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Restauración ecológica en ambientes semiáridos. Recuperar las interacciones biológicas y las funciones ecosistémicas
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... En la mayoría de los casos, se trata de ensayos científicos a pequeña escala o proyectos piloto, motivados en cierta medida por las necesidades no satisfechas detectadas en muchos de los proyectos de repoblación con coníferas que durante el periodo 1940-1984 se ejecutaron en la Península Ibérica. En ambientes semiáridos es donde más patente ha sido el fracaso de muchas de estas repoblaciones convencionales (Navarro-Cano et al. 2017) y donde se ha generado más información de base para la restauración de varias de las especies del hábitat de Tetraclinis. Los principales trabajos se han centrado en conocer los requerimientos climáticos y edáficos de estas especies (nicho abiótico), tanto en la fase de establecimiento como en estado adulto (Cortina et al. 2004). ...
... En algunas ocasiones se han incorporado medidas relacionadas con la composición, estructura y dinámica de la vegetación (cobertura vegetal, diversidad de especies, etc.). Si bien estos parámetros son indicadores necesarios del éxito de la restauración a corto plazo, a medio y largo plazo es imprescindible introducir indicadores de las relaciones planta-suelo o aquéllos que incorporan las interacciones entre distintos niveles tróficos (planta-microorganismo, planta-herbívoro, planta-polinizador, etc.) (Navarro-Cano et al. 2017). ...
... That means that by combining (1) the framework of agricultural land restoration [80], (2) new restoration techniques e.g. species selection [81](del Campo et al. 2010), improved plant production techniques [82], innovative implantation techniques [83,84] or use of biological interactions to improve restoration outcomes [85] and (3) the increased knowledge of ecology of drylands [86,87], there are a set of tools fit for purpose to restore PVPs in drylands. ...
The transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources is fundamental to mitigate the effects of global climate change. Renewable power capacity is increasing globally, and solar photovoltaic will be the dominant renewable energy source by 2050. Photovoltaic parks require great extensions of land, usually in drylands. But both ecosystems created by solar parks and the effect of solar parks on ecosystems are scarcely studied. This paper reviews the current knowledge on the impact of solar energy production on arid and semiarid ecosystems and describes the structure and functioning of these novel ecosystems, including changes in microclimatic conditions, soil quality, vegetation, and biodiversity and show how these factors hinder the full recovery of ecosystems in the solar parks. Finally, we address the limitations and challenges of restoring ecosystems within photovoltaic power plants and suggest the use of modern ecological restoration techniques and the incorporation of grazing with rational planning to improve the ecosystems in photovoltaic power plants in drylands. In any case, more research is needed to fully understand the long-term impacts of photovoltaic parks on the environment and the evolution of the novel ecosystems in the photovoltaic power plants.
... Intergubernamental de Cambio Climático (en adelante IPCC), su aporte a la mitigación (Connell & Slatyer 2002;El-Kheir et al. 2007;Mkandawire et al. 2007;Delgadillo-López et al. 2011;Martelo et al. 2012;Diputación de Málaga 2013;Navarro Cano et al. 2017;Stewart, 2019). ...
The first catalog of good practices in nature-based solutions (hereinafter NbS) in the province of Malaga has been prepared following a complete structure that synthesizes the main contributions that have been made on the subject from the main United Nations agenciesand the IUCN. Therefore, the available tabs for the selected projects they allow not only sufficient technical knowledge to make an approach to the utility of these actions in terms of cost benefit and planned impact assessment. In turn, in the files we have classified projects and therefore validated according to the United Nations criteria, its alignment with the Objectives for Sustainable Development (hereinafter SDG) and with the recent Global Standard Criteria of the IUCN, an essential requirement for its recognition as an NbS when applying for grants or participate in European research and development projects. Geographic information systems are essential to create a database with all the information collected. The statistical processing of the data will be a great utility to, on the one hand, detect the goodness of what is observed and, on the other, to establish a catalog of experiences with a robust scientific solidity by types of expected effects and that allows generating predictions, models and proposals of systematized way. From these these results we will proceed to the modeling of NbS evaluating the set of ecosystem services that it would provide (Salvo Tierra et al 2019).
... The coast of the Costa del Sol suffers the problems of floods associated with intermittent streams and ravines, due to the intense alteration of the riparian ecosystems. Environmental degradation is a process of alteration of the structure and biological composition of an ecosystem, which entails a deterioration in its functions (Navarro Cano et al, 2017), and the ecological restoration aims to recover the structure and composition of the ecosystem. ...
