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Algal Communities and Useful Seaweed Distribution at Gangnung and It`s Vicinity in East Coast of Korea
Abstract
An intertidal marine benthic algal vegetation and vertical distribution at Kangnung and it?s vicinity, the eastern coast of Korea was investigated to clarify the community structure and vertical distribution by quadrat method. Marine algae identified from the area were 116 species; 15 green, 31 brown and 70 red algae. The dominant species were Ulva pertusa, Codium fragile, Undaria pinnatifida, Dictyota dichotoma, Gelidium amansii, Corallina pilulifera, Carpopeltis affinis, Grateloupia filicina, Pachymeniopsis elliptica and Chondrus ocellatus at study sites. The vertical distribution of intertidal marine algae was divided into three distinct zones. They were characterized by Porphyra tenera at the upper, Enteromorpha spp. and Ulva pertusa at the middle, and Sargassum thunbergii, Hizikia fusiformis and Pachymeniopsis elliptica at the lower zones, respectively. The vertical distribution of subtidal zone algae were characterized by Laminaria spp. at 15m depth and Kjellmaniella crassifolia at 15 to 25 m depths, whereas Agarum cribrosum was dominant at the lower zone than 25 m depth.
... The following six foliose algal species were used to determine the food preference of M. nudus: Ulva australis, Undaria pinnatifida, Sargassum confusum, Dictyopteris divaricata, Grateloupia elliptica, and Grateloupia angusta. These species commonly inhabit the central east coast of Korea (Sohn et al. 2007, Shin et al. 2008, Kim et al. 2014). They were selected as representative species for this region. ...
... A total of 114 seaweeds were found during the study period, including 8 green, 18 brown, and 88 red algae. Furthermore, in comparison to other studies conducted on the East Sea coast near Wangdol-cho in the 2000s (Kim et al. 2004;Sohn et al. 2007;Shin et al. 2008aShin et al. , 2008b, the sea area studied herein exhibited the highest number of species in one surveyed sea area. The R/P and (R+C)/P ratios that were calculated based on the number of macroalgal species were higher in 2018 than in 2017, suggesting that the results were attributable to increases in water temperature in 2018 (Table 1). ...
This study sought to examine the characteristics and patterns of marine algae community changes in Wangdol-cho in order to establish a theoretical basis for the development of a maintenance and management plan for the marine communities of the region. Here, two locations were selected to represent marine algal communities in both spring and summer from 2017 and 2018, and the covering ratio (%) by algae type was recorded. During the study period, 114 marine algae species were identified at the survey sites, which were further classified as 8 green, 18 brown, and 88 red algal species. The total average biomass in the survey period was found to be 1,383.17 g/m2, including green (2.40 g/m2), brown (987.40 g/m2), and red (393.36 g/m2) algae. Cluster analysis of the communities was conducted on three groups: Group A (Spring 2017 and Spring 2018), Group B (Summer 2017), and Group C (Summer 2018). ANOSIM analysis showed a significant difference for the biomass data associated with the season with a global-R value of 0.717 (p = 0.002). The community status was determined as ‘Good-High’ for the three survey periods except for the summer of 2017 which showed ‘Good-Moderate’. Among the cluster indices calculated based on the number of abundant species, the R/P ratio ranged from 3.14 to 11.25, and the (R+C)/P ratio ranged from 3.29 to 12.00. Richness, evenness, diversity, and dominance indices were based on the biomass of abundant species, and were determined as 15.35, 0.36, 1.68, and 0.31 over the entire sea area, respectively. The results of this survey indicate that the marine algal community in the Wangdol-cho area is suffering from severe barren grounds due to non-geniculate coralline coverage of the rock matrix, as well as turf-forming red algae. Therefore, further resource and ecological analyses will be required to establish a plan to restore and manage the ecosystem of Wangdol-cho to maintain a healthy marine ecosystem and algal resources.
... Recently, barren ground formation in many areas has been reported to reduce marine forests. Research on the effects of barren ground formation was initiated on Jeju Island, and more research is continuing on the east coast and south coastal waters of Korea, while barren grounds are gradually expanding in the eastern coastal waters (MOMAF, 2002;Choi et al. 2006b;Sohn et al. 2007). Therefore, to restore the marine ecosystem and marine resources, artificial marine forests are necessary, and various studies on marine forest formation are being conducted by phycologists and fishery scientists (Serisawa and Ohno, 1995a, b;Choi et al. 2006a). ...
