Content uploaded by Sameer Remawi
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Sameer Remawi on Apr 05, 2017
Content may be subject to copyright.
! "#$
$%&
/( ) *$ +
/$ * $ )
,
! "#$
*! /-./ !,01/2)3415
! "#$
/ ( ) *$ + /$ * $ )
&&&:
! " # " $
# % &
%' ( &)*+, )" ( - & ( (
." (/*0 &)1 ) *+ &)21
)/5667(.
4 : ;<
=->(4 >(1 &>(
& )- .? 1 @(< &>(" $ >( " AB< :
) * C< 4 >( D $ 1 E &>( F$ *+ )
&4+G H *
)&$$5667(.C< ) < &, >(1 #" $ H" - F I *
)J (G #/ # 4 +; #
* C< ) &# # H H ) &( K1&)
C< ; C< #K1 # K+ )L M1
**K&% 4 C< #( F" # 1 <* ) &)
' >1/ %+ &NI* N* NI* C %+
-OI* ( ) M1; # K+ .@ $* )1 % C<
P2 &#/ %$Q)J (
R* : #)7 (N*
@ $* )1 % C< ) #G /* # >( #
$*= #+ C >(RB +; %$Q# .? ( :# A<
1 *4 &)R+ 2 # 4 +; # T #-
>( = . :L . >( C< D- %+ >4@ %-
D- U * # C4 C F * .+; %$; # T < -' A$
)(,/ ) *$ +(: .,/$ * $ ) : .
! "#$
# &>($* . @ >( # # * # +; %$;
! >4 D- %- # 1 )R+".# )5665 ( , )1 >4@ # T <
-G #" $ # 4 >4@ # KRK # K+G
VB* #+ & >(1 (? %= C )# N"< (C< K; + N* <; $* =- DB=- % 1
)- 4 # )" # F $ ' #K1 # I* P =
@( ,.
# P2 )5665 ()1 >4@ F K ? C< %2$ # , #" $ K1 )) L* 4 * (C
C< A $ : 4 %$ > +1 >; *21 (*G )$=
1 )@ M1 &+; F) )()) L* 4 (C< (K 1
C )B$ T10+ #" $ # 4 B< . 2;
C* &, #1* # =- )1 W H
%K . )" : $ )1
N :L W > C X* > &#" $ # 4
+ &#" $ # 4 O F@ > $ H
M1 &#" $ # 4 C$ C * T # F <
R2< &C$ * # + C * > U2 #Y6%
* [ # * + FB< # )" # K+
>(B+\6 K+G<.
#4/ >]
" %]
=< " )5667 (-.? #" $ # 4 DB= ' DB=-:
2&& &&+ 89&&:;:& # %2< C # +
)", # - & # %2< 1= &+ ^ .2&&& &&&! 89&&&:;:. F " & F "
C* >($ )R+ %1 > %@@ E &C* +$
&>]
&F )"R # + &P" =* # )"R
*! /-./ !,01/2)3415
C A $ &>($ )C %=1 C< /(/+ &
K &%- =- &F+ F " &I1R " &N< % O*@
" &C +$ &W L U$ &=- 4 % C< N+ F
% &UR@ :1 F/ &A $ /*_ < T
C > M1 F .? D- % &) ( .2 !.< 89:;:&) * . F &` %$
F K &a$* C< K &C$*@ A< &C$*@ )K &F, F "
2 %" &C$*@ + )R+.2&&& &&&$< 89&&:;:&# &@ 1
%1 . F &#-' F F &* )1"@ %
@ + &@ A< &F . F &C
* +; A< %2$ &C@ ` T U$ &)H]
(&A /+ .? % = . F .
2&& &&! &&:; 89&&:;:/+ &: ) > ($
; C< AL@ &F- ` &C- >+1.&&+ 89&&:; && 2&&:2 :L %
&$= %; F@R &- + C< %4, 
>( C #-b * F K + .
