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Application of conventional and non-conventional extraction approaches for extraction of Erica carnea L.: Chemical profile and biological activity of obtained extracts
Abstract
Erica carnea L. or spring heath, is a perennial evergreen shrub, which belongs to the Ericaceae botanical family, which plant species are known for their biological activity and medical application. Despite the wide range of biological activity and medical application, Erica carnea L. has not been studied. This study deals with the application of conventional and non-conventional extraction approaches for isolation of bioactive compounds from the plant. Obtained extracts was tested regarding their chemical profile (total phenolics, flavonoids, condensed tannins, gallotannins and anthocyanins contents) and biological activity (antioxidant, cytotoxic and antibacterial activities). Phenolic profile of extracts was established using HPLC-DAD analysis where rosmarinic acid and rutin were dominant compounds. Results of antioxidant and cytotoxic activities demonstrated the domination of subcritical water extract, while ultrasound-assisted extract exhibited the highest total antibacterial activity. Presented results demonstrated that plant Erica carnea L. might be used as a potential source of biologically compounds.
... Since ancient times, Erica species have been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of burns and wounds. The studies have been showed that Erica species possess antiulcer 12&13 , antimicrobial 14&15 , antibacterial, cytotoxic [16][17][18][19] , and antioxidant [20][21][22][23][24] activities. It has also been reported that Erica species have polyphenolic, flavonoid, coumarin and triterpenoid, compounds 25-32 . ...
... The essential oils of E. manipuliflora extracted in two growth periods namely: before flowering and full flowering, were tested invitro against 2 gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis), and 2 gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis), using MBC method. Each EO was prepared in 5 concentrations (2,4,8,16, and 32 mg.ml -1 ) by adding the suitable amounts of EO, tween 80 (0.5% V/V) and NB to complete the volume to 1 ml. Each test was done in triplicates. ...
... For such reasons, nonconventional techniques have been developed. Maceration and soxhlet extraction are successfully changed with ultrasound-assisted, microwaveassisted and subcritical water extraction techniques, while hydrodistillation has been changed with supercritical fluid extraction for isolation of moderately and nonpolar compounds from plant material ; P. Z. Veličković et al., 2017). ...
... Taking this into account, MAE showed better results. This is in consistency with the previous studies which showed that concentration of TPC and TFC are in correlation with the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts (P.Mašković et al., 2017;Veličković et al., 2017). ...
... For such reasons, new, non-conventional approaches such as ultrasound-assisted (UAE), microwave-assisted (MAE) and subcritical water (SCW) extraction techniques have been developed. They rather apply non-toxic solvent such as water allowing their instant utility in liquid form (Azmir et al., 2013;Veličković et al., 2017). All these techniques are based on different phenomena such as cavitation (in the case of UAE) or ionic conduction and dipole rotation mechanisms (in the case of MAE) (Azmir et al., 2013;Jain et al., 2009;Letellier and Budzinski, 1999). ...
... Under such conditions dielectric constant of water sharply decreases and become similar to that of methanol or even lower (Anekpankul et al., 2007;Ko et al., 2014;Teo et al., 2010). This method applies solvent which is considered to be environmentalfriendly, while previously conducted studies showed that this technique provided the best results in comparison to other conventional and nonconventional techniques Veličković et al., 2017). ...
Background:
Lavatera thuringiaca L. is herbaceous perennial plant from Malvaceae family, which is known for its biological activity and richness in polyphenolic compounds. Despite this, the information regarding the biological activity and chemical profile is still insufficient.
Purpose:
Aim of this study was to investigate biological potential and chemical profile of Lavatera thuringiaca L., as well as influence of applied extraction technique on them.
Study design and methods:
Two conventional and four non-conventional extraction techniques were applied in order to obtain extracts rich in bioactive compound. Extracts were further tested for total phenolics, flavonoids, condensed tannins, gallotannins and anthocyanins contents using spectrophotometric assays. Polyphenolic profile was established using HPLC-DAD analysis. Biological activity was investigated regarding antioxidant, cytotoxic and antibacterial activities. Four antioxidant assays were applied as well as three different cell lines for cytotoxic and fifteen bacterial strain for antibacterial activity.
Results and conclusion:
Results showed that subcritical water extraction (SCW) dominated over the other extraction techniques, where SCW extract exhibited the highest biological activity. Study indicates that plant Lavatera thuringiaca L. may be used as a potential source of biologically compounds.
... For the solvent, the TPC concentration is higher in ethanol than in the aqueous extract, except for the leaf extract obtained by maceration. Various researchers confirmed the results that the chemical profiles of plant extracts were dependent on the extraction method, solvent, and plant parts [25][26][27]. ...
The genus Scorzonera has various medicinal values. Species belonging to this genus were traditionally used as drugs or in food. The current study aimed to determine the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and biological properties of the tuber, leaf, and flower of Scorzonera undulata extracts, collected from the southwest of Tunisia. Phenolic compounds from the three parts were extracted using two solvents (water and ethanol) and two extraction techniques (maceration and ultrasound). The total phenolic content was measured by the Folin–Ciocalteu assay. Furthermore, the chemical composition of Scorzonera undulata extract was also investigated by the LC-ESI–MS method using phenolic acid and flavonoid standards. The variation of the extraction methods induced a variation in the real potentialities of the three parts in terms of bioactive molecules. However, the aerial part of S. undulata (leaves and flowers) showed, in general, the highest phenolic contents. Twenty-five volatile compounds have been detected by GC-MS in S. undulata extracts; among them, fourteen were identified before derivatization. The DPPH test showed that the aerial part of the plant has a higher antioxidant activity compared to the tuber (25.06% at 50 µg/mL for the leaf ethanolic extract obtained by ultrasound extraction). For most biological activities (anti-Xanthine, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic (alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase)), the aerial parts (flowers and leaves) of the plant showed the highest inhibition than tubers.
... The results reported by Pinto et al. were also lower, ranging from 6.98 to 13.91 µmol FSE/100 mg [31]. In fact, different authors reported higher values of antioxidant activity when SWE was employed, comparated to conventional solvent extractions [33][34][35]. These differences can be explained not only by the different solvents used, but, most importantly, by the technique employed. ...
This study aims to validate a new cosmetic ingredient from Salicornia ramosissima S J. Woods through in vitro and ex vivo assays. The halophyte extracts were obtained by subcritical water extraction (SWE) at different temperatures (110, 120, 140, 160 and 180 °C). The antioxidant/radical scavenging activities and the phenolic profile were screened for all extracts. The optimal extract was assessed in keratinocytes and fibroblasts, while permeation assays were performed in Franz cells. The inhibitory activity of hyaluronidase and elastase was also evaluated. The sample extracted at 180 °C presented the highest phenolic content (1739.28 mg/100 g of dry weight (dw)). Despite not being efficient in the sequestration of ABTS•+, this extract scavenged the DPPH• (IC50 = 824.57 µg/mL). The scavenging capacity of superoxide (O2•−) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) was also considerable (respectively, IC50 = 158.87 µg/mL and IC50 = 5.80 µg/mL). The cell viability assays confirmed the absence of negative effects on keratinocytes, while the fibroblasts’ viability slightly decreased. The ex vivo permeation of rutin, quercetin and syringic acid after 24 h was, respectively, 11, 20 and 11%. Additionally, the extract showed a good elastase and hyaluronidase inhibitory activity. The results obtained support the S. ramosissima bioactivity as a cosmetic ingredient.
... Due to the recent increase in polyphenols demand, many works are focused on polyphenols extraction from plants, showing the importance of natural antioxidants for the scientific community and productive sectors (Vergara-Salinas et al. 2015;Aissa et al. 2017;Bodoira et al. 2017;Veličković et al. 2017;Gullón et al. 2018;Favareto et al. 2019;Jaski et al. 2019;Monroy et al. 2020). Moreover, the use of biowastes as initial substrates for the recovery of polyphenolic compounds may be an economical and viable solution (Avila-Sosa et al. 2010;Tsakona et al. 2012;Garmus et al. 2019;Sorita et al. 2020;More et al. 2021;Moreno-González and Ottens 2021). ...
Pressurized liquid extraction with water and ethanol was employed to obtain high antioxidant extracts from olive leaves (Olea europaea L.). The influence of solvent ratio (100–50% v/v water/ethanol), temperature (100–200 °C), and solvent flow rate (1–5 mL min−1) on the extraction process was investigated using a Box-Behnken experimental design. ANOVA was applied to determine the overall goodness of fit of the dependent variables (extraction yield, antioxidant capacity by DPPH, total flavonoids, total iridoid-glycoside, and total phenolic content) in second-order models. For the optimization, these models were used to find the optimal conditions using the Sequential Simplex optimization procedure combined with Derringer and Suich’s desirability function to maximize antioxidant capacity, total iridoid-glycoside recovery, and total phenolic content. The optimal region conditions for extraction were determined at a solvent ratio of 53–65% v/v water/ethanol, the extraction temperature of 100–120 °C, and a 3–4 mL min−1 solvent flow rate. Fifteen phenolic compounds were identified in the samples using HPLC–DAD-ESI/MSn, including two phenolic acids (hydroxytyrosol and hydroxytyrosol glucoside), four flavonols (apigenin-6,8-C-dihexoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, luteolin-O-hexoside, and derivatives), and nine iridoid-glycosides (verbascoside, oleuropein, and derivatives). Oleuropein and derivates were identified as the major phenolic compounds in the extract obtained at optimal conditions as a percentage of 89% of the extract composition.Graphical abstract
... Flavonoids, including an antibacterial biflavonoid, coumarins, anthocyanidols and triterpenoids are found in Erica species (Crowden and Jarman, 1976;Chulia et al., 1995;Bitchagno et al., 2016;Sen et al., 2016). Other studies have been conducted on various effects of certain Erica species, such as antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antiulcer and antilisterial activities (Reyes Ruiz et al., 1996;Martin-Cordero et al., 2001;Santos et al., 2019;Velickovic et al., 2017). ...
