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IJSR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Harish kumar KL. A Population Survey on Dandruff Causing Factors and Their Analysis by Using Electronic Data Processing and Stastical Tools

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Abstract

Dandruff is a very common skin condition that nearly all people experience at one point in their lives regardless of age or ethnicity. It affects the not just the scalp, but also the ears, eyebrows, sides of the nose, beard, and less commonly the central (often hair-bearing) part of the chest. Dandruff can affect any hair-bearing area or an area with even very small hair follicles. Other names for dandruff are seborrheic dermatitis or seborrhea. Malassezia (formerly known as Pityrosporum) is a genus of fungi. Malassezia is naturally found on the skin surfaces of many animals, including humans. In our project cause of dandruff is studied by a daily routine habits such as-Expose of hair in pollution , Quantity of water you drink daily , Exercise , Use of hair gel or dye , Diet , Fruits in diet , Use of hair oil etc. By doing the survey on daily routine habits , the data is collected and stastical interpretation of data is done with statistical softwares like WEKA. WEKA is a data mining software used to identify the cause of dandruff depended on daily routine habits.which helps in identifying the causative agents of dandruff. Through this survey we got that-People who drink more than 8 glass of water per day & do daily exercise & eat fruits do not have dandruff , Those who do not exercise daily & are non-vegetarian can have dandruff , The shampoo pantene and clinic plus are less effective for dandruff than head & sholder etc. Materials and methodology Firstly we have studied different aspects of daily routine habits which causing dandruff and according to the referencef we have collected , we prepared a questain array .We take the questions according to the following ideas • Water intake more than 8 glass drink at least eight glasses of water per day,Not only is it great for your overall health and wellbeing, it can also help in preventing and treating dandruff. Being well hydrated keeps your skin hydrated and prevents the skin on your scalp drying up and flaking. It may not be the cure of all cures, but it proves again that drinking more water never hurts. • exercise Just as exercise can help energise the cells on our scalp, a quick scalp massage can also get the blood flowing to this area, thereby helping to reduce dandruff. " Try giving your scalp a gentle massage once a week with a warm oil, such as almond, before shampooing out, " suggests Nicky Clarke. " Massaging helps to improve the blood flow around your head and this also encourages hair to grow stronger and healthier. " • Pollution A senstitive scalp is a scalp that feels itchy and irritated.Several factors,such as pollution, stress or even products that are too harsh can cause the scalp to become increasingly sensitive.To effectively treat your scalp , adopt a good daily hair care routine. • Diet The following foods are known to aggravate dandruff: Fatty Diets : Most contemporary diets, particularly those with a heavy incidence of packaged or prepackaged foods, are a rich source of saturated fats. This type of fat is needed by the body in smaller amounts. The daily requirement can be easily surpassed if packaged foods are regularly eaten. The excess fat is stored in the body that apart from promoting a tendency to gain weight harms the body's metabolic functions. This is particularly applicable to the dandruff problem. Such fatty diets stimulate the sebaceous glands into producing excess amounts of sebum. The overproduction of sebum acts as a catalyst for various kinds of infections that worsen the dandruff situation. This includes fungus like P. ovale that dwells in scalps with excessive sebum levels. In this case, the scalp might appear oily, but it can still harbor dandruff due to the increasing infection that causes decomposition of the skin's cells, creating dandruff flakes. Spicy Foods : Excessive sweating in the scalp is an established cause of dandruff. This is because sweating increases the vulnerability of the outer layer of skin cells in the scalp, making them susceptible to being easily scratched-off. Spicy foods are known to induce sweating. This is because spicy foods tend to raise the body's temperature, inducing perspiration that is more pronounced around the temple and the scalp. The sudden release of sebum from the sweat glands on the scalp further irritates the skin, causing a prickly feeling to develop.
IJSR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 391
Volume : 5 | Issue : 3 | March 2016 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179 | IF : 3.508 | IC Value : 69.48
Research Paper
Biochemistry
Ganesh ramesh pawar Dayananda sagar institution, kumarswamy, layout Bangalore 560078
Harish kumar KL. Dayananda sagar institution, kumarswamy, layout Bangalore 560078
A Population Survey on Dandru Causing
Factors and eir Analysis by Using
Electronic Data Processing and Stastical
Tools.
KEYWORDS : Dandru , noninamma-
tory , Exercise , Diet , fruits in diet , Use of
hair oil , malassezia species, WEKA .
