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Weld Metal Chemical Inhomogeneities

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Abstract

Microsegregation (effect of solid-state diffusion and dendrite-tip undercooling)Banding (compositional and microstructural fluctuations; causes)Inclusions and Gas Porosity (effect of joint design; spherical and interdendritic porosity)Inhomogeneities Near Fusion Boundary (composition profiles near the fusion boundary; unmixed zone; martensite formation and hydrogen cracking)Macrosegregation in Bulk Weld Metal (single-pass dissimilar welds; multi-pass dissimilar welds)19 Illustrations (including 14 micrographs), 55 References, and 7 Exercise Problems

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... It is clear that the porosity can be round (like Figure 10a,b) or interdendritic (like Figure 10d). It is not always easy to identify whether interdendritic pores are caused by gas or solidification shrinkage [39]. If they are created because of gas, they must have occurred during the latter stages of solidification, when the dendritic structure has been largely formed. ...
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Direct Laser Metal Deposition (DLMD) is a state-of-the-art manufacturing technology used to fabricate 316L stainless steel/Inconel 625 functionally graded material (FGMs) in this research. For the practical application of these materials in the industry, the effects of process parameters on the geometric characteristics and surface roughness require more investigation. This FGM was additively manufactured in five layers by changing the 316L stainless steel/Inconel 625 ratio in each layer. The effects of laser power on geometric characteristics, height stability, and surface roughness were investigated. The microstructural analysis and microhardness profiles were studied. The results show that despite the high solidification rate, the segregation of alloying elements into dendritic areas occurred. It was also found that increasing the laser power will increase the height, width, height stability, and surface roughness of the gradient walls. The maximum width and height of the deposited layers were 1.615 and 6.42 mm, respectively, at the highest laser power (280 W). At the laser power of 220 W, the least surface roughness (Ra = 105 µm) and the best height stability (0.461 mm) will be obtained. The microhardness values will differ in various sections of the gradient walls in a range of 225–277 HV.
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