No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Climate change and spatial planning in security strategies
Abstract
International and national security strategies have adopted the concept of total security, which includes non-military threats such as climate change. Concurrently, the occurrence of severe disasters required the intervention of the armed forces in domains previously assigned to civil organizations. These two trends raise a rapprochement between traditionally detached policies. Analysing three security strategies (n at o, eu and us), we identify how the recognition of climate change as a threat promotes actions of preventive and adaptive management by states that value, or may value, spatial planning tools as a factor of climate resilience and, thus, of security.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
As estratégias de segurança internacionais e nacionais têm adotado o conceito de segurança total, que inclui ameaças não militares como as alterações climáticas. Simultaneamente, a ocorrência de catástrofes graves exigiu a intervenção das forças armadas em domínios antes atribuídos a entidades civis. Estas duas tendências suscitam uma aproximação entre políticas tradicionalmente autónomas. Analisando três estratégias de segurança (OTAN, UE e EUA), identifica-se como o reconhecimento das alterações climáticas enquanto ameaça promove ações de gestão preventiva e adaptativa por parte dos Estados que valorizam, ou podem vir a valorizar, o ordenamento do território como fator de resiliência climática e, portanto, de segurança.
Climate change and spatial planning in security strategies.
International and national security strategies have adopted the concept of total security, which includes non-military threats such as climate change. Concurrently, the occurrence of severe disasters required the intervention of the armed forces in domains previously assigned to civil organizations. These two trends raise a rapprochement between traditionally detached policies. Analysing three security strategies (NATO, EU and US), we identify how the recognition of climate change as a threat promotes actions of preventive and adaptive management by states that value, or may value, spatial planning tools as a factor of climate resilience and, thus, of security.
Em 2015, as alterações climáticas são elevadas ao mesmo nível de ameaça que armas de destruição em massa e ataques terroristas na National Security Strategy of United States of America, fomentando discussões sobre a construção de uma das maiores ameaças do Século XXI. A pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar fatos e eventos que contribuíram para que as alterações climáticas fossem inseridas na agenda política e nos estudos sobre segurança, decorrentes de um processo de securitização em construção. Para isso, foram selecionados pontos interconectados com alterações climáticas, segurança e Forças Armadas, com recorte temporal entre 1945 e agosto de 2015. O corpus, formado com documentos oficiais e bibliografia de centros de referência sobre estudos de defesa e segurança da América e Europa, foi examinado utilizando como unidades de análise as propostas pela Escola de Copenhague que tratam do processo de securitização. Os resultados apontam para: (i) recente inserção das alterações climáticas (rol das ameaças) nas principais estratégias de segurança ocidentais, dentro de um processo de securitização; (ii) possibilidade das alterações climáticas tornaremse “potencial geradora de déficit de soberania”, legitimando futuras ações; (iii) alterações climáticas (como ameaça “militar” ou “não militar”) terão reflexos para as Forças Armadas (exigindo novas capacidades)
Resumo Desde o fi nal da Segunda Guerra Mundial deu-se uma "grande aceleração" do desenvolvimento social e económico a nível mundial que está a conduzir a uma relativa escassez dos recursos naturais e a afectar de forma negativa e profunda o ambiente. Particularizando para as alterações climáticas antropogénicas faz-se uma revisão dos impactos sobre o oceano à escala global e especifi camente no caso de Portugal. Por fi m, analisam-se os actuais sinais de instabilidades estruturais do nosso actual modelo de desenvol-vimento relacionados com a crise fi nanceira e eco-nómica iniciada em 2008. Abstract Environmental Challenges originated by Post World War II "Great Acceleration" Since the end of World War II the "great acceleration" has achieved an extraordinary social and economic development at the global scale which nevertheless is originating a relative scarcity of natural resources and also has profound negative impacts on the environment. Considering the particular case of the anthropogenic climate change the article addresses its impacts on the global ocean and especially in Portugal. Finally the present signs of unsustainabilities associated with our model of development and their relation with the fi nancial and economic crisis that started in 2008 are analysed and discussed.
The ability of innovation—both technical and social—to stretch and redefine 'limits to growth' was recognised at Stockholm in 1972, and has been a key feature in debates through to Rio+20 in 2012. Compared with previous major moments of global reflection about human and planetary futures—Stockholm, Rio in 1992, Johannesburg in 2002—we now have a better understanding of how innovation interacts with social, technological, and ecological systems to contribute to transitions at multiple levels. What can this improved understanding offer in terms of governance approaches that might enhance the interaction between local initiatives and global sustainability objectives post-Rio+20? The global political agenda over the last two decades has largely focused on creating economic and regulatory incentives to drive more sustainable industrial development patterns within and between nation-states—resulting most notably in the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. At the other end of the spectrum, 'Local Agenda 21', launched at the first Rio summit, envisaged a community-led response to sustainable development challenges locally. This paper discusses the successes and challenges of globally linked local action through a number of illustrative examples, reflecting on how these have contributed to Rio 1992's original objectives. In doing so, we will draw upon innovation studies and development studies to highlight three key issues in a hybrid politics of innovation for sustainability that links global and local: first, the direction in which innovation and development proceed; second, the distribution of the costs, benefits, and risks associated with such changes; third, the diversity of approaches and forms of innovation that contribute to global transitions to sustainability. Drawing on this analysis, we will also reflect on Rio+20, including the extent to which hybrid innovation politics is already emerging, whether this was reflected in the formal Rio+20 outcomes, and what this suggests for the future of international sustainable development summits.