# B$ O( # c2 #" $ DB=- O4 2 C<
# >4! # P- )1 W ; &#
( &( * &1 > ($ /? :)& 566 .(
$* )1 > %+ )1 > ($ #K1 # A
C< C+< T M1 &D- %+)&= a$* > > (C4 1 #:Q N1 # * $ 1 4
)@1 .? 1 W &W * = C4 &O O
a1; +$ T 1 C< >+1 . =-.# a " )Mann, 1986 (C :! D* (* 1 T <
W 2 . P )Morrow, 1995 (1 (* 1 T
! "#$
.K # B P1* # G* C1 #B+
C1 #B+ I$1 /R.
R+ A$ C< # C< #)& 4 W * J (1 ($ 1 (*?M1 C .? <@ #
#+ N*A1 U, .#4/ + )J (
B? 1 # T M1C4
)1+ ($* F1 @ ? 2 1 & C .? <@
$* )1+ %2< : G F1 & .# T +)Mann,1987 ( : (* 2 C< 1 #
I<1 (1 # $ !H N$ NB . G N" H@ O .% > " )JJ (P 4
C< P1* * C1 #B+ T G* 1 # M1
#/ H2 . $ I$1 +
1 C4 1< &K 1 #B+ %- D- > D* # $* C1 * %.
W // P % 4 C< )566\ ((*G 1:
# B %=< P1* # G* C1 #B+ T 1
O4 # G* &C1 #B+ I$1 /R 1
#B+ . >K # &- NB C1 #B+ # #/ > 1
O4 #/@ 1 A1 C1 .
2 )1 P B P I (*G
$ (B( : C
)&W //
566\(.
#4/ )5667 (1 # .? # 4 =- ) % #" $ :# / .? 1 &/*, # / .? 1
.? 1 &==- # / .? 1 &#-'
.? 1 &D- C<2? V* .? 1 &D- C V*
C@ d*@.
)1 O4 < > #? # &(E &#" $ T
>4 >( A )R+ F = . ($* . < , 4 C<
*! /-./ !,01/2)3415
# ) (%$ # * &# 4 #" $ )R+ B"
4/ @ >(B H =- >(=B=- :T C* * C >(=1 C< %K :1*@ &C >(" T H
# H C< >( 1 >42 > * :B+@ *@
&>( A K A< " &>4 1* #-' )4 &)2"*
* &#-' 1* B/ &#"; H B/ a<*
! # PR-@ C$* :!@ &% > # #/
# &#.
/+ ? F 2 .? W >I* N* < &#; C<
> M1 # &#" $ # B$ O4 # .* ==-
* V V < .? ) + &>("
&W C$* , a *; ) C< ==- +
* O H< 4 + W # < .+
W , C< ==- >" ( 4/+ C< F / )
1 W 4 + )< &=- )
C )*+, < .? ) &/+ O4 C< ,
e (* F / - ? C< N+ &>(1 >(1 C (*G
, # &(* <+ / 1
# &(* <+ e (* F / )* +
# N &> C< I*; )* + / 1 ,
4 @ =* >4 1 )1 a *K )-
1 %K W &A $ :% ; (<4 4 .
1 &#" $ T )R+ D- > M1
C< ( a . ( E ( > &( T &(1
)1 O4 ( 1 -.
% 1 4 * F / % P" > O .? O4
) V .? #" $ T ) = )R+
T = :* (R- # V &( % f
C #" $>(1 `*? % C< % ( # / % &
! "#$
T )( < T F/ ) O4 # #
P- . (R+ & # F/ B$ O4 H %
@ $*@ & (* .
&#" $ /+ ) C< ) :1
))(*)566 (F .2 F = )\( # *" # >)7(*)\(# &&:W, >I* >I* #
> F / )\(*566 .O4 # KK F .2
4; A1 .? W /+ . &) T ' P#" $)&> F / 566(: C A; P C< .5%=@ )( . >( >( >(< F
%$.7%R- # BR D $ B( >( :4 /?
C, +$ A $ * . /+ - BK? *
"*.\" =- W1 ( P+ . F.Y)@ . C< F )" B(.C %+ N - % C< F I * A
>.
