarbose (IC50 = 0.21 µg/mL). α-Glucosidase inhibition was also virtualized by binding interactions through the molecular docking study, presenting a high binding activity of six flavonoid glycosides, as well as the diterpenoid compound graecumoside A and the alkaloid fenugreekine. Taken together, the conglomeration of LC-HRESIMS, antidiabetic activity, and molecular docking studies shed light on T. stellata as a promising antidiabetic herb.
... It is relatively safe for human consumption and consequently this solvent is widely used to extract phytochemicals and bioactive compounds from plant material. The mixtures of ethanol and water are more polar compared to absolute ethanol which may positively influence yields of free phenolics [20,44,45]. Usually, the optimal solvent concentrations are determined empirically. ...
... They found that ethyl acetate crude extract had the highest values of both DPPH scavenging activity and TPC [72]. According to [20], among ethanol, methanol, hexane, chloroform, and aqueous extracts of fenugreek leaves which were tested, ethanol extract showed better DPPH radical scavenging activity (59.7 ± 0.46%). There was a linear correlation between the antioxidant activity and total phenol content of fenugreek leaves. ...
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is one of the oldest cultivated plants grown for its leaves and seeds that are used for both culinary and medicinal purpose. This study aims to evaluate the effect of ethanol concentration (30, 50, 70 and 96% (v/v) of ethanol in water) as a solvent for the extraction of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant properties (antiradical activity (ARA), transition metal reducing power (TMRP), iron chelating ability (ICA)) of seed extracts of spring variety Ovari 4 (FSV) and winter variety PSZ.G.SZ (FWV) fenugreek, and separate and identify the major phenolics of the extracts by HPLC-ESI-MS. The results indicated that 70% ethanol solution resulted in the maximum amount of TPC for both FSV and FWV seeds. The TPC decreased in the treatments in the following order: 70% ethanol > 96% ethanol > 50% ethanol > 30% ethanol, whereas extraction yield changed in a different manner: 30% ethanol > 50% ethanol > 70% ethanol > 96% ethanol. The extracts from seeds of both fenugreek varieties obtained with 70% and 96% ethanol showed equal high RSA while superior TMRP and ICA were observed in 70% ethanol extracts. The TMRP and ICA were strongly correlated with TPC for both varieties. The correlation between RSA and TPC was high, but not significant. Thus, the obtained data indicate the 70% ethanol solvent suitability for efficient extraction of phenolic compounds from seeds of the FWV and FSV. According to an HPLC-ESI-MS analysis, the polyphenolic profiles of fenugreek are presumably formed by flavone C-glycosides with apigenin or luteolin as aglycone linked with different glycones. High antioxidant activity of FWV seeds can be an adaptation to cold stress of the winter variety aimed at strengthening the antioxidant defense of the germinating seeds.
... More investigations are needed to determine if any correlation can be established between the antioxidant activities and the total antioxidant contents in the two species. In a previous study, Premanath et al. evaluated the total phenol and flavonoid contents in the leaves of another species of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) which is the most commonly used species of Fenugreek around the world [40,41]. Apparently, our results might indicate that the methanolic extracts of T. arabica and T. berythea yield higher phenol and flavonoid contents than Trigonella foenum graecum L. [41]. ...
... In a previous study, Premanath et al. evaluated the total phenol and flavonoid contents in the leaves of another species of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) which is the most commonly used species of Fenugreek around the world [40,41]. Apparently, our results might indicate that the methanolic extracts of T. arabica and T. berythea yield higher phenol and flavonoid contents than Trigonella foenum graecum L. [41]. ...
... Many studies have been focused on the beneficial effects of fenugreek seeds in diabetic and hypercholesterolaemic states (El-Malky and Gouda 2007;Hassanzadeh et al. 2011;Sharma et al. 1996;Yadav et al. 2008). In recent years, it has been showed that fenugreek seeds had the antimicrobial (El-Malky and Gouda 2007; Randhir et al. 2004), anti-oxidant (Dilsiz et al. 2005;Kaviarasan et al. 2007;Premanath et al. 2011;Randhir et al. 2004), and antiinflammatory properties (Vyas et al. 2008). ...
... Fenugreek is an important medical plant that contains high concentrations of flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds such as dihydroxy phenylalanine. Because of the antioxidant activities of these compounds that are mainly due to their redox properties which play an important role as free radicals scavengers, fenugreek is well known in herbal medical sciences (Kaviarasan et al. 2007;Premanath et al. 2011;Randhir et al. 2004;Vyas et al. 2008;Yadav et al. 2008). Anuradha and Ravikumar (1998) have reported that the aqueous extract of the fenugreek seeds possess significant antioxidant activity in vitro. ...
Trigonella foenum graecum, (Fenugreek) is used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and antidiabetic properties. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effects of fenugreek seed extract on experimentally induced gastric mucosal ulcer in rats. In this study, 24 male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups. Control group underwent gastric ulcer (by ligating the pylo-rus). Treatment group was given fenugreek seeds extract via oral gavage for 1 week before inducing gastric ulcer. Groups sham I and II were given normal saline and extract orally, respectively, without inducing gastric ulcer. After the experiment , the glandular stomach was removed and the tissues were processed for macroscopic and histopathologic examination. The results of present study showed that administration of fenugreek seeds extract significantly decreased erosion and ulcer in the treatment group compared to the control group. Significant increases in the number of inflammatory cells were observed in the control group while no noticeable lesions were visible in the gastric mucosa of treatment group. Normal gastric mucosa was observed in the groups sham I and II. According to the results of the current study, fenugreek seeds extract oral usage can protect the gastric mucosa from injury.
... This result suggests support the earlier findings of Omoloso and Vagi, 2001 who reported maximum activity of T. foneum-graecum against 26 bacterial pathogens 15 . Also, a previous study by Premanath et al., (2011) indicated that the solvent extract of T. foenum-graecum showed broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. 16 18 Nandagopal et al., (2012) reported that the presence of alkaloids, anthracene glycosides, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, tannin, volatile oils and phenolics in the fenugreek were responsible for the antibacterial activity. ...
... 16 18 Nandagopal et al., (2012) reported that the presence of alkaloids, anthracene glycosides, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, tannin, volatile oils and phenolics in the fenugreek were responsible for the antibacterial activity. 19 Previous study by Isaac and Chinwe (2001) revealed that alkaloids along with tannins and saponins are responsible for antibacterial activity of the extract of Tetracapidium conophorum. 20 . ...
The aims of the present study were to test the antibacterial activity and chemical composition of Trigonella foenum-graecum extract. The extract was obtained using 50% aqueous-Ethanol extraction solution to extract T. foenum-graecum seeds. The extract was prepared and evaluated for antimicrobial activity against six bacterial strains by determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The results revealed that the 50% aqueous-Ethanol extract is potent in inhibiting bacterial growth of both gram-positive and gram negative bacteria. The chemical composition of fenugreek was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). The hydroxymethyl furfural, gingerone, oe-curcumene, bergamotene, and gingerol were the highest abundant compounds out of total 31 compounds were identified in the fenugreek extract.
... Plant products are known to contain various antioxidants that would quench free radical attack during seed ageing and a loss in such components would lead to death of seeds. The antioxidants present in the plant products play a major role in improving the performance of the seeds ( Ramya et al., 2011). The mode of action of crude plant materials and pharmaceutical formulations is still not clear and there is a need to elucidate the beneficial effects on the viability maintenance. ...
... The mode of action of crude plant materials and pharmaceutical formulations is still not clear and there is a need to elucidate the beneficial effects on the viability maintenance. Fenugreek seed contains phenols and flavonoids ( Annegowda et al., 2010), polyphenolic content, antioxidant and antibacterial activity ( Ramya et al., 2011). Fenugreek seed extract exhibit antioxidant activity that could act as potent source of antioxidants ( Sauvaire et al., 1991). ...
A laboratory experiment was carried out in the Department of Seed Science and Technology Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, from 2012-2013 to study the seed invigouration with different botanicals on the seed quality of soybean seeds. Botanical powders of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seed, leafs of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), tea (Camellia sinensis) and noni (Morinda citrifolia) were ball milled for 1 and 2 h and treated to seeds @ 2, 3 and 4g kg-1 with 30, 60 and 90 min. shaking. The treatments were subjected for seedling evaluation test. The results indicated that, among all the dry treatments, treatment with 1h ball milled fenugreek seed powder @ 2 g kg-1 with 60 min. shaking showed higher seed quality parameters viz., germination % (95 %), dry matter production (3.639 g) and vigour index (4569) than other treatments and control.
... We chose to test the EEPg described by Leitão et al. [4] and not the tea conventionally prepared by decoction by the population. The ethanolic extract can facilitate the bioprospecting of a standardized extract because this solvent is relatively safe for human consumption [12,13]. The standardized extracts have greater stability to be stored and consumed besides concentrating the active principles. ...
Piper glabratum Kunth is a plant traditionally used to treat pain and inflammation in the Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Even pregnant women consume this plant. Toxicology studies of the ethanolic extract from the leaves of P. glabratum (EEPg) could establish the safety of popular use of P. glabratrum. Thus, the effects of the ethanolic extract of leaves of P. glabratum (EEPg) on the reproductive performance and embryofetal development of Swiss mice were evaluated. Pregnant female mice were treated with 100, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg throughout the gestational period by gavage (p.o). The control group received the EEPg vehicle (Tween 80–1%) in the proportion of 0.1 mL/10 g (p.o.). The results demonstrated that EEPg has low maternal toxic potential and does not alter the reproductive performance of females. However, it altered embryofetal development and caused fetal weight reduction (increasing the frequency of small-for-gestational-age fetuses) at the two highest doses. In addition, it interfered with placental weight, placental index and placental efficiency. The frequency of visceral malformations increased by 2.8 times for the lowest dose of EEPg, and skeletal malformations increased by 2.48, 1.89 and 2.11 times for doses of 100, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg of EEPg, respectively. It is noteworthy that 100% of the offspring treated with EEPg showed changes in the ossification process. Thus, it is considered that the EEPg has low maternal toxic potential; it does not alter the reproductive performance of females. However, it is teratogenic and interferes, mainly, in the ossification process, and therefore its use is contraindicated in the gestational period.
... It has been reported that there is a significant correlation between the polyphenolic components present in fenugreek and its antioxidant activity" as put forward by Naidu et al. [19], which has been reported to range from 127.8 to 139.2 mg GAE/100g in different varieties of fenugreek according to Ali et al. [20]. Similarly, "flavonoids are a diverse group of polyphenolic components with exceptional strength to act as free radical scavenger, antiinflammatory and antibacterial agent" from the works of Premanath et al. [21]. ...
Seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Fenugreek) were blended to powder and oil was extracted by soxhlet extraction method. Proximate composition of both powder and oil was then carried out to determine the profile. DPPH radical scavenging activity of the powder, oil and the standard ascorbic acid were also evaluated and their IC 50 established. Obtained results of the proximate analysis showed the following composition for powder: moisture content 3.54±0.42%, ash content 3.37±0.08%, protein 19.3±0.35%, fat 4.14±0.11% and crude fiber 7.05±2.24%. The oil extract contains moisture content 9.70±0.41%, ash content 3.80±0.61%, protein 22.3±0.71%, fat Original Research Article Audu et al.; Asian J. Food Res. Nutri., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 1-7, 2022; Article no.AJFRN.93350 2 7.20±0.33% and crude fiber 8.16±0.64%. The DPPH radical scavenging activity revealed an IC 50 value of 177.83 µg/ml for the powder and 133.66 µg/ml for the oil, while that of the standard, ascorbic acid, was found to be 89.13 µg/ml. Since a lower IC 50 value translates to more potency of the extracts to scavenge free radicals, it then means that with reference to the standard used, the oil is more potent than the powder since it has a lower IC 50 value. These results has potential of conferring protective property of Fenugreek oil against certain diseases which could be due to its high radical scavenging and antioxidant activities.
... Again, phenolic extract of Tossa jute (Corchorus olitorius L.) shows antibacterial activities against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, and Enterobacter sp with a zone of inhibition of 10.75 ± 1. 06, 34.5 ± 0.7, 22 ± 1.41, 12.75 ± 1.76, 14.75 ± 1.76, 23.5 ± 2.12, 13 ± 1.41 and 9.5 ± 1.41 mm respectively (Ben Yakoub et al. 2018). Ethanolic extract of T. foenum graecum shows antibacterial activities against E.coli, P. aeruginosa, E. aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella sp., and S. aureus with a zone of inhibition of 12 ± 0.8, 13 ± 0.0, 11 ± 0.2, 12 ± 0.5, 10 ± 0.3 and 14 ± 0.5 mm respectively (Premanath et al. 2011). The hexane and ethyl acetate extract of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) were able to show anti-microbial activities against mostly gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes but were non-reactive against gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ...
From the ancient period, Green leafy vegetables (GLV) are part of the daily diet and were believed
to have several health beneficial properties. Later it has been proved that GLV has outstanding
nutritional value and can be used for medicinal benefits. GLV is particularly rich in minerals like
iron, calcium, and zinc. These are also rich in vitamins like beta carotene, vitamin E, K, B and
vitamin C. In addition, some anti-nutritional elements in GLV can be reduced if it is grown properly
and processed properly before consumption. Tropical countries have a wide variety of these green
plants such as Red Spinach, Amaranth, Malabar Spinach, Taro Leaf, Fenugreek leaf, Bengal Gram
Leaves, Radish Leaves, Mustard Leaves, and many more. This review focuses on listing this wide
range of GLVs (in total 54 underutilized GLVs) and their compositions in a comparative manner.
GLV also possesses medicinal activities due to its rich bioactive and nutritional potential. Different
processing techniques may alter the nutritional and bioactive potential of the GLVs significantly.
The GLVs have been considered a food fortification agent, though not explored widely. All of these
findings suggest that increasing GLV consumption could provide nutritional requirements necessary
for proper growth as well as adequate protection against diseases caused by malnutrition.
... Lupin seeds are rich sources of polyphenolic compounds and other antioxidants (Ben et al., 2021). Moreover, they found that the seeds of the lupin varieties contained high amounts of phenolic compounds [38]. Meanwhile, the germination of fenugreek seeds had the highest source of phenols and flavonoids content with 1.75 mg GAE/g DW and 4.21 mg QE/g DW, respectively. ...
Celiac disease causes serious health problems for humans. Therefore, the consumption of gluten-free diets (GFDs) is the only therapy to prevent patients from developing the disease. The objective of the current study was to investigate the proximate analysis, mineral compositions, and antioxidant activities of the quinoa, germinated sweet lupin, fenugreek, and yellow maize, and they were used to develop gluten-free multigrain pan breads. A total of four different grain blend formulations were used to develop the pan bread. The textural properties, color, and sensory evaluation of the developed multigrain pan bread were also determined. The results of the present study showed a significantly higher fat content was found in germinated lupin (13.56%) and quinoa (12.76%), followed by germinated fenugreek and yellow maize (9.68% and 4.67%, respectively). The results indicated that the development of multigrain pan bread with fortification of quinoa, germinated lupin, germinated fenugreek, and yellow maize imparted significant improvement in the nutritional content. Therefore, it could be recommended that the addition of up to 15% of germinated lupin and fenugreek, 60% quinoa, and 10% yellow maize does not negatively affect the sensory characteristics and quality attributes of pan bread.
... Among these phytochemicals Diosgenin, a bioactive steroidal triterpene sapogenin present in the species of Trigonella foenum graecum and Dioscorea villosa, has greatly influenced the 'drug discovery' realm as it is a main precursor in progesterone synthesis. Pharmacological features such as anti-inflammatory, androgenic and contraceptive properties are observed in the seeds and leaves of fenugreek (Premanath et al. 2011). Over the past few years, growing body of evidences suggests that diosgenin possesses anti-inflammatory (Gao et al. 2013), anti-atherosclerosis (Liu et al. 2012), hypoglycemic and anti-cancer properties (Mao et al. 2012, He et al. 2014, Jiang et al. 2016. ...
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a grave disease characterized by abnormal wound healing associated with chronic, progressive, irreversible fatal lung disease, leading to persistent injuries to the alveolar epithelium. A consequent disturbance of fibroblast proliferation and apoptosis results in subsequent
release of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic mediators coupled with accumulation of extracellular
matrix within the interstitium. Inexorable distortion of lung alveolar architecture leads to respiratory failure with a median survival rate of 3–5 years. Currently available drugs can only slowdown the progression of fibrosis and novel drugs are warranted to treat this disease. In this study, we demonstrate the fibro-protective effect of diosgenin in experimental lung fibrosis through regulation of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). A single dose of 3 U/kg body weight (b.wt) Bleomycin (BLM) was administered
ntratracheally in Wistar male albino rats and fibrotic animals were treated with diosgenin
(100 mg/kg b.wt) orally for 28 days. BLM administered rat show histological alteration with increased mast cell and collagen accumulation. BLM induced abnormalities were significantly reduced upon treatment with diosgenin. Western blot analysis revealed an increased level of pro-inflammatory and profibrotic molecules such as IL-1b and TGF-b in BLM induced rats. Rats supplemented with diosgenin showed a decreased expression of inflammatory and pro-fibrotic mediators. Markers of EMT molecules were evaluated by immunoblot. The results of immunoblot demonstrate that diosgenin regulated the
expression of TGF-b mediated EMT. Hence, from the overall study, administration of diosgenin prevents pulmonary fibrosis by restraint inflammation and EMT.
... In China, it is used as cure edema, while the ancient Egyptians employed fenugreek to incense the mummies [1,5,6]. Additionally, fenugreek is used as a medicine to treat several diseases besides being used as antioxidant [7], against inflammation [8,9], as anticancer [10], as hepatoprotective agent [11,12], as antibacterial [13][14][15], and as antifungal [16]. Additionally, fenugreek is also used as off-season fodder and animal food supplement [17]. ...
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is used as a spice throughout the world. It is known for its medicinal properties such as antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic, and immunological activities. The present study shows the properties and the nutritional quality of fenugreek seed extract and focuses on screening of active compounds in drug designing for type 2 diabetes and breast cancer. Quantitative analysis was used to calculate the percentages of protein, carbohydrates moisture, fatty acid, galactomannan, oil, and amino acid. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, proteins, saponins, and tannins in fenugreek seed extracts. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation-based computational drug discovery methods were employed to address the role of fenugreek seed constituents against type 2 diabetes and breast cancer. The computational results reveal that the compound galactomannan can be ascribed as potential drug candidate against breast cancer and type 2 diabetes rendered by higher molecular dock scores, stable molecular dynamics (MD) simulations results, and lower binding energy calculations.
... At 200 mg concentration, extracts of husk, fenugreek seeds, and endosperm exhibited 72%, 64%, and 56% antioxidant activity respectively by freeradical scavenging method (Naidu et al., 2011). The inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of fenugreek leaves for DPPH scavenging activity was found to be 0.7mg/ mL -1 (Premnath, 2011). ...
The research was aimed at observing the changes in bioactive component (polyphenol, tannin, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity) in fenugreek seed during soaking and germination. Soaking was carried out for 12 hours at the ratio of 1:5 (seed:water) in dark condition. Germination was carried out for 72 hours at 25°C and 90% RH. The raw, soaked and germinated seeds were dried and ground to powder to pass through 100 μm mesh size screens. The ascorbic acid and phenol content increased significantly during soaking and germination whereas tannin content decreased significantly. The scavenging activity of fenugreek seed (10.4%) increased significantly during soaking (13.6%) and germination (55.5%) in comparison to gallic acid (89.3%).
... Fresh fenugreek leaves were used for the preparation of ethanolic extract [16]. In order to remove the dust particles, the leaves were washed using double distilled water and dried in a room atmosphere. ...
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were green synthesized using ethanolic extract of fenugreek leaves and characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy HRTEM and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) techniques. The HRTEM results revealed the formation of highly stable, mono dispersed, spherical shaped AgNPs with the size ranging from 20 to 30 nm. The presence of flavonoids and their interaction with the AgNPs were confirmed using FTIR. Antibacterial activities of the AgNPs were studied against pathogenic gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and gram negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. The synthesized AgNPs displayed the enhancement of antibacterial activity against E. coli. The morphological changes in the bacterial cell membrane was observed using SEM analysis. Leakage of protein from the bacterial cells increased at every time intervals (2 and 4 h). MTT assay was carried out for the AgNPs against human skin cell line (HaCaT). Interestingly, cytotoxicity of the synthesized AgNPs was less toxic to HaCaT cells as compared to bacteria cells, which suggests that the synthesized AgNPs by this method is eco-friendly in nature.
... Depending upon flavonoid contents order of different vegetables lies as Trigonella foenum-graecum > Ipomoea batatas > Solanum Melongena > Daucus carota > Brassica rapa rapa respectively (Table 4). Previously, similar studies of Aqil et al. (2006) and Ramya et al. (2011) have been reported the TPC value of methanol (74.33±5.13 mg/g GAE) and ethanolic (4.9 mg/g) T. foenum-graecum leaf extracts which differ from current value. ...