We propose a marine ecosystem restoration means to build marine ecosystems and restore marine forests by introducing ecological engineering concepts to oceans that have lost habitats and include dysfunctional marine ecosystems using pyramid–shaped artificial reefs during 2016 to 2017 at Mundong, Busan, Korea. The marine algal succession in the artificial reefs was as follows: in January of 2016, two months after the reef installment, only Ulva spp. and non–geniculated coralline algae were found. Ten months after installment, non–geniculated coralline algae were dominant; however, perennial Ecklonia cava continued to grow robustly. During the 2 years of monitoring, Ecklonia cava and Grateloupia elliptica were the dominant species growing on the artificial reefs. During the earlier stages post–installment, short–lived annual marine algae attached and grew on the reefs; however, as time progressed, the algal succession pattern changed to perennial marine algal dominance. In this study with artificial reefs, from the early stages post reef installment, various marine algal succession were observed in stages, and after normal structured communities were formed, a large perennial brown algae colony attached to the reef and formed a stable community. When installing artificial reef in new regions for ecological restoration, higher success rates will be observed if the surrounding vegetation is considered and the installation timed to when the large marine algae release their spores. Therefore, the timing of artificial reef installment should be carefully considered.
... 였고, Kang(1968), Yoshida(1998), Lee(2008) -Dombois and Ellenberg, 1974;Lee et al., 2001;Sohn et al., 2007). ...
Marine algal flora and community structure were investigated seasonally at three sites in subtidal zone of Wangdol-cho on the east coast of Korea from May 2012 to August 2013. A total of 122 species were collected and identified, including 12 green algae, 29 brown algae, and 81 red algae. Of these, 38 species were found throughout the survey period. Average seaweed biomass was 472.19-1,198.77 g wet wt. m^{-2} in spring, 68.99-631.14 g wet wt. m^{-2} in summer, 200.91-401.20 g wet wt. m^{-2} in autumn, and 53.61-922.32 g wet wt. m^{-2} in winter. The vertical distribution based on biomass were Grateloupia lanceolata, Acrosorium venulosum, Lomentaria catenata - Undaria pinnatifida, Dictyopteris pacifica, Sargassum horneri, Ecklonia cava - Desmarestia viridis, E. cava, S. horneri from upper to lower subtidal zone. The flora was classified into six functional groups: filamentous form (34.43%), coarsely branched form (25.41%), sheet form (24.59%), thick leather form (9.71%), crustose form (5.74%) and jointed calcareous form (0.82%). The C/P, R/P and (R+C)/P values reflecting the flora characteristics were 0.41, 2.79 and 3.21, respectively. Also, diversity index (H`) and dominance index (DI) indicate that the algal community and environmental condition of Wangdol-cho is stable. We recommend that Wangdol-cho subtidal zone should be more protected from human activities such as turbulence and eutrophication in order to maintain species diversity and abundance of algae.
... 서 론 한 지역의 해조상 및 군집 연구는 그 지역의 분포에 관련된 자료와 지역 개체군에 대한 유용한 생태학적 정보를 제공해 준다는 측면에서 매우 중요하다 (Boo and Lee, 1986). 동해안 지역의 해조군집은 생물학적인 독특한 특성과 해안 구조의 단조로움, 외해에 인접한 해양환경의 고유성 등에 의한 관심 으로 인하여 많은 학자들에 의해서 연구가 이루어졌다 (Boo and Lee, 1986; Lee and Oh, 1986; Lee and Lee 1988; Chung et al., 1991; Lee et al., 1997; Choi et al., 2006; Sohn et al., 2007). 영일만은 우리나라 동해안에 위치하는 유일한 만 구조를 갖는 해안이며, 이 해역은 쿠로시오 해류의 지류인 쓰시마 난류가 북상하여 영향을 미치는 곳이다 (Lee and Oh, 1986). ...