A growing number of investigations of essential oils, extracts or phytochemicals have been conducted to discover effective pesticidal agents against Aedes aegypti L., a major vector of yellow fever, Zika fever and dengue. The goal of this study was to enhance the knowledge about the activity of Erica manipuliflora and to discover effective pesticidal agents against Ae. aegypti L during both the flowering and fruiting periods. Eight extracts of E. manipuliflora in flowering and fruiting periods were investigated for their insecticidal activities against larval and adult Ae. aegypti. Five extracts exhibited adult mortality of greater than 90% at 5 μg/mosquito. The major volatile compounds of petroleum ether and acetone extracts of the aerial parts in both periods were found cyclopentanol, methylcyclohexane, 2-methyl-2-pentanol and 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-1,2-pentanone respectively, by GC-MS. 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, myricetin rhamnoside, and quercetin rhamnoside were determined as major compounds of active extracts by LC-MS. This initial study of the insecticidal activity of E. manipuliflora shows it has compounds potentially useful for protection against vector-borne diseases.
... Although the higher temperatures are desired, it should be noted that thermolabile compounds may decompose under such conditions (Özel & Göğüş, 2014). On the other hand, during the SWE new compounds might be formed due to the occurrence of different chemical reactions, such as caramelization and Maillard reaction (Ahmad & Langrish, 2012;He et al., 2012;Plaza, Amigo-Benavent, del Castillo, Ibáñez, & Herrero, 2010), and these compounds are often more potent antioxidants which may increase the activity of the extracts (Veličković et al., 2017). Besides these processes, other reactions such as hydrolysis, oxidation, methylation, and isomerization may take place under the SWE conditions (Carr, Mammucari, & Foster, 2011). ...
Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is highlighted as an emerging source of different valuable bioactive compounds (fibers, proteins, oil, cannabinoids, polyphenols, etc.). There has been a great interest recently in application of various extraction techniques for the recovery of bioactives from different parts of hemp, as well as from by-products and side streams generated from the conventional hemp processing. The basic principles of traditional and novel extraction techniques (ultrasound-assisted, microwave-assisted, supercritical fluid, pressurized-liquid extraction, etc.), as well as different encapsulation techniques, are applied for further processing of the extracts. Special emphasis has been given on advantages and limitations, challenges and opportunities in processing of hemp bioactives. Finally, this chapter summarizes the recent findings on the use of these technologies to recover and encapsulate various hemp compounds in order to obtain products with high bioactive potential for further industrial use.
... Conventional extraction techniques have several disadvantages such as heat degradation of relevant compounds, hydrolysis and organic solvent residue in the extracts [13]. Solvents such as ethanol, methanol and hexane often used in conventional methods can have negative effects on human health and/or the environment [14]. ...
In this study, ultrasound extraction of bioactive compounds from tarragon was examined as a sustainable technology. Pure water, which is a green solvent, was used as solvent. Box–Behnken was used in the experimental design, and ultrasonic power, extraction time and solvent-to-sample ratio were determined to be independent variables. The physicochemical properties were determined by physical (color, pH, Brix) and chemical analyses (antioxidant activity, total flavonoid and total phenolic compound (TPC)) in the extracts obtained under different conditions. Optimum conditions were found to be 73.9% ultrasonic power, 43.2 min sonication time and 10 mL/g solvent-to-sample ratio. The composite desirability (R²) of optimum conditions was 99.3% after optimization. Since high efficiency was obtained in a short time with ultrasound extraction, it was found to be quite good in terms of energy savings. That is, the highest TPC was obtained with a sonication time of 45 min with this method, while similar TPC in the control group (maceration) was obtained in 24 h. In the optimum conditions, extraction with other green solvents (ethanol and deep eutectic solvent—DES) was carried out and bioactive compound yields were compared. For different solvents compared under optimum conditions, ethanol gave higher yields in terms of TPC, while higher yields were obtained in samples using water as solvent for some antioxidant activity values. The results obtained with DES were not as high as expected, and this resulted in the conclusion that a hydrogen bond donor is not suitable for obtaining bioactive compounds from tarragon.
... Some extracts from this plant have exhibited important health promoting properties such as antioxidant, antibiotic, or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-UV-vis and LC-MS) [24,43]. However, the technique most used for the analysis of anthocyanins in the Erica genus has been highperformance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) [15,44,45]. In this study, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (UHPLC-DAD) has been used for its ability to separate compounds with high chromatographic resolution, due to the use of particles sizes smaller than 2 µm, which produces an increase in the working pressure and a shortening of the analysis times. ...
Erica australis plants have been used in infusions and folk medicine for years for its diuretic and antiseptic properties and even for the treatment of infections. In addition, a recently published thorough study on this species has demonstrated its antioxidant, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic and even antitumoral activities. These properties have been associated with the high content of anthocyanins in E. australis leaves and flowers. The aim of the present research is to optimize an ultrasound-assisted extraction methodology for the recovery of the anthocyanins present in E. australis flowers. For that purpose, a Box Behnken design with response surface methodology was employed, and the influence of four variables at different values was determined: namely, the composition of the extraction solvents (0–50% MeOH in water), the pH level of those solvents (3–7), the extraction temperature (10–70 °C), and the sample:solvent ratio (0.5 g:10 mL–0.5 g:20 mL). UHPLC-UV-vis has been employed to quantify the two major anthocyanins detected in the samples. The extraction optimum conditions for 0.5 g samples were: 20 mL of solvent (50% MeOH:H2O) at 5 pH, with a 15 min extraction time at 70 °C. A precision study was performed and the intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) obtained were 3.31% and 3.52%, respectively. The developed methodology has been successfully applied to other Erica species to validate the suitability of the method for anthocyanin extraction.
... This could be due to the high polarity and subcritical dissociation of bonds of methanol compared to other types of solvent during phenolics recovery from this plant. With regards to the different extraction techniques, our findings are in line with those of the study by Veličković et al.21 . The O. gratissimum phenolic content has been well established in the literature; however, several factors, such as harvest season, type of fertilization, habitat/location, and plant malnutrition, can affect the phenolic content in O. gratissimum22 . ...
Ocimum gratissimum is a shrub that belongs to the Lamiaceae family of plants. Despite the known biological activities and ethnomedicinal applications, comparative evaluation of the effects of different extraction techniques on the chemical and bioactive properties of O. gratissimum extracts has not yet been performed. This study adopted different analytical techniques to determine the effect of extraction temperature and solvent type on the phytochemical and bioactive properties of O. gratissimum extracts. Chemical profiling showed increased concentrations of compounds for both the ethanolic and methanolic extracts compared to the water extracts. The results also revealed that the extraction temperature had an effect on the total phenolic content and radical-scavenging properties of the different extracts. The antioxidant kinetic modeling achieved the best fit when using the second-order kinetic model. Methanolic extracts had the highest levels of antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhimurium. At high concentrations, all extracts lowered the viability of the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. In conclusion, the chemical and bioactive properties of all extracts showed significant dependence on the extraction temperature and solvent type. With proper extraction methods, they boast a wide range of promising applications in the medical, pharmaceutical, and food industries.
... Beside these techniques, the other ones, e.g., solvent extraction, maceration, Soxhlet extraction, pressurized-fluid extraction, headspace, solvent-assisted flavor evaporation, solid-phase microextraction, and direct thermal desorption, have been also used for the isolation of EOs [4]. There are also other techniques such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and subcritical water extraction which were successfully applied for isolation of other plant metabolites such as phenolic compounds [9][10][11][12][13][14][15], which may be modified and used for extraction of EOs in the future. ...
Essential oils (EOs) are a complex mixture of different classes of compounds. They are widely applied today in different branches of industry, e.g., food and pharmaceutical industries. EOs are also applied in folk medicine and in the production of perfumes. Because of their significance, it is very important to develop a method for their analysis. To do so, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was applied to establish the method. Commonly applied nonpolar column (HP 5-MS) was replaced with the polar one (TR WAX-MS) with polyethylene glycol as a stationary phase. Different analytical standards have been used for the creation of the calibration curves. Results showed that the polar column separated the compound more efficiently than the nonpolar column. The analysis was longer with the polar than with nonpolar column, but the polar stationary phase provided separation based on the polarity of the analyzed compounds, which ensured good separation of isomers and derivatives. To conclude, application of the polar column may provide a better result that is highly desirable, thus its usage for the analysis of EOs is encouraged.
