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Trans. KIEE. Vol. 65, No. 12, DEC, 2016
Environments
Jongho Moon ․ Dongho Won ·················································································································································· 2167
•Effective Asymptotic SER Performance Analysis for M-PSK and M-DPSK over Rician-Nakagami Fading
Channels
Hoojin Lee ····················································································································································································2177
•Cogging Torque Reduction Design for CVVT Using Response Surface Methodology
Jae-Yui Kim, Dong-min Kim, Soo-Hwan Park and Jung-Pyo Hong ········································································· 2183
•Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control with Pulse Width Modulation for Torque Control of EV Induction
Motors
Hyo-Sung Park ․ Byung-Kwon Koh ․ Young-il Lee ········································································································ 2189
•Range Extension of Light-Duty Electric Vehicle Improving Efficiency and Power Density of IPMSM
Considering Driving Cycle
Dong-Min Kim ․ Young-Hoon Jung ․ Myung-Seop Lim ․ Jae-Han Sim ․ Jung-Pyo Hong ································· 2197
•A Propagated-Mode LISP-DDT Mapping System
Soonghwan Ro ············································································································································································· 2211
•An Efficient Context-aware Opportunistic Routing Protocol
Dong Yeong Seo ․ Yun Won Chung ····································································································································· 2218
•Analysis of Pulse Width Modulation Schemes for Electric Vehicle Power Converters
Ngoc-Thinh Quach · Sang Heon Chae · Eel-Hwan Kim · Seung-Yong Yang · Chang-Jin Boo · Ho-Chan Kim ··· 2225
•Smart IoT Hardware Control System using Secure Mobile Messenger
Sang-Hyeong Lee ․ Dong-Hyun Kim ․ Hae-Yeoun Lee ·································································································· 2232
•Optimal MIFARE Classic Attack Flow on Actual Environment
Hyunjin Ahn ․ Yerim Lee ․ Su-Jin Lee ․ Dong-Guk Han ······························································································· 2240
•Review of Virtual Power Plant Applications for Power System Management and Vehicle-to-Grid Market
Development
Tae-Hwan Jin ․ Herie Park ․ Mo Chung ․ Ki-Yeol Shin ․ Aoife Foley ․ Liana Cipcigan ······································· 2251
•Additional Transmission Protocol for Fairness Enhancement in IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs
Tae-Uk Kang ․ Sunmyeng Kim ··············································································································································· 2262
•Rearranged DCT Feature Analysis Based on Corner Patches for CBIR (contents based image retrieval)
Jimin Lee ․ Jongan Park ․ Youngeun An and Sangeon Oh ······························································································ 2270
ISSN 1975-8359(Print) / ISSN 2287-4364(Online)
The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers Vol. 65, No. 12, pp. 2251 2261, 2016
http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/KIEE.2016.65.12.2251
Copyright ⓒ The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2251
This is an Open-Access article distri buted under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc/3.0/)which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproducti on in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
전력시스템 관리 및 Vehicle to Grid 전력시장 개발을 위한
가상발전소의 활용방안
Review of Virtual Power Plant Applications for Power System Management and
Vehicle-to-Grid Market Development
진 태 환* ․ 박 혜 리** ․ 정 모* ․ 신 기 열 ․ Aoife Foley*** ․ Liana Cipcigan §
(Tae-Hwan Jin ․ Herie Park ․ Mo Chung ․ Ki-Yeol Shin ․ Aoife Foley ․ Liana Cipcigan)
Abstract - The use of renewable energy sources and energy storage systems is increasing due to new policies in the
energy industries. However, the increase in distributed generation hinders the reliability of power systems. In order to stabilize
power systems, a virtual power plant has been proposed as a novel power grid management system. The virtual power plant
plays includes different distributed energy resources and energy storage systems. We define a core virtual power plant
technology related to demand response and ancillary service for the cases of Korea, America, and Europe. We also suggest
applications of the proposed virtual power plant to the vehicle-to-grid market for restructuring national power industries in
Korea.