An intertidal marine benthic algal vegetation and vertical distribution at Youngil Bay, the eastern coast of Korea was investigated to clarify the community structure and vertical distribution by quadrat method from February 2003 to January 2009. Marine algae identified from the area were 152 species; 25 green, 38 brown and 89 red algae. The dominant species were Ulva spp., Ulva pertusa, Chaetomorpha moniligera, Undaria pinnatifida, Sargassum horneri, S. miyabei, S. thunbergii, Gelidium amansii, Corallina pilulifera, Grateloupia elliptica, G. filicina, Prionitis cornea, Chondrus ocellatus, Chondracanthus intermedia, Acrosorium polyneurum, Chondria crassicaulis, Polysiphonia morrowii and Symphyocladia latiuscula at study sites. The vertical distribution of intertidal marine algae was divided into three distinct zones. They were characterized by Porphyra spp. and Ulva spp. at the upper, Ulva spp. and Ulva pertusa at the middle, and Sargassum spp., Gelidium amansii, Grateloupia spp., Chondrus ocellatus and Chondria crassicaulis at the lower zones, respectively. Functional form group analysis showed that coarsely branched forms comprised 44.7% of the algal community, whereas thick leathery forms, sheet forms and filamentous forms comprised 6.6-25.7%. R/P, C/P and (R+C)/P values were 2.34, 0.66 and 3.00, respectively.
... Species with coverage less than 0.1% in each quadrat were excluded from the list (Lee et al., 1991). In order to analyze floristic composition value of the vegetations, C/P (Segawa, 1956), R/P (Feldmann, 1937), and (R+C)/P (Cheney, 1977) ratio were adopted. The similarity of flora was compared to group–average using PRIMER (Plymouth Routines Multivariate Ecological Research) computer package when the data consists of species presence–absence data (Clarke and Gorley, 2006). ...
The seasonal variations of the marine algal community were studied with quadrat method during June 2005 to May 2006 at subtidal zone of Jisepo at Geoje. In this area, a total of 59 marine algal species including 8 Chlorophyta, 11 Phaeophyta and 40 Rhodophyta was identified. The representative species in each study sites throughout the year are Ulva pertusa, Codium adhaerens, C. fragile, Colpomenia sinuosa, Dictyota dichotoma, Dilophus okamurae, Sargassum horneri, Gelidium amansii, Lithophyllum okamurae, Amphiroa dilatata, Corallina pilulifera, Grateloupia elliptica, G. turuturu, Prionitis cornea, Plocamium telfairiae, Chondracanthus intermedia, Lomentaria catenata, Acrosorium polyneurum and Melobesioidean algae. The dominant species among the representative species in importance value were Ulva pertusa, Undaria pinnatifida, Sargassum horneri, Gelidium amansii, Prionitis cornea and Amphiroa dilatata. Dry weight of total vegetation, the most luxuriant period appears in spring season and the poorest one in summer period. The total dry weight of the vegetation in spring season is very high rather than the summer season. On the basis of group-average using PRIMER, the 6 study sites were classified into two groups; two clusters emerge at the 50 level of threshold. The R/P, C/P, and (R+C)/P value were 3.63, 0.73, and 4.36, respectively.
Agarum clathratum, brown algae, play important ecological roles in marine ecosystem, but can cause secondary environment pollution when they pile up on the beach. In order to resolve the environment problem by A. clathratum, we focus to isolate and identify Penicillium because many species are well known to produce extracellular enzymes. A total of 32 Penicillium strains were isolated from A. clathratum samples that collected from 13 sites along the mid-east coast of Korea in summer. They were identified based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis using β-tubulin DNA sequences as well as a combined dataset of β-tubulin and calmodulin. A total of 32 strains were isolated and they were identified to 13 Penicillium species. The commonly isolated species were Penicillium citrinum, P. roseomaculatum, and Penicillium sp. Among 13 Penicillium species, four species–P. bilaiae, P. cremeogriseum, P. madriti, and P. roseomaculatum–have not been previously recorded in Korea. For these four new species records to Korea, we provide morphological characteristics of each strain.
This study elucidated the floral composition of marine algae and community structure at Hallyeo-haesang National Park, on the southern coast of Korea. In all, 89 species, comprising 10 green, 30 brown and 49 red algae, were identified. The dominant species in terms of importance value were Ulva pertusa, Colpomenia sinuosa, Undaria pinnatifida, Padina arborescens, Hizikia fusiformis, Sargassum sagamianum and Amphiroa dilatata. The vertical distribution of marine vegetation was characterized by Enteromorpha linza - Ulva pertusa - Gelidium divaricatum in the upper intertidal zone, Hizikia fusiformis - Sargassum thunbergii in the middle intertidal zone, and Amphiroa spp. - Hildenbrandtia rubra - Corallina pilulifera in the lower intertidal zone. Functional form group analysis showed that coarsely branched forms comprised 50.3% of the algal community, whereas thick leathery forms, sheet forms and filamentous forms comprised 11.9-13.1%. R/P, C/P and (R+C)/P values were 1.91, 0.74 and 2.64, respectively. A cluster analysis of species occurrence suggested that the number of marine algal species differed greatly among the sampling sites.
The species composition and distributions of benthic marine plants on the East Coast of Korea were studied. We examined all species found in the intertidal and subtidal zones at four sites seasonally from August 2006 to May 2009. Of the 148 species identified, 92 were rhodophytes, 39 were phaeophytes, 16 were chlorophytes, and 1 was a seagrass. The most species (125) were found at Jukbyeon, while the fewest (99) were found at Chuksan. Overall, the numbers of species were highest during the spring and lowest in autumn. Seventy-five species (50 rhodophytes, 15 phaeophytes, 9 chlorophytes, and 1 seagrass) were found at all four sites. The dominant species providing cover were melobesioidean algae, Sargassum spp., Phyllospadix japonica, and Corallina pilulifera. The vertical distribution of benthic marine plants was characterized by C. pilulifera, Sargassum spp., Hizikia fusiformis, Grateloupia elliptica, Symphyocladia latiuscula, Grateloupia lanceolata, Ulva pertusa, and Chondria crassicaulis in the intertidal zone; Sargassum spp., P. japonica, Prionitis cornea, C. pilulifera, and Acrosorium polyneurum at 1 m depth; Sargassum spp., P. japonica, and melobesioidean algae at 5 m depth; and melobesioidean algae at 10 m depth. There was variation among the sites, presumably due to differences in the local conditions.
Marine algal flora and community structure were seasonally investigated at four sites in the vicinity of the Igidae on the southern east coast of Korea from May 2010 to February 2011. A total of 66 species including 9 of Chlorophyta, 14 of Phaeophyta, 43 of Rhodophyta were found during the survey period. Among these species, 16 species were found throughout the year. Seasonal mean biomass in wet weight was 123.6 (spring), 2,061.6 (summer), 412.0 (autumn), 678.9 (winter) g{\cdot}m^{-2}. Maximum biomass was recorded in summer(), and minimum was recorded in spring(123.6g{\cdot}m^{-2}). Spatial maximum and minimum species number were recorded at station 3 and 4(50 species) and at station 1(47 species). At station 1, 2 directly exposure on Yongho and Daeyeon cheon (stream) run off, and discharge from Nambu sewage treatment plants near coastal area, species diversity was relatively low and dominant species were similar throughout four seasons. The R/P, C/P and (R+C)/P value reflecting flora characteristics were 3.07, 0.64 and 3.71, respectively. The flora investigated could be classified into six functional groups such as coarsely branch form 39.39 %, sheet form 30.30 %, thick leather form 13.64 %, filamentous form 12.12 %, crustose form 3.03% and jointed calcareous form 1.52 % during survey period. The number of marine algae species in Igidea were 96 species at 1996 to 1997 and 66 species at 2010 to 2011, respectively. The change of seaweed species is due to the pollution loaded from sewage treatment plant and stream. We thus recommend that the positive maintenance control method like sewage treatment, for the protection of seaweed bed should be proceeded to near coastal area.
The seasonal variation and vertical distribution of the marine algal community were investigated using the quadrat method from February 2006 to January 2007 at 10 sites in Gwangyang Bay, Korea. In total, 48 red, 17 brown, and 13 green algal taxa were identified. The algal vertical distribution in the intertidal zone was characterized by Ulva pertusa, while the upper tidal zone was dominated by Gelidium divaricatum. The middle zone was primarily composed of Enteromorpha linza, Sargassum thunbergii, and Chondracanthus intermedia, whereas Hizikia fusiformis, Sargassum thunbergii, Gelidium amansii, and Corallina pilulifera characterized the low tidal zone. Results of cluster analysis indicated that algal composition fell into two groups, which were composed of species in the inland and open sea. In conclusion, the number of species, diversity, and abundance of vegetation in this area were remarkably reduced compared to previous studies in Gwangyang Bay.