&) # F F C< > F / )I* +
C' 1* . # + /+ C< % g: >I*
c &> F / O1 V* A< *; &
C' 1* . /+ V* C< A1@ #<(:; &#*K@ &) > /+ C< + A1.5a- &KRK &1; > /+ C< ) A1.7 a )(D=1
+ KRK >; . / # B< %#* C< # +)&5(F O4 #&M1 D=1 U/
D=-)() 2 D=1 , L C< BK, /*
*! /-./ !,01/2)3415
> )2 MRK &C, * : 1 D=1
*Q &> >2 B" #2 # : 4- (
&. &C<K * &<1= &*( %L; &: 1
2 .\^$ > D=-)\(
=1^$ ! > &
)\(
D=1.Y@ F < %R- /+ C< # P" =$ )*1 1= >( C< )*1@ >( .*.
/+ C< >I*@ # A $ : :! F / ) +
( ) # F - F %R- # W :: c
* # / @ . N % :L)Y(%> # >
: 1 * /+ %+ / E &C
:L .
# >( V > F / )I* +
C' 1* . ) # F F C< %R-:# %" # > > :1 C a; (2 )*1@ %R- # F / H A* /+
4/* C )/*@ )-@ .:=- > /N< V* > F /
)R . UR, <, )/ %R- # C< % H" /+.
+ :
>4! A $ #" $ T F/ ? DB=- < # >!
&@ &$*@ & & C1 * # # #
&>( DB=- C$* @4 # @? & 1 . =-
>(1# >4! %1 )/ 5667 .( DB=- O4 < # +
&) = )R+ # >(1 - F 2 C* @>( ,
# K+ >(2 *+? # F1 )@ . C< )
)& J.(
! "#$
# B$ O( )==- " > F / # # >! N* +
P C< >( C A P( /+
4 /E &>( >(< . >( &; >(=- &>(
)&> F / 566(0< & / >(* F 2 C* @ #
, )1 # >(B*L &) = )R+ P- C< )@ ., )1 1 C< + )1 < &N
%4 & I<1 C< /+ C< # #" $
< C+; &C@ U * PR- )1 O4 P-
K 1 D-i * + 9+): B; # , % 1:C< /+ C< # #" $ , )1
i>($* 41 + I<1 5C< # #" $ C@ U * # "R *4 %4
1 I<1 C< /+i, >(
7 *K C< C+; # "R *4 %4 )U$ (
I<1 C< /+ C< # #" $
i, >(1 + ):
(*+ &; 4=* 4 # I* 4 AK*
C< " $ < & # % " . >4 #) : B T 4; .C(< , -
4; C< 4! A $ % @ &T- - W # 4 % @
# -* @4 )1 N * &
R " N C< >(
& 1 . &>(; >( - &U % 1*>( >(B # % " >(2 #.
% =1 H" VB* 4 # 4 H* +
H" # * < 2G # # / (
*! /-./ !,01/2)3415
C< /+ C< > N #" $ , )1
$* $+ C< I* F? C< >( &D- N I<1
T 4K A % &(@ 1 &#" $ , V
%R- # &#: * 2" - #2 1R F F =
/+ C< # #" $ T 1 )1 %K.T ==- 2" C< / " ? )1 # P+
# # - #2 )*+ # ( A > &#" $
>(; >(.%+ + C< W # .? %* &,
& % P( &#/ %+ )( H
# -* @( ( , C< K1
#" $.>(R+ >42" H % $+ C< #" $ H
P( T . 4Kg F1 # % 4 # D-
R2< &4 2 )( >(+0 &>( #
, >(1 )@ C< K1 P ) >4 /.9 !:
, )1:# + O4 C< ( = 1 A $ : T K+ % C< D* = #
*2 )@ C< W? %- C &O/* E N O * A
C4 a C<:)R+ % & 1= )R+ %
)R+ % &$*@ )R+ % &@ )"R
C*( -@ )R+ % &; )R+ % &
B? a P &)" >I* . * < %R- #
P4 A1 ]
a )<.