Key Words : Virtual power plant, Demand response, Auxiliary service, Operating reserve, Frequency control, Power market
liberalization, Vehicle-to-grid
Corresponding Author : School of Mechanical Engineering
Yeungnam University, Korea.
E-mail: shinky@ynu.ac.kr
* School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam Uni. Korea.
** Automotive Lighting LED-IT Convergence Education,
Yeungnam University, Korea.
***School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen’s
University of Belfast, UK.
§ Electrical & Electronic Discipline, School of Engineering,
Cardiff University, UK.
Received : October 27, 2016; Accepted : November 28, 2016
1. Introduction
There have been active endeavors to change national
power industries in Korea, such as electricity industry
restructuring in January 1999, and the national energy
plaining for the new energy industry in 2030. As a result,
government, academic and research institutes can provide a
new management plan that meet stable and reliable power
supply systems with distributed energy resources (DERs)
such as renewable energy sources (RESs) and energy storage
systems (ESSs). In order to establish this type of new power
supply system, different features are needed compared to
previous requirements.
While the previous power grid consists of only synchronous
generators, it includes different types of distributed energy
resources such as RESs and ESSs in power grid of the present.
Also, the previous energy demand that is hard to forecasting
and controlling are being a controllable and predictable
demand resource, and centralized power grid systems turn
into distributed systems such as micro-grid that is
grid-connected or islanded. This results in a phase shift from
the vertically exclusive power industry to a horizontally
competitive structure. In terms of liberalized power generation,
transmission, and trade, this approach encourages whole sale
and retail market competition. However, the existing state of
systems remains technically and institutionally insufficient.
There are technical limitations to the operational management
of multiple distributed energy resources, and institutional
limitations on the free participation of retail firms.
In order to address these problems, we propose a virtual
power plant (VPP) as a novel power grid management system.
The proposed system links several types of distributed
generation as one power plant, and operate the one power
plant on demand response and ancillary service in power
grid. This paper defines a core technology of the VPP that
involves demand response and ancillary service in the
Republic of Korea(KOR), the United States of America(USA),
and Europe (especially in the UK). We also suggest
applications of the proposed VPP to the restructuring of
national power industries in Korea.
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Change in electric use by demand-side resources from
their normal consumption patterns in response to change
in the price of electricity, or to incentive payments
designed to induce lower electricity use at times of high
wholesale market prices or when system reliability is
jeopardized.
Fig. 1 Various programs with potential peak reduction by region in the USA
Fig. 2 Responsive Reserve Service’s forecasting and
participated data in ERCOT.
2. Main Program of Power Market Operation
2.1 Demand Response
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission(FERC) of the
US defines “demand response”(DR)as follows [1]:
The main task is to maintain grid reliability and regulate
to a stable energy demand pattern by inducing demand
reduction during a grid emergency or price instability of the
electricity wholesale and retail markets. This requires
substantial rewards in order to attract demand resources to
the DR.
In Korea, the DR aims to simply reduce energy demand. It
concentrates on detaining the customer from joining in the
incentive-based DR so as to secure system operation reserves
by demand resources.
America is the most active country in terms of DR, and its
DR capacity has been increasing as follows: 29.7 GW in 2006,
37.3 GW in 2008, 53.1 GW in 2010, and 66.4 GW in 2012 [1,
2]. A steady increase in DR of 1.2 to 1.4 times every two
years is shown. Peak reduction was achieved at 30.5% of
demand resources in 2012. Moreover, independent grid
operators manage the DR by using different programs, and
contribute to the potential peak demand reduction as shown
in Fig. 1 [1].
An example of an interruptible load DR is shown in Fig. 2.
The Responsive Reserve Service of Electric Reliability
Council of Texas (ERCOT) has generating capacity and an
interruptible load as a resource, and produces and stops
producing during a frequency drop.
