Access to this full-text is provided by Springer Nature.
Content available from Sleep Science and Practice
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
C A S E R E P O R T Open Access
Yoga Nidra: An innovative approach
for management of chronic insomnia- A
case report
Karuna Datta
1
, Manjari Tripathi
2
and Hruda Nanda Mallick
1*
Abstract
Background: Chronic insomnia is a common sleep problem and there is a need to complement the existing treatment
options. Yoga nidra practice is documented to be used for sleep by sages. Recently, yoga nidra has been used in patients
of menstrual abnormalities, post- traumatic stress disorder, diabetes, anxiety and depression but little is known about its
effect on sleep or sleep disorders. Although we find description of yoga nidra in literature, there is no scientific report of
its application in sleep disorders. The objective of the study was to develop yoga nidra model in management of chronic
insomnia patients. The model was developed using inputs from yoga school trained instructors of yoga nidra.
Case presentations: Patient 01: 60 years old widower with complaints of sleep maintenance insomnia since 20 years.
He had worry at daytime regarding falling off to sleep which became even worse at bedtime. He had history of benign
prostatic hypertrophy and had no history of any medications for sleep or any other disease. Patient 02: 78 years old male
self-employed, company owner with complaints of sleep maintenance insomnia since 15 years. He felt quite energetic
during the day due to the work requirement but in the evening started feeling anxious about sleep problem
which worsened at bedtime. He was on tablet clonazepam 0.25 mg HS off and on since 1 year. After the
baseline assessment, yoga nidra intervention was started followed by five supervised sessions after which the
patients were instructed to practice yoga nidra daily on their own. Regular fortnightly follow ups were done
till 4 weeks of start of yoga nidra intervention. Repeat PSG was offered in case patient volunteered. Sleep diary parameters
were analysed using Friedman test and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test. There was an improvement in sleep quality, insomnia
severity, depression anxiety and stress scores after yoga nidra. The improvement remained even after 3 months of start of
intervention. Repeat PSG in second patient showed an increase in N3 after 4 weeks of yoga nidra intervention.
Conclusion: Yoga nidra canbeusedasanimportantadjunctinmanagementofchronicinsomniapatients.
Trial registration: CTRI/2013/05/003682 [Registered on: 27/05/2013] Trial Registered Retrospectively.
Keywords: Yoga nidra, Chronic insomnia, Intervention, Yoga nidra intervention model, Case report
Background
Chronic insomnia is a common sleep problem and is as-
sociated with increased morbidity and mortality (Taylor
et al. 2007). Available treatment options include pharma-
cological and non-pharmacological approach. Studies
have shown sleeping pill users at a greater mortality risk
(Kripke et al. 2002) and though drugs like zolpidem have
been found to be safe for short term use (Schutte-Rodin
et al. 2008) but when taken for years these medications
also produce unwanted side effects like sleep related eat-
ing disorders and sleep walking (Hoque and Chesson
2009) and even increased cancer risk (Kao et al. 2012).
Non pharmacological approach using cognitive behav-
ioral therapy for insomnia (CBTI) is considered benefi-
cial. CBTI though remains the first line of therapy for
insomnia but is often underutilized (Schutte-Rodin et al.
2008). Underutilisation of CBTI is reported because of
reasons which are both patient centred and system based
issues. Patient related reasons include time and cost
* Correspondence: drhmallick@yahoo.com
1
Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi,
India
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Slee
p
Science and Practic
e
© The Author(s). 2017 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to
the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver
(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Datta et al. Sleep Science and Practice (2017) 1:7
DOI 10.1186/s41606-017-0009-4
Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.
involvement and limited availability of CBTI trained spe-
cialists being a major system based problem.
Complementary and alternative medicine in the form
of Kundalini yoga (Khalsa 2004), Tai Chih Chi (Irwin
et al. 2008), mindfulness meditation (Ong et al. 2014),
acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicines have been
tried in insomnia patients. There is a felt need to com-
plement the existing gamut of treatment options for in-
somnia patients.
According to the ancient Indian scriptures, sages are
known to sleep using yoga nidra. Yoga Nidra is derived
from two Sanskrit words, ‘Yoga’(‘yuj’= yoke) meaning
union or one pointed awareness and ‘nidra’means sleep.
Yoga nidra is derived from ‘pratyahara’of raja yoga and
tantric practise of ‘nyasa’.In‘pratyahara’mind and
mental awareness are dissociated from the sensory chan-
nels. ‘Nyasa’means ‘to place or to take the mind to that
point’.Yoga nidra is documented as neither nyasa nor
meditation as yoga nidra is done in supine position and
unlike meditation which is an aware awake state, yoga
nidra is considered as aware sleep state (Saraswati
1998). ‘Nyasa’is practised in sitting posture and involves
the recitation of mantras in Sanskrit to experience dif-
ferent parts of the body which increases the scope of this
practise beyond different cultures.
Yoga nidra was known to be practised by sages and it
was passed on to their disciples traditionally. Swami
Satyananda Saraswati, renowned teacher from Bihar
School of Yoga, Munger, Bihar, India laid down the
basics of learning yoga nidra in the form of a book. He
described yoga nidra as a ‘systematic method of inducing
complete physical, mental and emotional relaxation and
in this state the relaxation is achieved by turning in-
wards, away from outer experiences’(Saraswati 1998). It
can be done following instructions from his book by a
teacher or by a way of audio compact disc (CD).