&& &&:c= 4 c= # e P
$ #4/ T &A)5667 ($ #" >4 #:)" # + # %+
! "#$
H< ^ * T .? # = >(B C< >(*" # # / B< =-
W C**, * :* # :* C< C< & O
C+ %))L > )2+ (! % C< C+
%K)2 :; # *$(* &+@ C A $ # / &
B P I : &K % .? :4 )$ O4
4(* (* + C< .$$ P )5667 (" $ # B >(*G # &C1 A < # <1* C< &K+ # #<1* $*@ DB=-.
* P &#; C< #" $ ) # *K F
# > >(=1 % % @# >(*G #" $
)6(% a A< N %" # c &; C<
)-@ / &F1 P &`* F / %" # F]
O4 C< P 4. : F / (==- C /+ C4
# > ) C< &#" $ #; C< >
/+ O4 C< ( = &(? ==-
* > &/+ 4 I<1 C< #" $
BK?
BK? V * A< =- ) W )1 C
W /+ W P E )1 &F .&&&+ &&&:* > P"
B/ O4 VB. . ) = " C ' )1:. &#" $ )
H #2 &/+ 4 I<1 C< /+
C4 &> ): & = > # > &R > &
* * > .+ +:)&W J(:C )R+ P]
.? )<4
e "R &*; *+ > (* C*
*! /-./ !,01/2)3415
%K )L:% &C T &C+; D=- &a*
>4 [ # H # + &C+ )5 (
# * . )]
& )\Y (
%= &
/* )*+ )R+ # .? M1C'+: )$* U$ &
:+ H /+ < > &)R= U$ &:+ U$
/* )@ : &C > 1 %-#+<:&C %
&C$* % &)R= % &C@ % &W, %
)*+ &C1= % &W="@ % C< T + K+ ))@:W="@ &C@ &)R= &W,.)&P %g5666(:)R+ # P+ .? )<4
)@ C< # C< *= :&< &$* &1=
W, % &C H &F; &) & .)
# * . )5Y (
#* C< :& &. ;
/* ( e C )R+ # .? K1 )= )*+:&C< C$* &C &C &W, % )R+
- &W; &C@ &H &C$*@C1= . #
)==- # K+ )R+ # # * )==-
I* .K+ + ]
# .? K1 )= < &a* L *
2 W, &C % )R+.)&2 5665(: - # * . )
# .? )= &>( # KRK #
% C< # # 4 (( C $+ ) =
%K %=1 ) = )*+:&< D* &C :
&/+ P2 &O*@ " @ # A &L =
e = & # $ A $ > F > &
&A e M1 &C$*@ :* ) =
* + &>B W1 &a<* # & &#" $ M1 # # < A < : &W="@ &C@ T 1? M>(* + &a$* K # # 4 e #
! "#$
*1 **G P = &" $ # < #" $
R2< &> #
: ( < &($* C< $- ) # >*@
# e< &# H "R C< ) = &F1 >(
&>(* $ A $ # @>4 &>($* # " ! )"
C< # e F$+ P2 E &#< # K P2
! N-< & H "R C< ) = &# 4 a
&$2 (* K & I* ( # <+ > %2$
%4; H ) = &>($*G >(R+ %1 *+0 >4@ 1;
) . % =1 >(B* # # " >(<>( %4; ( &
%4; >($ > &: % 1 > ? # >(-0
# 4 + >(B* )1. T " ) + a)Reis & Colbert, 2004 (1
+ #" $ )1=- )1@ W # . % # %R- # )Y(
<DB=- # VB* ) ( I " &
+ #" $ # C< =- )1@ W #
C$*@C 1* . C4 C@ :&) > ($ C* (I
(I ) # 1 ! )" C* &) >1 C* (I
. CL &/*, / =- )1 (I & $K+
/*, A $ N"?.)&#(566Y (P .? )<4 )R+ #" $
>(R+ C< A $ P &) + *K 1 C< U * a* W L .