INTENSE STRUCTURAL changes have occurred in the Amazon region. New actors have a determinant role: organized civil society, provincial governments and international cooperation. Changes are perceived according to different interests at the global, national and regional scales, resulting in conflicts that turn it difficult to implement public policies. Today, the Amazon is not a mere frontier, but a region by itself, that demands a development consolidation policy. Strategies to attain this goal are: institutional enforcement, S/T&I and regionalization.
O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a contribuição da Escola de Copenhague para os estudos de segurança internacional, por meio do exame de sua relação com as teorias das Relações Internacionais e seus desdobramentos no campo de segurança internacional. Para cumpri-lo, realiza-se uma breve contextualização da literatura acadêmica mainstream dos estudos de segurança desde a gênese do campo, com vistas a melhor se compreender o impacto do construtivismo na área a partir da década de 1990. Posteriormente, procede-se a uma breve revisão dos debates realizados tanto entre racionalistas e construtivistas como entre as variações do construtivismo, com vistas a situar o trabalho do grupo de Copenhague nas discussões da área. Apresenta-se, por fim, um panorama da produção da Escola de Copenhague, sustentado em dois eixos principais: (a) as contribuições que mais se destacaram; e (b) os debates suscitados, com as críticas recebidas e as respostas fornecidas pelos autores. Conclui-se que uma das principais contribuições dos autores de Copenhague para os estudos de segurança internacional diz respeito ao papel de síntese de seu trabalho em relação aos debates mais amplos realizados no campo de teoria das Relações Internacionais e ao debate sobre segurança internacional no pós-Guerra Fria.
This paper examines some of the main geo-economic and geo-political inter-dependencies which are structuring Europe’s relations with the wider world and how various European and European Union (EU) policy frameworks work to create relations of increasing yet uneven inter-dependency between Europe and that wider world. The paper begins with an examination of the economic and financial crisis and its role in transmitting crisis across inter-dependent space, and the consequences for political and urban struggles across Europe and beyond. This is followed by discussion of the entanglement of Europe with the forces which gave rise to the so-called “Arab Spring” in North Africa and the Middle East. The paper then turns to a discussion of the relocation of economic activity outside of Europe to “emerging economies”, of geographical shifts within Europe of elements of value chains in order to cope with increasing competitive pressures from other parts of the global economy by reducing labour costs but ensuring proximity to the main EU markets, and the emergence of new economic players with their origins in emerging economies within European value chains. The paper concludes with a consideration of the primary geo-economic and geo-political dimensions structuring Europe’s urban and regional inter-dependencies with the wider world.
Abstract The first half of the Review focuses on the impacts and risks arising from uncontrolled climate change, and on the costs and opportunities associated with action to tackle it. A sound understanding of the economics of risk is critical here. The Review ...
Joseph S. Nye, Jr., is Chairman of the Editorial Board and Sean M. Lynn-Jones is Managing Editor of International Security.
1. A 1966 survey found that political scientists formed the largest group in the field. See Roy E. Licklider, The Private Nuclear Strategists (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1971), p. 95. Although Licklider predicted that "the study of strategy and disarmament will make the shift from an interdisciplinary field to a specialty area of political science," (p. 117), most observers continue to see the field as interdisciplinary, even if political science is held to occupy a central role. For a discussion of the central role of political science in international security studies, see Robert Jervis, Joshua Lederberg, Robert North, Stephen Rosen, John Steinbruner, and Dina Zinnes, The Field of National Security Studies: Report to the National Research Council (Washington, D.C.: 1986), p. 2. Colin Gray argues that: "strategic studies lacks integrity as a field of study let alone as a discipline, in that it makes no sense considered apart from international relations (another non-discipline) and political science." See Colin Gray, Strategic Studies: A Critical Assessment (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1982), p. 13.
2. See Richard Smoke, "National Security Affairs," in Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby, eds., Handbook of Political Science, Vol. 8, International Politics (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1975), p. 251.