ABSTRACT Dandru is a very common skin condition that nearly all people experience at one point in their lives regard-
less of age or ethnicity. It aects the not just the scalp, but also the ears, eyebrows, sides of the nose, beard, and less
commonly the central (often hair-bearing) part of the chest. Dandru can aect any hair-bearing area or an area with even very small hair
follicles. Other names for dandru are seborrheic dermatitis or seborrhea. Malassezia ( formerly known as Pityrosporum) is a genus of fungi.
Malassezia is naturally found on the skin surfaces of many animals, including humans. In our project cause of dandru is studied by a daily
routine habits such as- Expose of hair in pollution , Quantity of water you drink daily , Exercise , Use of hair gel or dye , Diet , Fruits in diet ,
Use of hair oil etc . By doing the survey on daily routine habits , the data is collected and stastical interpretation of data is done with statistical
softwares like WEKA . WEKA is a data mining software used to identify the cause of dandru depended on daily routine habits.which helps in
identifying the causative agents of dandru. rough this survey we got that - People who drink more than 8 glass of water per day & do daily
exercise & eat fruits do not have dandru , ose who do not exercise daily & are non-vegetarian can have dandru , e shampoo pantene
and clinic plus are less eective for dandru than head & sholder etc.
Materials and methodology
Firstly we have studied dierent aspects of daily routine habits
which causing dandru and according to the referencef we have
collected , we prepared a questain array .We take the questions
according to the following ideas
• Water intake more than 8 glass
drink at least eight glasses of water per day,Not only is it great
for your overall health and wellbeing, it can also help in prevent-
ing and treating dandru. Being well hydrated keeps your skin
hydrated and prevents the skin on your scalp drying up and ak-
ing. It may not be the cure of all cures, but it proves again that
drinking more water never hurts.
• exercise
Just as exercise can help energise the cells on our scalp, a quick
scalp massage can also get the blood owing to this area, there-
by helping to reduce dandru. “Try giving your scalp a gentle
massage once a week with a warm oil, such as almond, before
shampooing out,” suggests Nicky Clarke. “Massaging helps to im-
prove the blood ow around your head and this also encourages
hair to grow stronger and healthier.
• Pollution
A senstitive scalp is a scalp that feels itchy and irritated.Several
factors,such as pollution, stress or even products that are too
harsh can cause the scalp to become increasingly sensitive.To ef-
fectively treat your scalp , adopt a good daily hair care routine.
• Diet
e following foods are known to aggravate dandru:
Fatty Diets : Most contemporary diets, particularly those with
a heavy incidence of packaged or pre-packaged foods, are a rich
source of saturated fats. is type of fat is needed by the body in
smaller amounts. e daily requirement can be easily surpassed
if packaged foods are regularly eaten. e excess fat is stored in
the body that apart from promoting a tendency to gain weight
harms the body’s metabolic functions.
is is particularly applicable to the dandru problem. Such
fatty diets stimulate the sebaceous glands into producing excess
amounts of sebum. e overproduction of sebum acts as a cata-
lyst for various kinds of infections that worsen the dandru situ-
ation. is includes fungus like P. ovale that dwells in scalps with
excessive sebum levels. In this case, the scalp might appear oily,
but it can still harbor dandru due to the increasing infection
that causes decomposition of the skin’s cells, creating dandru
akes.
Spicy Foods : Excessive sweating in the scalp is an established
cause of dandru. is is because sweating increases the vulner-
ability of the outer layer of skin cells in the scalp, making them
susceptible to being easily scratched-o. Spicy foods are known
to induce sweating. is is because spicy foods tend to raise
the body’s temperature, inducing perspiration that is more pro-
nounced around the temple and the scalp. e sudden release of
sebum from the sweat glands on the scalp further irritates the
skin, causing a prickly feeling to develop.
Beverages : Dandru is commonly understood as a condition of
aky or dry scalp skin. is condition can be largely controlled
by regulating the hydration level of the body. us, foods that
aid the elimination of bodily uids should be consumed in mini-
mal amounts. is includes beverages like tea and coee that
are established dehydrating agents. Such foods stimulate fre-
quent urination and perspiration, lowering the body’s uid lev-
els.
e following foods help to cure dandru:
Green Vegetables and Fruits : Green vegetables and fruits with
thick skins are reputed sources of soluble and insoluble ber.
e body’s ability to absorb water from the large intestine is
largely dependent on the overall health of intestines. If the intes-
tines are overwhelmed with compacted/hardened stools, an un-
wanted state of articial dehydration is established. is means
that the body is unable to absorb sucient water though the
individual may be consuming the appropriate amount of uids.
is form of constipation can be solved by consuming green,
leafy vegetables and fruits on a regular basis. While the soluble
ber helps in the motility of the intestine, the insoluble ber
presses against the impacted stools, alleviating constipation.