B=1? A < .? )= )R+ % C<
H "R %4; H "R )R+ # %+ C< G* -
=; H "R & #" $ N C 1 B "
)*+ M1 a* L T/ ) + *K 1 C<
M*, T C4 + %+ F 4 I + T )R+ O4.+
B=1? A < > .? )= )" + C<
*! /-./ !,01/2)3415
T/ #-'
B=1? A < &a* L)R+ C<
#" $ N C $< ) > ($ %+M1 M*, T C4 . + T )*+.# :+ " )Peterson, 2006 (
@ W= N< % *
&#" $ , )1 >( #" $ # # "
O4 &C@ % C$*@ C$ % C< ? )1
C4 )1:a1, &F; C< )1(> &U, &
# P - &= &/ &)4@ &1, j+ &#
; C %$#-' . C &F :.
*; d(* C< C+ A $ >( # # ]
# +
*/ # (I # &
$ )RB # >4 #
% @? )- .? # 1 " :* C %- )
( # @# B # W @ ="@ )R4 OC< % /*, . " $ @(< # # #
# AR ; >(<R- >(1 )R+
&* ), &>(* C< %- # )E (=$*
%4,.
C++ T )Kesici, 2008 ()1 % 1 &+ C<
# &>( I* ( # #" $ T N ,
" &) )* H C< : >- %R- )
*)6(
.@( , )1 / # VB* )(I C'+ >( 41 + :&>( F/ < a A ?
. /+ O*@ P2 &)-@ # > A &< P2
P2 &*( >(4 /? & C< >I*@ A1@ &P=
)" 2" $+ &% C< *( # ) %2<G ^$
&* &4 )R+ ( @ )( &#+
&FL &-' a* H %=@ )( &A< H )R+
)L % &$ : 1 >- $+ & %1
F ; H % &$ (4.
! "#$
:)&&+ :
/+ C< # #" $ # < # +
C > I<1 C<565/567 >4 [ " &)7YY (
/+ C< #" $ H % P &
1 C< I< .% )(* < H/ c2
< C4 )L: &C@ U *)U$ ( *K 1 D- < C+;.% )(
< * < H/ C@ U * 1 C< C+; *K
C+;
A $ : C@ U *
.K* +
U
C
C
C
C
\Y
6
6
\6
U
56Y
Y6
7YY
+ =)&&:
#" # )* + F >= M1 >":2> *&&&&+:% 1 <L ) # F #" $
1 C< C+; : C@ U * A # 4
*K.5.&&/ *&&+:#2 )Y6()@ ) . / F <:C1=
C )6(C &)<)6(C$*@ &)<)6(&)<
W ; )6(C@ &)<)(&)< >I* C*( -@
)" )\()< .C- ) + V :1 ( , )*+ C4 :
. )Y(. &))\( &)
C )7(. $2 &) )#(@ &
A*. )F1 .(
*! /-./ !,01/2)3415
=> ?::; e > a B4 2 # . ; ( = F
) C< > C< #=- # : *;
? > *@ )< % 1 #+1 )I1R &
B(* ( = d- != F0 ( /R )R A.
=> /:
- #K1 >" A (" # +G F; )K :1
H d- # * )#" $ W /+ + * C< # 4 (# >( F A > &F >( ( F? > >(? # @ % a" > &*K
&*K F C< (< . >(E &. ; F C< F; )< .
# C< >(? # @ % #+ )91,3 (% * C4
.
=> ?:
#" $ . F H/ > /+ C< # 4
&#; C< I<1 C< # 4 #" $
P= <! C< (/ > M1 &/+ O4 W H A*
e #+ &N$* )" C< )*@ U #K1 21
U < F H/ > #B! >( (/ # +
B * )*+< (B #K1 (E )66.(%
9: !:
A $ )<1*@ 1 ) #K1 >-
)* C< A $ ) .