Current study was designed to focus on the proximate, phytochemical and nutrient composition in addition to antioxidant properties of five selected vegetables viz Ipomoea batatas, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Daucus carota, Solanum Melongena and Brassica rapa rapa that are locally available and readily consumed in Pakistan. Nutritional analysis revealed that all the edibles were rich sources of crude protein, carbohydrate, fat and dietary fiber. Micro and macro minerals analysis also exhibited the significant presence of Na, K, Ca, Mg and P. Preliminary phytochemical screening unveiled the extraordinary incidence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids that was also proved by quantitative analysis. The biological assays bared a considerable antioxidant potential of selected green materials. Among vegetables, Trigonella foenum-graecum was proved to be superior while Brassica rapa rapa was considered to be inferior for phenolics and flavonoids content. Trigonella foenum-graecum also presented significant antioxidant activity with maximum reduction capacity and also having least IC50 as a result of inhibition of free radical scavenging by DPPH method. In contrast to α-amylase, a significantly higher inhibition towards α-glucosidase was shown by the selected samples; an impending remedial approach connected to postprandial hyperglycemia. In this scenario, the results of this study suggests that all the selected green materials have very good medicinal potentials, meet the standard requirements for drug formulation and serve as good sources of energy and nutrients. The outcomes of current work also revealed that plant derived foods enriched with phyto-protectants are effective to tailor specific healthy diet for the target population.
... Determination of antioxidant compounds Total soluble phenolic content was estimated using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Total soluble fl avonoid content was estimated by the aluminum chloride colorimetric method[Premanath et al., 2011;Vamanu et al., 2013]. Determination of polyphenol carboxylic acids, fl avones, and tocopherols was done by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as described previously[Vamanu et al., 2013]. ...
Many compounds in mushrooms are biologically active; however, the in vivo actions of
their metabolites are poorly understood. An in vitro system, GIS1, was used to simulate
the fermentation action of microbiota in each colon region. We used MycoPo, a natural
product obtained from the lyophilized mycelia of different Pleurotus ostreatus species
to determine the biological effects in human-colon regions. Controls (Lentinula edodes
mycelia; dried basidia of Agaricus brunnescens) were chosen to confirm the biological
activity of P. ostreatus mycelia in vitro. We measured total antioxidant capacity and
ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) in simulated colon regions to identify
antioxidant compounds, and undertook in vitro gastrointestinal simulation and
microbiological analyses. The highest FRAP was found for the ascending colon, and
the antioxidant effect was higher when MycoPo was administered. A. brunnescens
consumption resulted in low total antioxidant capacity. Polyphenol content was
correlated with the antioxidant status and microbial composition of microbiota. Total
polyphenolic content was higher after A. brunnescens consumption, and four types of
polyphenols were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Major
phenolic acids were gentisic acid, homogentisic acid, and small amounts of caffeic
acid). The Enterobacteriaceae species populations varied greatly across the three
parts of the colon. We noted a significant (p<0.01) correlation between antioxidant
status in the transverse and descending colon after MycoPo administration, and A.
brunnescens consumption with the number of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria species
(R2>0.85). These data suggest a direct relationship between favorable bacterial strains
and availability of bioactive compounds, with specificity for each colon region.
... Trigonella foenum graecum used in this study has high concentrations of flavonoid and polyphenolic compounds playing an important role as free radicals scavengers. Flavonoids may be responsible in cytoprotective action of fenugreek and exert antiulcer effect 20,29,30 Fenugreek seeds have been shown to possess significant ulcer protective effects. The gastroprotective effect of the seeds seemed to be due their antisecretory action and effects on the mucosal glycoproteins. ...
Objective-Trigonella foenum graecum, (Fenugreek) has anti-inflammation, antiseptic and antidiabetic activities in traditional medicine. This study was performed to investigate the protection effects of Fenugreek seed extract on the experimental reflux esophigitis (RE) in rats. Design-Experimental study. Animals-24 male Wistar albino rats. Procedures-Rats were randomly allocated into 4 groups including the sham-operated groups with normal saline (sham I) and extract (sham II) administration, the reflux esophagitis group (the reflux control group), and the reflux esophagitis group with extract administration (reflux extract group). Reflux esophagitis was induced by ligating the pylorus and the limiting ridge. Normal saline and Fenugreek extract were gavaged for one week before operation in the related groups. Then, the animals were euthanized and the esophagus was evaluated for gross and histopathologic features. Gross lesions in the esophagus were graded according to the scoring system of Oh and colleagues. Results-Significant difference in the gross lesions was observed between the reflux control and reflux extract groups. The reflux control group showed severe mucosal erosions and ulcers in the esophagus. Microscopic findings in the extract treatment group varied from no lesions to mild damages including hydropic degeneration, epithelial clefts and vesicles formation. Conclusion and clinical relevance-Based on the results, it can be concluded that the aqueous extract of T. foenum graecum seed have protective effects against RE and this extract can be considered as one of the therapeutic options in the clinical trial studies.
... Both fenugreek and spinach are a good source of soluble dietary fiber and are recommended in cholesterol controlling and weight reduction programs. In addition to dietary fiber, the two vegetables are also a rich source of active ingredients like vitamins (A, C, E), pyridoxine, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, iron, flavonoid antioxidants and carotenoids (Jasleen, Deepak, Amarjit, & Navreet, 2013; Premanath, Sudisha, Lakshmi-Devi, & Aradhya, 2011 ). The literature review reveals that several studies have been conducted to evaluate the nutritional content and antioxidant activities of fenugreek and spinach. ...
Fenugreek and spinach leaves after irradiation in the dose range of 0.25–1.5 kGy were evaluated for the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging, ferric reducing ability power (FRAP), hydroxyl radical scavenging and ferrous ion chelating assays. Results of the study revealed that bioactive content except total ascorbic acid was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in fenugreek compared to spinach. Data analysis revealed that gamma irradiation treatment significantly (p ≤ 0.05) enhanced the content of individual as well as total bioactive components of both vegetables. Positive correlation (r = 0.92) existed between gamma irradiation and total phenolics. The results of the antioxidant activity as determined by above mentioned assays revealed a significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in EC50 values and a corresponding increase in antioxidant content and activity due to irradiation. Comparison of the increase in inhibition percentage, reducing power and chelating efficiency revealed that treatment of irradiation was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) effective in enhancing the ferric reducing power of both the vegetables (3.1–37.5% for fenugreek, 4.1–42.8% for spinach) and OH radical scavenging for spinach (1.5–22.4%) compared to fenugreek (0.78–13.1%). The present investigation suggested that postharvest radiation treatment to fenugreek and spinach has a potential to enhance their antioxidant content and activities, besides acting as a photo-sanitary treatment.
... Musaffi-e-Khoon (Blood purifier) 26 Muqavvi-e-Badan (General body tonic) 4,25 Muqavvi-e-Bah (Aphrodisiac) 4,22 Anti-bacterial Activity 31 Anti-oxidant Activity 31 ...
The Hulbah, Trigonella foenum-graecum of family Legumenacea which is commonly known as Methi, in traditional system of medicine including Unani Medicine. Hulba is an annual herb, 1-2 fit long contains the seed in long, narrow sickle shape pods called Tukhme Hulbah. Hulba leaves are yellowish green, petiolate, usually 2-5cm long called Burge Hulbah. The Hulba contains alkaloids e.
... Although natural dyes have merits – obtained from renewable resources, non-hazardous, eco-friendly (Mariselvam et al., 2012a,b,b; Hashem et al., 2009; Shahid et al., 2012; Khan et al., 2011; Yusuf et al., 2012; Moiz et al., 2010; Lawhavinit et al., 2010), etc. Their availability is not widespread because of very few organized manufactures, non-standardization of raw material and manufacturing process, and complexity of process involved in application of natural dyes (Prusty et al., 2010; Singh et al., 2005; Ramya et al., 2011; Singh and Jain, 2012). ...
The present study has been focused on the extraction of natural dyes from Curcuma longa, Trigonella foenum graecum and Nerium oleander and investigation of their phytochemical and pharmacological characteristics. Dyes were prepared using aqueous, acidic, alcoholic and alkaline extraction techniques. UV spectral studies of the dyes showed a variation in absorption maxima and their colour varied with respect to the pH and the solvent used during extraction. The dyes prepared from turmeric using aqueous extraction technique and from fenugreek using alkaline extraction showed good antibacterial activity. The aqueous and alcoholic extraction of Nerium oleander was able to inhibit the growth of many fungal strains including Tricoderma spp, Tricophyton rubrum, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium spp. etc. The antimicrobial property of the dyes was used in developing antimicrobial fabric.
... Effect of Vitamin C, E and β carotene in elevating the antioxidant enzyme activities in diabetic rats has been proved [29]. Phenolics, which are the potential antioxidants are also present in T. foenum graecum leaves [30]. So, the activity of the extract in the present study is probably due to the presence of Vitamin C, β carotene or phenolic antioxidant constituents. ...
Trigonella foenum graecum leaves are widely used as a vegetable throughout India and have a long history of medicinal use in Ayurveda and Chinese medicine. Even though the leaves of this plant are used in diabetes mellitus, there have been no in vivo studies to prove its efficacy. The aim of this study was to know the efficacy of ethanol extract of T. foenum graecum leaves on blood glucose levels, antioxidant enzymes, islets cells of pancreas, creatinine and urea levels in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (45 mg/kg b.w. in 0.9 % cold saline). Two doses (250 and 500 mg/kg b.w.) of the extracts were administered in the study. The activity was compared with the reference standard glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg b.w.) for various biochemical and histopathological parameters. The data was analysed by one way ANOVA followed by Turkey’s post hoc test. The activity of the extract in reducing blood glucose, creatinine and urea levels, in enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity and restoring and regenerating islet cells of pancreas was comparable to glibenclamide. The result suggests that ethanol leaf extract of T. foenum graecum possesses significant antidiabetic property.
... Fenugreek has been reported to exhibit pharmacological properties such as antitumor, antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hypotensive and antioxidant activity (Premanath et al., 2011;Kor and Moradi, 2013). Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) belongs to family Solanaceae is one of the most widely consumed fresh and processed vegetables in the world for its nutritional values (Weisburger, 2002). ...
enugreek aqueous extracts were applied by pretreatments either with irrigation to soil or spraying on tomato seedling plants, to evaluate the effect of investigated extracts on disease development of tomato against Fusarium oxysporum infection. In seedling plants, the two pretreatments (spraying and irrigation) were effective in protecting plants against the disease with ratio 61% and 83% respectively compared to 20% in control , the pre-irrigation showing the best results. The obtained data suggesting that the active principles present in fenugreek aqueous extracts could reduced infection through its direct antimicrobial activity and also induced systemic resistance as a major role in defense mechanism of tomato against Fusarium oxysporum infection as it were effective during irrigation and spraying. Several enzymatic (POD-activity) and non-enzymatic mechanisms (MDA content, total phenolics content and root and shoot lengths) related with host defense were measured in plants treated with fenugreek extracts.