3. On the nonmilitary aspects of international security, see Richard H. Ullman, "Redefining Security," International Security, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Summer 1983), pp. 129-153. An additional term that delineates an area of inquiry but that has not gained wide usage is "military politics." As defined by Samuel P. Huntington, military politics includes the military but not the nonmilitary aspects of security and also extends to the political activities of the military in domestic affairs. See his "Recent Writing in Military Politics—Foci and Corpora," in Samuel P. Huntington, ed., Changing Patterns of Military Politics (Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1962), p. 237.
4. Arnold Wolfers, Discord and Collaboration (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1962), ch. 10.
5. See Smoke, "National Security Affairs," p. 251. See also Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1983), pp. 1-9.
6. Colin S. Gray, Strategic Studies and Public Policy (Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 1982), p. 46. In recent years, several histories of thinking about nuclear strategy have appeared. See Lawrence Freedman, The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981); Gregg Herken, The Counsels of War (New York: Knopf, 1985); and Fred M. Kaplan, The Wizards of Armageddon (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983). In addition, James E. King has written an unpublished history of nuclear strategy entitled The New Strategy. More works are needed on questions of conventional warfare and theories of international security.
7. The first two civilian efforts to address the issues raised by atomic weapons were William Borden, There Will Be No Time: The Revolution in Strategy (New York: Macmillan, 1946); and Bernard Brodie, ed., The Absolute Weapon: Atomic Power and World Order (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1946).
8. The classic realist work is Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York: Knopf, 1948 and later editions). See also George F. Kennan, American Diplomacy, 1900-1950 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951); and Robert Endicott Osgood, Ideals and Self-Interest in America's Foreign Relations (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953).
9. For a discussion of the political dimensions ignored by the realist approach, see K. J. Holsti, The Dividing Discipline: Hegemony and Diversity in International Theory (Winchester, Mass.: Allen and Unwin, 1985), and Joseph S. Nye, Jr., "Neo-realism and Neo-liberalism," World Politics, Vol. 40, No. 2 (January 1988).
10. See Bernard Brodie, Strategy in the Missile Age (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1959); Albert Wohlstetter, "The Delicate Balance of Terror," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 37, No. 2 (January 1959), pp. 211-234; Herman Kahn, On Thermonuclear War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960); William Kaufmann, ed., Military Policy and National Security (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1956); Henry A. Kissinger, Nuclear Weapons and...
Climate change is increasingly been called a ‘security’ problem, and there has been speculation that climate change may increase the risk of violent conflict. This paper integrates three disparate but well-founded bodies of research – on the vulnerability of local places and social groups to climate change, on livelihoods and violent conflict, and the role of the state in development and peacemaking, to offer new insights into the relationships between climate change, human security, and violent conflict. It explains that climate change increasingly undermines human security in the present day, and will increasingly do so in the future, by reducing access to, and the quality of, natural resources that are important to sustain livelihoods. Climate change is also likely to undermine the capacity of states to provide the opportunities and services that help people to sustain their livelihoods. We argue that in certain circumstances these direct and indirect impacts of climate change on human security may in turn increase the risk of violent conflict. The paper then outlines the broad contours of a research programme to guide empirical investigations into the risks climate change poses to human security and peace.
The new social geography of Athens: immigration, diversity and conflict
- V Arapoglou
arapoglou, V. et al. (2009), "The new social geography of Athens: immigration, diversity and
conflict". Syghrona Themata, 107, pp. 57-66.
A contribuição da escola de Copenhague aos estudos de segurança internacional
- G Tanno
tanno, G. (2003), "A contribuição da escola de Copenhague aos estudos de segurança internacional". Contexto Internacional, 25 (1), pp. 47-80. Disponível em < http://www.scielo.br/
scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-85292003000100002&nrm=iso > [consultado
em 9-2-2015].
- B K Becker
becker, B. K. (2005), "Geopolítica da Amazônia". Estudos Avançados, 19, 53, pp. 71-86.
Disponível em: < <Go to ISI>://SCIELO:S0103-40142005000100005 > [consultado em
6-2-2015].
Comissão Mundial sobre Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento: o Nosso Futuro Comum
- C Brundtland
- B Onu. Buzan
- O Waever
- J De Wilde
brundtland, C. (1987), Comissão Mundial sobre Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento: o Nosso
Futuro Comum, onu.
buzan, B.; waever, O.; de wilde, J. (1998), Security: a New Framework for Analysis. Colorado/
us, Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Quando a exceção não faz a regra: uma leitura sociológica da escola de Copenhaga
- H Carrapiço
- D Pinéu
carrapiço, H.; pinéu, D. (2015), "Quando a exceção não faz a regra: uma leitura sociológica da
escola de Copenhaga". In Segurança, Liberdade e Política. Pensar a Escola de Copenhaga em
Português, Lisboa, Imprensa de Ciências Sociais, pp.265-295.