... In the last 10 years all of the modern, techniques mentioned above have been successfully applied for the isolation of polyphenolic compounds and they are considered as potential alternatives to the traditional solid-liquid extraction method for obtaining secondary metabolites from plants. Numerous papers have dealed with polyphenols extraction from different matrices (medicinal/ aromatic plants, plant waste, side-stram from agro-industry, atc.) by ASE, MAE or UAE Radojković et al., 2018;Veličković et al., 2017). ...
... The extracts were prepared by mixing 5 g of plant material with 150 mL of solvents (H 2 O or 50% EtOH). After 30 min of sonification at 40 kHz, the mixture was filtrated and obtained extracts were stored in the freeze (Veličković et al., 2017). ...
Since ancient times, elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.)has been used in traditional medicine, but also as a supplement in various beverages and dishes. Although elderberry is a widespread species in the Balkan Peninsula, it is not sufficiently exploited and it is barely chemically and biologically characterized. The present study was focused on the phytochemical composition and biological effects of S. nigra flowers’ extracts, obtained by different techniques (microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)and maceration (MAC))in the presence of different solvents (50% ethanol (EtOH)or water (H 2 O)). The phytochemical profiles of the obtained extracts were determined by LC–MS/MS and spectrophotometric techniques: rutin and 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid were found to be the major compounds in all extracts. To evaluate its biological potential, antioxidant, neuroprotective (acetyl – and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition (AChE and BChE)), antityrosinase and antilipase abilities were tested. MAE with 50% EtOH exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, which was in good correlation with the high content of phenolics. The best AChE inhibitory effect was observed by MAC with H 2 O extract. However, the strongest tyrosinase inhibitors were 50% EtOH extracts. The presented results prove the high biological and industrial potential of S. nigra flowers and open new directions towards novel product design.
... In regards to the results presented in Table 8, MAE, UAE and PWE are the techniques with the best future perspectives for tannin extraction. Some works were found providing a further comparison between them and the conventional extraction methods (Veli ckovi c et al., 2017). In terms of extraction yields, PWE was able to achieve the highest values, followed by MAE and UAE. ...
Tannins are phenolic compounds with considerable abundance in nature. They have attracted significant attention lately owing to their huge variety of potential applications. Accordingly, the tannin-related activity in terms of research has undergone a great boost, especially as green feedstock for materials in several fields. Nevertheless, the extraction process remains as the main bottleneck for their valorization, due to their heterogeneous nature. In the present review, a comprehensive study of the main types of tannins extraction techniques was carried out based on the works from the last 20 years. The literature review was carried through analysis of an initial sample of works followed by snowballing process, obtaining the main extraction parameters of each method. Thereby, the different tannins extraction methods were assessed and their major strengths and weaknesses elucidated. Moreover, a direct comparison between the different techniques was done, leading to the main prospectives for the efficient and clean tannins extraction and production.
... However, traditional extraction technique possess some drawbacks such as: thermal degradation of compounds of interest, occurrence of hydrolysis and residue of organic solvents in obtained extract ( Zeković et al., 2016). Usually used organic solvents could express negative impact on environment or on human health, or can even be toxic ( Wang and Weller, 2006;Veličković et al., 2017). This imply the necessity of further purification making the process of iso- lation of bioactive compounds more complicated, which can, in the end, increases the price of final products. ...
In this work, the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was developed and validated for determination of 27 metals in nine pumpkin oils from two production processes (cold pressed and roasted). A microwave assisted digestion was applied for the dissolution of the samples. To evaluate plasma robustness and analytical performance, the Mg II 280.270 nm/Mg I 285.213 nm (Mg II/Mg I) line intensity ratio was used. The robust plasma conditions in axial/radial view mode were reached at an RW power of 1150 W and an argon nebulizer flow rate of 0.5 L/min. The method is evaluated by application of the standard addition method and by recovery test. In general, the recoveries for all elements in pumpkin seed oils were between 90% and 110% except, only for Cd, Pb and As they were <90% and >110%. The most abundant element is K followed by, Mg, P, Ca and Na. Pumpkin seed oils were also found to be a good source of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn. The highest levels of analyzed elements were found in pumpkin seed oils producing from the roasted pumpkin seed paste. In all samples, the content of heavy metals was below the recommended tolerable levels proposed by Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives and does not a pose a health risk for the consumer. The levels of the metals in pumpkin seed oils were also compared with those reported by the literature. Cluster analysis (CA) of the analytical data confirmed the observed differences between oils from two production processes.
... Phenolic compounds from plants are isolated by different extraction techniques such as conventional ones, but more recently also by ultrasound extraction [11], microwave-assisted extraction [12] and pressurised liquid extraction [13]. Recently, there has been an increased interest in the use of environmentally clean and safe technologies such as supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and subcritical water extraction (SWE) [11,[14][15][16]. In addition to the previously mentioned advantages, extracts obtained by SWE usually show higher antioxidant activities in comparison to the ones obtained by conventional solvent [11,14,16] and SFE extraction [17,18]. ...
In the present work, antioxidant compounds from Teucrium montanum were extracted by subcritical water. The influence of extraction temperature and pressure on antioxidant activity of extracts has been investigated in terms of extraction yield (EY), total phenolic content (TPC), and DPPH-radical scavenging activity (DPPH-RSA) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Additionally, the compounds responsible for the antioxidant activity were identified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The highest EY (42.63%), TPC (174.61 ± 4.09 mg GAE/g DE) and antioxidant activity by DPPH-RSA (176.23 ± 8.76 mg TE/g DE) and FRAP (141.71 ± 5.21 mg AAE/g DE) were seen in extracts obtained at temperature of 160 °C and pressure of 10 bar. HPLC analysis revealed that naringin and gallic acid were the principle antioxidant compounds in subcritical extracts. According to the results, SWE has a great potential in exploitation of natural sources of bioactive compounds and production of pharmacologically-active fractions.
... However, traditional extraction technique possess some drawbacks such as: thermal degradation of compounds of interest, occurrence of hydrolysis and residue of organic solvents in obtained extract (Zeković et al., 2016). Usually used organic solvents could express negative impact on environment or on human health, or can even be toxic (Wang and Weller, 2006;Veličković et al., 2017). This imply the necessity of further purification making the process of isolation of bioactive compounds more complicated, which can, in the end, increases the price of final products. ...
Satureja hortensis L. (summer savory) is herb from Lamiaceae plant family known by its usage in folk medicine and cooking. Despite these facts, this plant was not well studied regarding the application of nonconventional extraction techniques and utilization of prepared extracts. Thus, aim of this study was to prepare extract using conventional (maceration and Soxhlet) and non-conventional (ultrasound-assisted, microwave-assisted and subcritical water) approaches, to establish their chemical profile and biological activity using different assays and methods. Results confirmed the domination of subcritical water approach for isolation of natural compounds, following by microwave-assisted extraction. High performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA) analysis confirmed the presence and domination of rosmarinic acid in conventionally prepared extracts, while rutin and quercetin dominated in non-conventionally prepared ones. Antioxidant and cytotoxic assays followed the trends of previous analysis, where the highest activity was exhibited by subcritical extract. Thus, results showed that extracts may be applied in food and pharmaceutical industries for utilization.
The objective of this work was the extraction and quantification of tannins obtained from the bark of four tree species from the forests of Ixtl an de Ju arez, Oaxaca, Mexico (Arbutus xalapensis Kunth., Prunus serotina Ehrh., Quercus crassifolia Humb. and Bonpl., and Quercus laurina Humb. and Bonpl.), In this extraction process, 90% ethanol was used as solvent at an extraction temperature of 70 C for 2 h. The quantification of phenolic compounds, condensed tannins, and percentage of total extract, were obtained using the Stiasny number. The total extracts were 12.87, 16.38, 19.31, and 25.68% for P. serotina, Q. laurina, Q. crassifo-lia, and A. xalapensis, respectively. The condensed tannins were characterized by Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) where at 1626 cm À1 is observed an isomerization that implies a rotation between the C and B rings that corresponding at elongation of bonds in benzene structure of catechin. The purity of the extracted tannins was analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The effectiveness of the extraction process was proven; the importance of knowing the amount of tannins will promote the utilization of the bark of these species. The results of the condensed tannin content place Quercus crasifo-lia (10.29%) and Arbutus xalapensis (13.12%) as potential sources of tannins. ARTICLE HISTORY
Tannins are a class of molecules belonging to the group of phenolic compounds widely found in plant matter and have attracted great attention due to their applications related to several biological activities. The interest in recovering and concentrating these compounds has increased in recent years, especially due to their potential application in pharmaceuticals, food, textiles, and others. Considering the importance of these molecules, we intend to review their peculiarities and molecular characteristics and their recovery in the past 5 years (2016–2020), along with possible pharmacological applications. In addition, primary sources of tannins are listed to identify conventional sources that are already cultivated and alternative sources. Non-conventional extraction techniques are also highlighted to describe those already used in large-scale production and those that are still emerging. Finally, future perspectives for this group of molecules are presented. According to the data provided in this work, extraction techniques with pressurized liquids and ultrasound-assisted extraction are mainly used. This fact is linked to the greater compatibility of these techniques concerning polar compounds. However, the effective comparison between other techniques in terms of extracted tannins is often tricky due to the lack of standardization between the different analysis techniques used by the authors, with different standards being used in each of them. Thus, the extract analysis technique is a point that should be given greater attention in future studies for a better comparison between extractive methods that are often scarce.