Vitamin-Rich Foods : Foods that oer a high concentration of Vi-
tamin B are critical for limiting the proliferation of dandru. Vi-
tamin B is needed by the scalp to heal and thus limit the crust-
ing of its upper surface. Simple foods like bananas, avocados,
beef, tuna, legumes and oats are rich sources of various types of
vitamin B.
Omega-3 Fatty Acid Foods : Food items like sh (or sh oil) and
axseed are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids. ese foods are
particularly recommended to dandru suerers whose dandru
is accompanied by excessively dry, bodily skin. ese fatty acids
392 IJSR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Volume : 5 | Issue : 3 | March 2016 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179 | IF : 3.508 | IC Value : 69.48 Research Paper
don’t make the individual vulnerable to gaining weight. Instead,
they keep the skin naturally moisturized, helping to cure dan-
dru.
Procedure :
• Prepared questain array depended on the above mentioned
criteria( shown in form) , and done survey on dandru in
all the campus of MGM college : MGM college of bioscienc-
es and technology , MGM college of agribiotechnology ,
MGM college of food technology , MGM college of physi-
otherapy , MGM college of engineering(jnec) etc.
• Collected 500 forms and enter to the WEKA software to get
the statistical interpretation of the data. Depended on dif-
ferent aspects the results are analyzed.
WEKA software :
Weka (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis) is a popu-
lar suite of machine learning software written in Java, developed
at the University of Waikato, New Zealand.
e Weka workbench contains a collection of visualization
tools and algorithms for data analysis and predictive modeling,
together with graphical user interfaces for easy access to this
functionality. e original non-Java version of Weka was a TCL/
TK front-end to (mostly third-party) modeling algorithms imple-
mented in other programming languages, plus data preprocess-
ing utilities in C, and a Makele-based system for running ma-
chine learning experiments. is original version was primarily
designed as a tool for analyzing data from agricultural domains,
but the more recent fully Java-based version (Weka 3), for which
development started in 1997, is now used in many dierent ap-
plication areas, in particular for educational purposes and re-
search. Advantages of Weka include:
• free availability under the GNU General Public License
• portability, since it is fully implemented in the Java pro-
gramming language and thus runs on almost any modern
computing platform
• a comprehensive collection of data preprocessing and
modeling techniques
• ease of use due to its graphical user interfaces
Weka supports several standard data mining tasks, more spe-
cically, data preprocessing, clustering, classication, regression,
visualization, and feature selection. All of Weka’s techniques are
predicated on the assumption that the data is available as a sin-
gle at le or relation, where each data point is described by a
xed number of attributes (normally, numeric or nominal attrib-
utes, but some other attribute types are also supported). Weka
provides access to SQL databases using Java Database Connec-
tivity and can process the result returned by a database query.
It is not capable of multi-relational data mining, but there is
separate software for converting a collection of linked database
tables into a single table that is suitable for processing using
Weka. Another important area that is currently not covered by
the algorithms included in the Weka distribution is sequence
modeling.
Weka’s main user interface is the Explorer, but essentially the
same functionality can be accessed through the component-
based Knowledge Flow interface and from the command line.
ere is also the Experimenter, which allows the systematic com-
parison of the predictive performance of Weka’s machine learn-
ing algorithms on a collection of datasets.
e Explorer interface features several panels providing access
to the main components of the workbench:
• e Preprocess panel has facilities for importing data from
a database, a CSV le, etc., and for preprocessing this data
using a so-called ltering algorithm. ese lters can be
used to transform the data (e.g., turning numeric attributes
into discrete ones) and make it possible to delete instances
and attributes according to specic criteria.
• e Classify panel enables the user to apply classication
and regression algorithms (indiscriminately called classi-
ers in Weka) to the resulting dataset, to estimate the ac-
curacy of the resulting predictive model, and to visualize
erroneous predictions, ROC curves, etc., or the model itself
(if the model is amenable to visualization like, e.g., a deci-
sion tree).
• e Associate panel provides access to association rule
learners that attempt to identify all important interrela-
tionships between attributes in the data.
• e Cluster panel gives access to the clustering techniques
in Weka, e.g., the simple k-means algorithm. ere is also
an implementation of the expectation maximization algo-
rithm for learning a mixture of normal distributions.
• e Select attributes panel provides algorithms for identify-
ing the most predictive attributes in a dataset.