Yoga nidra has been tried as a therapeutic option for
many diseases. The relative ease of practise has made it
an acceptable therapeutic option for many diseases. Yoga
nidra has been used in patients of menstrual abnormal-
ities (Rani et al. 2011), post- traumatic stress disorder
(Stankovic 2011), diabetes (Amita et al. 2009), anxiety
and depression (Rani et al. 2012) but little is known
about its effect on sleep or sleep disorders.
Although we find description of yoga nidra in litera-
ture, there is no scientific report of its application in
sleep disorders.
Since yoga nidra has been used as a therapeutic option
with no documented side effects and it is mentioned
related to sleep in scriptures, there was a felt need to
develop this method as a model in management of
chronic insomnia patients.
The objective of the study was to develop yoga nidra
as a complementary model in management of chronic
insomnia patients. Authors had asked for volunteers
through advertisement placed at various OPDs. Two
patients aged 60 and 78 years, who volunteered for the
model of yoga nidra, are discussed. They were explained
about the nature of study and informed consent was
obtained. The study was approved by the Institutional
ethical committee of All India Institute of Medical Sci-
ences, New Delhi, India (reference number IESC/T-394/
02.11.2012).
Case presentations
Diagnosed chronic insomnia patients came from sleep
clinic out patients department (OPD) of MT
1
, senior neur-
ologist and certified sleep specialist. They were on treat-
ment and were referred to KD
2
in case they volunteered to
add yoga nidra intervention to the already prescribed treat-
ment. An informed consent from the patient was taken.
Inclusion criteria
Patients following usual sleep wake schedule during the
study period. Patients with morning circadian preference
were included. Patients who were keen to volunteer for
the study were included and they had a right to with-
draw anytime during the study.
Exclusion criteria
Any patient who was likely to plan an intercontinental
flight or was not able to follow usual sleep wake schedule
during the study period. Patients with evening circadian
preference were excluded from the study. Morningness
Eveningness Scale (MES) (Horne and Ostberg 1976; Paine
et al. 2006) was used to screen patients and only those pa-
tients with a morning preference were taken. This was
done as the patients should have been most alert at the
time of yoga nidra session which was in the morning from
0900 h to 1130 h making it important to exclude patients
with delayed circadian rhythm. The scale also assess the
time of the morning when they were most alert which
helped in planning the yoga nidra sessions further. We in-
cluded morning preference also because we did not want
circadian rhythm as a confounding factor since the effect
of yoga nidra on circadian rhythm is not known.
Patients
Two patients Patient 01 and 02 underwent the interven-
tion using yoga nidra model.
Patient 01: 60 years old widower with complaints of
not able to sleep after getting up at night since 20 years
for more than 30 min and more than three times a week.
Patient had worry at daytime regarding falling off to
sleep which became even worse at bedtime. Patient had
history of benign prostatic hypertrophy and had no his-
tory of any medications for sleep or any other disease.
Datta et al. Sleep Science and Practice (2017) 1:7 Page 2 of 11
Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.
Patient 02: 78 years old male self-employed, company
owner with complaints of not able to sleep after getting
awake at night for more than 30 min and more than
three times a week since 15 years. He felt quite energetic
during the day due to the work requirement but in the
evening started feeling anxious about sleep problem
which worsened at bedtime. He was on tablet clonaze-
pam 0.25 mg HS off and on since 1 year.
Development of a model for using yoga nidra in
insomnia patients
KD
2
visited Bihar School of Yoga, Munger and attended
sessions of yoga nidra taken by teachers. Permission to
use yoga nidra for chronic insomnia patients was taken.
She had discussions with the teachers and doctor in the
school. The teachers brought out the usual problems
faced during conducting and also while doing the ses-
sion oneself. KD
2
also did sessions herself under supervi-
sion while in ashram to get a hands-on feel of the
session which would help planning for the patients sub-
sequently. Planning of the session was done keeping the
discussion in mind. The patients were taught using pre-
recorded audio CD on yoga nidra© from the school
which are easily available for sale.
The discussion brought out that a yoga nidra ses-
sion every day for 3 to 4 days as done in short yoga
programmes helps their subject to make them com-
fortable during the session. It was also pointed out
that at times the instructions are not clear to all the
subjects and might require elaboration on an individ-
ual basis. Keeping these points in mind five super-
vised sessions were planned continuously every day
for 5 days. The method of doing yoga nidra involves
seven steps namely –preparation, samkalpa (sam-
kalpa = idea or notion formed in the heart or mind),
body part awareness or rotation of consciousness,
breath awareness, feeling and sensation, visualization
and ending of practice (Saraswati 1998).
Planning of the Model included three basic parts
a) Assessment for readiness and voluntary participation
Discussion with yoga teachers and doctor at the
school brought out that the subject has to be ready
for taking a session as it included voluntarily
following the instructions without sleeping. It was
suggested by the Bihar school of yoga teachers that
the session should be carried out when the person is
most alert to avoid sleep during the session. Since
the sessions were done in the morning hours, we
excluded patients with an evening circadian
preference in the study.
The patient was verbally informed that this method
was novel and though has been tried in other
diseases with no reported side effects but it was
essential to follow up closely for initial days
requiring the patient to report daily for a minimum
of 5 days initially and subsequently for follow ups.
Since it required time, volunteering was an indirect
measure of the commitment of the patient towards
the management. The patient was free to withdraw
from the study at any time of the intervention.
The patient was then briefed about yoga nidra,its
philosophy and available reports of its use as a
therapeutic option. Then baseline assessment was
completed and documented.
b) Supervised sessions
Initial five daily supervised sessions at the time when
they are most alert during daytime was planned.
Each session takes approximately 30 min. Before the
start of the session, the patient was instructed to
make himself comfortable. Since, insomnia patients
are sensitive to changes in their daily routine on
sleep (basic premise for use of principles of sleep
hygiene and education), intervention like yoga nidra
is likely to affect sleep and hence the patients were
kept under direct supervision of a certified sleep
specialist. The constant supervision was maintained
by KD at all times, initially by planning daily
supervised sessions and the monitoring using sleep
diary/development of any new symptoms specifically
for potential side effects (Edinger et al. 2015) and
informing about regular follow ups.
What to do during the session for the observer
The patient was not interrupted during the session.
Signs of restlessness e.g. tossing and turning, moving
hands, shutting eyes too tightly, not looking relaxed etc.
were observed. Cues of whether the patient was follow-
ing instructions were carefully noted e.g. When the
instructor asked the subject to take a deep breath, or
look down while keeping eyes closed, the observer made
a note of whether the patient followed. In case the pa-
tient was found not following instructions or appeared
restless, time of the practise was noted from the player
and subsequently discussed after the session.
Discussion by the observer with the patient after the
session
I. The patient was asked of the various phases of yoga
nidra (as mentioned in ‘Additional file 1’) he felt he
went through. This is extremely important as yoga
nidra is considered very relaxing and might put an
insomnia patient to sleep despite being the most
alert time of the day for him. According to the
experienced teachers usually there is 50% retention
of the basic various phases by the second day of
practise. The practising subjects on an average start
remembering all the different phases by the end of
Datta et al. Sleep Science and Practice (2017) 1:7 Page 3 of 11
Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.
the fourth day. We gave 5 days considering some
insomnia patients might fall sleepy during the
sessions. Then the patients were asked to practise
the session at home every day.
II. Patients were now asked about the problem faced
during the session. The noted time points by the
observer where he felt the patient was not following
were also discussed. In case any clarifications
regarding the instructions were required they were
provided so as to better the next session.
III. The patient was also encouraged to listen to the
tape at home after the first supervised session
and was instructed to write down instructions
which were not clear to the patient. This was done
to increase his compliance during the subsequent
sessions. These points of the patient were discussed
the next day before starting the next day session as
advised by yoga school since it relieves anxiety of the
patient.
IV. The entire session was then discussed with the
patient as to how he feels it went, the patient was
assured and instructed to follow the instructions as
they were and not analyse or worry about them.
Yoga nidra intervention was done using a copyrighted
pre-recorded Yoga Nidra audio CD approximately
27.2 min from Bihar School of Yoga, Munger, Bihar, India.
Conduct of yoga nidra session was done in a sound proof
room, with minimal ambient lighting during daytime. The
subject was made to lie in the supine posture on a
comfortable mattress. The entire session was done in
shavasana (shava means “corpse”and asana means “pos-
ture”). The posture used for this asana is lying on the
back, the arms and legs are kept at about 45° with the
palms facing upwards. A soft pillow is optional to give
maximum comfort to the patient while the entire session.
This posture minimises the contact points especially be-
tween the limbs of the body. Brief outline of practise of
doing yoga nidra and general instructions given to sub-
jects is attached in ‘Additional file 1’(Saraswati 1998).
Outcome measures
a) Sleep diary–Sleep diary was used by the patients to
mark the daily activities. This could be filled on paper
or on an excel sheet according to the patients choice.
Fig. 1 Study Design for Yoga nidra Intervention
Datta et al. Sleep Science and Practice (2017) 1:7 Page 4 of 11
Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.
The diary was to be filled twice a day, once in the
morning on getting up and then again at night just
before bedtime. The individual fills in the details of
time of lying in bed, approximate time required to
fall asleep, wake up time, number of breaks in sleep
and the approximate time that the individual feels
that he was awake before falling off to sleep. Sleep
quality on a scale of 10 was also reported in the
diary along with other details of time of meals,
exercise and time of yoga nidra. Parameters
calculated using 2 weeks sleep diary were- Time in
Bed (TIB): the total time the individual was lying in
the bed i.e. the number of hours from the time of
lying in bed to time of finally waking up; Sleep
Onset Latency (SOL): the time initially spent in bed
trying to sleep after lying in bed to sleep; Wake
After Sleep Onset (WASO): time spent awake in bed
after initially sleeping and before finally waking up;
Total Sleep Time (TST): TST can be calculated by
subtracting the SOL and WASO from TIB; Sleep
Efficiency: calculated by the formula- (TST/TIB)
x100; Total Wake Duration (TWD): SOL + total
time of sleep breaks. These parameters were
calculated for each night for the patient. Day 01
st
to
14
th
represent baseline, 15
th
day represents the first
day of yoga nidra intervention, 28
th
-41
st
was used
for the data analysis i.e. when the patient came for
fourth week follow up. Baseline sleep diary was a
mandatory requirement as is considered an important
tool in assessing sleep in an insomnia patient.
b) Sleep questionnaires- Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
(PSQI) (Buysse et al. 1989), Insomnia Severity Index
(ISI) (Morin et al. 2011), Depression Anxiety Stress
Scale (DASS) (Lovibond and Lovibond 1995; Brown
et al. 1997) Epworth Sleepiness Scale (“ESS © MW
JOHNS 1990–1997. USED UNDER LICENSE”)
(Johns 1991) Pre Sleep Arousal Scale (PSAS)
(Nicassio et al. 1985).
c) Digital polysomnography (PSG) - Overnight PSG
was done using Somnomedics© PSG system,
Germany with the standard montage.
Electroencephalography (EEG), Electro-oculography
Fig. 2 a–eSleep diary records of both patients
Datta et al. Sleep Science and Practice (2017) 1:7 Page 5 of 11
Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.
(EOG) and Electromyography (EMG) were sampled at
256 Hz. The low frequency and high frequency filter
setting were EEG-0.3,35 Hz; EOG-0.3,35 Hz; EMG-
10,256 Hz; EEG, EOG and EMG channels were placed
along with pulse oximeter, RIP belts for thoracic and
abdominal movements, Electrocardiography
(ECG), oronasal pressure cannula and thermistor
sensors according to American Association of
Sleep Medicine (AASM) guidelines (Berry et al.
2014). Notch filter at 50 Hz was put and
simultaneous video monitoring was done with
thePSGdeviceduringtheentirenight.Thiswas
done in MT
1
sleep lab by technicians. The staging
of the sleep was done using AASM criteria and
relative percentages of various sleep stages were
calculated. Parameters like TIB, TST, WASO,
SPT, Sleep Period Time (TST+ WASO), SOL:
Time from start of recording to first epoch of
sleep and, REM Latency, SE = TSTx100/TBT were
calculated. Various stages of rapid eye movement
sleep (REM) and Non REM sleep (N1, N2, N3)
were scored and calculated as percentage of TST
and TIB.
Follow ups
Two fortnightly follow ups were considered mandatory for
the patients after the start of yoga nidra intervention. Dur-
ing this study, patients were also instructed to meet MT
1
at least at the end of the month and at any time when the
patient felt he deteriorated during this intervention.
Assessment of outcome measures
Primary outcome measures which were considered for
improvement of patients were related to sleep and
also improvement in daytime functioning (Edinger
et al. 2015). These were sleep diary parameters -total
sleep time, total wake duration, overall rating of sleep
quality and Insomnia Severity Index for assessment of
sleep. Day time functioning was evaluated by depres-
sion anxiety and stress scores during daytime using
DASS and sleepiness during the day using “ESS ©
MW JOHNS 1990–1997 (Johns 1991). USED UNDER
LICENSE”. Pre sleep arousal scale was also used.
From this scale a total score, somatic and cognitive
score of pre sleep arousal were calculated. A reduc-
tion in these scores occurs with reduction in pre
sleep arousal. An increase in insomnia severity index,
Fig. 3 a–fSleep diary parameters of patient 01 showing various sleep wake parameters. *p< 0.025(using Wilcoxon Signed Rank test and adjusted
Bonferroni correction p< 0.05/2 = 0.025)
Datta et al. Sleep Science and Practice (2017) 1:7 Page 6 of 11
Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.
ESS©MW JOHNS 1990–1997 (Johns 1991) and DASS
shows increase in severity in insomnia, increase in
daytime sleepiness and increase in depression, anxiety
and stress scores respectively.
Study design consisting of first 2 weeks of baseline
followed by intervention using supervised yoga nidra
training is shown in timeline in Fig. 1.
Baseline assessment
After obtaining informed consent from the patient, as a
baseline assessment apart from the 2 weeks sleep diary
the patients had to fill sleep questionnaires ISI, “ESS
(Johns 1991) © MW JOHNS 1990–1997. USED UNDER
LICENSE”, PSQI and pre sleep arousal scale. Patients
also filled MES which was used to screen subjects and
only those with morning preference were used for the
study. Baseline PSG was done. This was done not only
to assess insomnia but also to document presence of
other sleep disorders.
Yoga nidra supervised sessions
Yoga nidra training was done using copyrighted CD.
After 05 days of yoga nidra training under supervision,
the patients were instructed to practice yoga nidra at
home daily at a time when he was alert.
Assessment at the end of two weeks
PSQI, “ESS (Johns 1991) © MW JOHNS 1990–1997.
USED UNDER LICENSE”, ISI, and PSAS and patient
were instructed to fill sleep diary for the next 14 days.
Assessment at the end of four weeks
Questionnaires like PSQI, “ESS (Johns 1991) © MW
JOHNS 1990–1997. USED UNDER LICENSE”, ISI, and
PSAS were completed by the patient and 2 weeks sleep
diary of the past 2 weeks was collected as assessed.
Outcomes
Sleep diaries for both the patients were analysed. Patient
01 filled the diary continuously till 93
rd
day i.e. 79
th
day
after intervention (93-14 = 79) and patient 02 till 46
th
day i.e. 32
nd
day after starting intervention. Analysis of
sleep diary was done as: baseline1-14; at 1 month-
28–41 day and for patient 01 at 3 months as 79–93 day.
Various sleep diary parameters are shown schematically
for patient 01 and 02 in Fig. 2.
Sleep diary parameters of patient 01 showed significant
changes in sleep onset latency (Friedman χ2 (2) = 12.606,
p< .005), WASO (Friedman χ2(2)=7.370,p< .05), TWD
(Friedman χ2 (2) = 16.618, p<.005)and ratingof sleepon
a scale of 0 to 10 (Friedman χ2 (2) = 23.192, p<.0005).
Fig. 4 a–fSleep diary parameters of patient 02 showing various sleep wake parameters. *p< 0.05(using Wilcoxon Signed Rank test)
Datta et al. Sleep Science and Practice (2017) 1:7 Page 7 of 11
Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.
Results of post hoc tests are shown in Fig. 3. Sleep diary
parameters of patient 02 are shown in Fig. 4. Signifi-
cant improvement was found in SOL and TST as
showninthefigure.
On regular visits patients were asked about the anxiety
and worry regarding falling asleep. They reported an im-
provement in the problem. Our patients did not report
any headaches, drowsiness, or any daytime symptom of
excessive sleepiness. The ISI, DASS and PSAS scores
were also noted. Questionnaireresults for both patients
are shown in Tables 1 and 2. BaselinePSG data of both
patients did not show association of any other sleep
problem. The latencies and percentage of different stages
is shown in Table 3 along with repeat PSG of Patient 01
who volunteered to undergo repeat PSG after 04 weeks
of intervention.
Discussion and Conclusions
After yoga nidra intervention, we found significant
changes in sleep parameters. In the first patient total
sleep time did not change significantly though sleep on-
set latency and WASO improved significantly. In our
study patients were instructed about sleep hygiene prin-
ciples as a result of which excessive lying in bed was re-
duced. That may explain improvement in sleep onset
latency in this patient. In the second patient both total
sleep time and sleep onset latency showed improvement
with no significant changes in WASO. Yoga nidra has
been found to be associated with shift towards parasym-
pathetic dominance (Markil et al. 2012). High cardiac
vagal control is related to better subjective and objective
sleep quality (Werner et al. 2015). Yoga practise in the
morning has been found to increase parasympathetic
drive at night (Patra and Telles 2010) causing sleep to be
more restorative which may explain significant improve-
ment in sleep quality ratings and WASO.N3% TST im-
proved with intervention which is a reliable indicator in
PSG in insomnia (Israel et al. 2012). This increase in
slow wave sleep may be responsible for the improved
sleep quality. The probable mechanisms which might
affect sleep quality and subjectively feeling better may be
linked to cognitive structuring effects of these practices
which make the mental processing of external inputs
more relaxed (Deepak 2002). Though probable mecha-
nisms involved with yoga nidra are not clear at present
but mindfulness meditation is known to target deficits in
executive attention which characterise mood and anxiety
(Ainsworth et al. 2013) and psychological symptoms
(Smernoff et al. 2015). Reduction in sympathetic arousal
Table 2 Questionnaires of patient 02 during the intervention
and at follow ups
Questionnaire Patient 02
Baseline Mid
intervention
after 14 days
After 04 weeks
of intervention
Three months
Post
intervention
Insomnia
Severity Index
12 5 0 0
PSAS Total
score
55 36 33 39
PSAS Total
somatic score
15 11 11 13
PSAS Total
Cognitive
score
40 25 22 26
PSQI Total 0–21 11 -
a
10 1
Depression of
DASS
10 11 1 2
Anxiety of
DASS
513 3 0
Stress of DASS 17 19 9 0
ESS
b
46 6 3
a
PSQI is filled keeping past 1 month in mind and hence was not collected at
14 days of intervention
b
ESS (Johns 1991) © MW JOHNS 1990–1997. USED UNDER LICENSE
Table 1 Questionnaires of patient 01 during the intervention and at follow ups
Questionnaire Patient 01
Baseline Mid intervention after
14 days
After 04 weeks of
intervention
Three months Post
intervention
Six months Post
intervention
Insomnia Severity Index 13 10 5 3 4
PSAS Total score 28 26 20 18 18
PSAS Total somatic score 8 8 8 8 8
PSAS Total Cognitive score 20 18 12 10 10
PSQI Total 0–21 8 -
a
54 4
Depression of DASS 2 0 0 0 0
Anxiety of DASS 0 0 0 0 0
Stress of DASS 4 2 0 0 0
ESS
b
13 10 5 3 3
a
PSQI is filled keeping past 1 month in mind and hence was not collected at 14 days of intervention
b
ESS (Johns 1991) © MW JOHNS 1990–1997. USED UNDER LICENSE
Datta et al. Sleep Science and Practice (2017) 1:7 Page 8 of 11
Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.
and reduced emotional states are the probable reasons
for improvement in insomnia patients with mindfulness
meditation (Ong et al. 2014; Morin et al. 1992; Ong
et al. 2008; Ong et al. 2009; Martires and Zeidler 2015).
In our patients yoga nidra did not reduce total sleep
time unlike a study on meditators where a reduced sleep
need due to meditation was proposed (Kaul et al. 2010).
Yoga nidra has been used in diseases and has been
found to reduce perceived stress and anxiety (Rani et al.
2011; Stankovic 2011; Amita et al. 2009; Rani et al.
2012). In our patient we found improvement in depres-
sion and anxiety scores at 3 months of intervention. At
2 weeks patient 02 showed increased anxiety and stress
and that may be attributable to his personal commit-
ment of a business trip and his apprehension of doing
yoga nidra which became better in subsequent trips.