". + @9.:
A
< ), < B :
! "#$
% #)5(
)1 )@ :+ ) U
F )< . * < ) N1 + &F1 . % %+
C' % (12 C :
% )5(
) U , )1 )@ @ : + * )
%
U
C+
) U
( %=1 C
* <
C$*@
C@ C W ;
)" >I* C*( -@
C C1=
75J
57 5Y6J 5Y6J 5\5
5\
5J7
5767 5\7 J7
Y5\
5
7
\
Y
% # c2 )5(C' 1* . )*+ )@ #:
&)" >I* C*( -@ &W; &C &C@ &C$*@
C C1= .CG A : # I1R* :+ ` W ; &. ; C$*@ % %R1
C$* W ,.T C*( W _ 1
>(1 #2 # D- %+ >(* #" $ > %+
%+ ) N? )= H $ * O4 ) " &;
#) :Reis & Colbert, 2004 ( )Person, 2006 ( )Kesici,
2008(.4 # # .? ) O4 )= M1 C )R+ >
1 % +$ C< )K # 4 #" $ N
)R+ %1 C< F .?&"* =$ 1? >
# / .? 1 &% . A >4 &>(R+
*! /-./ !,01/2)3415
&* # / .? 1 & V* .? 1 >B a<* # &D- C.3,
A
! # < BC :$< D . :
)@ &+ ) :1 >
# %+ F1 . % %+ % N12 W %+ #* T
C< ) " & + M*, % )7(C':% )7(
, )1 )@ :C@ U * L + ) U .
*
2
C.%
E
?
B
F
?
D
B
D
B
C$*@
C
C@
>I* C*( -@
)" W;
C C1=
5
5\7\ 5576 7J\ \7 Y
YJ
56
557 557\7 75J\ \55 Y
J7
6
5
6
6
6
\
6
6
% # I1R)7(CG : M*, + # %+ T . ; C< C$*@ % C
* + VB* H A$&) :R # %+ 1 + 4
, .? 1 .&)R+ A # :
" ( # 4 ( C $*@+ ) " ! F ( C .? W 4 C H # &: 4
H O4 * )$ &C@ A< > )&2 5665 ( C* C< )( % # .? )= C
$ 2 (* : 4 %$ T A< B / &N # %
H )$- &: 4 %$ (1 C > # ;
)&#(566Y (@ ) A < .? )= C
! "#$
K+ + C* M1 , )1 C< #* # B=1?
)@ >I C< M*, #.54 K+ M*,
% C@ % )R+ + #
&< F1 #+ # #4 C< C A $ # >!C
4 K+ + #+ #1 C<>I* C*( -@ )R+ )" .
" &#* T F - ; C< C C1= % C O4 ) H $ *)&W J ( )%g &P5666(.
./ > +:.? 1 > > :C*K W *K % ; #$=W *K
)C( (#( )R+ )@ + ) U :1 > &
: ) " &# % (12 + )@
)\(.
% )\(
, )1 )@ :C+; L
)C &C (F1 . % %+ C< )1 #/ U .
* A $ H : A <
2
> +
!
> +
>
? B
F
?
D
B
D
B
C
C$*@
C*( -@
)" >I* W; C@
C C1=
65
Y6 5 7Y\ \YY5 Y
\J57
76
7JY 57YY 7757\ \766J Y
56
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
% C< F VB* # #)\(CG :C; C C+; T : C< %+ A.
*! /-./ !,01/2)3415
5 C< : # C C< K @C+; & )@ H * O4 )$- )&P %g5666 (.? )= C
A <
B=1?C+; T/ , )1 C<
KG K+ #+ W C c= .
1 C< C+; C@ U * W L %$ *K:)(.%H+. + E ! > + C.
C< + M*, # %+ + ) U :1 >
C C+; .C< # 4 :1 )@ : 1 #+
% )Y.(
% )Y()1 )@ :,
* W L C@ U
C+;)4 + C M*? (%+ C< )1 U .
*
A $ H : A < # F1 . %
%
M*?
C C+;
+
C C+;
A< :
H A $
U
)
:
U
)
:
C
C$*@ C@
>I* C*( -@
)" W;
C C1=
Y5
\5 5YJY 7YY\ \YY66 Y
Y7J
Y66
Y5 5\ 75 \5 Y
75
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
% # #)Y(C' 1* . ) VB* #:
% C@ % C$*@ % C % %1
W ; % )" >I* C*( -@
# %+ T @ )1 ) " &# M*? T $*
O4 )$ " & a$* + T (* T " C C+;
* H * )&#( 566Y.( * H )$- #1 C<
)&W J.(
! "#$
?