The program forecasts load resources one day in advance
based on the predicted hourly temperature. Next it collects
resources and decides to be participating on basis. It shows
that demand resources play a role as ancillary service such as
frequency control. Both suppliers and consumers can actively
participate in the market.
The integration of DR programs on the European grid is
progressing more slowly than in the USA, but Europe has
plans to solve the grid problems by DR. In order to supply
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전력시스템 관리 및 Vehic le to Grid 전력시장 개발을 위한 가상발전소의 활용방안 2253
Fig. 3 The expanding DR market in Europe.
Fig. 4 2014 to 2015 average daily STOR, availability and
contracted.
Fig. 5 Concept of ancillary services.
renewable energy by up to 20% of Europe’s total energy
consumption and reduce CO2 emissions, DR applications are
the emergency technology needed in order to retain stable
power output and save energy.
Figure 3 shows the DR market in Europe, which expanded
in the last two years. Especially in the UK, power generation
and the trade market have been totally liberalized. the UK
utilizes DR and RES with the help of operation reserves and
frequency regulations. For example, as shown in Fig. 4, the
UK makes full use of demand resources for a non-spinning
reserve.
The Short Term Operating Reserve (STOR) program
permits providers that are able to deliver energy within four
hours to tender for non-spinning reserve. The program
categorizes a demand resource as a committed provider,
flexible provider, or premium flexible provider. Each demand
resource offers a non-spinning reserve according to season.
Table 1 shows a comparison of DR programs from Korea, the
USA, and the UK [1, 4-7].
2.2 Ancillary Service
Ancillary Services are services that ensure reliability, and
support the transmission of electricity to customer loads.
Ancillary services include energy imbalance; operating
reserves; contingency reserves; spinning reserves (also
known as synchronized reserves, ten-minute spinning,
responsive reserves, and operating reserves); supplemental
reserves (also known as non-spinning, non-synchronized, ten
minute non-synchronous, and planning reserves); reactive
supply and voltage control; and regulation and frequency
response (also known as regulation reserves, regulation
service, up-regulation, and down-regulation).
Figure 5 shows the concept of ancillary services [9]. In
grid operation systems, pre-demand supply planning systems
have to be established by the grid operators, and secure
operation reserves must be established for any grid
emergency. Recently, the applications of distributed energy
resources have been increased, and DR have been established
as alternatives to securing the reserve of auxiliary services.
In Korea, classic methods such as governor-free (GF) and
automatic generation control (AGC) are used for frequency
regulation and operation reserves. Recently, as shown Fig. 6,
substations in Shin Yong-in and Seo An-seong have
equipped ESS with batteries of 24 and 28 MW, respectively,
and use them for frequency regulation. In 2016, a 500 MW
class battery energy storage system (BESS) was installed.
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Country Program Description P1F2B3
KOR
TOU
Time of use, A rate where usage unit price vary by time period, and where the time
periods are typically longer than 1 hour within a 24 hour-day. Its rates reflect the average
cost of generating and delivering power during those time period
Peak
reduction
Program to response to reducing peak demand and to recovery unstable system by
operator’s order
Price
reduction
Program to permit customer’s tender about demand reduction and price in wholesale
and retail market
USA
Demand
bidding and
buyback
Program which allows a demand resource in retail and wholesale markets to offer load
reductions at a price, or to identify how much load it is willing to curtail at a specific
price
Direct load
control
A demand response activity by which the program sponsor remotely shut down or cycles
a customer’s electrical equipment. it are primarily offered to residential or small
commercial customers
Emergency
DR
A demand response program that provides incentive payment to customers for load
reductions achieved during an emergency demand response event
IL
Interruptible load, Electric consumption subject to curtailment or interruption under
tariffs or contracts that provide a rate discount or bill credit for agreeing to reduce load
during system contingencies
LCR Load as capacity resource, Demand-side resources that commit to make pre-specified