This is important to understand while planning this
model that initial support is important during initial 3 to
4 weeks of intervention. Following the yoga nidra model
planned for the patients there was no adverse effect re-
ported but it is important that the intervention be given
under supervision of a sleep practitioner because the
changes seen in the patients need to be assessed and
monitored specially when an increased association to
have anxiety, other somatic complaints like headaches,
nausea is likely to be more in insomnia patients with
mind body therapies including meditation (Jacobsen and
Edinger 1982; Carlson and Nitz 1991).
This highlights the differences between patients and
meditators and hence the medical supervision of these
patients is extremely important.
Yoga nidra is easy to administer, relatively safe and
does improve sleep in chronic insomnia. Another advan-
tage of yoga nidra model is, that after the first five su-
pervised sessions the patient is not dependant on the
therapist, on the contrary he can do it all by himself in
the comfort of his own house. This also gives confidence
to the patient and alleviates his anxiety as seen in one of
our patient. This may be one of the important factors
for sustained improvement in anxiety and stress in both
patients at 3 months of intervention.
The model developed for yoga nidra intervention
can be used in chronic insomnia patients as an ad-
junct in management of chronic insomnia. Initial
monitoring by a sleep physician should be done dur-
ing 3 to 4 weeks of intervention. Though there are
potential benefits of yoga nidra in insomnia patients,
exact mechanism of yoga nidra is not yet clear. In
our study both the volunteers were of elderly age
group. Another limitation of our study is that in this
case report there is a limited sample size (2 cases), so
no firm conclusions can be drawn yet, until further
studies are done on a larger number of patients. The
efficacy of yoga nidra can be better understood in a
randomised controlled trial in comparison to CBTI
preferably in a younger age group.
Endnotes
1
Second author: Dr Manjari Tripathi- MT
2
First author: Dr Karuna Datta- KD
Additional file
Additional file 1: Brief Outline of Yoga nidra. (PDF 26 kb)
Abbreviations
AASM: American association of sleep medicine; CBTI: Cognitive behavioural
therapy for insomnia; CD: Compact disc; DASS: Depression anxiety and stress
scale; ECG: Electrocardiography; EEG: Electroencephalography;
EMG: Electromyography; EOG: Electrooculography; ESS © MW JOHNS 1990–
1997. USED UNDER LICENSE: Epworth sleepiness scale; ISI: Insomnia severity
index; MES: Morningness eveningness scale; N1, 2, 3: Non REM stages as per
AASM scoring criteria; OPD: Out patients department; PSAS: Pre sleep arousal
scale; PSG: Polysomnography; PSQI: Pittsburgh sleep quality index; REM: Rapid
eye movement; SOL: Sleep onset latency; SPT: Sleep period time; TIB: Time in bed;
TST: Total sleep time; TWD: Total wake duration; WASO: Wake after sleep onset
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the support of Bihar School of Yoga Munger,
Bihar, India for providing valuable inputs, books, literature and blessings in
Table 3 PSG parameters of both patients
PSG Parameters Patient 01 Patient 02
Baseline After 04 weeks of
intervention
Baseline
TIB (min) 434 351 496
TST (min) 298 294 415
SPT (min) 421 337 477
SOL (min) 04 03 06
Sleep Efficiency (%) 68.6 83.8 83.6
WASO (min) 131 56 75
WASO/TST 0.44 0.19 0.18
ROL (min) 158 125 81
WAKE duration (min) 135 59 81
Wake % TIB 31.2 16.2 16.4
N1 duration (min) 101 79 45
N1 %TIB 23.3 22.6 9
N1 % TST 33.9 27 10.7
N2 duration (min) 112 79 309
N2 % TIB 25.7 39.7 62.2
N2 % TST 37.5 47.4 74.5
N3 duration (min) 61 139 1
N3 %TIB 13.9 39.7 0.2
N3 % TST 20.3 47.4 0.2
REM duration (min) 25 40
REM %TIB 5.6 11.2 12.2
REM %TST 8.2 13.4 14.6
Datta et al. Sleep Science and Practice (2017) 1:7 Page 9 of 11
Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.
designing and completing the study. Authors are also thankful to the sleep
technicians of MT sleep lab who conducted overnight polysomnography for
the study. Authors thank MAPI trust for granting permission to use ESS “ESS
contact information and permission to use: MAPIResearch Trust, Lyon, France.
E-mail: PROinformation@mapi-trust.org –Internet: www.mapi-trust.org”.
Funding
Funding for the study was provided from the department and Institute
(All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India) funds and resources.
No separate funding agency was involved in the design of the study and
collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets during and/or analysed during the current study available from
the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors’contributions
HM and MT helped KD design the study. Data collection was done by KD
under guidance of MT. Analysis and interpretation of results and writing the
manuscript was done by KD with guidance of HM and MT. All authors read
and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
Not Applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
A statement on ethics approval and consent provided in the methods
section along with the reference number. The Institute Ethics Committee of
All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India approved the study
and the reference number isIESC/T-394/02.11.2012.
‘All the patients were explained about the nature of study and informed
consent obtained. The study was approved by the Institutional ethical
committee of All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
(reference number IESC/T-394/02.11.2012).’
Author details
1
Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi,
India.
2
Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New
Delhi, India.