Ordenamento do território e segurança
- J Ferrão
ferrão, J. (2012), "Ordenamento do território e segurança". In Contributos para um Conceito
Estratégico de Defesa, Lisboa, Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda, pp. 77-87.
A escola de Copenhaga em perspectiva
- M R Freire
freire, M. R. (2015), "A escola de Copenhaga em perspectiva". In Segurança, Liberdade e
Política. Pensar a Escola de Copenhaga em Português, Lisboa, Imprensa de Ciências Sociais,
pp. 33-42.
Contribución del Grupo de trabajo ii al Quinto Informe de Evaluación del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático, Genebra
ipcc, (2014b), "Cambio climático: impactos, adaptación y vulnerabilidad -Resumen para
responsables de políticas". Contribución del Grupo de trabajo ii al Quinto Informe de Evaluación del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático, Genebra,
Organización Meteorológica Mundial, 5, pp. 1-32.
Planning Cultures in Europe. Decoding Cultural Phenomena in Urban and Regional Planning
- Burlington Farnham
- Ashgate Lemaitre
- P Fenger
knieling, J., othengrafen, F. (eds.) (2009), Planning Cultures in Europe. Decoding Cultural
Phenomena in Urban and Regional Planning, Farnham and Burlington, Ashgate.
lemaitre, P.; fenger, J. (2001), "Segurança ambiental e a agenda de segurança global". Nação e
Defesa, Lisboa, Europress, pp. 51-90.
Defence Policy Guidelines, Berlim, defence, F. M. O. mdn, Ministério da Defesa Nacional
- Défense Paris
- M D L Meadows
mdf, Ministry of Defence France (2013), White Paper -Defence and National Security, Paris,
défense, M. D. L., Pôle graphique de Tulle.
mdg, Ministry of Defence Germany (2011), Defence Policy Guidelines, Berlim, defence,
F. M. O.
mdn, Ministério da Defesa Nacional, (2014). Decreto-Lei n.º 186/2014, de 29 de dezembro.
exército, E.-M. D. Lisboa/pt: Ordem do Exército n.º 12/31 de dezembro de 2014.
meadows, D. H. et al. (1972), Limites do Crescimento, 2.ª ed., São Paulo, Perspectivas.
moser, C. O. N.; mcilwaine, C.(2014), "Editorial: new frontiers in twenty-first century urban
conflict and violence". Environment and Urbanization, 26 (2), pp. 331-344. Disponível em:
< <Go to ISI>://WOS:000343990500001 > [consultado em 6-2-2015].
5663rd meeting (1) -Security Council of the United Nation. council, S. New York, un Documentation Dag Hammarskjöld Library 1
- C D S Onu
onu, C. D. S. (2007), 5663rd meeting (1) -Security Council of the United Nation. council, S.
New York, un Documentation Dag Hammarskjöld Library 1.
Os desafios ambientais criados pela grande aceleração do pós-guerra
- M Reimer
- P Getimis
reimer, M., getimis, P., blotevogel, H. H. (eds.) (2014), Spatial Planning Systems and Practices in Europe. A Comparative Perspective on Continuity and Changes, Londres e Nova
Iorque, Routledge.
santos, F. D. (2009), "Os desafios ambientais criados pela grande aceleração do pós-guerra".
Nação e Defesa, 122 (4), pp. 61-78.
Alterações Climáticas e Segurança Internacional. Alto Representante da Comissão Europeia para o Conselho Europeu. Disponível < www.consilium.europa.eu >
- J M Solana
solana, J. M. (2008), Alterações Climáticas e Segurança Internacional. Alto Representante da
Comissão Europeia para o Conselho Europeu. Disponível < www.consilium.europa.eu >
[consultado em 6-2-2015].
Unidad Militar de Emergencias: Dossier
- Imprenta Madrid
- Ministerio Defensa
ume (2014), "Unidad Militar de Emergencias: Dossier 2014", Madrid, Imprenta Ministerio
Defensa. Disponível em <http://www.defensa.gob.es/ume/Galerias/dossier/Descargas/
dossier_2014_web.pdf> [consultado em 5-1-2016].
The Human Cost of the Hottest Year on Record Climate Change and El Niño Drove Disasters Worldwide in 2015
unisdr (2015a), The Human Cost of the Hottest Year on Record Climate Change and El Niño
Drove Disasters Worldwide in 2015, Bruxelas, Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of
Disasters.
unisdr (2015b), "Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015-2030". Sendai, Disponível em <http://www.wcdrr.org/uploads/Sendai_Framework_for_Disaster_Risk_Reduc-tion_2015-2030.pdf> [consultado em 5-6-2016].
The Human Cost of Weather Related Disasters
unisdr (2015c), The Human Cost of Weather Related Disasters 1995-2015, Bruxelas, Centre for
Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters.