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Achieving Urban Resilience: Through Urban Design and Planning Principles
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The concept of resilience is gaining momentum within both academia and practice. It has been linked to sustainability and is identified as a mobilizing concept. This paper looks specifically at urban resilience within the built environment. It seeks to identify key urban planning and design principles and interventions that contribute to increasing a city's level of urban resilience. This study defines urban resilience as social, economic and environmental resilience. Theoretical and analytical research was used to develop the Urban Resilience Conceptual Framework, which identifies morphological components and urban design qualities that contribute to urban resilience. Relevant interventions and lessons have been highlighted through the study of secondary case studies. The paper aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice by conducting qualitative research on a live case study in East London. Interventions and propositions were developed using enquiry by design and the Urban Resilience Conceptual Framework. An observation study was conducted to gain insight on the built environment. Interventions targeted the four key morphological elements identified in this paper: streets and spatial structures, green, blue networks and open space, building typologies and density and patterns of use. These have been identified as aspects of the built environment that influence and foster resilience. The paper establishes the need for change in the urban planning and design process and promotes building capacity for learning, innovation and adaptability. It advocates for the development of long-term plans, which encourage flexibility, robustness and collaboration. This change in status quo can foster natural evolution and transformation as cities adapt to changes in population, economic shifts, technological advances, lifestyle changes and climate change.
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... Beside choose the suitable mode of movement (walking, cycling, driving, public transit). It can be achieved by the planning of the street through the block size, street pattern and the grain texture (Yasaman, 2016). ...
... The accessibility can reached by the permeability which allows users to choose how they move through the city and making it a resilience moving from one street to another without any interruptions (Luo, 2002). This accessibility can affect the level of activity, the density and the security (Yasaman, 2016). ...
... The clearness of the way where users moved in, this can achieve by recognized and reading the urban context of the street (buildings and spaces) whether for walking or driving users (Rudlin, 2013), it refers to how it is easy to understand the street and provide a sense of location (Yasaman, 2016). The legibility can be supported by many elements such as landmarks which oriented the users. ...
Özellikle tarımda makineleşme ve artan liberal politikalarla birlikte Türkiye’de kentleşme oranı hızla artmıştır. Bu sürece sanayileşme oranının düşüklüğü de dahil edildiğinde plansız, düzensiz ve afetlere karşı dirençsiz yapılaşma pek çok kenti kuşatmıştır. Günümüzde söz konusu düzensizlik ve dirençsizlik unsurları, bütüne oranla etkisini kısmen azaltsa da özellikle büyükşehirlerde ciddi bir risk olarak varlığını hala sürdürmektedir. İlgili risklere karşı gerek afet öncesinde yeni stratejiler geliştirip planlamalarda bulunmak gerekse de afet sonrasında hızlı ve etkili kriz yönetimi sürecini tatbik etmek, acil afet yönetimi için hayati öneme sahiptir. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın amacı acil afet, risk ve kriz yönetimi süreci merkezde olacak şekilde Türkiye’de dirençsiz kentlerin nasıl dirençli kentlere dönüşebileceğini betimleyici bir yöntemle ortaya koymaktır. Fakat Türkiye’yi en çok etkileyen afetler olarak Erzincan, Gölcük, Van, İzmir ve Kahramanmaraş gibi şiddetli depremlerin gerçekleşmiş olması ve yine ciddi şekilde etkilemesi beklenen İstanbul depremi nedeniyle çalışmanın kapsam ve sınırını deprem afeti oluşturmuştur. Özellikle deprem afetiyle etkili ve kalıcı bir mücadele sergilenmesi için dirençli kent ekosisteminin oluşturulması ve tüm kentlerde uygulanması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.