load reductions when system contingencies arise
CPP with
load control
Demand-side management that combines direct load control with a pre-specified high
price for use during designated critical peak periods, triggered by system contingencies
or high wholesale market prices
TOU -
CPP
Critical peak price, Rate and/or price structure designed to encourage reduced
consumption during periods of high wholesale market prices or system contingencies
by imposing a pre-specified high rate or price for a limited number of days hours
RTP
Real Time Pricing, Rate and price structure in which the retail price for electricity
typically fluctuates hourly or more often, to reflect changes in the wholesale price of
electricity on either a day-ahead or hour-ahead basis
PTR Peak time rebates allow customers to earn a rebate by reducing energy use from a baseline
during a specified number of hours on critical peak days
UK
FFR
Firm frequency response, Service to be the firm provision of dynamic or non-dynamic
response to changes in frequency and to be designed to compliment other sources of
frequency response and delivers firm availability
FCDM
Frequency control by demand management, Service to provides frequency response
through demand customers to be interrupted when the system frequency transgresses
the low frequency relay setting onsite
STOR Service for the provision of additional active power from generation and/or demand
reduction
FR Fast reserve, Service to be used to control frequency changes that might arise from
sudden, and sometimes unpredictable, changes in generation or demand
Program Base (P1)Incentive-Based Time-Based
Function (F2)Operating Reserve Frequency Control Attract to reduce load
Bidder’s performance (B3)Voluntary Obligatory
Table 1 Various DR programs in three countries.
Also, a 48 MW class BESS was installed in the Gyeongsan
substation. The BESS at Gyeongsan is larger than that of
Laurel Mountain (34 MW) in the USA, and is the largest
single facility system for frequency regulation in the world.
In America, there are three control methods for frequency
regulation, and for maintaining the power demand and supply
balance by securing operation reserves. They operate the
ancillary services including DR as the greatest DR programs
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Fig. 6 Frequency regulation controller in ESS operating
center in KEPRI.
Fig. 7 Load reduction method by ancillary service in PJM.
Fig. 8 Flexitricity VPP using DERs and demand resources.
in the world. In addition, they offer those services by using
multiple distributed energy resources and demand resources
by VPP. As shown Fig. 7, according to the Load Response
Activity Report published by Pennsylvania-New
Jersey-Maryland Interconnection (PJM) in 2015, a monthly
average reserve of economic DR as an ancillary service
comprised synchronized reserves of 457 MW and regulation
reserves of 16 MW. They also presented the load reduction
methods by water heater (42%), battery (23%), HVAC (18%),
generator (12%), and so on [10].
In Europe, the grid is operated by using demand-based
plans tendered by customers firmed by liberalized power
market. For example, as shown Fig. 8, a transmission network
operator and an aggregator operate an ancillary service
through a virtual power plant system. The aggregator
operates DER and demand resource, and they offer STOR
service according to the TNO’s dispatching order.
Since prediction errors exist in the market, stable ancillary
services are more important compared to other countries.
Moreover, a high dependence on wind energy in England
requires the help of DR. Therefore, the UK model could be a
good example to follow for promoting RES in Korean market
of 2030 new energy industry. Table 2 shows a comparison of
ancillary service programs in Korea, the USA, and the UK
[7-9].
3. Operation Techniques for DERs and ESS Application
Plan
3.1 DERs Operation Techniques
First consider the definitions of DERs and ESS, and the
present application plan. Distributed energy resources (DERs)
include renewable energy sources, micro-turbines, uninterrupted
power supplies as emergency generators, energy conversion
and savings technology such as micro-combined heat and
power plants, fuel cells, and heat pumps. Each source is
difficult individually to participate in grid as a centralized
power supply. Recently, the concept of distributed control
replacing centralized control through a micro-grid by using
demand resources and distributed energy resources for
individual demand management has been proposed [12, 13].