Food by-products have been used as source of bioactive compounds with health benefits. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction has been a valuable technology to obtain a diversity of bioactive compounds with the use of safer solvents. This research focused on the comparison of the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antihyperglycemic activities of SC-CO2 and conventional extracts obtained from black bean by-products. A Box-Behnken design was used to evaluate the effect of temperature, pressure, and co-solvent on the soyasaponins recovery. Total phenolic compounds (TPC) were quantified using Folin-Ciocalteu. Cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) and anti-inflammatory response via nitric oxide (NO) assay were evaluated in vitro. The antihyperglycemic activity was evaluated using digestive enzymes. The highest soyasaponin extraction yield was obtained at 70°C, 10 MPa and 10% co-solvent. SC-CO2 extracts exhibited up to 74.7% of CAA, an inhibition of 93.0% NO, 25.1% α-amylase, 78.7% α-glucosidase and 82.33 ± 5.80 of TPC. SC-CO2 extraction resulted in a feasible technology to obtain high-value compounds from industrial by-products to treat hyperglycemic, oxidative stress and inflammation.
Currently, the majority of the biomass residue around Canada is incinerated or landfilled although it still contains valuable chemicals such as tannins (2 - 40 wt %) that can be extracted and used for the production of materials such as binder for plastic composites or polyols for polyurethane foam synthesis. However, most of the methods currently used for tannin extraction involve chemicals such as sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite or sodium carbonate that are not environmentally friendly. Therefore, cleaner methods of tannin extraction are re-emerging as alternatives. Today’s challenge is the development of a cleaner method that is both cost-effective and environmentally friendly as the one presented in this paper to extract tannins from Canadian yellow birch bark. The bark was mechanically pretreated and then tannins were extracted using hot water. Tannin solution was separated from the residue by centrifugation and the tannin extracts were recovered after water evaporation. The yield, energy and water consumption results of the entire extraction process showed that tannin extraction and tannin isolation are the most energy consuming steps (23% and 72% of the total energy used, respectively). Three methods were developed to reduce the energy and water consumption while maximizing the tannin yield. The first method assisted by ultrasound allows to save up to 34% of energy and 34% of water for the tannin extraction step while increasing the tannin yield by 52% compared to the hot water extraction method. The second method which recycles the extract solution allows a consumption reduction of 39% in energy and 40% in water for the tannin isolation step compared to the hot water extraction method. Interestingly, a combination of Methods provides the most significant energy and water reduction for the whole process, which are 41% and 49%, respectively, while increasing the tannin yield by 13% compared to the hot water extraction method.
Determination of oxidation demand has been of interest to scientists for around 150 years. Various methods have been developed to determine chemical (COD) as well as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Numerous challenges, particularly interference with respect to COD and time of determination in the case of BOD, has always inspired scientists to develop analytical methods that can provide accurate results in a time-bound manner. Furthermore, real-time analysis of these parameters has also caught the attention of the research fraternity. In the last two decades, we have witnessed an increased use of instrumentation to overcome many issues related to the determination COD and BOD, which made it possible to carry out analysis in environmental and industrial set-ups as well as online monitoring.
Naturally active compounds are usually contained inside plants and materials thereof. Thus, the extraction of the active compounds from plants needs appropriate extraction methods. The commonly employed extraction methods are mostly based on solid-liquid extraction. Frequently used conventional extraction methods such as maceration, heat-assisted extraction, Soxhlet extraction, and hydrodistillation are often criticized for large solvent consumption and long extraction times. Therefore, many advanced extraction methods incorporating various technologies such as ultrasound, microwaves, high pressure, high voltage, enzyme hydrolysis, innovative solvent systems, adsorption, and mechanical forces have been studied. These advanced extraction methods are often better than conventional methods in terms of higher yields, higher selectivity, lower solvent consumption, shorter processing time, better energy efficiency, and potential to avoid organic solvents. They are usually designed to be greener, more sustainable, and environment friendly. In this review, we have critically described recently developed extraction methods pertaining to obtaining active compounds from plants and materials thereof. Main factors that affect the extraction performances are tuned, and extraction methods are chosen in line with the properties of targeted active compounds or the objectives of extraction. The review also highlights the advancements in extraction procedures by using combinations of extraction methods to obtain high overall yields or high purity extracts.
Microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity (MHG) extraction of Erica australis flowers was optimized evaluating different microwave irradiation powers (25−200 W). Collected extracts were compared with the liquid phase obtained by conventional distillation. Their total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and color features were evaluated. Microscopical properties of the flower tissues allowed assessing the distinct effects of the extraction processes. The cosmetic application of the collected bioactive extracts in the formulation of sunscreen creams with waters from three different thermal spring waters and the corresponding characterization (e.g. chemical, bioactive and rheological features) and sensory analysis were also made. For cosmetic comparative purposes, extracts from Ulex europaeus flowers obtained by MHG procedure was also analyzed. The stability of these oil-in-water model emulsions was tested during accelerated oxidation conditions. Results indicated that MHG at 50 W for 130 min was the most adequate work conditions for the extraction of antioxidant compounds from these wild flowers (around 0.27 mg Trolox eq/g flower dry weight and 0.01 mg ascorbic acid/g flower dry weight or 0.04 mg FeSO4 * 7H2O/g flower dry weight). This procedure also led a drop of energy consumption environmental impact (about 8 times less) in comparison with distillation method. Small total color differences were detected between the gathered extracts. The incorporation of flower extracts produced similar effects when compared with added commercial antioxidants except for viscous behavior. Sensorially, E. australis extract incorporated with thermal waters displayed a positive effect on the skin cream application of the formulated cosmetic, mainly with thermal water 3.
Leonurus japonicus Houtt. is a herbaceous annual of the Lamiaceae family with pantropical distribution; it is called motherwort in China. It plays important roles in anticoagulation and antioxidation. This study aimed to explore the optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of multiple compounds from motherwort as well as their antioxidant and anticoagulation activities using response surface methodology. Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize three significant influences, namely extraction time, extraction temperature and ethanol concentration. The optimum extraction parameters acquired based on a combination of the yield of the target compounds and their antioxidant and anticoagulation activities were an extraction time of 38.2 min, an extraction temperature of 30.0 °C, an ethanol concentration of 48.9% (v/v), a solid-liquid ratio of 30.0 mL g⁻¹ and an ultrasonic power of 500.0 W. Under the optimal conditions, the maximal yield of the anticoagulation and antioxidant compounds of motherwort was 0.994%; the thrombin time was 19.872 s; prothrombin time was 8.270 s; the activated partial thromboplastin time was 15.535 s; the fibrinogen was 1.420 g L⁻¹; and the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity was 1.503 mg mL⁻¹. The optimized conditions model showed a good correlation between the predicted and experimental values. According to the results of our study, the optimization extraction significantly enabled study of the anticoagulation and antioxidant activities of compounds in motherwort; this may contribute to future research on the pharmacological activities of motherwort.
Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments with limited application in lipophilic matrices such as lipid-based foods and cosmetic formulations. In this work, the liposolubility improvement of cyanidin-3-glucoside (cy3glc) was performed by enzymatic esterification with saturated fatty acids with variable chain length and their thermostability was evaluated at different pH values in a lipophilic media (aqueous sodium dodecyl sulphate solution) by means of UV-Vis spectroscopy. Overall, cy3glc-lipophilic derivatives showed an improved color stability and less sensitive to thermal degradation than non-modified cy3glc in SDS micellar solution between pH 3 and 7.
The Centaurea genus has great potential in traditional systems and has attracted much interest in the design of novel drug formulations. The present study was focused on the chemical fingerprints and biological properties of Centaurea drabifolia subsp. drabifolia and Centaurea lycopifolia extracts. Spectrophotometric and LC-MS techniques were used to establish the chemical profiles of the studied extracts. Enzyme inhibitory potential was assessed against key enzymes linked to global health problems, namely neurodegenerative diseases (acetylcholinesterase), pigmentation (tyrosinase), and diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase). The antimicrobial propensities of the extract were evaluated against 16 bacterial and fungal strains using the microdilution method. The antioxidant abilities were assessed using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, ferric, and cupric reducing powers, phosphomolybdenum, and ferrous metal chelation. The total phenolic compounds varied from 18.33 to 32.84mgGAE/g extract. Total flavonoid content of the extracts were in the range of 2.88-22.39mgRE/g extract. Methanol and water extracts showed stronger antioxidant abilities compared to the ethyl acetate extracts. However, the latter extracts were most efficient towards the target enzymes (except for tyrosinase). The water extracts also exerted considerable antimicrobial effects. Findings from the present work tend to support the idea that C. drabifolia subsp. drabifolia and C. lycopifolia may be utilized as effective bio-resources for designing novel health-promoting products or ingredients. It is anticipated that results amassed from this still will open new avenues for research and contribute towards establishing primary data on these species for designing novel phytopharmaceuticals.