The purpose of this study is to analyze seasonal variations of seaweed community structure according to ocean environment at three areas in the east coast of Korea. Mean water temperatures of Gosung, Samchuk, and Gyeongju were , , and , respectively, during the growing winter season of 2011. Subtidal benthic macroalgal flora and community structure were investigated at the sites between February to November 2011. The numbers of seaweed species at the areas were 38, 12, and 15, respectively. The amounts of biomass were 7.35 kg , 1.80 kg , and 0.84 kg , respectively, during the period. The values of C/P, R/P, and (R+C)/P representing flora characteristics at Sokcho area were 0.1, 1.1, and 1.2, respectively. The values of flora characteristics at Samchuk were 0.3, 0.6, and 1.0, respectively. The values of flora characteristics at Gyeongju were 0.4, 4.0, and 1.2, respectively.
Kjellmaniella crassifalia Miyabe is one of the valuable seaweed crops cultured in the Korean coastal waters of the East Sea. Unfortunately recent environmental changes have adversely influenced its growth, prompting the need to develop techniques for species restoration. To obtatin biological information, the growth of the species was monitored for one year. The maximum blade length, , was attained in July, and zoospores were released in November. The optimum culture conditions allowing juvenile sporophytes to grow to young blades consisted of under which the blade length grew to in 42 days. Sporangial sori started to form in September, reaching 85% maturity in November and 89% maturity in December. Examining the growth of the species according to depth, the individuals growing at 5 meters grew the most, reaching a blade length of in August.
The marine benthic algal flora and biomass of Chuja Island, southern coast of Korea, was investigated. The collections of intertidal marine algae were made at two sites, Yecho of Hachujado and Hupo of Sangchujado, from October 2006 to July 2007. A total of 162 species, including 15 green, 47 brown and 100 red algae, were identified in this study. The occurrence of species according to season was abundant during spring to summer and less in autumn. The vertical distribution of intertidal zone in Chujado was characterized by Gloiopeltis spp., Myelophycus simplex, Ishige okamurae, Chondrus ocellatus, Grateloupia elliptica, Hizikia fusiformis and Sargassum spp. The average biomass of macroalgae was measured as 400 g wet wt m. The dominant species based on the biomass were Sargassum yezoense, S. coreanum and Hizikia fusiformis. ESG II (ecological state group) as an opportunistic species, including sheet form, filamentous form, and coarsely branched form, occurred 85.8% in the intertidal seaweeds. These results provide a baseline for future monitoring studies in the Chuja Island.
In order to clarify the structure and seasonal dynamics of warm tolerant benthic marine algal community in Korea, the species composition and biomass of marine algae at the discharge canal of Uljin nuclear power plant on the East Coast of Korea were investigated seasonally from February 1992 to October 2000. 107 species of marine algae were found at the discharge canal during the past nine years. In general, the number of species observed was abundant in spring or summer and less in autumn or winter. 27 species (4 blue-green, 5 green, 6 brown and 12 red algae) of marine algae occurred more than 1/ 6 frequency and thus can be categorized as warm tolerant species. Among these, one brown (Dictyota dichotoma) and four red algae (Gelidium amansii, Anphiroa ephedraea, Hydrolithon sargassi, Marginisporum crassissimum) are recorded as warm tolerant marine algae for the first time in Korea. Padina arborescens, Anphiroa zonata and Corallina pilulifera were common species found more than 75% frequency. Seasonal fluctuations of mean biomass were 0-1,330 g dry wt m^(-2) and dominant species in biomass were Corallina pilulifera (contribution to a total biomass proportion 34%), Anphiroa zonata (23%), Padina arborescens (18%) and Sargassum micracanthum (11%). The red algae appeared as predominant algal group at the discharge canal of Uljin nuclear power plant in the qualitative and quantitative aspects. The green algae such as Enterornorpha compressa appeared rather frequently at the discharge canal, but the biomass proportion was very low, in contrast to Kori nuclear power plant where there was definite green algal dominance. Differences in algal communities developed at the discharge canals of Uljin and Kori nuclear power plant on the East Coast of Korea, particularly biomass proportions of green algae, can probably be related to local environmental factors such as water velocity through the canal and natural seawater temperatures.
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