• e Visualize panel shows a scatter plot matrix, where indi-
vidual scatter plots can be selected and enlarged, and ana-
lyzed further using various selection operators.
J48 Prediction model tree :
J48 implements Quinlan‟s C4.5 algorithm [QUI92] for generating
a pruned or unpruned C4.5 decision tree. C4.5 is an extension of
Quinlan’s earlier ID3 algorithm. e decision trees generated by
J48 can be used for classication. J48 builds decision trees from
a set of labeled training data using the concept of information
entropy. It uses the fact that each attribute of the data can be
used to make a decision by splitting the data into smaller sub-
sets. J48 examines the normalized information gain (dierence
in entropy) that results from choosing an attribute for splitting
the data. To make the decision, the attribute with the highest
normalized information gain is used. en the algorithm recurs
on the smaller subsets. e splitting procedure stops if all in-
stances in a subset belong to the same class. en a leaf node
is created in the decision tree telling to choose that class. But it
can also happen that none of the features give any information
gain. In this case J48 creates a decision node higher up in the
tree using the expected value of the class. J48 can handle both
continuous and discrete attributes, training data with missing
attribute values and attributes with diering costs. Further it
provides an option for pruning trees after creation.
Results and Discussion
J48 Prediction model tree(WEKA)
1. People who drink more than 8 glass of water per day & do
daily exercise & eat fruits do not have dandru.
2. ose who do not exercise daily & are non-vegetarian can
have dandru.
3. e shampoo pantene and clinic plus are less eective for
dandru than head & sholder.
4. People who are vegetarian & who go for morning walk do
not have chances of getting dandru.
5. People who use hair oil & who have less water intake (less
than 8 glass) have chances of getting dandru.
6. Female (<22) have greater tendency than male to have dan-
dru if they use hair oil & water intake is less & are non-
vegetarian who do not do daily exercise.
7. Use of hair dye & hair gel do not have any correlation with
dandru.
8. Use of hair oil can aect dandru.
9. Males (under 22) who don’t exercise , are non-vegetarian &
use hair oil have chances of having dandru.
Discussion :
• People who drink more than 8 glass of water per day they
have less cause dandru, Similar result is also found in
www.dandrutips.com , And they found that a person
must drink at least eight glasses of water per day, it can
IJSR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 393
Volume : 5 | Issue : 3 | March 2016 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179 | IF : 3.508 | IC Value : 69.48
Research Paper
also help in preventing and
• treating dandru. Being well hydrated keeps your skin hy-
drated and prevents the skin on your scalp drying up and
aking.[12]
• People who do daily exercise have less cause of dandru,
Similar result is also found in //him.uk.msn.com/groom-
ing/dandru-know-the-facts , And they found that Just as
exercise can help energise the cells on our scalp, a quick
scalp massage can also get the blood owing to this area,
thereby helping to reduce dandru. [13]
• People who have proper diet have less cause of dandru,
Similar result is also found in www.skincareguide.com ,
and they have found that e people who eat vegetarian
food have less chances of dandru , Green Vegetables and
Fruits : Green vegetables and fruits with thick skins are
reputed sources of soluble and insoluble ber. e body’s
ability to absorb water from the large intestine is largely
dependent on the overall health of intestines. If the intes-
tines are overwhelmed with compacted/hardened stools,
an unwanted state of articial dehydration is established.
is means that the body is unable to absorb sucient
water though the individual may be consuming the appro-
priate amount of uids. is form of constipation can be
solved by consuming green, leafy vegetables and fruits on
a regular basis. While the soluble ber helps in the motil-
ity of the intestine, the insoluble ber presses against the
impacted stools alleviating constipation.[13]
Conclusion:
From these studies we concluded that - People who drink more
than 8 glass of water per day & do daily exercise & eat fruits do
not have dandru and also who are vegetarian & who go for
morning walk do not have chances of getting dandru. Due to
poor Daily routine habits such as people who do not exercise
daily & are non-vegetarian can have dandru. e growth of
malassezia get reduce if we have good daily routine habits , so
one should have good daily routine habits to reduce cause of
Dandru.
Report ananlysed through weka software:
Refrences:
1. www.emedicinehealth.com/dandru/page2_em.htm#dandru_causes).
2. www.emedicinehealth.com/dandru/page3_em.htm#dandru_symptoms).
3. D Saint-Leger, e history of dandru and dandru in history : A homage to
Raymond Sabouraud, Ann Dermatol Venereol 117, 23-27 (1990)).