In this study, we aimed to observe the cytotoxicity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Rhododendron brachycarpum extract (RbE) in RAW 264.7 macrophage cell in vitro and the anti-inflammatory or soothing effect of RbE formulated cream (Multicalm-RHTM) on experimentally induced acute irritated skin in healthy subjects in vivo. In vitro study revealed that RbE significantly inhibited NO and ROS generation in a dose dependent manner without cytotoxicity. In clinical test, Multicalm-RHTM cream siginificantly reduced the SLS-enduced erythema after D5 compared to that of placebo. Overall, it can be concluded that the RbE is a non-cytotoxic, antioxidant and anti-irritant agent which can be used as a potent functional ingredient in cosmetics. Likewise, the in vivo clinical study shows that Multicalm-RHTM cream which contains 3% RbE can be used as an effective skin soothing agent.
Abstract Owing to the importance of antioxidants in the protection of both natural and man-made materials, a large variety of testing methods has been proposed and applied. These include methods based on inhibited autoxidation studies, which are better followed by monitoring the kinetics of oxygen consumption or that of formation of hydroperoxides, the primary oxidation products. Analytical determination of secondary oxidation products (e.g. carbonyl compounds) has also been used. The majority of testing methods, however, does not involve substrate autoxidation. They are based on the competitive bleaching of a probe (e.g. ORAC assay, β-carotene and crocine bleaching assays, luminol assay), on reaction with a different probe (e.g. spin-trapping and TOSC assay), or they are indirect methods based on the reduction of persistent radicals (e.g. galvinoxyl, DPPH and TEAC assays), or of inorganic oxidizing species (e.g. FRAP, CUPRAC and Folin-Ciocalteu assays). Yet other methods are specific for preventive antioxidants. The relevance, advantages and limitations of these methods are critically discussed stepping from their chemistry and the mechanisms of antioxidant activity. A variety of cell-based assays has also been proposed to investigate the biological activity of antioxidants. Their importance and critical aspects are discussed, along with arguments for the selection of the appropriate testing methods, according to the different needs.
Four berry (bilberry, blackberry, strawberry and raspberry) fruits pomace, a waste product coming from juice production, were extracted with 80% methanol containing 0.05% acetic acid. The highest content of antioxidant components, total polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins, was found in the bilberry pomace extract (1116.24, 1047.39 and 1279.49 mg/100g fresh pomace, respectively). The antioxidant activity of the four berry pomace extracts (BPE) was determined using DPPH free radical scavenging assay and reducing power. There was a high linear correlation between the IC 50 and content of anthocyanins (r 2 =0.98) and polyphenols (r 2 =0.85). Also, a good correlation was found between the IC 50 and the content of flavonoids. The strawberry pomace extract showed the highest (RP 0.5 =0.35 mg/ml), while the blackberry pomace extract showed the lowest (RP 0.5 =0.57 mg/ml) reducing power. The results showed that BPE can be a valu-able source of natural ingrediences of the products in the food, cosmetical and phar-maceutical industry.
Cited By (since 1996):18, Export Date: 18 October 2014
Antibacterial and antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid concentrations of aqueous, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts from the leaves and flowers of Erica herbacea L. were studied. In vitro antibacterial activity of the extracts was determined by macrodilution method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) have been determined. Testing was performed on 30 clinical isolates, including different strains of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Proteus vulgaris. The values for MIC were in the range from 2.5 mg/mL to 40 mg/mL. The most sensitive bacterial strains were Proteus vulgaris strains. The aqueous extract from E. herbacea was found the most active. The total phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and ranged between 14.98 and 119.88 mg GA/g. The concentration of flavonoids in extracts was determined using spectrophotometric method with aluminium chloride and obtained results varied from 16.19 to 26.90 mg RU/g. Antioxidant activity was monitored spectrophotometrically using DPPH reagent. The highest capacity to neutralize DPPH radicals was found in the aqueous extract from E. herbacea. The results of the total phenolic content determination of the examined extracts indicate that E. herbacea extracts are a rich source of phenolic compounds and also possess a significant antioxidant activity and moderate antibacterial activity.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the ethanolic extract of endemic plant Halacsya sendtneri in inhibiting the growing of the test fungi and bacteria as well as to determine its genotoxic potential and toxicity using the Allium anaphase-telophase assay. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined for 15 indicator strains of pathogens, representing both bacteria and fungi. The highest susceptibility to the ethanolic extract of H.sendtneri was exhibited by Pseudomonas glycinea (FSB4), (MIC=0.09 mg/ml) among the bacteria, and by Phialophora fastigiata (FSB81), (MIC=1.95 mg/ml) among the fungi. The composition of H. sendtneri extracts was also determined using HPLC analysis. Rosmarinic acid was found to be the dominant phenolic compound. The Allium anaphase-telophase genotoxicity assay revealed that the ethanolic extract of H. sendtneri at concentrations of 31.5 mg/l and below does not produce toxic or genotoxic effects. This is the first report of chemical constituents, genotoxic and antimicrobial activities of the endemic species, H. sendtneri.
The genus Gaultheria, comprised of approximately 134 species, is mostly used in ethnic drugs to cure rheumatism and relieve pain. Phytochemical investigations of the genus Gaultheria have revealed the presence of methyl salicylate derivatives, C6-C3 constituents, organic acids, terpenoids, steroids, and other compounds. Methyl salicylate glycoside is considered as a characteristic ingredient in this genus, whose anti-rheumatic effects may have a new mechanism of action. In this review, comprehensive information on the phytochemistry, volatile components and the pharmacology of the genus Gaultheria is provided to explore its potential and advance research.
Diabetes mellitus is not a single disease but is a group of metabolic disorders affecting a huge number of population in the world. It is mainly characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, resulting from defects in insulin secretion or insulin action. It is predicated that the number of diabetes person in the world could reach upto 366 million by the year 2030. Even though the cases of diabetes are increasing day by day, except insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs no other way of treatment has been successfully developed so far. Thus, the objective of the present review is to provide an insight over the pathophysiological and etiological aspects of diabetes mellitus along with the remedies available for this metabolic disorder. The review also contains brief idea about diabetes mellitus and the experimental screening model with their relevant mechanism and significance mainly used nowadays. Alloxan and streptozotocin are mainly used for evaluating the antidiabetic activity of a particular drug. This review contain list of medicinal plants which have been tested for their antidiabetic activity in the alloxan induced diabetic rat model. From the available data in the literature, it was found that plant having antidiabetic activity is mainly due to the presence of the secondary metabolite. Thus, the information provided in this review will help the researchers for the development of an alternative methods rather than insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, which will minimize the complication associated with the diabetes and related disorder.
The antioxidant activity of extracts and fractions of six vegetal species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest were determined. The total antioxidant activity was assessed based on the scavenging activity of the stable DPPH free radical. Eight extracts or fractions of plants showed significant DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 ≤ 10.0 µg/mL) compared with the values obtained for ascorbic acid (IC50 = 8.4 µg/mL) and gallic acid (IC50 = 2.6 µg/mL). The extracts or fractions were as follows: ethanol extracts of leaves, flowers, and stems of Baccharis illinita. DC., ethanol extracts of leaves and stems of B. platypoda. DC., hydroalcoholic extract and ethyl acetate fraction of leaves of Cyathea phalerata. Mart. and hydroalcoholic extract of bark of Trichilia catigua. A. Juss. Seven flavonoids present in the plant extracts were also investigated. The most active compounds were taxifolin, quercetin, and luteolin, which possess the catechol group 3′,4′-diOH. In addition, the total phenolic or flavonoid contents of these extracts and fractions were evaluated. The phenolic content of the sample was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and varied from 489.07 to 11.29 mg/g dry weight expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). The total flavonoid concentrations, detected using 2% aluminum chloride, varied from 61.82 to 5.6 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g dry weight. These results suggest that the level of antioxidant activity in these plants varies by a great extent. They also suggest that the phenolic content in these plants provides substantial antioxidant activity. The flora of Brazil appears to be a rich and interesting source for supplementary ethnomedical and phytochemical studies.
A thorough study was done to test the reactivity of the Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C) reagent toward various compound classes. Over 80 compounds were tested. Compound classes included phenols, thiols, vitamins, amino acids, proteins, nucleotide bases, unsaturated fatty acids, carbohydrates, organic acids, inorganic ions, metal complexes, aldehydes, and ketones. All phenols, proteins, and thiols tested were reactive toward the reagent. Many vitamin derivatives were also reactive, as were the inorganic ions Fe(+2), Mn(2+), I(-), and SO(3)(2-). Other compounds showing reactivity included the nucleotide base guanine and the trioses glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone. Copper complexation enhanced the reactivity of salicylate derivatives toward the reagent, whereas zinc complexation did not. Several amino acids and sugars that were reported to be reactive toward the F-C reagent in earlier studies were found not to be reactive in this study, at least in the concentrations used. Reaction kinetics of each compound with the F-C reagent were also measured. Most compounds tested showed a biphasic kinetic pattern with half-lives under 1 min. Trolox and ascorbic acid displayed a rapid monophasic pattern in which the reaction reached end point within 1 min. In summary, this study has shown that the F-C reagent is significantly reactive toward other compounds besides phenols. As other investigators have suggested, the F-C assay should be seen as a measure of total antioxidant capacity rather than phenolic content. Because phenolics are the most abundant antioxidants in most plants, it gives a rough approximation of total phenolic content in most cases.