At present, following the growth of urbanization and the increase in natural disasters, the study and measurement of the resilience of human and natural systems in achieving sustainable development are of particular importance. Accordingly, the present study seeks to measure and evaluate the resilience of Germi city environment against earthquake risk. In this study, by taking into account the natural, physical and accessible structures involved in reducing the effects of an earthquake in the form of 15 indicators, the resilience of Germi city against earthquake is discussed. Then, the information layers were prepared by the geographic information system and in the next step, the weighting of the studied factors was done using the network analysis process (ANP) in the Super Decision software environment and the final modeling was done using the ordinal weighted average (OWA) method. The results indicate that 11/70 % of the study area has quite good resilience and 24.17% of the area has quite inappropriate. Moderate and relatively appropriate resilience percentages are 25 %, 25.84 %, and 13.29 %, respectively. In general, it can be said that the southern, southwestern parts and the northeastern city of Germi have relatively inappropriate conditions regarding resilience, whereas construction in the northern and northwestern parts of the city are in better condition. According to the final map, the city of Germi is not in a good position in terms of earthquakes resistance, and it has a kind of medium to low status.
Understanding the role that urban structure can play in reducing short-medium-long-term risks and increasing the resilience of cities inreducing the negative effects of epidemics and disasters in 21st-century cities and creating resilient urban structures has become important.Generally, efforts made at the macro level to ensure resilience in cities cannot bring fast and healthy solutions. It is understood that the urbanresilience approaches that combine more specific or micro solutions in the face of the magnitude of the problem should be developed, andsocial, economic, and spatial problems in the urban area should be handled from a more local scale. In cities, neighborhoods are the smallestlocal structures or administrative and social units that can be handled to ensure epidemic and disaster resistance. Neighborhoods are a vitaland inseparable part of the society, as well as the lowest points of application for seeking solutions at the local scale, where settlements andhuman activities are harmonized. For this reason, urban resilience can be achieved within the context of Resilience Action Planning for epidemics and disasters by making neighborhoods both the starting step and one of the most important rings of the chain of resilient. Thisstudy aims to create a "Resilient Neighborhood Structure" in line with the characteristics, principles, and criteria of resilience against thenegative effects of epidemic and disaster situations within the scope of resilience action planning. This neighborhood will include the followingstructures: that can show local resilience experiences in urban space, respond to the difficulties of meeting people's social, cultural, economic,and basic vital needs, have a flexible, functional, integrated, and smart urban space setup, improve local government level and governance,represent community resistance and urban health, working as attunement centers. The study can be considered a starting point for developinga more comprehensive knowledge base on the relationship between urban form and resilience.
توسعه فیزیکی شهرها و افزایش جمعیت در آنها منجر به تغییرات فراوانی در ویژگی هاي فیزیکی سطح زمین، انرژي آزاد شده، آلودگی هوا، دما و در نتیجه تغییر اقلیم در شهرها می باشد که منجر به افزایش دماي کره زمین و افزایش بلایاي طبیعی می شود. به دليل اهميت اين موضوع، اين تحقيق بر آن است كه با رويكرد توصيفي- تحليلي به کاهش اثرات بلایای طبیعی با رویکرد تاب آوری شهری بپردازد. مفهوم تاب آوری شهری به توانایی یک شهر و یا سیستمهای شهری و مقاومت در برابر مجموعه ای از شوکها و استرسهای گسترده آن می پردازد. بنابراین در این مقاله سعی شده است که به نقش تغییر اقلیم در فرآیند برنامه ریزی جهت ارتقای تاب آوری شهری در برابر بلایای طبیعی پرداخته شود. با مطالعه طرح ها و پروژه های مرتبط با تاب آوری در برابر تغییرات اقلیمی می توان بیان کرد که در برخی از طرح های مربوط به تاب آوری در برابر تغییرات اقلیمی، ابتدا تغییرات اقلیمی متفاوت دسته بندی شده و برای هر یک از آنها سناریو خاص جهت برنامه ریزی تدوین شده است و در برخی دیگر از پروژه ها با رويكرد چند بخشي با تمركز بر آب به موضوع تاب آوری در برابر تغییر اقلیم پرداخته اند.