Moreover, heat energy obtained by geothermal methods, solar
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Country Service CAP
(MW)
Response
Time
Duration
Time Sync
KOR Frequency regulation 4,000 10 s/30 s 30 s/30 m Sync
Standby/replacement reserve 2,500 - - -
Self-starting 2,00 - - Non
USA
Primary control 10 s 30 s Sync
Secondary control - 30 s 30 m Sync
Tertiary control - - - Sync
Spinning reserve - - - Sync
Non-spinning reserve - - - Non
Supplemental reserve - - - Non
UK
Mandatory frequency response - - - Sync
Firm frequency response 10 - - -
Frequency control by demand management 3 - - Sync
BM startup - - - Non
STOR 3 4 hr 2 hr Sync
Fast reserve 50 2 m 15 m Sync
Table 2 Types and characteristics of ancillary service programs in three countries.
heat pumps, combined heat, and power plants help to alleviate
the heating and cooling energy load and reduce transmission
and distribution losses [16].
Existing customers have participated in DR programs by
simple load shedding or saving energy for loads. New
customers could join with ancillary services through energy
production by distributed energy resources, or by selling
electricity to their power grid [11]. However, in Korea, there
is a limitation caused by technical and institutional
inadequacy for the services, as shown in the cases of zone
electricity operators. The operators equipping DERs into a
micro-grid can only sub-serve the grid stability in a grid
emergency. Since they could join in DR programs at a certain
grid conditions, the granted incentives by using their DERs
are less. Greater profits require selling electricity, heat from a
heating plant, or from a combined heat and power plant.
However, it is not easy to equip all of technical and economic
problem at once. In order to solve these problems, business
models are needed that permit general consumers to
participate in wholesale and retail markets for profit.
Energy storage systems are classified as EES, TES, or
flywheel in accordance with the type of stored resources
such as electricity, heat, and mechanical power. Recently, ESS
based on a BESS battery has been proposed as a solution for
frequency regulation and peak demand management [17-19].
Since ESS could have a role in both sides of generation and
load by charging and discharging batteries, the load shifting
is possibly when performed in a grid, and is helpful in
managing stable load patterns and DR.
In addition, the development of battery technologies makes
vehicle-to-grid (V2G) possible by using electric vehicles
(EVs). V2G is the concept of connecting batteries of the EV
with power grids. By considering previous conditions of the
demand and supply balance, the EV batteries could be
charged and discharged for frequency regulation as one of
the ancillary services. However, the installation cost for ESS
is high, and its life Time could be reduced because of
frequent charge and discharge states. Also, ESS requires other
energy sources for charging the batteries in order to cover
the huge demand for EV in the future. And, since the
capacity of batteries is limited, a high level control strategy
should be established.
3.2 Virtual Power Plant Applications
Although the utilization of DERs has many advantages in
the operation of power systems as mentioned above, its
individual operation has the least impact on power systems
[12, 13]. Figure 9 shows the reason. The figure shows the
annual average load curve in Korea from 2012 to 2015 and
EV charging load curve 11 states of the USA at 2013, as
investigated by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
First of all, the annual load curve in Korea shows that the
power system has an over-generation risk from 3 to 5 AM
and is in a status that must meet 12,000 MW for a ramp T
during five hours (6 to 11 AM). Until now, the operation of
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전력시스템 관리 및 Vehic le to Grid 전력시장 개발을 위한 가상발전소의 활용방안 2257
Fig. 9 Annual average load in Korea and EV charging load
in USA.
Fig. 10 Main functions of a virtual power plant
the power system has met the regulating capacity through
frequency control such as governor free and auto generation
control, and synchronized and non-synchronized reserve.
However, it could have limitations in increasing annual
demand. Moreover, with the increase of EV supplies, EVs will
make a new peak demand pattern from 5 PM to 3 AM as
shown in the EV charging load curve of the 11 states in the
USA.
The Korean government has a plan to supply one million
units of EVs by 2030. According to Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, we can guess that there would be a new
power demand of 6,000 MW by the supplied EVs, which
represents about 9.8% of the domestic power demand [14]. In
this case, it is imperative to equip an energy source that
could cover conventional peak demand and new peak demand
at a proper condition for stability and reliability of the power
system. For that, we could operate one power plant that links
to various DERs, instead of individual operation of DERs.