Microwave energy has been developed recently for the extraction of organic compounds from environmental matrices after its use in inorganic chemistry for trace metal analysis. The development in microwave techniques has occurred because of a need for a rapid, safe and cheap method. Conventional techniques for the extraction of solid matrices (such as Soxhlet) are time and solvent consuming and the analysis of numerous samples in environmental studies is limited by the extraction step. This review recalls the importance of the extraction step in the analytical procedure for the analysis of organic contaminants and the principles of extraction of solid matrices (sediment, soil, air particulate matter...). The theory of microwave heating is summarised and the microwave ovens used in analytical chemistry are described. Then, the review attempts to summarise all the studies about microwave assisted extraction for organic contaminants, on one hand in multimode microwave ovens in closed vessels and on the other hand in focused microwave ovens at atmospheric pressure. The microwave assisted extraction methods of volatile compounds are summarised. Finally, advantages of methods compared to conventional extraction are discussed.
Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) has become a popular green extraction method for different classes of compounds present in numerous kinds of matrices such as environmental, food and botanical samples. PHWE is also used in sample preparation to extract organic contaminants from foodstuff for food safety analysis and soils/sediments for environmental monitoring purposes. The main parameters which influence its extraction efficiency are namely the temperature, extraction time, flow rates and addition of modifiers/additives. Among these different parameters studied, temperature is described as the most important one. It is reported that the extraction of certain compounds is rather dependent on pressurized water with different applied temperature. Thus, the stability and reduced solubilities of certain compounds at elevated temperatures are highlighted in this review. With some modifications, a scaled-up PHWE could extract a higher amount of desirable compounds from solid and powdered samples such as plant and food materials. The PHWE extracts from plants are rich in chemical compounds or metabolites which can be a potential lead for drug discovery or development of disease-resistant food crops.
The antioxidant activity of different Satureja montana L. subsp. kitaibelii extracts was tested by measuring their ability to scavenge reactive hydroxyl radical during the Fenton reaction, using ESR spectroscopy. Also, the influence of these extracts on lipid peroxyl radicals obtained during lipid peroxidation of: (I) sunflower oil (37°C, 3h) inducedby 4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) (ACVA) and (II) liposomes induced by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidino-propane)dihydrochloride (AAPH) was studied. n-Butanol extract had the bestantioxidant activity (100% at 0.5 mg/mL in Fenton reaction system; 89.21% at 5 mg/mL in system I; 83.38% at 5 mg/mL in system II). The antioxidant activities of the extracts significantly correlated with total phenolic content. The antimicrobial activity of Satureja montana L. subsp. kitaibelii extracts was investigated. Petroleum ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts expressed a wide range of inhibiting activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
A spectrophotometric method has been developed for the quantitative determination of antioxidant capacity. The assay is based on the reduction of Mo(VI) to Mo(V) by the sample analyte and the subsequent formation of a green phosphate/Mo(V) complex at acidic pH. The method has been optimized and characterized with respect to linearity interval, repetitivity and reproducibility, and molar absorption coefficients for the quantitation of several antioxidants, including vitamin E. The phosphomolybdenum method, in combination with hexane monophasic extraction, has also been adapted for the specific determination of vitamin E in seeds. The results obtained with the proposed method were validated by comparison with a standard HPLC method. The phosphomolybdenum method is routinely applied in our laboratory to evaluate the total antioxidant capacity of plant extracts and to determine vitamin E in a variety of grains and seeds, including corn and soybean.
The leaves and fruits of strawberry tree - Arbutus unedo L., collected from two separate geographic locations in Croatia were investigated to determine their flavonoid composition and content. Quercitrin, isoquercitrin, hyperoside and rutin were identified in all leaf samples by means of thin-layer chromatography; the fruits contained only isoquercitrin. Chlorogenic acid was present in some leaf samples. The content of flavonoids depended on the plant organ investigated, date of collection and the locality. Spectrophotometric determination of the flavonoids indicated that the leaves are richer in flavonoids (0.52-2.00%) than fruits (0.10-0.29%).
The resazurin assay utilising microtitre-plate, described by Drummond and Waigh in 2000, has been modified to achieve more accuracy in the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of natural products, including crude extracts, chromatographic fractions or purified compounds against various bacterial strains. This modified resazurin method is simple, sensitive, rapid, robust and reliable, and could be used successfully to assess antibacterial properties of natural products.
Apigenin is a phytochemical which has been associated with numerous beneficial health effects. However, due to its low concentration and poor bioavailability, isolation from natural sources is very difficult. Subcritical water (SCW) is an excellent solvent for the extraction of moderately polar and non-polar flavonoids. Carefully balanced moderate hydrolytical potential of SCW was used in this work to liberate apigenin from its bound forms. In this research simultaneous extraction and hydrolysis of apigenin bound forms from chamomile has been performed. Optimal operation parameters for maximum yields of apigenin have been investigated and defined (solventto-sample ratio 1:30; agitation rate 3 Hz; pressure 45 bar; temperature 115ºC; time 30 min). Apigenin was further isolated in its pure form from water extracts obtained under optimal conditions using column chromatography. The purity of isolated compound was confirmed by spectroscopic analysis. Biological activity of extracts obtained under optimal conditions were determined as well. In order to identify polyphenolic compounds UHPLC-HESI-MS/MS analysis was performed.
Supercritical CO2 extraction of Morus species (Morus alba and Morus nigra) was performed and compared with maceration as conventional extraction technique. Composition and biological activity of extracts were evaluated. The thirteen fatty acids were quantified in obtained extracts by GC-FID analysis. Their percentages varying from 0.33% for palmitoleic acid (C16:1) to 37.57% for α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n3). The main fatty acids were palmitic acid (C16:0) (26.38 and 25.99%), α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n3) (34.97 and 37.57%) and linoleic acid (C18:2 n6c) (14.76 and 16.05%). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using spectrophotometric methods, while phenolic profile was determined using HPLC-DAD analysis. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities were also determined. Main phenolic compound was caffeic acid. Rutin and derivatives of caffeic acid and quercetin were also presented in high amounts. Our findings demonstrated that Morus CO2 extracts possess significant characteristics and may be suggested as a new potential source of natural compounds.
Medicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach, Third Edition, provides a comprehensive and balanced introduction to natural products from a biosynthetic perspective, focussing on the metabolic sequences leading to various classes of natural products. The book builds upon fundamental chemical principles and guides the reader through a wealth of diverse natural metabolites with particular emphasis on those used in medicine. There have been rapid advances in biosynthetic understanding over the past decade through enzymology, gene isolation and genetic engineering. Medicinal Natural Products has been extended and fully updated in this new edition to reflect and explain these developments and other advances in the field. It retains the user-friendly style and highly acclaimed features of previous editions: A comprehensive treatment of plant, microbial, and animal natural products in one volume. Extensive use of chemical schemes with annotated mechanistic explanations. Cross-referencing to emphasize links and similarities. boxed topics giving further details of medicinal materials, covering sources, production methods, use as drugs, semi-synthetic derivatives and synthetic analogues, and modes of action. Medicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach, Third Edition, is an invaluable textbook for students of pharmacy, pharmacognosy, medicinal chemistry, biochemistry and natural products chemistry.
Studies on regulation of production of phenolics in strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa Duch,) fruit were initiated by monitoring phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity and levels of anthocyanins, flavonoids, tannins, and other soluble phenols throughout fruit ontogeny in `Tillikum'. PAL catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, which are further modified into a wide variety of phenolic compounds. Peak in PAL activity (1 mol· s ⁻¹ = 1 kat) of 90 pkat· mg ⁻¹ protein was detected at 5 and 27 days after anthesis (DAA), when fruit was green and nearly ripe, respectively. PAL activity was only ≈10% of peak values in the white berry stage, when. fruit growth was most rapid. The second peak in PAL activity was followed by a rapid drop, to nearly zero in red-ripe fruit at 30 DAA. Total soluble phenols reached a maximum level soon after anthesis, just before the first peak in PAL activity, then declined to a low constant value well in advance of fruit ripening. Similar changes were observed in levels of tannins and flavonoids that, at anthesis, accounted for 44% and 51% of the soluble phenols, respectively. The concentration of anthocyanin was very low throughout most of fruit development, but beginning at 23 DAA it increased from <0.03 to >0.53 mg·g ⁻¹ fresh weight in 3 days. This accumulation paralleled the second rise in PAL activity. Accordingly, strawberry fruit have a developmental-dependent expression of PAL activity and accumulation of phenolic substances derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway.