واژگان کلیدی: تاب آوری شهری، تغییر اقلیم، برنامه¬ریزی، بلایای طبیعی
Urban resilience, at a socioeconomic and environmental level, is gaining awareness through initiatives and agendas such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, Rockefellers 100 Resilient Cities initiative. Various authors like Jane Jacobs, Jan Gehl, Matthew Carmona have spoken about the urban design's contribution in addressing urban resilience. Urban design deals beyond particular buildings or plots and rather pays close attention to the built fabric, movement patterns and open and green spaces that support economic, social and cultural activity. This, thus, implies to the raised concern for Urban Resilience at the global level. The aim of this paper is to identify urban planning and design principles that contribute to increasing a city's level of resilience and integrate the ideas into resilience strategies for Pune city. The overall objective of this paper is-to study planning and design strategies needed in order to help our cities develop the necessary capacity to meet the challenges of the future and study the existing condition of the study area through primary survey and then further analyzing the condition and to give recommendations to develop a conceptual framework aimed to bridge the theory and practice of the built environment for Pune based on this assessment. The paper focuses on improving the city's level of resilience through a developed methodological framework and design solutions based on the Urban Design Principles with respect to the built environment of Pune.
As complex man-made systems that are home to the majority of the world population, cities have always faced a wide range of risks such as earthquakes. As the backbone of urban systems, physical components, including buildings, transportation networks, communication networks, and open and green spaces, are also vulnerable to disasters. To enhance the capacity to deal with disaster risks, enhancing urban resilience has recently become an essential priority for cities. This study aims to develop and pilot test a framework to evaluate urban physical resilience based on resilience characteristics and associated physical indicators. Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) was used to determine the relationships between physical indicators, and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making methods were applied to determine the relative importance of the characteristics. The results showed that the ‘Robustness of Building’, ‘Building Density’, ‘Aspect Ratio’, and ‘Street Width’ are the most important among the twenty physical indicators considered in the proposed framework. Subsequently, the proposed framework was applied to one of the districts of Kerman, a major city located in the southwest, earthquake-prone part of Iran. Overall results indicate low levels of physical resilience. The findings of this study can provide urban planners and decision-makers with more transparent and practical insights into the physical resilience of cities. Results can also be used to design and implement policies and programs to improve the current conditions.
Bu bildiride, ABD merkezli Kentsel Alan Enstitüsü ve Singapur merkezli Yaşanabilir Şehirler Enstitüsü öncülüğünde, Singapur, Hong Kong, Rotterdam, New York ve Miami’de çok sayıda uzman ve paydaşın katılımlarıyla hazırlanan “Şehirlerde İklime karşı Dirençlilik Oluşturmak: İşbirlikçi bir Ekosistem için 10 İlke” başlıklı rapor incelenecektir. Öngörme, güçlendirme ve uygulama temaları altında yer alan ilkelerin, ancak kamu kurumları, özel sektör, araştırma enstitüleri, STK’lar ve toplumun tamamını içine alan işbirlikçi bir ekosistemde tatbik edilebileceği görülmektedir. Raporu benzer politika belgelerinden ayıran en önemli özellik her bir ilkenin dünyanın farklı şehirlerinde hayata geçirildiği iyi uygulamaları da içermesidir. Söz konusu raporun, dirençliliğini artırmak için planlama yapma ve strateji geliştirme aşamasında bulunan şehirler için, bu alanda epey mesafe kat etmiş belediyelerin tecrübelerini ve bu konuda çalışan çok sayıda uzmanın bilgilerini aktarması bakımından yol gösterici bir niteliğe sahip olduğu düşünülmektedir.
This paper examines the development over historical time of the meaning and
uses of the term resilience. The objective is to deepen our understanding of
how the term came to be adopted in disaster risk reduction and resolve some
of the conflicts and controversies that have arisen when it has been used.