4. S Shuster, e aetiology of dandru and the mode of action of therapeutic
agents, Br J Dermatol 111, 235-242 (1984)).
5. S Shuster, e aetiology of dandru and the mode of action of therapeutic
agents, Br J Dermatol 111, 235-242 (1984).
6. B Johnson, J Nunley, Treatment of seborrheic dermatitis, Am Fam Physician 61,
2703-2710, 2713-2704 (2000)).
7. YM DeAngelis, et al, Isolation and expression of a Malassezia globosa lipase
gene, LIP1, J Invest Dermatol 127, 2138-2146 (2007).
8. MA Gordon, e lipophilic mycoora of the skin. I: In vitro culture of Pity-
rosporum orbiculare n. sp., Mycologia 43, 524-535 (1951).
9. D Yarrow, DG Ahearn, in Genus 7. Malassezia Baillon, NJW Kreger-Van Rij, ed.,
pp 882-885, Elsevier (1984).
10. Dandru and Seborrheic Dermatitis: A Head Scratcher . By James R. Schwartz,
Yvonne M. DeAngelis, and omas L. Dawson).
11. //dandrufftips.com/tips/dandruff-tip-of-the-day-drink-your-eight-glasses-of-
water
12. //him.uk.msn.com/grooming/dandru-know-the-facts.
13. www.skincareguide.com/article/does-the-foods-you-eat-aect-dandru.html.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
Article
Full-text available
Dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis (D/SD) are common hyperproliferative scalp disorders with a similar etiology. Both result, in part, from metabolic activity of Malassezia globosa and Malassezia restricta, commensal basidiomycete yeasts commonly found on human scalps. Current hypotheses about the mechanism of D/SD include Malassezia-induced fatty acid metabolism, particularly lipase-mediated breakdown of sebaceous lipids and release of irritating free fatty acids. We report that lipase activity was detected in four species of Malassezia, including M. globosa. We isolated lipase activity by washing M. globosa cells. The isolated lipase was active against diolein, but not triolein. In contrast, intact cells showed lipase activity against both substrates, suggesting the presence of at least another lipase. The diglyceride-hydrolyzing lipase was purified from the extract, and much of its sequence was determined by peptide sequencing. The corresponding lipase gene (LIP1) was cloned and sequenced. Confirmation that LIP1 encoded a functional lipase was obtained using a covalent lipase inhibitor. LIP1 was differentially expressed in vitro. Expression was detected on three out of five human scalps, as indicated by reverse transcription-PCR. This is the first step in a molecular description of lipid metabolism on the scalp, ultimately leading toward a test of its role in D/SD etiology.
Article
In one of his books, written at the beginning of this century, Raymond Sabouraud devotes some 280 pages to the history of dandruff. Their reading illustrates how, from the Greeks to Sabouraud's era, this desquamative disease has been subjected to endless doctrinal and scientific conflicts, long before the so-called "present" controversies. One of the early conflicts, between Celsus and Galen, lies in the nature of the squames, i. e. dry or exudating, leading to the inclusion (or non inclusion) or pityriasis in the group of desquamative diseases, such as psoriasis or ichytosis. Translated into Latin (furfur, porrigo) and into Arabic, the word pityriasis was replaced in the Middle Age by tinea which then referred to any disease of the human scalp. With Plenk, Lorry, Willan and others, the 18th century brought a new attitude of mind where observation took precedence over doctrine, but owing to the lack of experimental approach there was no adequate description of the squames and their anatomical origin. This was the case with Hebra who, in the 19th century, claimed that dandruff was nothing but a sebaceous disease. This major turn resulted for decades in a confusion between dandruff and seborrhoea. In the late 19th century, bacteriological studies were decisive steps taken by Rivolta, Malassez and Sabouraud. The presence on scalps affected with dandruff of a bottle-shaped "fungus" (Pityrosporum ovale was initially not regarded as a yeast) was taken as being the definite cause of the disease. The Sabouraud dogma was born, but as early as 1877 it was denied by Vidal who observed these "spores" on healthy scalps.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Article
Seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting areas of the head and trunk where sebaceous glands are most prominent. Lipophilic yeasts of the Malassezia genus, as well as genetic, environmental and general health factors, contribute to this disorder. Scalp seborrhea varies from mild dandruff to dense, diffuse, adherent scale. Facial and trunk seborrhea is characterized by powdery or greasy scale in skin folds and along hair margins. Treatment options include application of selenium sulfide, pyrithione zinc or ketoconazole-containing shampoos, topical ketoconazole cream or terbinafine solution, topical sodium sulfacetamide and topical corticosteroids.