... Seed is reported to have antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, antifertility, antiparasitic, lactation stimulant and hypocholesterolemic effects. Ethanol extract of Fenugreek leaf is an important source for antibacterial components and phenolic antioxidants [9]. As the antioxidant activity had been reported in the leaves of T. foenum graecum, the same activity may be found in the seeds of T. foenum graecum [10]. ...
The search for sources of potent antioxidants of natural origin derived from plants is very important in the wake of decreasing resistance of human beings to various diseases. In the present study, antioxidant activity, phenolic contents and phytochemical profile of various extracts (methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate and hexane) of seeds of Trigonella foenum graecum (fenugreek) were investigated. Ethyl acetate extract (100 µg/ml) showed highest inhibitory potential with application of DPPH scavenging (69.70%) and chelating power assay (63.44%). The differences in antioxidant activity of extracts are attributed to the presence of various phytochemicals. The IC 50 values of different extracts were also calculated. There was found a positive correlation (R ≥ 0.895) between the total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of extracts. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols and tannins. Results from different parameters were in agreement with each other. The results reveal that all extracts of the fenugreek exhibit antioxidant activity. These findings suggest that the fenugreek extracts could act as potent source of antioxidants.
The article presents the results of studies of two samples of fenugreek: blue ( Trigonella coerulea (Desr.) Ser.) and hay ( Trigonella foenum graecum L.) on the set of economic, biological and biochemical parameters. The researched samples of fenugreek have a wide range of variability of indicators depending on the terms of sowing and weather conditions. More rapid development was shown by fenugreek species on the summer sowing dates (III decade of June) with a vegetation period of 36–37 days. To obtain a high yield of green mass of fenugreek plants, the early spring (II–III decade of April) and late spring (I decade of May) sowing terms were more suitable. The obtained green mass yield was: 5.7–6.9 t∙ha –1 – blue fenugreek, and 7.3–9.3 t∙ha –1 – hay fenugreek, with the content of the dry matter being 12.4–28.4%, the sum of sugars 2.5–5.0% and vitamin C – 38.0–51.8 mg∙(100 g) ⁻¹ . To obtain spices called “mushroom grass”, it is promising to use hay fenugreek with early spring (II–III decade of April) and late spring (I decade of May) terms of sowing, as a more developed vegetative mass is formed with the dry weight yield of plants 1.3–1.4 t∙ha –1 . An increase in the amount of precipitation by 1 mm resulted in fluctuations of green mass yield from 15.0 to 77.3 kg∙ha –1 and dry mass yield from 0.693 to 25.9 kg∙ha –1 .
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an annual plant of Fabaceae family. It has various medicinal properties. The plant is used as spice or forage crop. It is native to the Mediterranean countries and it is also used as a spice plant in many parts of the world. The seeds and leaves of the fenugreek have been used commonly in traditional medicine because of including some important phytochemicals such as diosgenin, trigonellin, and fenugreekine. The used area of the fenugreek should be increased in different industry as food containing health-giving additives and having medicinal benefit as its phytochemicals. Fenugreek cultivation can increase the diversity of farming systems, improve its profitability, and make an important contribution to human health. This plant has been grown in arid and semi-arid region of the world as easily. However, yield, production and sowing area of fenugreek have lower values compared to other legume plants. Thus, best scientific strategies including breeding programs or cultural application should be implemented to improve the high yield of fenugreek species. Applications of different agricultural system can increase the fenugreek yield and phytochemical properties, thus it can contribute both crop production and soil management. This chapter emphasizes on the various scientific prospective including agricultural, agronomical, nutraceuticals, and industrial uses of fenugreek from past to present. In addition to this, it will moot for new research areas and different used areas of fenugreek.
Trigonella foenum graecum is an important leguminous plant which exhibits numerous pharmacological properties due to the presence of many important plant secondary metabolites. This study reports the effects of BAP and NAA on in vitro seed germination of Trigonella foenum graecum and the effect of salicylic acid elicitor on total phenolic and flavonoid content and ultimately antioxidant activity of in vitro grown plantlets. Seeds were cultured on MS media with various concentration of BAP and NAA (0-2 mg/L) added singly and in combinations. Germination percentage, shoot length, number of leaves and root length was recorded weekly for 5 weeks, and a final mean of each parameter was taken. Based on the results 2.0 mg/L BAP produced the highest response in all parameters (germination: 93.33±3.18, shoot length: 3.26±0.08, number of leaves: 13.73±0.18 and root length: 1.12±0.02). After 5 weeks, plantlets were subcultured on MS media supplemented with BAP 2.0 mg/L treated with various concentrations of salicylic acid (100-400 mM) for 48 hours. The control was not induced with any elicitor. The plantlets were then oven-dried and extracted using methanol by rotary evaporation and tested for antioxidant activity, phenolics and flavonoids. Salicylic acid concentration of 100 Mm produced the highest response in antioxidative activity (89.84±0.10%) and yielded the highest TPC (16.55± 0.21 mg GAE/g extract) and TFC (58.89± 4.29 mg QE/g extract) among other elicitor concentrations. Trigonella foenum plantlets exhibited remarkable antioxidant capacity upon elicitation with lower concentrations of salicylic acid. Hence it is concluded that low concentrations of SA could effectively be used as potent elicitor to enhance the synthesis of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in vitro fenugreek plantlets.
Tamarindus indica is recognized highly around the world for its nutritional and high health promotion values. In the recent past, antioxidants from natural sources and their roles in prevention and treatment of various ailments have been extensively studied. Wide distributions of polyphenol and flavonoid compounds in Tamarindus indica are believed to be responsible for its high antioxidant activity. Phenolic compounds present in tamarind are beneficial for cardiovascular health and immunological health and have specific roles in antimicrobial and anticancer activities. The flavonoids present in different parts of tamarind are known to exhibit defence mechanism as an anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic agent for the treatment of several human health hazards. Although a huge amount of data is available in the literature concerning the antioxidant properties of Tamarindus indica, this chapter is an attempt to compile all those information in a single platform to aid the future direction of this research area.
The antioxidant potential of Heracleum Lasiopetalum extract (GE) as a natural antioxidant in multilayer nanoemulsion was measured. GE obtained using an ultrasonic bath. Extraction efficiency and the total phenolic compounds of the extract were 5.12% and 84.17 μg GA/mg extract, respectively. Antioxidant activity of 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 ppm of GE measured by DPPH free radical scavenging methods and, iron reduction assay, then compared with the 100 ppm of TBHQ synthetic antioxidant. The results showed that the antioxidant activity increased with increasing the concentration of the extract in both methods. Three optimized water-in-oil in water emulsion (W/O/W) produced according to the encapsulation efficiency, particle size and zeta potential of nanocapsules as responses of surface methodology as follows: (Lepidium sativum seed gum (emulsifier: 36.30%, oil: 50.46% and extract: 9.52%), whey protein concentrate (emulsifier: 30.85%, oil: 57.07% and extract: 7.12%) and MIX (emulsifier: 39.87%, oil: 54.98% and extract: 9.05%)). Antioxidant activity of 800 ppm of the free and encapsulated extract in different coatings materials compared to SFO containing TBHQ (TBHQ) and SFO without antioxidants (control) stored at 60 °C for 24 days. The oxidation indexes of oil samples include peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid value, and p-anisidine value measured at four-days intervals. The GE encapsulated in whey protein concentrate coating showed less oil oxidation than control and TBHQ samples. These results exhibited that whey protein concentrate is the high-performance coating for encapsulating GE and it can be used as a natural antioxidant and alternative for synthetic antioxidants.
The side effects of synthetic antioxidants make it necessary to find a natural alternative. Therefore, the current study investigates the potential of T. spruneriana as a new alternative in terms of natural bioactive components. In this context, antioxidant activity, enzyme inhibition, and phenolic compounds of different extracts including ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, and aqueous were identified. The results show that the ethyl acetate (113.59 ± 2.73 mg GAE/g) has the highest phenolic content, but ethanol extract has the highest scavenging activity for DPPH and TAC. The ethanol extract showed stronger inhibition on cholinesterase and α‐amylase compared to other extracts. Besides, 12 bioactive compounds were characterized in T. spruneriana extracts by HPLC‐DAD. Our findings support that T. spruneriana could be considered as a new source of active phytochemicals, as well as provide remarkable data on biological activities of some main enzymes playing role in the healing of hyperpigmentation, Alzheimer, and diabetes.
Practical applications
This study reports the total content, types and amounts of bioactive compounds and potential beneficial bioactivities of the different extracts of T. spruneriana. Trigonella is abundant in nature and spread over a wide geographical area, and is used in making cheese, pastries, spices, and sausages in different countries, as well as for antidiabetic purposes. Trigonella leaves are a good source of bioactive compounds that contain compounds like quercetin, catechin, cinnamic acid, and coumaric acid, along with it have also a high content of soluble fibers and is suggested for body weight control. Apart from being the first study conducted to point out the potential of T. spruneriana as being a natural food additive, this study also demonstrated its medicinal importance by revealing the anti‐hyperpigmentation, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and antioxidant properties of T. spruneriana.
Food preservation and safety is drawing more attention globally due to the increasing prevalence of food-borne diseases. The natural methods of food preservation are considered safer compared to methods using synthetic preservatives. The essential oils with natural preservative properties could be useful for food safety and preservation. The objective of this study was to analyze the chemical composition of commercially available Allium sativum and Trigonella foenum-graecum essential oils by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The antimicrobial activities of Allium sativum and Trigonella foenum-graecum essential oils were determined by agar well diffusion technique. The GC-MS analysis of Garlic essential oil (GEO) revealed that, Allyl methyl trisulfide (13.10%), Di-allyl sulfide (9.47%) and Di-allyl tetrasulfide (4.38%) were the major components, while methanolic extract of Fenugreek essential oil (FEO) showed limonene (12.92%), Silane trimethylphenyl (10.71%), carvone (4.57%) and Trigolline (0.38%) as major components. The results of our study showed a significant antimicrobial activity of GEO and FEO against the tested microbial strains, which indicates the presence of broad-spectrum antimicrobial constituents in GEO and FEO. However, further studies are needed for individual bioactive components and safety aspects for their application in food preservation.