The paper traces the development of resilience through the sciences,
humanities, and legal and political spheres. It considers how mechanics
passed the word to ecology and psychology, and how from there it was adopted
by social research and sustainability science. As other authors have noted,
as a concept, resilience involves some potentially serious conflicts or
contradictions, for example between stability and dynamism, or between
dynamic equilibrium (homeostasis) and evolution. Moreover, although the
resilience concept works quite well within the confines of general systems
theory, in situations in which a systems formulation inhibits rather than
fosters explanation, a different interpretation of the term is warranted.
This may be the case for disaster risk reduction, which involves
transformation rather than preservation of the "state of the system". The
article concludes that the modern conception of resilience derives benefit
from a rich history of meanings and applications, but that it is
dangerous – or at least potentially disappointing – to read to much into the
term as a model and a paradigm.
Disasters by Design provides an alternative and sustainable way to view, study, and manage hazards in the United States that would result in disaster-resilient communities, higher environmental quality, inter- and intragenerational equity, economic sustainability, and improved quality of life. This volume provides an overview of what is known about natural hazards, disasters, recovery, and mitigation, how research findings have been translated into policies and programs; and a sustainable hazard mitigation research agenda. Also provided is an examination of past disaster losses and hazards management over the past 20 years, including factors--demographic, climate, social--that influence loss. This volume summarizes and sets the stage for the more detailed books in the series.
Fostering resilience in the face of environmental, socioeconomic, and political uncertainty and risk has captured the attention of academics and decision makers across disciplines, sectors, and scales. Resilience has become an important goal for cities, particularly in the face of climate change. Urban areas house the majority of the world's population, and, in addition to functioning as nodes of resource consumption and as sites for innovation, have become laboratories for resilience, both in theory and in practice. This paper reviews the scholarly literature on urban resilience and concludes that the term has not been well defined. Existing definitions are inconsistent and underdeveloped with respect to incorporation of crucial concepts found in both resilience theory and urban theory. Based on this literature review, and aided by bibliometric analysis, the paper identifies six conceptual tensions fundamental to urban resilience: (1) definition of ‘urban’; (2) understanding of system equilibrium; (3) positive vs. neutral (or negative) conceptualizations of resilience; (4) mechanisms for system change; (5) adaptation versus general adaptability; and (6) timescale of action. To advance this burgeoning field, more conceptual clarity is needed. This paper, therefore, proposes a new definition of urban resilience. This definition takes explicit positions on these tensions, but remains inclusive and flexible enough to enable uptake by, and collaboration among, varying disciplines. The paper concludes with a discussion of how the definition might serve as a boundary object, with the acknowledgement that applying resilience in different contexts requires answering: Resilience for whom and to what? When? Where? And why?
In disaster science, policy and practice, the transition of resilience from a descriptive concept to a normative agenda provides challenges and opportunities. This paper argues that both are needed to increase resilience. We briefly outline the concept and several recent international resilience-building efforts to elucidate critical questions and less-discussed issues. We highlight the need to move resilience thinking forward by emphasizing structural social-political processes, acknowledging and acting on differences between ecosystems and societies, and looking beyond the quantitative streamlining of resilience into one index. Instead of imposing a technical-reductionist framework, we suggest a starting basis of integrating different knowledge types and experiences to generate scientifically reliable, context-appropriate and socially robust resilience-building activities.
This chapter focuses on the issues in current city planning and rebuilding. It describes the principles and aims that have shaped modern, orthodox city planning and rebuilding. The chapter shows how cities work in real life, because this is the only way to learn what principles of planning and what practices in rebuilding can promote social and economic vitality in cities, and what practices and principles will deaden these attributes. In trying to explain the underlying order of cities, the author uses a preponderance of examples from New York. The most important thread of influence starts, more or less, with Ebenezer Howard, an English court reporter for whom planning was an avocation. Howard's influence on American city planning converged on the city from two directions: from town and regional planners on the one hand, and from architects on the other.