Invasive alien species (IAS) are responsible for generating serious environmental and socioeconomic problems. An exotic species is a species introduced by man-either intentionally or accidentally-out of its natural distribution. Of all the exotic species it is estimated that between 5 and 20% are problematic and generate negative impacts, for which reason the term "invasive" is attributed, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The IAS are favored by climate change and globalization, ending up dominating habitats, displacing native species and altering their natural balance. The coast of the Costa del Sol suffers the problems of floods associated with intermittent streams and ravines, due to the intense alteration of the riparian ecosystems. The consequences are manifested in the transfer of large, highly destructive blocks, alteration of the supply systems and urban sanitation due to flooding, and the appearance of insect pests as vectors of diseases that are harmful to human health, since natural predators lack these habitats, loss of quantity and quality of soil, salinization of water resources, etc. In these cases the phenomenon of floods is concurrent with the presence of a group of IAS of high potentiality due to its allelopathic character in the change of edaphic conditions and therefore limiting the development of climatic vegetation. One of the most evident examples is the set of affections produced by the 'giant cane' (Arundo donax), an IAS that has been colonizing not only the margins of streams, but even the coastal habitats. We therefore focus our work on the analysis of the IAS cohort in the Costa del Sol streams and the possible activation of NbS as an alternative for the adaptation and mitigation of its effects. Resumen Las especies exóticas invasoras (EEI) son responsables de generar problemas ambientales y socioeconómicos cada vez más graves. Una especie exótica es una especie introducida por el hombre-ya sea intencionalmente o accidentalmente-fuera de su distribución natural. De todas las especies exóticas se estiman que entre 5 y 20 % son problemáticos y generan impactos negativos, por lo que se atribuye el término "invasora", según Unión NATURAL BASED SOLUTIONS (NbS) ASSOCIATED TO RIPARIAN VEGETATION IN URBAN ENVIRONMENT* 5 66 Internacional para Conservación de Naturaleza (UICN) y el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica (CBD). Las EEI son favorecidas por el cambio climático y la globalización, que acaban por dominar hábitats, desplazando a las especies autóctonas y alterando el equilibrio de los mismos. El litoral de la Costa del Sol sufre los problemas de riadas asociadas a cauces de arroyos intermitentes y ramblas, debido a la intensa alteración de los ecosistemas riparios. Las consecuencias se manifiestan en acarreos de grandes bloques muy destructivos, alteración de los sistemas de abastecimiento y saneamiento urbano por inundación, aparición de plagas de insectos como vectores de enfermedades perjudiciales para la salud humana al carecer en estos hábitats de los predadores naturales, perdida de cantidad y calidad de suelo, salinización de recursos hídricos, etc. En estos casos el fenómeno de riadas es concurrente con la presencia de un grupo de EEI de alta potencialidad por su carácter alelopático en el cambio de las condiciones edáficas y por ende limitando el desarrollo de la vegetación climácica. Uno de los ejemplos más evidentes es el conjunto de afecciones que produce la 'caña brava' (Arundo donax), una EEI que ha ido colonizando no solo los márgenes de arroyos, sino incluso los hábitats costeros. Centramos pues nuestro trabajo en el análisis de la cohorte de EEI en los arroyos de la Costa del Sol y la posible activación de SbN como alternativa para la adaptación y mitigación de sus efectos.
... Los procesos ecológicos no suelen cuantificarse para evaluar el éxito de una restauración, que frecuentemente se mide en función del grado de recuperación de la diversidad o la estructura vegetal (Ruiz-Jaen y Aide 2005). Una de las razones es que la recuperación de las funciones requiere más tiempo y la evaluación del éxito de las restauraciones no suele prolongarse (Morgan y Short 2002;Navarro-Cano et al. 2017). Dado que la restauración ecológica actualmente demanda la recuperación no sólo de especies sino también de los distintos componentes de la biodiversidad y de las funciones ecosistémicas (Harris 2009;Montoya et al. 2012;Wortley et al. 2013;Kettenring et al. 2014), el objetivo de este trabajo es ilustrar cómo la facilitación puede ser una herramienta útil para cumplir estos objetivos de forma integrada. ...
Traditional restoration programmes have focused on conditioning plantation sites and reintroducing plant species. Nowadays, however, ecological restoration is conceived as the complete recovery of biodiversity and ecosystem performance. Here, we review the use of plantplant facilitation as a tool to restore both diversity and ecosystem functions. Facilitation is an ecological interaction between a nurse species, which is able to colonize a stressful habitat and modify the microenvironment beneath its canopy, and the beneficiary species that are not so stresstolerant and grow under the nurse. Differences in the establishment niche between the nurse and its beneficiaries imply that species sharing facilitative interactions have different functional traits, and can therefore coexist. This process increases, at the landscape scale, all taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic plant diversity. Plant diversity patterns further permeate into those of consumers and decomposers. Thus, restoration based on plantplant facilitation allows the recovery of multiple facets of diversity at several trophic levels and, eventually, the restoration of essential ecosystem functions (fertility, productivity, or decomposition). We illustrate these cascading effects in the text by means of observational surveys in natural ecosystems governed by facilitation, as well as manipulative experiments and restoration activities.