Background: Trigonella foenum graecum (TG) Linn. (Methi) is widely used as a spice and known for its pharmacological properties. Objective: The current study was conducted to examine the efficacy of TG Linn., family: Fabaceae, against sodium arsenite-induced toxicity in mice. Materials and Methods: Sixty mice (Mus musculus) weighing about 25 g were randomized into six groups; each of ten mice: Group I served as untreated control; Group II received only sodium arsenite (100 ppm) in drinking water for 2 months. The Group III mice fed chronically with sodium arsenite for 2 months as in Group II and then fed a vehicle of 1:20 alcohol to distilled water (1:20) for 15 and 30 days, respectively; Group IV to VI mice were treated as in Group II and then fed with 50, 150, and 250 mg/kg of TG seed extract, once daily for 15 and 30 days. Results: The IC50of the seed extract was 66.78 μg/mL, and it reduced the activities of toxicity marker enzymes such as gamma glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, lipid peroxidation, aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransaminase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) and elevated the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and G6PD (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001), a similar trend was also noted with hematological variables. Further, the normal architecture of the kidney was retained in the TG-fed series than arsenic (As)-treated series. Urinary excretion of As was high in treated groups compared to controls (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001), and 150 mg/kg dose offered better protection than the other two doses. Conclusion: TG seed extract has revealed potent antioxidant properties and consequently can be used as a protective agent in As-induced toxicity.
False yam (Icacina oliviformis) is a drought-resistant root crop found in Northern Ghana. Research confirms it to contain some levels of antimicrobial, antifungal, antidiarrheal, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities. This study was carried out to determine the effectiveness of False yam extracts incorporated in liquid soap against selected microorganisms. Polar solvent (methanol, ethanol, and water) extracts from the leaves, tuber (root), peels (root bark), and seeds were diluted with liquid soap to give concentrations of 50 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, and 12.5 mg/mL. Test organisms used were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio species. The results revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) among the different solvents and concentrations of the plant materials used. The ethanol seed extract at a concentration of 50 mg/mL was most inhibitive on Vibrio species with an inhibition diameter of 13 mm. The methanol peel extract also had the greatest inhibition on Escherichia coli with average inhibition zone of 7 mm to 12.5 mm followed closely by the tuber with maximum inhibition zone of 9 mm. The leaf extract generally exhibited higher values of inhibition on Staphylococcus aureus with zone range of 10 mm to 15 mm. The highest activity occurred with an inhibition zone of 15 mm diameter. The tuber and peel extracts recorded the highest antibacterial activity. Staphylococcus aureus appeared to be the most susceptible organism and the methanol extracts exhibited a relatively high frequency of inhibition. Further research efforts should combine the tuber and peel extracts to determine the possible synergistic and/or antagonistic effect.
The side effects associated with the usage of synthetic antioxidants make it imperative to search for alternative from medicinal plants. Therefore, this study was aimed at evaluating antioxidant potential of Trigonella spruneriana (Fenugreek) aerial part, as well as its phenolic content. The antioxidant potentials of methanolic, ethanolic, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of T. spruneriana were determined by DPPH, FRAP and total antioxidant capacity assays. Results obtained showed that out of all the extracts tested, ethyl acetate extract possessed the highest phenolic content (113.59 mg GAE/g extract). Among samples, ethanolic extract possessed the highest DPPH (IC50=3.87 mg/ml) and TAC (65.75 mg TE/g extract). The HPLC results revealed high variation in different extracts according to their major phenolic (catechin, quercetin and hydroxybenzoic acid) compounds.
ContexteLes substances phytochimiques sont des composés naturels bioactifs qui agissent comme des agents protecteurs contre le stress chez les plantes. Ces composés phytochimiques pourraient également présenter d’autres activités biologiques telles que l’activité antibactérienne. ObjectifL’objectif de ce travail est l’étude de l’effet antibactérien des extraits aqueux et hydroalcooliques préparés à partir des feuilles de Thymus vulgaris, d’Aloysia triphylla, de Pistacia lentiscus, d’Olea europaea et des graines de Trigonella foenum-graecum sur quelques bactéries pathogènes responsables de gastroentérites. RésultatsLes résultats de l’effet antibactérien ont montré une activité modérée contre les souches étudiées avec des diamètres des zones d’inhibition allant de 07,00 ± 0,8 jusqu’à 16,00 ± 1,0 mm pour les extraits aqueux et variant entre 07,00 ± 0,9 et 13,00 ± 1,0 mm pour les extraits hydroalcooliques. Conclusion
Cette étude confirme donc la possibilité d’utiliser ces plantes ou ses composants dans la prévention de plusieurs pathologies comme les gastroentérites.
Objective- This study was performed to evaluate whether Trigonella foenum graecum (fenugreek) seeds extract has any protective activity in intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat. Design- Experimental study. Animals- 20 male Wistar albino rats. Procedures- Four groups of rats were included in this study. Group I (I/R) underwent ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) of the intestine (45 min of ischemia followed by 1 h of reperfusion). Group II (fenugreek +I/R) was given fenugreek seeds extract via oral gavages for 2 wk before inducing I/R. Group III (vitamin C + I/R) and group IV (control) had sham I/R. After the experiments, the jejunum was removed and the tissues were processed for histopathologic examination. Results- I/R group animals showed severe mucosal damage. The intestinal mucosa in the groups II and III was preserved in comparison with that in the group I. Significant decrease in histopathological scores was noted in the VitC and fenugreek groups in comparison with I/R group. There was no significant difference between the VitC and fenugreek groups (p>0.05). Conclusion and clinical relevance- According to the results of current study, administration of Trigonella foenum graecum (fenugreek) seeds extract before inducing I/R protects the intestinal mucosa from injury.
Three hundred Dolichos bean (Lablab purpureus) genotypes were screened against Dolichos Yellow Mosaic Virus (DYMV) disease. Initial screening was done under field conditions where disease incidence was calculated for each genotype. Subsequently, selfed progenies of 34 symptomless lines were challenged by sap inoculation under field conditions, out of which only three genotypes, viz. VRSEM-894, VRSEM-887 and VRSEM-860 did not show any symptoms. Using root stalk of susceptible genotype (Ankur Goldy), these three putative symptomless genotypes were further challenged by grafting. The resistant reactions of VRSEM-894, VRSEM-887 and VRSEM-860 were confirmed as even after 60 days of successful grafting, no viral symptom appeared on all the grafted plants of these genotypes. When subjected to PCR amplification with DYMV coat protein gene specific primer, these three symptomless genotypes did not show any amplification, suggesting that there was no infection of Dolichos Yellow Mosaic Virus in those genotypes.
Phytomedicines are cost effective, safe and renewable herbal medicine so these have been used as alternative medicine for ancient time. Phytoconstituents present in these medicinal plants are responsible for antimicrobial and antioxidant activity which consequently enhance immune function. The various organic extracts of leaves of Bauhinia variegata were prepared. The antimicrobial activities of extracts were evaluated and compared by Agar well diffusion method against human pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The propanol extract showed wide range of activity on these pathogens following by butanol and acetone. Hexane and ethyl acetate (MIC-1mg/ml) extract were most effective against E. coli followed by acetone and chloroform. Bioactive compounds revealed by phytochemical screening were saponins, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and steroids. Free radical scavenging capacity was evaluated by reducing power assay which demonstrated a correlation between concentration of extract and antioxidant potential.
Diabetic nephropathy is the kidney complication of diabetes mellitus and leading to end stage renal disease. In the past, reconstructed antidiabetic combination from Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seeds (IND01) containing 4-hydroxyisoleucine (40%), trigonelline (30%) and galactomannan (30%) showed excellent antihyperglycemic activity. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the renoprotective efficacy of IND01 in animal model of diabetes with and without ischemia reperfusion injury. The diabetes was induced by alloxan in dose of 160 mg kg-1, intrapertoneally (early nephropathy model, without ischemia reperfusion) or 70 mg kg-1, i.v. (model with ischemia reperfusion). In both models, effects of oral treatment of IND01 (50, 100 and 200 mg kg-1, daily once for 30 days) were observed on biochemical parameters (cratinine clearance) and urine (blood urea nitrogen). On day 30, rats were sacrificed, and histology was performed on isolated kidneys. Alloxan administration with or without ischemia reperfusion showed symptoms of severe nephropathy (decreased creatinine clearance, increased BUN, presence of glomerular matrix formation, tubular necrosis, interstitial inflammation and fibrosis). The daily oral administration of IND01 (50-200 mg kg-1) showed potent and mild renoprotective effects on biochemical parameters against diabetic rats without ischemia (early nephropathy) and with ischemia model respectively. IND01 showed moderate protection from histological abnormalities in kidney of alloxan-induced rats without ischemia reperfusion injury (early nephropathy model). However, such protection was not offered by IND01 in alloxan induced rats with ischemia reperfusion injury. In conclusion, IND01 showed renoprotection in animal model of early nephropathy probably by effective glycemic control.
Our investigation is about the determination of the antibacterial efficiency of 22 medicinal plants on the four most frequent bacteria in urinary infections. These infections are responsible for more than 15% of urinary stones formation.Methods
We have initiated an extraction liquid/solid. In this respect, we have used water extractions according to the standard methods utilized by the local population, i.e: (i) the décoction, (ii) the infusion, (iii) the macération and (iiii) the percolation. The microorganisms used are Staphylooccus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The strains were isolated from patients having urinary infections. The antibiotic disks Kanamicin, Colistin, Amoxicillin, Gentamicin, Ampicillin were applied to the reference bacteria at concentrations of 30 μg, 50μg, 25μg, 10μg et 10μg respectively.ResultsThese studies showed that decoction (d) had the higher effect with 43.3 % followed by percolation (p) (28.3%) and maceration (m) (16.7%). Infusion (i) had a limited effect (11.7%). Escherichia coli (E. coli), Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus showed an average sensitivity of 28% in each case. However, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a highly pathogenic and resistant bacteria showed up to 17.5% of sensitivity. 16.3% of the plant extracts showed a high antimicrobial activity. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was highly resistant to Kanamycin, Amoxicillin and Ampicillin and at a lower extent to Colistin and Gentamicin. However, it was sensitive to some plant extracts such as Allium sativum, Artemesia compestris(pm), Citrus aurantium(p), Cotula cinerea(p), Lavandula officinalis (d), Globularia alypum (d), Juniperus phoeniceae (m), Olea europaea (p), Pistacia lentiscus (m), Trachyspermum ammi (m), Zygophyllum album (p) and Zingiber officinalis (d).Conclusion
The present work shows that most of the studied plants are potentially a good source of antimicrobial agents and it proves the importance of such plants in urolithiasis medicine and alternative healthcare.