Received: 7 October 2016 Accepted: 19 January 2017
References
Ainsworth B, Eddershaw R, Meron D, Baldwin DS, Garner M. The effect of focused
attention and open monitoring meditation on attention network function in
healthy volunteers. Psychiatry Res. 2013;210:1226–31.
Amita S, Prabhakar S, Manoj I, Harminder S, Pavan T. Effect of yoga-nidra on blood
glucose level in diabetic patients. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009;53:97–101.
Berry RB, Brooks R, Gamaldo CE, Harding SM, Lloyd RM, Marcus CL, Vaughn BV,
for the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The AASM Manual for the
Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical
Specifications, Version 2.0.3. Darien: American Academy of Sleep Medicine;
2014. www.aasmnet.org.
Brown TA, Chorpita BF, Korotitsch W, Barlow DH. Psychometric properties of the
depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) in clinical samples. Behav Res Ther.
1997;35:79–89.
Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh sleep
quality index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research.
Psychiatry Res. 1989;28:193–213.
Carlson CR, Nitz AJ. Negative side effects of self-regulation training: relaxation
and the role of the professional in service delivery. Biofeedback Self-Regul.
1991;16:191–7.
Deepak KK. Neurophysiological mechanisms of induction of meditation: a
hypothetico-deductive approach. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002;46:136–58.
Edinger JD, Buysse DJ, Deriy L, Germain A, Lewin DS, Ong JC, et al. Quality
measures for the care of patients with insomnia. J Clin Sleep Med JCSM Off
Publ Am Acad Sleep Med. 2015;11:311–34.
Hoque R, Chesson AL. Zolpidem-induced sleepwalking, sleep related eating
disorder, and sleep-driving: fluorine-18-flourodeoxyglucose positron emission
tomography analysis, and a literature review of other unexpected clinical
effects of zolpidem. J Clin Sleep Med JCSM Off Publ Am Acad Sleep Med.
2009;5:471–6.
Horne JA, Ostberg O. A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-
eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int J Chronobiol. 1976;4:97–110.
Irwin MR, Olmstead R, Motivala SJ. Improving sleep quality in older adults with
moderate sleep complaints: a randomized controlled trial of Tai Chi Chih.
Sleep. 2008;31:1001–8.
Israel B, Buysse DJ, Krafty RT, Begley A, Miewald J, Hall M. Short-term stability of
sleep and heart rate variability in good sleepers and patients with insomnia:
for some measures, one night is enough. Sleep. 2012;35:1285–91.
Jacobsen R, Edinger JD. Side effects of relaxation treatment. Am J Psychiatry.
1982;139:952–3.
Johns MW. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness
scale. Sleep. 1991;14:540–5.
Kao C-H, Sun L-M, Liang J-A, Chang S-N, Sung F-C, Muo C-H. Relationship of
zolpidem and cancer risk: a Taiwanese population-based cohort study. Mayo
Clin Proc. 2012;87:430–6.
Kaul P, Passafiume J, Sargent CR, O’Hara BF. Meditation acutely improves
psychomotor vigilance, and may decrease sleep need. Behav Brain Funct
BBF. 2010;6:47.
Khalsa SBS. Treatment of chronic insomnia with yoga: a preliminary study with
sleep-wake diaries. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2004;29:269–78.
Kripke DF, Garfinkel L, Wingard DL, Klauber MR, Marler MR. Mortality associated
with sleep duration and insomnia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:131–6.
Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states:
comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck
depression and anxiety inventories. Behav Res Ther. 1995;33:335–43.
Markil N, Whitehurst M, Jacobs PL, Zoeller RF. Yoga Nidra relaxation increases
heart rate variability and is unaffected by a prior bout of Hatha yoga. J Altern
Complement Med N Y N. 2012;18:953–8.
Martires J, Zeidler M. The value of mindfulness meditation in the treatment of
insomnia. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2015;21:547–52.
Morin CM, Gaulier B, Barry T, Kowatch RA. Patients’acceptance of psychological
and pharmacological therapies for insomnia. Sleep. 1992;15:302–5.
Morin CM, Belleville G, Bélanger L, Ivers H. The Insomnia Severity Index:
psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment
response. Sleep. 2011;34:601–8.
Nicassio PM, Mendlowitz DR, Fussell JJ, Petras L. The phenomenology of the pre-
sleep state: the development of the pre-sleep arousal scale. Behav Res Ther.
1985;23:263–71.
Ong JC, Shapiro SL, Manber R. Combining mindfulness meditation with cognitive-
behavior therapy for insomnia: a treatment-development study. Behav Ther.
2008;39:171–82.
Ong JC, Shapiro SL, Manber R. Mindfulness meditation and cognitive behavioral
therapy for insomnia: a naturalistic 12-month follow-up. Explore N Y N. 2009;
5:30–6.
Ong JC, Manber R, Segal Z, Xia Y, Shapiro S, Wyatt JK. A randomized controlled
trial of mindf ulness meditation for chronic insomnia. Sleep. 2014;37:
1553–63.
Paine S-J, Gander PH, Travier N. The epidemiology of morningness/eveningness:
influence of age, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic factors in adults (30-
49 years). J Biol Rhythms. 2006;21:68–76.
Patra S, Telles S. Heart rate variability during sleep following the practice of
cyclic meditation and supine rest. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2010;
35:135–40.