In this article we analyze the Social and Environmental Recovery Plans implemented by the State of Chile in the communes called sacrifice zones. From the contributions of environmental justice and the debates regarding participation and governance that this policy involves, we account for the contradictions and difficulties for the transformation of territories damaged by the intensification of extractivist activities, mainly mining-energy. We conclude by showing how these limitations and failures of state environmental policy are related to the dissociation of the environmental and social, -through the undervaluation of the latter-; the instrumental understanding of participation as a techno-bureaucratic tool for state purposes; and the tensions generated by a neoliberal environmental governance model. Finally, we propose the need to think about the concept of sacrifice zone linked to socio-environmental recovery as a proposal from the territories for the transition towards recovery zones.
Resumen En este artículo analizamos los Planes de Recuperación Social y Ambiental implementados por el Estado de Chile en las comunas denominadas zonas de sacrificio. Desde los aportes de la justicia ambiental y los debates respecto a la participación y la gobernanza que esta política involucra, damos cuenta de las contradicciones y dificultades para la transformación de los territorios dañados por la intensificación de actividades extractivistas, principalmente minero-energéticas. Concluimos mostrando cómo estas limitaciones y fallas de la política estatal ambiental se relacionan con la disociación de lo ambiental y social, -a través de la subvaloración de esta última-; la comprensión instrumental de la participación como una herramienta tecno-burocrática para fines estatales; y las tensiones generadas por un modelo de gobernanza ambiental neoliberal. Finalmente planteamos la necesidad de pensar el concepto de zona de sacrificio vinculado a la recuperación socioambiental como propuesta desde los territorios para la transición hacia zonas de recuperación.
Two billion ha have been identified globally for forest restoration. Our meta-analysis encompassing 221 study landscapes worldwide reveals forest restoration enhances biodiversity by 15–84% and vegetation structure by 36–77%, compared with degraded ecosystems. For the first time, we identify the main ecological drivers of forest restoration success (defined as a return to a reference condition, that is, old-growth forest) at both the
local and landscape scale. These are as follows: the time elapsed since restoration began, disturbance type and landscape context. The time elapsed since restoration began strongly drives restoration success in secondary forests, but not in selectively logged forests (which are more ecologically similar to reference systems). Landscape restoration will be most successful when previous disturbance is less intensive and habitat is less fragmented in the landscape. Restoration does not result in full recovery of biodiversity and vegetation
structure, but can complement old-growth forests if there is sufficient time for ecological succession.
Phylogenetic diversity enhances ecosystem functioning but restoration ecology has not taken advantage of this knowledge. We propose plant facilitation as a mechanism to promote phylogenetic diversity in restoration practices. We planted three functionally different species (Gypsophila struthium, Sedum album, and Limonium sucronicum) in a degraded gypsum ecosystem in Spain and found that after 7 years, the species with nurse traits (G. struthium) survived longer and facilitated the establishment of new species forming phylogenetically diverse neighborhoods. These facilitation-driven phylodiverse communities may potentially produce a cascade of benefits on ecosystem functioning.
El proyecto de demostración de Albatera se ha implementado en una pequeña cuencade 25 ha localizada en la vertiente sur de la Sierra de Crevillente-Albatera, al sur de la provincia de Alicante. La zona muestra un alto grado de degradación, consecuencia de las condiciones climáticas y edáficas limitantes, y de la acción antrópica. El proyecto de demostración de Albatera consiste en la puesta en práctica de una serie de estrategias y tecnologías de restauración ecológica orientadas especialmente a la recuperación de los ecosistemas semiáridos, de gran fragilidad ante los procesos de degradación y desertificación.
Las acciones demostrativas diseñadas habían sido previamente contrastadas en ensayos experimentales desarrollados por el programa de investigación forestal de la Fundación CEAM y el Departamento de Ecología (Univ. Alicante) desde 1991. El proyecto ha sido promovido por la Dirección General para la Biodiversidad (MMA) con la colaboración de la Conselleria de de Medio Ambiente, Agua, Urbanismo y Vivienda de la Generalitat Valenciana. La estrategia de restauración diseñada específicamente consistió en: i) analizar la heterogeneidad espacial de la cuenca identificando unidades funcionales a escala de paisaje, ii) diseñar un conjunto técnicas de restauración de acuerdo con el potencial de cada unidad y iii) utilizar un amplio abanico de especies que abarque la potencial diversidad de los habitats, los diferentes estadios de degradación, y los objetivos de manejo.