Human erythrocytes are an excellent model system to study interaction of pro-oxidants with membranes. The present study, was carried out to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant properties and protective effects of silymarin (milk thistle) in human erythrocyte against tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP), a potent oxidative stress inducer chemical. Protective effect of silymarin was assessed in vitro by monitoring the antioxidant marker glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in three groups of erythrocytes: (I) vehicle control, (II) tert-butyl hydroperoxide incubated group and (III) t-BHP co-incubated with various concentrations of silymarin. The effects of silymarin on lipid peroxidation MDA and GSH content in erythrocytes were assessed. It was observed that activity of GSH was significantly decreased and the malondialdehyde levels were elevated when human erythrocytes were incubated with tert-butyl hydroperoxide in concentration as well as time dependent manner. The protective effect of silymarin is elucidated by the significant reversal of the GSH content and malondialdehyde reduction in human erythrocyte. Therefore the results of our present study suggested that silymarin possess substantial protective effect against in-vitro induced oxidative stress damages by t-BHP.
Plants have been exploited to a large extent for the treatment of human diseases in different parts of the world. Plant products with antibacterial properties have obtained enormous emphasis for exploration of its novel bioactive compounds. Underutilized edible fruits of Physalis minima L. have been screened at their successive stage of growth and ripening to identify its antibacterial potential using agar well diffusion method. Various non-polar to polar infusion extracts were used to determine zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration against medically important bacterial strains namely Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella paratyphi and Salmonella typhi. Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of mature and ripened fruit showed significant activity against Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus subtilis. The study also demonstrates the influence of maturity indices of P. minima fruit on its antibacterial potential and demands further studies to identify the bioactive natural compounds present so as to serve and facilitate pharmacological studies.
Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) is an annual herb that belongs to the family Leguminosae. Seeds of Trigonella are used as
antidiabetic, inhibit cholesterol absorption (hyper cholesterolemia), antiatherosclerotic, mild antiseptic and acts as an emollient. In the
present study, Trigonella seeds were investigated for the presence of total antioxidant activity, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate oxidase,
total phenolic compounds and antimicrobial activity. It was observed that crude extract of Trigonella seeds germinated in curd showed the
highest activities of total antioxidants, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate oxidase and total phenolics when compared with other samples
tested. Antimicrobial activity is done on different bacteria and fungi using agar well diffusion method with ampicillin and fucanazole as
the positive antimicrobial standards to determine the sensitivity of the microbial strains. It was found that ethyl acetate extract of Trigonella
foenum-graecum seeds showed zone of inhibition ranging from 11-25 mm with bacteria and 35-40 mm with fungi and crude extract of
Trigonella seed germinated in curd showed zone of inhibition ranging from 11-15 mm with bacteria and 38-42 mm with fungi.
This study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemical content and allelopathic potential fenugreek aerial part, which was evaluated on lettuce germination and seedling growth, of as influenced by fenugreek developmental stages (vegetative, flowering and fruiting). The total phenolics, flavonoids, flavonols and flavones, alkaloids and proanthocyanidins contents in the aqueous extracts were lower in the fruiting stage in comparison with the vegetative stage. Among organic extracts, methanol extracts were the richest, and the vegetative and fruiting stages were the richest in the phytochemicals assayed. For allelopathic activity, all aqueous and organic extracts significantly delayed germination, reduced its rate and affected seedling growth. In addition, the analysis using WESIA software showed a stronger inhibition index of the aqueous extracts of aerial parts harvested at vegetative stage compared to the two other stages. Ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of aerial parts harvested at fruiting stage were the most toxic, respectively for lettuce germination and seedling growth. Significant negative correlation was found between germination and shoot growth and alkaloids content (R2=0.9). Similarly root growth was negatively correlated with polyphenols and flavonoids content (R2=0.98). Knowing the development stage, at which plants are most rich in allelochemicals, would counteract the allelochemical production in very small quantities so make full use allelopathic potential at the most appropriate time.
Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant traditionally used for the treatment of cold, fever, laryngitis and several infectious diseases ranging from malaria to dysentery and diarrhea in China, India and other south east Asian countries. The plant is claimed to possess immunological, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antithrombotic and hepatoprotective properties. In Malaysia, the plant is used in folk medicines to treat diabetes and hypertension. The contents of diterpenoids like andrographolide, neoandrographolide and dehydroandrographolide are the chief criteria for monitoring the quality of A. paniculata. Andrographolide, though found in all plant parts, is most concentrated in the leaves. It is a diterpene containing a γ-lactone ring connected to a decalin ring system via an unsaturated C-2 moiety. It has multiple pharmacological properties such as protozoacidal, antihepatotoxic, anti-HIV, anticancer, antitumor, hypoglycemic and hypotensive activities. Andrographolide is an interesting pharmacophore with anticancer and immunomodulatory activities and hence has the potential to be developed as an anticancer chemotherapeutic agent as well. In this review, we have explored the various dimensions of the Andrographis paniculata plant and compiled its vast pharmacological applications to comprehend and synthesize the subject of its potential image of multipurpose medicinal agent. The plant is widely cultivated to large regions of the world and its importance as a medicinal plant is growing up substantially with increasing and stronger reports in support of its multifarious therapeutic uses.
A set of parameters and respective procedures for the establishment of chemical profiles of samples of tinctures and crude propolis is presented. It is proposed that estimations of the content of total phenolic substances, flavonoids, waxes, ash, volatile substances and dry residue be used as parameters to characterize samples of crude propolis. For tinctures, the estimations of total phenolic substances, flavonoids, waxes, specific gravity and ethanol are proposed. Total phenolic substances and flavonoids are measured by spectrophotometric methods, waxes gravimetrically and ethanol by gas chromatography. The accuracy of the spectrophotometric procedures was tested by assaying a mixture with a known composition of phenolic acids and flavonoids. The use of the procedures is exemplified by the analyses of six samples of crude propolis from different localities in Brazil and of tinctures prepared with absolute and 70% aqueous ethanol. The contents of total phenolic substances, flavonoids, waxes and volatile compounds of the samples analysed are relatively low in comparison with data from the literature. Samples of propolis from nearby localities may have quite different chemical profiles. Compared with absolute ethanol, extraction with aqueous ethanol results in wax-free tinctures, containing higher amounts of phenolic substances.
The in vitro antimicrobial activity of crude ethanolic, methanolic and water extracts of the stem bark of Jatropha curcas were investigated. The extracts exhibited antimicrobial activities with zones of inhibition ranging from 5 to 12, 8 to 20 and 0 to 8 mm for ethanol, methanol and water extracts respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the ethanol extract was between 0.5 and 6.25 mgml-1 while that of methanol extract ranged from 0.5 to 10 mgml-1. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for ethanol extract ranged between 2.0 and 12.50 mgml-1, while that of methanol ranged from 2.0 to 20 mgml-1. Again all the extracts exhibited appreciable activity against all the fungal species investigated. The zones of inhibition exhibited by the extracts against the test fungal species ranged between 15 and 18, 15 and 20 and 5 and 10 mm for ethanol, methanol and water extracts respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponin, steroids, tannin, glycosides, alkaloids and flavonoids in the extracts. The ability of the crude stem extracts of J. curcas to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi is an indication of its broad spectrum antimicrobial potential which may be employed in the management of microbial infections.
Andrographis paniculata Nees (Acanthaceae), commonly known as 'Kalmegh' is traditionally used medicinal plant. In present study callus was raised from the seeds. Maximum callus was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 2, 4-D 4.52µM/liter and IAA (5.71 µM/l). The callus and different plant parts were used for primary metabolite quantification and antioxidant activity. Maximum soluble sugars and protein found in callus, maximum amount of starch, lipid and phenolic contents were found in leaf. Leaf extract showed maximum superoxide radical scavenging activity (45.0±1.02%)) than other plant parts while root extract have maximum 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity (71.42±1.14%)).
The antibacterial properties of the Cassia auriculata were tested against ten human pathogens by using five different solvent namely, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol. The maximum antibacterial activity recorded in methanol extracts against Vibrio cholorae and Staphylococcus aureus. Minimum activity was noted in chloroform extracts against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, no inhibition zone present in chloroform extract against E. coli. Total anti oxidant level, total phenolic compounds and total flavonoid content was higher in ethyl acetate extract. In separation of compounds, ethyl acetate extract were more spots in (TLC) plate. Key words: Cassia auriculata % Antibacterial activity % Ethyl acetate extract % Anti oxidant and thin layer chromatography INTRODUCTION developing countries. Nowadays in medicinal plants are
The present study aimed at evaluating the in vitro antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts of some medicinal plants against Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus sp. The methanolic extract of Caryophyllus aromaticus presented the highest anti-S. aureus activity and was effective against all bacterial strains tested.Avaliou-se a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro de extratos metanólicos de algumas plantas medicinais frente a Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus e Enterococcus sp. O extrato metanólico de Caryophyllus aromaticus foi o mais eficaz para todas as bactérias testadas e apresentou a melhor atividade anti-S. aureus.
Bacterial pathogens have evolved numerous defense mechanisms against antimicrobial agents; hence resistance to old and newly produced drugs is on the rise. The phenomenon of antibiotic resistance exhibited by the pathogenic microorganisms have led to the need for screening of several medicinal plants for their potential antimicrobial activity. Thus the present study was undertaken to investigate the antibacterial activity of 15 medicinal plants used by tribals against UTI causing isolates. The antibacterial activity of aqueous , ethanol and acetone extracts of Corriander sativum, Abutilon indicum, Boerhavia diffusa andrographis paniculata, Plantago ovata, Bacopa monnieri, Bauhinia variegata, Flacouratia ramontchi, Embelia tfgerium, Euphorbia ligularia, Zinziber officinale, Terminalia chebula, Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum and Cinnamomum cassia was determined against 33 UTI isolates i.e. Proteus mirabilis (10), Escherichia coli (6), Proteus vulgaris (6), Klebsiella pneumoniae (5), Enterobacter cloacae (2), Providencia pseudomallei (2), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1) and Klebsiella oxytoca (1) by disc diffusion method. Our studies concluded that crude extracts of the selected plants especially the acetone and ethanol extracts exhibited significant activity against UTI pathogens. It can be concluded that these plants can be used to discover natural products that may serve as lead for the development of new pharmaceuticals addressing the major therapeutic needs.
The antibacterial activity of the extracts prepared from 181 species (75 families) of tropical and subtropi- cal plants was screened against various types of patho- genic bacteria. Among the 505 extracts tested, 53 of them inhibited the growth of methicillin-resistant Sta- phylococcus aureus (MRSA). The active extracts ob- tained from barks of Shorea hemsleyana and roots of Cyphostemma bainessi were separated to their compo- nents, some of which greatly reduced the viable cell number of MRSA. These active compounds were all identified as stilbene derivatives. Hemsleyanol D, one of the stilbene tetramer isolated from S. hemsleyana, was the most effective compound and had MIC of 2 µg/ ml.
Over the past decade, herbal and ayurvedic drugs have become a subject of world importance, with both medicinal and economical implications. A regular and widespread use of herbs throughout the world has increased serious concerns over their quality, safety and efficacy. Thus, a proper scientific evidence or assessment has become the criteria for acceptance of herbal health claims. In the present study we examined the antioxidant effects of ethanolic extract of leaves of Clerodendrum infortunatum Linn at various concentrations in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, FRAP assay (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) and the Hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assay. The results of the present study revealed that the plant extract has significant antioxidant activity and are encouraging for further assessment to elucidate the mechanism of action and to identify the bioactive compounds implicated in the antioxidant effect and the membrane-stability.
Ethanolic extracts of 22 traditionally used Indian medicinal plants were studied for their antimicrobial activity against seven bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, S. paratyphi, S. typhi, E. coli, Shigella dysenteriae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and five filamentous fungi (Aspergillus niger, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium chlamydosporum, Rhizoctonia bataticola and Trichoderma viride) and a yeast Candida albicans of clinical origin. Of these, 16 plant extracts showed varied level of antibacterial activity against one or more test bacteria. Similarly antifungal and anticandidal activity was detected among 17 and 9 plant extracts respectively. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity (both antibacterial and antifungal) was detected among crude extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum (leaves), Caesalpinia bonducella (seeds), Delonix regia (flower), Hedychium spicatum (fruits), Mangifera indica (leaves), Murraya coenigii (leaves) and Syzgium cumini (seeds). Similarly extracts of Cichorium intybus (roots), Ficus religiosa (leaves) and Trigonella foenum-graecum (leaves) demonstrated more antibacterial activity with less antifungal activity. On the other hand Pistacia integerrima (stems) and Rheum emodi (roots) demonstrated more antifungal activity with less antibacterial activity.
The antioxidant activity of the aqueous (hot) extract of Helicteres isora Linn. (AEHI) (Family-Sterculiaceae) fruits was investigated in various in vitro models. The total polyphenolic content of the extract was found 7.04% of AEHI, when compared to gallic acid and total flavonoids content was 2.4 mg/g of AEHI, when compared to rutin. Hydrogen peroxide radicals were inhibited at IC 50 = 165 Hg/ml, while ascorbic acid inhibited at 187.33 Hg/ml. AEHI inhibited the nitric oxide radical at IC50 = 820 μg/ml, when it was compared with rutin as standard antioxidant with IC50 = 68.52 Hg/ml. Superoxide (SO) radical's inhibition was compared with quercetin and IC50 value was found more than 1000 μg/ml. Moreover, the results were observed in a concentration dependent manner. Present in vitro studies clearly indicated that the aqueous (hot) extract of H, isora has significant antioxidant activity.
The present study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of ethanolic, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of aerial parts of Bacopa monnieri (L.). The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate tested for the Staphylococcus aureus , Proteus vulgaris , Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger . Diethyl ether extracts of Bacopa monnieri showed an antibacterial activity against gram positive and ethyl acetate extract was active against gram negative organism. The extract of diethyl ether having potent antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus at higher concentrations (300 μg mL<SUP>-1</SUP>). Ethanolic extract of Bacopa monnieri has more antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Diethyl ether extract and Ethyl acetate extract has slight antifungal activity but have broad spectrum of antibacterial effect against the entire tested organisms, whereas ethanolic extract showed marked inhibitory activity against fungal species. Aqueous extract of the different concentration showed no inhibitory effects on the tested microorganisms due to loss of some active compounds during extraction processes of the sample.
Many diseases are associated with oxidative stress caused by free radicals. Current research is directed towards finding naturally-occurring antioxidants of plant origin. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activities of Spondias pinnata stem bark extract.
A 70% methanol extract of Spondias pinnata stem bark was studied in vitro for total antioxidant activity, for scavenging of hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, singlet oxygen and hypochlorous acid, and for iron chelating capacity, reducing power, and phenolic and flavonoid contents.
The extract showed total antioxidant activity with a trolox equivalent antioxidant concentration (TEAC) value of 0.78 +/- 0.02. The IC50 values for scavenging of free radicals were 112.18 +/- 3.27 microg/ml, 13.46 +/- 0.66 microg/ml and 24.48 +/- 2.31 microg/ml for hydroxyl, superoxide and nitric oxide, respectively. The IC50 for hydrogen peroxide scavenging was 44.74 +/- 25.61 mg/ml. For the peroxynitrite, singlet oxygen and hypochlorous acid scavenging activities the IC50 values were 716.32 +/- 32.25 microg/ml, 58.07 +/- 5.36 microg/ml and 127.99 +/- 6.26 microg/ml, respectively. The extract was found to be a potent iron chelator with IC50 = 66.54 +/- 0.84 microg/ml. The reducing power was increased with increasing amounts of extract. The plant extract (100 mg) yielded 91.47 +/- 0.004 mg/ml gallic acid-equivalent phenolic content and 350.5 +/- 0.004 mg/ml quercetin-equivalent flavonoid content.
The present study provides evidence that a 70% methanol extract of Spondias pinnata stem bark is a potential source of natural antioxidants.
Seven flavonoids and three non-flavonoid antioxidants, i.e. butylated hydroxyanisole, chlorpromazine and BW 755 C, were studied as potential scavengers of oxygen free radicals. Superoxide anions were generated enzymatically in a xanthine-xanthine oxidase system and non-enzymatically in a phenazine methosulphate-NADH system, and assayed by reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium. The generation of malonaldehyde (MDA) by the ascorbate-stimulated air-oxidised boiled rat liver microsomes was considered as an index of the non-enzymatic formation of hydroxyl radicals. Flavonoids but not non-flavonoid antioxidants lowered the concentration of detectable superoxide anions in both enzymic and non-enzymic systems which generated these SOD-sensitive radicals. The most effective inhibitors of superoxide anions were quercetin, myricetin and rutin. Four out of seven investigated flavonoids seemed also to suppress the activity of xanthine oxidase as measured by a decrease in uric acid biosynthesis. All ten investigated compounds inhibited the MDA formation by rat liver microsomes. Non-flavonoid antioxidants were more potent MDA inhibitors than flavonoids. It is concluded that antioxidant properties of flavonoids are effected mainly via scavenging of superoxide anions whereas non-flavonoid antioxidants act on further links of free radical chain reactions, most likely by scavenging of hydroxyl radicals.
A medium sized tree, up to 15 m high, distributed almost throughout India. Leaves 15-45 cm. long, deciduous in the cold season; leaflets 6-10 pairs and an odd one, opposite or nearly so, subsessile, sometimes 15 cm. long, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, usually acuminate, oblique, crenate, pubescent when young, at length glabrous. The primary phytochemical study and in vitro anti oxidant study was performed on 70% hydroalcoholic extract of shade dried leaves. The 70% hydroalcoholic extract of Garuga pinnata were prepared and evaluated for its primary phytochemical analysis for total phenolic content and in vitro anti oxidant activity study by DPPH free radical scavenging activity, super oxide free radical activity and nitric oxide scavenging activity. Results indicate that 70% hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Garuga pinnata have marked amount of total phenols which could be responsible for the anti oxidant activity. The mechanism and chemicals remains unclear and could be further investigated by detailed phytochemical investigation.
The methanol and acetone extracts of 14 plants belonging to different families were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against five Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus flavus, seven Gram-negative bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhimurium, Citrobacter freundii; and three fungi: Candida tropicalis, Cryptococcus luteolus and Candida albicans. The in vitro antimicrobial activity was performed by agar disc diffusion method. The extractive yield was more in methanol than in acetone. The methanol extracts showed more antibacterial activity than acetone extracts. The most susceptible bacterium was K. pneumoniae and the most resistant were P. vulgaris, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, cardiac glycosides, steroids and saponins. Among the plant species screened, the best antimicrobial activity was shown by Aristolochia indica; hence, this plant can be further subjected to isolation of the therapeutic antimicrobials and to further pharmacological evaluation.
Globally, the uses of complementary and alternative therapies are emerging trend in the health care system. In India, with the constant increase in ageing population and chronic diseases most people prefer complementary and alternative medicines. The reasons include lack of local health services, financial crisis and non-availability of drugs. The common alternative medicines are ayurveda, siddha, unani, naturopathy and homeopathy, other than that the latest form of complementary therapies include hydrotherapy, music therapy, humour therapy, colour therapy and light therapy.
Caffeic acid (CA) has been implied as an important source of natural antioxidants in various agricultural products. We compared the antioxidative activity of CA and dihydrocaffeic acid (HCA) in lard and the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) system to know the role of the 2,3-double bond on the appearance of its antioxidative property. HCA was more effective than CA in enhancing oxidative stability of lard at 60 °C. Inhibition by HCA of copper ion-induced oxidation of human LDL was less effective than that by CA, whereas there was no significant difference between the two compounds in the capacity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and the activity of lipid peroxyl radical scavenging in solution. It can be concluded that the 2,3-double bond in the structure of CA affects the efficiency of antioxidative activity depending on the environment where the oxidation happens, although it is rarely responsible for its inherent activity. Keywords: Antioxidants; caffeic acid; dihydrocaffeic acid; free radical-scavenging activity; low-density lipoprotein
Antioxidative properties of methanolic extracts from peanut hulls (MEPH) have been investigated. MEPH had good thermal stability
and showed an 85.2% inhibition of peroxidation of linoleic acid when heated at 185°C for 2 h. Only a slight decrease in antioxidative
activity of MEPH occurred when the extract was stored at different temperatures (∓20, 5 and 30°C) under air or nitrogen (30°C)
for 70 d. Antioxidative activity of MEPH decreased with an increase of pH from 3 to 9. No synergistic effect of ascorbic acid,
citric acid, cysteine or α-tocopherol was observed on the inhibitory effect of MEPH. The reducing power of MEPH increased
with an increase in concentration and was significantly correlated (r=0.9793,P<0.05) to the extent of antioxidative activity. MEPH also showed good inhibitory activity in lard oxidation when compared
with butylated hydroxyanisole.