Rani K, Tiwari S, Singh U, Agrawal G, Ghildiyal A, Srivastava N. Impact of Yoga Nidra
on psychological general wellbeing in patients with menstrual irregularities: a
randomized controlled trial. Int J Yoga. 2011;4:20–5.
Rani K, Tiwari S, Singh U, Singh I, Srivastava N. Yoga Nidra as a complementary
treatment of anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with menstrual
disorder. Int J Yoga. 2012;5:52–6.
Saraswati S. Bihar School of Yoga. Yoga nidra. Munger: Yoga Publications Trust; 1998.
Schutte-Rodin S, Broch L, Buysse D, Dorsey C, Sateia M. Clinical guideline for the
evaluation and management of chronic insomnia in adults. J Clin Sleep Med
JCSM Off Publ Am Acad Sleep Med. 2008;4:487–504.
Smernoff E, Mitnik I, Kolodner K, Lev-Ari S. The effects of “The Work”meditation
(Byron Katie) on psychological symptoms and quality of life–a pilot clinical
study. Explore N Y N. 2015;11:24–31.
Datta et al. Sleep Science and Practice (2017) 1:7 Page 10 of 11
Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.
Stankovic L. Transforming trauma: a qualitative feasibility study of integrative
restoration (iRest) yoga Nidra on combat-related post-traumatic stress
disorder. Int J Yoga Ther. 2011;21:23–37.
Taylor DJ, Mallory LJ, Lichstein KL, Durrence HH, Riedel BW, Bush AJ. Comorbidity
of chronic insomnia with medical problems. Sleep. 2007;30:213–8.
Werner GG, Ford BQ, Mauss IB, Schabus M, Blechert J, Wilhelm FH. High cardiac
vagal control is related to better subjective and objective sleep quality. Biol
Psychol. 2015;106:79–85.
• We accept pre-submission inquiries
• Our selector tool helps you to find the most relevant journal
• We provide round the clock customer support
• Convenient online submission
• Thorough peer review
• Inclusion in PubMed and all major indexing services
• Maximum visibility for your research
Submit your manuscript at
www.biomedcentral.com/submit
Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central
and we will help you at every step:
Datta et al. Sleep Science and Practice (2017) 1:7 Page 11 of 11
Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Terms and Conditions
Springer Nature journal content, brought to you courtesy of Springer Nature Customer Service Center GmbH (“Springer Nature”).
Springer Nature supports a reasonable amount of sharing of research papers by authors, subscribers and authorised users (“Users”), for small-
scale personal, non-commercial use provided that all copyright, trade and service marks and other proprietary notices are maintained. By
accessing, sharing, receiving or otherwise using the Springer Nature journal content you agree to these terms of use (“Terms”). For these
purposes, Springer Nature considers academic use (by researchers and students) to be non-commercial.
These Terms are supplementary and will apply in addition to any applicable website terms and conditions, a relevant site licence or a personal
subscription. These Terms will prevail over any conflict or ambiguity with regards to the relevant terms, a site licence or a personal subscription
(to the extent of the conflict or ambiguity only). For Creative Commons-licensed articles, the terms of the Creative Commons license used will
apply.
We collect and use personal data to provide access to the Springer Nature journal content. We may also use these personal data internally within
ResearchGate and Springer Nature and as agreed share it, in an anonymised way, for purposes of tracking, analysis and reporting. We will not
otherwise disclose your personal data outside the ResearchGate or the Springer Nature group of companies unless we have your permission as
detailed in the Privacy Policy.
While Users may use the Springer Nature journal content for small scale, personal non-commercial use, it is important to note that Users may
not:
use such content for the purpose of providing other users with access on a regular or large scale basis or as a means to circumvent access
control;
use such content where to do so would be considered a criminal or statutory offence in any jurisdiction, or gives rise to civil liability, or is
otherwise unlawful;
falsely or misleadingly imply or suggest endorsement, approval , sponsorship, or association unless explicitly agreed to by Springer Nature in
writing;
use bots or other automated methods to access the content or redirect messages
override any security feature or exclusionary protocol; or
share the content in order to create substitute for Springer Nature products or services or a systematic database of Springer Nature journal
content.
In line with the restriction against commercial use, Springer Nature does not permit the creation of a product or service that creates revenue,
royalties, rent or income from our content or its inclusion as part of a paid for service or for other commercial gain. Springer Nature journal
content cannot be used for inter-library loans and librarians may not upload Springer Nature journal content on a large scale into their, or any
other, institutional repository.
These terms of use are reviewed regularly and may be amended at any time. Springer Nature is not obligated to publish any information or
content on this website and may remove it or features or functionality at our sole discretion, at any time with or without notice. Springer Nature
may revoke this licence to you at any time and remove access to any copies of the Springer Nature journal content which have been saved.
To the fullest extent permitted by law, Springer Nature makes no warranties, representations or guarantees to Users, either express or implied
with respect to the Springer nature journal content and all parties disclaim and waive any implied warranties or warranties imposed by law,
including merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose.
Please note that these rights do not automatically extend to content, data or other material published by Springer Nature that may be licensed
from third parties.
If you would like to use or distribute our Springer Nature journal content to a wider audience or on a regular basis or in any other manner not
expressly permitted by these Terms, please contact Springer Nature at
onlineservice@springernature.com
Available via license: CC BY
Content may be subject to copyright.
Content uploaded by Karuna Datta
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Karuna Datta on Nov 12, 2017
Content may be subject to copyright.