% @ % #% B=1?@ T * )
0,01 (.? %= M1)0,967 (
B2 A $ # C* 4
L (.B,H+. + E > > + C.%:*& 2
)J(C&.% K < 2 2 D
+ E > +.
% )(
, )1 )@ :1 C@ U * L
)N$* + C; C+; M*? (.
*
A $ H : A < F1 . % %+ )1 ) U
%
M*?
C; C+;
+
C; C+;
A< :
H A $
U
)
:
U
)
:
C
C$*@ C@
C*( -@
)" >I* W;
C C1=
5YJ
5J 55Y7 75\J \5\Y Y
57J
565
5
55 7 76 \6 Y
65J
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
% # #)(C' 1* . ) VB* #: ; )" >I* C*( -@ @ )@ )1
C C1= # # %+ T .5@ 1 ) (* T " C; C+; + T $*
H * O4 )$ &N$* M*? T)&#(566Y ( H )$- )&W J(+; 1 )*+ #1 C< &
&N$* + T (* T " C; C+; M*? T
2 )$ H)&#( 566Y (A < .? )= C
B=1? H "R )R+ C< C@ U * L T/
*! /-./ !,01/2)3415
# )* M1 &1 B "=; H "R %4;
2 K+ +M*, # (.7
% @ % #
B=1? % * @ T
)0,01 (.? %= M1)0,95 (
B2 A $ # C* 4
L (.::
CG M1 C= VB* 2 C<: /+ C< W //& N= A
>( M1 >(R+ # P+ C< >( % 1 #(1$ %" (.5 /+ C< # 4 #" $ ? V $*&H V O4 %K .? >(1 :R . /+.7C< # 4 #" $ /+ *? C< H
O4 `* + )I<1 P- O4 >4@ C< # B$.\ C< # 4 #" $ . ) # / ? /+
& T %K >(B C< )L e K
F Q W="@ /+ O4 (< H C B) P * ( C< F1 .
! "#$
F
A
< ),! F:1 & )566 .(&& &&+. &&;< L&& 2&&.H/ * * &#.C1< &# ) .(D&&& ?&&& &&&
.#::+ C.C1< &# )5665 .( B&&&&+) &&&& &&&& &&&&$ M&&&& *"$H/ * +$ &# &.1 /)5667 .(&&&+. &&& &&&+. &&&: &&& &&&+
.F 4 ::+ >.* & )J .(&& && && -&&% 2;&&
.# : * +$ H/.1 &$$)5667 .( &&&&&+. H&&&&& &&&&& &&&&& &&&&&++) ( && .) + &. ; :&H/ * `R$ + # &F1 ),.) &W k &// )566\ .( H& N+ H &&.,&&. H&&+),H&&&&!.# : + H/ * <K. . # # &2 )5665" .(4 C$* ,:H" + C< # 4 :R C$"% "&&&+ /*&&! &&&& &*; &C M1 F &5& 5DD&% &)55J6.( W )J .(&&.> &&. *&&! &&! && #&&
&& + &F * ! & –#;.
1 &#()566Y .(
A
&&&+ &&& &&& #&&&&&& &&& &&& &&&./ &&&F * ! &
# & ) # # ;.
*! /-./ !,01/2)3415
> F / )566 .(&&&! &&&.> .&&& &&&$.#;.A
./,.> F:
Kesici, S. (2008). Sixth, Seventh, and Eight- Grade
Students' Guidance and Counseling Needs
According to Parents' Views.Eurasian Journal
of Educational Research, Vol (32). Pp ( 101-
116).
Mann,M.(1987). Encyclopedia of Sociology. London:
Macmillan Press.
Peterson, J. (2006). Addressing Counseling Needs of
Gifted Students Psychology of Behavioral
Sciences Collection,Vol. (10), Issue (1).
Reis, S. Colbert, R.(2004). Counseling Needs of
Academically Talented Students with
Learning Disabilities.Psychology of behavioral
Sciences Collection, Vol (8).Issue (2).