In order to solve the problems of distributed generation,
VPP can be considered. The VPP is a technology to
efficiently manage different resources related to generation,
storage, and demand resources by using software. It
strengthens the flexibility of power grid operation based on
Information Communication Technology (ICT), totally
managing both supply and demand side resources [15]. Since
ICT functions as generation or net load at different T slots, it
involves a virtual concept. When individual DERs link to one
system as a virtual power plant, we can explain the functions
of this system with Fig. 10. Figure 10 shows the main
functions of a combined concept of generation, storage, and
demand.
First, we consider a combination of generation and storage.
When a storage device is charged by a generator or is
discharged, it can decrease its operation rate by operating
ancillary services such as frequency control and reserve
through a synchronized generator. It can counteract
conventional peak demand and new peak demand by EVs.
There is also a combination of DERs, such as a renewable
energy resource and energy storage system. We can maintain
lower transmission losses than those of centralized power
plants. In addition, heat and cooling electric load can
decreaseas energy conservation technology (such as
micro-combined heat and power) generates thermal energy.
Second, we can combine generation and demand. The
demand is classified by use in terms of agricultural,
residential, commercial, industrial, and campus loads. The
demand can also be classified into controllable loads and
non-controllable loads. In this case, a demand source plays a
role as a generation part, which means that the demand
source could decrease the stress of the generation part by
load shedding.
Third, there is a combination of storage and demand.
When demand sources participate in DR, demand cannot
receive electric power. However, demand combined with
storage can receive electric power by load shifting As a
result, virtual power plants can make extra power and
maintain the flexibility of the power system through one
concept combined with generation, storage, and demand with
the help of regulation, load shedding, and load shifting.
Figure 11 shows an overall system concept of a virtual
power plant. A VPP classifies the generation, storage, and
demand source for optimizing and managing one aggregated
plant. The demands are classified by agricultural, residential,
commercial, industrial, and campus loads. Depending on the
demand, DERs (such as renewable energy resources, energy
conservation, or an energy storage system) are optimized.
An optimized decentralized power system such as a
micro-grid can supply extra power to conventional power
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Fig. 11 Overall system concept and operational functions of virtual power plant system.
systems. As a result, a VPP can obtain an additional program
such as V2G and DR. The participation of the VPP could be
considered as ancillary services in a power grid [23, 24]. The
participants of the VPPs play roles as active consumers or
prosumers, not passive consumers. In this case, energy
markets can be liberalized. Also, the VPP manages the
generation, storage, and demand source, and trades
information regarding participants. Through this information,
the VPP can forecast the DER’s generation and demand.
If VPPs are constructed by regions, then extra-power can
be produced. EV charging infrastructure by region is essential
for EV supplementation [25-27]. Stability of a power system
by regional VPPs can realize V2G technology. In short, a VPP
application can maintain the reliability and stability of a
power system using DERs. In addition, new profit can be
obtained through extra-power such as market liberalization,
V2G, business models, and so on.
4. Conclusions
The use of renewable energy sources and energy storage
systems is increasing while fostering new policies for energy
industries. Changes in power systems from centralized power
systems to distributed power systems include sustainable and
eco-friendly RES, emergency generators, and energy
conversion and savings. However, DERs can cause instability
and unreliability of power grids, and there is a lack of
business models permitting general consumers to participate
in the wholesale and retail markets for profit.
In order to solve these problems, we investigated DR and
ancillary services in the USA and UK. In those cases, we
found that DERs are used as ancillary services or alternative
energy during load reduction or shedding at the DR.