At the present time, there are a number of non-conventional extraction methods in use that are all, in principle, solid-liquid extractions (SLE) but which introduce some form of additional energy to the process in order to facilitate the transfer of analytes from sample to solvent. These methods include fairly inert, insoluble, and often polymeric material, such as cellulose of plants or fungi and the microbial cell wall. The first step of the extraction is therefore to release and solubilize the smaller secondary metabolites in the matrix, resulting in the initial extract. Forced-flow solid-liquid extraction (FFSLE) techniques, such as medium-pressure solid-liquid extraction (MPSLE) and rotation planar extraction (RPE), in these methods the extraction solvent is forced through the sample bed either by means of pressure or by centrifugal force, thus increasing the efficiency of the extraction process. Even extraction by electrical energy has been studied. The main advantage of these non-conventional methods compared to conventional SLE methods is the increase extraction efficiency, which leads to increased yields and/or shorter extraction times. Indigenous cultures have learnt to exploit the properties of secondary metabolites in many ways, e.g. specific plants or parts of them have been used as poisons, analgesics, stimulants, preservatives, colorants, tanning agents for tanning leather etc. As our understanding of chemistry and other natural sciences has increased, the active chemical compounds of these traditionally used plants have been successfully isolated and identified. There is an increasing trend of using pure compounds instead of crude extracts prepared from plant material, irrespective of their intended use.
Microwave processing has been used for the extraction of antioxidants from mandarin peels using deionised water as the solvent. Optimum extraction conditions under constant heat load per unit mass were as follows: microwave power, 400 W; extraction time, 3 min; solid to solvent ratio, 1:2; and extraction temperature below 135 °C. These conditions did not change the colour of the extract significantly under neutral (pH 4.5–4.9) and acidic conditions (pH 1.5–2.5). The amounts of antioxidants, which were extracted when the heat load per unit mass was held constant, were not significantly affected by the solid to solvent ratio used, so the maximum solid to solvent ratio of 1:2 used here is recommended to minimise the amount of solvent used. The colour of the extract was more greatly affected by the extraction temperature than by the solid to solvent ratio. The total phenolic contents of mandarin peels were evaluated using the Folin–Ciocalteu assay (FCR) and the trends were compared with the results of the Oxygen Absorbance Radical Capacity (ORAC) assays. The presence of Maillard rections and Maillard by-products were also investigated at higher extraction temperatures and analysed by the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. The results demonstrated that microwave extraction (MWE) is a fast and reliable method for phenolic compound extraction from citrus marc with the minimum use of solvent.
Subcritical water (about 10MPa) is an excellent solvent for extracting non-polar flavonoids by varying the temperature-dependent dielectric constant. This study determined the optimum conditions for subcritical water extraction (SWE), such as the time and temperature, for extracting flavonoids from eight plants, and their dependence on the chemical structure of flavonoids (polarity of side chains and the presence of sugar, and double bonds). Flavonoids having an OH side chain (quercetin at 170°C/10min) were optimally extracted at lower temperatures than O-CH3 (isorhamnetin at 190°C/15min) and H (kaempferol at 190°C/15min) side chains. The optimal temperatures of the glycoside forms including sugar, such as quercitrin (110°C/5min), spiraeoside (150°C/15min), and isoquercitrin (150°C/15min), were lower than of the less-polar aglycones (170°C/10min and 190°C/15min). Apigenin, having double bonds, was extracted well at a higher temperature (190°C/15min) than naringenin (170°C/15min) in SWE.
Trace element water (TEW) (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500ppm) was used to grow buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricm Gaertn) to evaluate whether the beneficial effects of trace elements on the antioxidant activity could be accomplished with the supplement of TEW. At 300ppm, TEW significantly increased the Cu, Zn and Fe contents in buckwheat sprout, but not the Se and Mn contents. The levels of rutin, quercitrin and quercetin did not differ between buckwheat sprouts grown in TEW and de-ionized water (DIW). The ethanolic extract from buckwheat sprout grown in 300ppm TEW showed higher DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferrous ion chelating activity, superoxide anion scavenging activity and inhibitory activity toward lipid peroxidation than that grown in DIW. The extract of the TEW group also enhanced intracellular superoxide dismutase activity and resulted in lower level of reactive oxygen species in human Hep G2 cells.
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We developed a simple screening method for antioxidant-producing strains using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and screened bacteria from 16 kinds of marine animals that lived in different environments in the sea to find 112 bacterial isolates-producing antioxidants. Guided by decoloration of DPPH sprayed on silica gel TLC, uric acid, indole, 3,4-dimethoxyphenol, and 3-hydroxyindolin-2-one were isolated from the bacterial fermentation broth. Some strains isolated from viscera of fish and shellfish produced uric acid and indole much more under aerobic conditions than less aerobic conditions, strongly suggesting that the bacterial production of the antioxidative compounds is a kind of adaptation to the aerobic conditions.
Subcritical water extraction (SWE) of phenolic compounds from pomegranate seed residues (PSR) was performed. Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacities of the extracts obtained at different temperatures were determined, and the individual antioxidant capacities were evaluated by coupling high performance liquid chromatography with ABTS radical reaction system (HPLC–ABTS+). The results showed that the optimum extraction time was 30min, solid to water ratio was 1:40, and the highest TPC was obtained at 220°C. The effect of extraction temperature on TPC was significant (p
In the present article, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of polyphenols from agricultural and industrial waste of olive oil and table oil productions, olive tree (Olea europaea) leaves were investigated. The aim of the study is to examine the extraction parameters such as solvent concentration (0-100% ethanol (EtOH), v/v), the ratio of solid to solvent (25-50mg/mL) and extraction time (20-60min), and to obtain the best possible combinations of these parameters through response surface methodology (RSM). The extract yield was stated as mg extract per g of dried leaf (DL). Total phenolic content was expressed in gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per g of dried leaf. Free radical scavenging activity for the antioxidant capacity was tested by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical. The second order polynomial model gave a satisfactory description of the experimental data. 201.2158mg extract/g DL, 25.0626mg GAE/g DL, and 95.5610% in respect to inhibition of DPPH radical were predicted at the optimum operating conditions (500mg solid to 10mL solvent ratio, 60min of extraction time and 50% EtOH composition), respectively.
Subcritical water extraction (SWE) is a very promising technique for obtaining bioactives (mainly
antioxidants) from natural sources; even if sometimes the high operation temperatures have been
suggested as responsible for thermal degradation of bioactives, the fact is that this type of extraction
processes may generate new bioactive (antioxidant) compounds. The present study involved the analysis of
antioxidants either naturally found in raw samples and/or those formed during extraction via Maillard
reaction and other chemical events. Samples of different nature like microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris), algae
(Sargassum vulgare, Porphyra spp., Cystoseira abies-marina, Sargassum muticum, Undaria pinnatifida, and
Halopitys incurvus) and plants (rosemary, thyme and verbena) were studied. Amino acid availability, sugar
content, fluorescence and absorbance at different wavelengths were determined to follow chemical changes
due to reactions such as Maillard, caramelization and thermoxidation. Folin reaction also provided
information related to total phenol content of the samples. ABTS•+, peroxyl as well as superoxide radical
scavenging assays were used to measure the antioxidant capacity of the extracts. Results obtained from this
study suggest that neoformed compounds derived from Maillard, caramelization and thermoxidation
reactions affect the overall antioxidant capacity of water subcritical extracts depending on the nature of the
sample. The brown algae U. pinnatifida was the sample in which these chemical events contributed to a
higher extent to improve the antioxidant capacity (from 0.047 to 1.512 mmol/g and from 45.356 to
1522.692 μmol/g for the TEAC and ORACFL methods, respectively) when the extraction temperature was
raised from 100 to 200 °C. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work supporting the formation of
neoantioxidants in natural complex matrices during subcritical water extraction.
A new approach to the error sources in the spectrophotometric determination of total phenols in foods has been performed. The choice of the suitable phenolic standard and the influence of sugars and proteins as interfering compounds were carefully studied. The results obtained by the spectrophotometric method were compared with those found from the chromatographic method which was taken as reference method because it was free of interferences. The spectrophotometric method overestimates the phenolic content except in some fruit samples with a high polyphenolic content. Sugars did not show interference whereas protein showed a high influence on the total phenols at the concentration ranges found in the extracts. In green bean samples both methods gave the same total phenols when the interference was masked. This fact could constitute an useful way to find the real content of phenolics in foods.
(−)-Epigallocatechin, an antibiotic found in Elaeagnus glabra, and 28 other related plant flavonoids were tested for their antibacterial activity against Proteus vulgaris and Staphylococcus aureus. A free 3′,4′,5′-trihydroxy B-ring and a free 3-OH were necessary for antibacterial activity. DNA synthesis was predominantly inhibited by the active flavonoids in P. vulgaris, whereas RNA synthesis was inhibited in S. aureus.