Ascorbate has been demonstrated to be an effective antioxidant. It can act both directly, by reaction with aqueous peroxyl radicals, and indirectly, by restoring the antioxidant properties of fat-soluble vitamin E. The overall consequence of these antioxidant activities is the beneficial control of lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes including those surrounding as well as within intracellular organelles. Intracellular free radical attack on non-lipid nuclear material may also be diminished.In addition to reviewing the chemical basis of the antioxidant function of vitamin C, this report will focus on the importance of vitamin C as an antioxidant component of plasma as well as the extracellular fluids surrounding the lung, lens and retina. The protection by vitamin C of phagocytic cells involved in the defense against pathogen invasion will also be discussed.This review presents evidence which supports the importance of vitamin C as a component of the overall antioxidant protective mechanisms found in cells and tissues. The data are consistent and form a strong consensus for investigating the importance of the antioxidant function of vitamin C in the maintenance of human health.
The antioxidative activity of water extracts of three herbs, including the flower of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat (FCMR), the calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (CHSL) and roasted seed of Hordeum vulgare L. (RSHVL), which are commonly called Hang Chu, Lo Shen and Chao Mai in Taiwan, respectively, were investigated. FCMR, CHSL and RSHVL showed marked antioxidative activity, not only in linoleic acid but also in liposome model systems, indicating that the three herbal water extracts may protect the cell from damage by lipid peroxidation. FCMR, CHSL and RSHVL possessed high contents of phenolic compounds and exhibited reducing power, revealing that these herbal extracts may containreductones. The water extracts of the three herbs also showed good hydrogen-donating abilities, indicating that they had effective activities as radical scavengers. No mutagenicity in the water extracts of the three herbs was found in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100, either with or without S9 mix.
Inhibition of Aspergillus parasiticus growth and its aflatoxin production exposed to the essential oils extracted from two varieties of Thyme i.e. Thymus eriocalyx and Thymus x-porlock were studied. The disc diffusion method was used to evaluate the zone of fungal growth inhibition at various concentrations of the oils. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the oils were determined and compared with each other. The oils from the above plants were found to be strongly fungicidal and inhibitory to aflatoxin production. The oils analyzed by GC and GC/MS lead to identification of 18 and 19 components in T. eriocalyx and T. x-porlock oils respectively. The profile of the oil components from T. eriocalyx was similar to that of T. x-porlock in almost all the compounds but at different concentrations. The major components of T. eriocalyx and T. x-porlock oils were Thymol (64.3, 30.7%), β-phellandrene (13.2, 39.4%) and cis-sabinene hydroxide (8.4, 9.7%) respectively. Substitution of currently used antifungal and aflatoxin inhibiting chemicals by natural compounds such as thyme is recommended.
The influence of acid and alkaline hydrolysis on the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Terminalia catappa L. leaves were evaluated in this study. Polyphenolic content was determined using total phenolic, total flavonoid and total tannin assays. Four in vitro antioxidant assays such as DPPH, ABTS, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potency (FRAP) and total antioxidant capacity assays were followed to determine the antioxidant potency of the extracts and the values were expressed as mg vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC)/g extract. The results of this study indicated that acid hydrolysed and alkaline hydrolysed extracts possess fewer amounts of polyphenolic constituents in comparison with non hydrolysed extract. Even the VCEAC values of non hydrolysed extract in antioxidant assays were significantly higher (p<0.05) than acid and alkaline hydrolysed extracts. Moreover, the UV-visible spectral study also showed the absence of some of the absorption peaks of polyphenolic constituents in acid and alkaline hydrolysed extracts and hence, it supported our in vitro results. A strong correlation was observed for polyphenolic content and antioxidant activities of these extracts ensuring the involvement of polyphenolic content for the antioxidant activity. However, the results of this study may not be generalised for all plants as different plants possess different phytoconstituents in varying quantities.
Delonix elata , Enicostemma axillare, Merremia tridentata, Mollugo cerviana and Solanum incanum are medicinal plants used in traditional Indian medicine for the treatment of various ailments. These plants were selected to evaluate their potential antibacterial activity. To determine antibacterial activity and phytochemicals in the crude extracts of five medicinal plants used in traditional Indian medicine for the treatment of various ailments like rheumatism, piles fever, skin diseases and snake bite. The antibacterial activity of organic solvent extracts of these plants were determined by disc diffusion and broth dilution techniques against gram-positive bacterial strains ( Bacillus subtilis , Staphylococcus aureus ) and gram-negative bacterial strains ( Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae , Pseudomonas aeruginosa ). Results revealed that the chloroform and methanol extracts of D. elata and methanol extracts of M. cerviana exhibited significant antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative strains with minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranging from 1.5 to 100 mg/ml. Methanol extracts of M. tridentata exhibited activity only against gram-positive bacterial strains with MBC ranging from 12.5 to 100 mg/ml. Extracts of E. axillare and S. incanum showed activity only against B. subtilis and were not bactericidal at 100 mg/ml. The most susceptible organism to the organic extracts from all the studied plants was B. subtilis and the most resistant organism was P. aeruginosa . The presence of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins, triterpenoids, steroids and glycosides in the extracts of these plants supports their traditional uses as medicinal plants for the treatment of various ailments. The present study reveals potential use of these plants for developing new antibacterial compounds against pathogenic microorganisms.
The reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium (NitroBT) with NADH mediated by phenazine methosulfate (PMS) under aerobic conditions was inhibited upon addition of superoxide dismutase. This observation indicated the involvement of superoxide aninon radical (O2−) in the reduction of NitroBT, the radical being generated in the reoxidation of reduced PMS. Similarly, the reduction of NitroBT coupled to D-amino acid oxidase-PMS system under aerobic conditions was also inhibited by superoxide dismutase. A simple method for detecting superoxide dismutase is described.
The structure-activity relationships of synthetic caffeic acid amide and ester analogues as potential antioxidants and free radical scavengers have been investigated. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH.) scavenging activity of the test compounds was N-trans-caffeoyl-L-cysteine methyl ester (5) > N-trans-caffeoyldopamine (4) > N-trans-caffeoyltyramine (3) > N-trans-caffeoyl-beta-phenethylamine (2) > Trolox C (8) > caffeic acid phenethyl ester (1) > caffeic acid (6) > ferulic acid (7). This established that the radical scavenging activity of the compounds increased with increasing numbers of hydroxyl groups or catechol moieties and also with the presence of other hydrogen-donating groups (-NH, -SH). The antioxidative activity of the compounds was also investigated in an emulsified linoleic acid oxidation system accelerated by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride. The order was 1 > 2 > 4 > 3 > or = 5 > 6 > 8 > 7. Therefore, in the emulsion system, the antioxidative activity of the test compounds depends not only on the hydroxyl groups or catechol rings but also on the partition coefficient (log P) or hydrophobicity of the compounds. This supports the concept that hydrophobic antioxidants tend to exhibit better antioxidative activity in an emulsion system.
NAO is a natural water soluble antioxidant that was isolated and purified from spinach leaves. Using HPLC, NMR, and CMR spectroscopy, the main components were identified as flavonoids and p-coumaric acid derivatives. The NAO was found to be a very effective antioxidant in several in vivo and in vitro biological systems. In the present study, the antioxidant activity of the novel antioxidant glucurinated flavonoid (GF) isolated and characterized from NAO, is compared to well-known antioxidants. In addition, the direct free radical scavenging properties of the purified component GF were studied using the electron spin resonance (ESR) technique. GF and NAO were found to be superior to EGCG and NAC and to the Vitamin E homologue Trolox in inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in the autooxidation system of linoleic acid and in fibroblasts exposed to metal oxidation. GF and NAO were found to inhibit the ESR signal intensity of DMPO-O(2) radical formation during the riboflavin photodynamic reaction. 10 mM GF caused approximately 90% inhibition in the intensity of the ESR signal, while NAO at a concentration of 60 microg/ml caused an inhibition of about 50%. Using the Fenton reaction, GF and NAO were found to inhibit DMPO-OH radical formation. A concentration of 2 mM GF caused a 70% inhibition in the intensity of the DMPO-OH radical ESR signal, while propyl gallate at the same concentration caused only 50% inhibition. Furthermore, both GF and NAO also inhibited the (1)O(2) dependent TEMPO radical generated in the photoradiation TPPS4 system. About 80% inhibition was obtained by 4 mM GF. The results obtained indicate that the natural antioxidants derived from spinach may directly affect the scavenging of ROS and, as a consequence, may be considered as effective sources for combating oxidative damage.
The use of and search for drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. Ethnopharmacologists, botanists, microbiologists, and natural-products chemists are combing the Earth for phytochemicals and "leads" which could be developed for treatment of infectious diseases. While 25 to 50% of current pharmaceuticals are derived from plants, none are used as antimicrobials. Traditional healers have long used plants to prevent or cure infectious conditions; Western medicine is trying to duplicate their successes. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties. This review attempts to summarize the current status of botanical screening efforts, as well as in vivo studies of their effectiveness and toxicity. The structure and antimicrobial properties of phytochemicals are also addressed. Since many of these compounds are currently available as unregulated botanical preparations and their use by the public is increasing rapidly, clinicians need to consider the consequences of patients self-medicating with these preparations.
Two flavonoids, identified as 5,7,2',3'-tetramethoxyflavanone and 5-hydroxy-7,2',3'-trimethoxyflavone, as well as several other flavonoids, andrographolide diterpenoids, and polyphenols, were obtained from the phytochemical investigation of the whole plant of Andrographis paniculata, a well known medicinal plant. The structures of these compounds were established with the aid of spectroscopic methods, including analysis by 2D NMR spectroscopy.
Phytochemicals in fruits, vegetables, spices and traditional herbal medicinal plants have been found to play protective roles against many human chronic diseases including cancer and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). These diseases are associated with oxidative stresses caused by excess free radicals and other reactive oxygen species. Antioxidant phytochemicals exert their effect by neutralizing these highly reactive radicals. Among the tens of thousands of phytochemicals found in our diets or traditional medicines, polyphenols and carotenoids stand out as the two most important groups of natural antioxidants. However, although collectively these phytochemicals are good antioxidants, the roles and effect of individual compounds are often not well known. Hundreds of carotenoids and thousands of polyphenols have been identified so far from various plants. A single plant could contain highly complex profiles of these compounds, which sometimes are labile to heat, air and light, and they may exist at very low concentrations in the plants. This makes the separation and detection of these antioxidant phytochemicals a challenging task. The present review focuses on the antioxidant activity, chemical types, sampling and sample processing procedures, and separation using various chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques. Detection and quantification using ultraviolet-visible-diode array and mass spectrometry will be discussed.
Antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts of selected plants
- S P Wong
- L P Leong
- Jhw Koh
Wong SP, Leong LP and Koh JHW. Antioxidant activities of
aqueous extracts of selected plants. Food Chemistry 2005;
99(4), 775-783.