Demand resources are also used as ancillary services. This
means that power demanders participate in power system
operations through their generation and demand resources in
wholesale and retail markets. As we have shown, The VPP
can be a solution for the utilization of DERs and demand
resources in a power grid. The VPP links several types of
distributed generation into one power plant, and makes their
participation on DR and ancillary services for reserves and
frequency regulations in power grid.DERs provide frequency
regulation services at a certain grid status, and supply
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energy during operating DR programs. In addition, DERs and
demand resources could supply energy to EV charge
infrastructure, and it is thus helpful to develop V2G-related
technology.
Therefore, we suggest the creation of an EV market
development plan. In such a plan, the operation of DERs and
ESS are optimized according to demand characteristics of
different consumers in the agricultural, residential, industrial,
or commercial domain, or on campus. Second, various types
of resources are linked by a VPP system for the power
supply. Third, demand resources can participate in power
supplies through DR and an ancillary service program in
power systems. Fourth, a V2G application is applied to EV
charging and discharging from DERs, ESS, and the DR. Fifth,
a new V2G business model is developed through these all
functions for the VPP.
Consequently, it is necessary to supply a VPP with DR and
ancillary services that have been operated abroad so as to
secure the reliability of the power grid and to expand
distributed generation. This would positively promote the RES
and EV supply in the Korean electricity market as well as
promote the stable operation of power grids.
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저 자 소 개
진 태 환 (Tae-Hwan Jin)
He received the B.S. degree in Electrical
Engineering from Yeungnam University,
Korea in 2015. He is currently pursuing
the M.S. degree of Mechanical Engineering
in the same university. He is interest in
the modeling of renewable energy system and real-time
power system analysis for the various power market
development and operation.
박 혜 리 (Herie Park)
She received the Ph.D. degrees in
electrical engineering from University of
Cergy-Pontoise, France and Yeungnam
University, Korea in 2013. From 2013 to
2014, she was a post-doc researcher of
Laboratoire de Mecanique et techmologie at Ecole Normale
Superieure de Cachan, France. She is currently a research
professor with the Automotive Lighting LED-IT
Convergence Education Program at Yeungnam University.
Her current research interests include building energy
management, energy system modeling, parameter estimation,
and regulations.
정 모(Mo Chung)
He is full Professor at the School of
Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam Uni-
versity from 1992. He received the Ph.D in
Mechanical Engineering, UCLA (1990), BS
(1980) and MS (1982) in Mechanical
Engineering, Seoul National University. His research
interests involve efficient utilization of energy and energy
grid which is extended concept of Smart Grid encompassing
both electrical and thermal energy.
신 기 열 (Ki-Yeol Shin)
He is assistant Professor at the School of
Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam
University. He received all of B.S. (1993),
M.S.(1995) and Ph.D.(1995) degrees from
Yeungnam University majoring mechanical
engineering. His specialty is heat transfer, energy system,
and mechatronics design. He had experienced in the in
industrial field over 14 years and joined a faculty member
of Yeungnam University in 2014. He has been teaching and
conducting industrial research focused on the mechatronics
system such as Power Plant, Power Generator, System
Controller, and its modeling. He is working as manager of
several projects in the Energy System Analysis and Power
System Modeling.
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Aoife Foley
She joined Queen’s University Belfast
(QUB) as a Lecturer in September 2011.
She graduated from University College
Cork (UCC) with a BE (Hons) in Civil &
Environmental Engineering (1996) and a
PhD (2011) in Energy Engineering. She has an MSc in
Transportation Engineering (1999) from Trinity College
Dublin. She has 12 years industrial experience in Siemens,
ESB International, SWS Energy and Project Management
Group.
Liana Cipcigan
She is Reader at Cardiff University's
School of Engineering, Centre for Integrated
Renewable Energy Generation and Supply.
She has previously worked at Durham
University as a Research Associate, at
Alberta University, Canada as a Research Fellow and at
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania as a Senior
Lecturer. Her research experience covers power system
analysis and control, Smart Grids, Virtual Power Plants and
DER integration in distribution networks. She has
collaborated widely with industry, more recently during
Royal Academy of Engineering secondment at National Grid,
working in the Energy Insights department responsible for
Future Energy Scenarios.
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