Recently, interest in plant-derived food additives has grown, mainly because synthetic antioxidants suffer from several drawbacks. Furthermore, plant extracts have been shown to possess health-promoting properties. In the present study, hydrodistilled extracts from basil, laurel, parsley, juniper, aniseed, fennel, cumin, cardamom, and ginger were assessed for their total phenol content, and antioxidant (iron(III) reduction, inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation, iron(II) chelation, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging and inhibition of hydroxyl radical-mediated 2-deoxy-d-ribose degradation, site and nonsite-specific) activities. The extracts from basil and laurel possessed the highest antioxidant activities except for iron chelation. Although parsley showed the best performance in the iron chelation assay, it was less effective at retarding the oxidation of linoleic acid. In the linoleic acid peroxidation assay, 1 g of the basil and laurel extracts were as effective as 177 and 212 mg of trolox, respectively. Thus, both extracts are promising alternatives to synthetic substances as food ingredients with antioxidant activity.
Various novel techniques including ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and accelerated solvent extraction have been developed for the extraction of nutraceuticals from plants in order to shorten the extraction time, decrease the solvent consumption, increase the extraction yield, and enhance the quality of extracts. A critical review was conducted to introduce and compare the conventional Soxhlet extraction and the new alternative methods used for the extraction of nutraceuticals from plants. The practical issues of each extraction method were discussed. Potential uses of those methods for the extraction of nutraceuticals from plant materials was finally summarized.
Roots of Morinda citrifolia (Noni or Yor in Thai) are the source of important compounds, anthraquinones, which have been proven to have anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer activities. The most medicinally valuable anthraquinones in the roots of this plant is damnacanthal, which has been used for treatment of chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease. In this study, subcritical water extraction was investigated as a benign alternative for solvent extraction of damnacanthal from the dried root of Morinda citrifolia. The experiments were conducted in a continuous flow system at a pressure of 4 MPa at different temperature between 150 and 220 °C and water flow rates of 1.6, 2.4, 3.2 and 4 ml/min. The quantitative analysis of damnacanthal was performed using RP-HPLC with UV detection at 250 nm. The results of the study revealed that the highest amount of damnacanthal extracted with subcritical water was obtained at 170 °C. In addition to the effect of temperature, extractions were conducted at various flow rates and the data were fitted with mathematic models to determine the extraction mechanism. The results suggested that the overall extraction mechanism was influenced by solute partitioning equilibrium with external mass transfer through liquid film. Nevertheless, the desorption model could describe the extraction behavior of Morinda citrifolia reasonably at high flow rates.
Flavonoids are natural products widely distributed in the vegetable kingdom and currently consumed in large amounts in the daily diet. Flavonoids are capable of modulating the activity of enzymes and affect the behaviour of many cell systems, suggesting that the compounds may possess significant antihepatotoxic, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antiosteoporotic and even antitumor activities. This review summarizes available data on these beneficial effects of flavonoids.
Quantitative analyses and investigation of antioxidant activity of herb and dry ethanolic extracts of five species from Ericaceae family (Arbutus unedo L., Bruckentalia spiculifolia Rchb., Calluna vulgaris Salisb., Erica arborea L. and Erica carnea L.) were performed. Total polyphenols, tannins and flavonoids were determined spectrophotometrically and arbutin content was measured both spectrophotometrically and by HPLC coupled with DAD detection. Antioxidative properites of the ethanolic extracts were tested by means of FRAP (total antioxidant capacity), lipid peroxidation and DPPH free radical scavenging activity. A significant amount of arbutin was detected only in Arbutus unedo. All samples investigated showed excellent antioxidant activity. The best inhibition of lipid peroxidation has been shown by Bruckentalia spiculifolia herb extract (62.5 microg/ml; more than 95%), which contained the highest amount of flavonoids (11.79%). The highest scavenging activity was obtained with leave extract of Arbutus unedo (IC50 = 7.14 microg/ml). The leaves of A. unedo contained a small amount of flavonoids but high content of non-tannins polyphenols.
A tetrazolium salt has been used to develop a quantitative colorimetric assay for mammalian cell survival and proliferation. The assay detects living, but not dead cells and the signal generated is dependent on the degree of activation of the cells. This method can therefore be used to measure cytotoxicity, proliferation or activation. The results can be read on a multiwell scanning spectrophotometer (ELISA reader) and show a high degree of precision. No washing steps are used in the assay. The main advantages of the colorimetric assay are its rapidity and precision, and the lack of any radioisotope. We have used the assay to measure proliferative lymphokines, mitogen stimulations and complement-mediated lysis.
To determine in more detail the reaction of Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent with nitrogen compounds, a number of hydroxylamine-related compounds and a large number of guanidine-containing compounds were tested. In general, guanidine compounds did not react strongly unless they were hydroxyamino or hydrazino derivatives. The non-hydroxyamino paralytic shellfish poison saxitoxin, however, reacted to a significant extent. This may be due to the presence of a five-membered ring structure and its analogy to 2-aminopurines, which react strongly. A number of simpler amines were also tested. Tertiary aliphatic amines, but not primary, secondary, or quaternary amines, reacted strongly with the reagent. Primary, secondary, and tertiary aromatic amines all reacted strongly with the reagent. Reactivity was extended to pyrroles and indole derivatives but not to imidazole and benzimidazole derivatives. Defining the reactivity of Folin-Ciocalteau phenol reagent with nitrogen compounds extends the usefulness of the reagent for the detection and determination of certain nitrogen compounds in basic extracts by colorimetric means and by thin-layer chromatography.
The use of and search for drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. Ethnopharmacologists, botanists, microbiologists, and natural-products chemists are combing the Earth for phytochemicals and "leads" which could be developed for treatment of infectious diseases. While 25 to 50% of current pharmaceuticals are derived from plants, none are used as antimicrobials. Traditional healers have long used plants to prevent or cure infectious conditions; Western medicine is trying to duplicate their successes. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties. This review attempts to summarize the current status of botanical screening efforts, as well as in vivo studies of their effectiveness and toxicity. The structure and antimicrobial properties of phytochemicals are also addressed. Since many of these compounds are currently available as unregulated botanical preparations and their use by the public is increasing rapidly, clinicians need to consider the consequences of patients self-medicating with these preparations.
The ethanol and methanol extracts of Arbutus unedo leaves were screened for antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity was determined by an improved assay based on the decolorization of the radical monocation of [2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] (ABTS). The ethanol and methanol extract of A. unedo leaves displayed potent antioxidant activity.
From a consideration of ethnobotanical and taxonomic information, seeds of 45 Scottish plant species encompassing 23 different families were obtained from authentic seed suppliers. The n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol (MeOH) extracts were assessed, both qualitatively and quantitatively, for free radical scavenging activity in the DPPH assay. The MeOH extracts of 37 species exhibited low to high levels of free radical scavenging activity (RC50 values ranging from 2.00 to 4.7 x 10(-4) mg/mL), and Alliaria petiolata, Prunus padus and Prunus spinosa were the most potent antioxidant extracts. The DCM extracts of 17 species showed similar levels of activity, and among those, Prunus padus and Prunus spinosa extracts were the most active with RC50 values of 2.5 x 10(-4) and 5.0 x 10(-4) mg/mL, respectively. The n-hexane extracts were much less active than the MeOH and DCM extracts, and 17 species, with the exception of Glechoma hederacea (RC50 = 1.94 x 10(-4)) displayed low to moderate levels of free radical scavenging property (RC50 values ranging from 2.00 to 8.7 x 10(-3) mg/mL).
In the present study, we show that an aqueous extract of Arbutus unedo L. (AuE), a Mediterranean endemic plant widely employed as an astringent, diuretic and urinary anti-septic, in vitro down-regulates the expression of some inflammatory genes, such as those encoding inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and intracellular adhesion molecule-(ICAM)-1, exerting a inhibitory action on both IFN-gamma-elicited STAT1 activation and IL-6-elicited STAT3 activation. To evaluate further the effect of AuE in animal models of acute inflammation, we examined whether AuE administration attenuates inflammatory response of murine induced by intrapleural injection of carrageenan. For this purpose we studied: (1) STAT1/3 activation, (2) TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 production in pleural exudate, (3) lung iNOS, COX-2 and ICAM-1 expression, (4) neutrophil infiltration, (5) the nitration of cellular proteins by peroxynitrite, (6) lipid peroxidation, (7) prostaglandin E2 and nitrite/nitrate levels and (8) lung injury. We show that AuE strongly down-regulates STAT3 activation induced in the lung by carrageenan with concomitant attenuation of all parameters examined associated with inflammation, suggesting that STAT3 should be a new molecular target for anti-inflammatory treatment. This study demonstrates that acute lung inflammation is significantly attenuated by the treatment with AuE.
Velebit i njegov biljni svijet, Školska knjiga
- S Forenbacher
S. Forenbacher, Velebit i njegov biljni svijet, Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 2001.
Osvrt na biljne vrste područija Nacionalnog parka Tara
- K Šavikin-Fodulović
- V Bulatović
- N Menković
- S Tasić
- G Zdunić
- M Popović
K. Šavikin-Fodulović, V. Bulatović, N. Menković, S. Tasić, G. Zdunić, M. Popović,
Osvrt na biljne vrste područija Nacionalnog parka Tara, Lek. Sirovine 13 (2003)
113-121.