![Power flow in the network branch: a) without power factor correction: b) with the capacitors installed at nodes j, j+1,…,n. [15] The following equations for loss reduction calculation across the network are presented in [15].](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gordon-Ononiwu/publication/315613858/figure/fig2/AS:650513443991553@1532105899274/Power-flow-in-the-network-branch-a-without-power-factor-correction-b-with-the_Q320.jpg)
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
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Power Factor Control at Aba Control 33/11kV Injection Substation Using
Auto Tuning Regulator
#1Justine Onwumere, #2Gordon Ononiwu, #3Damian Dike, #4 Ifeoma Onugha,#5Moses Adinfono
1,2,3,4,5Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology,
Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract-Reactive Power Control, Voltage regulation and
stability are very important for the efficient operation of the
power system. This paper presents an auto- tuning regulator
to enhance the performance of the Static Var Compensator
at Aba Control 33/11kV Injection Substation. The controller
was designed to adapt to operational dynamics of the
substation, and promptly react to offset disturbances.
Central Load compensation is used as it provides for more
accurate and economical load compensation. The Auto-
tuning regulator was designed using a Proportional
Integral Derivative (PID) controller. It tunes
automatically, following a deviation between the set and
measured values. The power flow analysis of the substation
was done using PSAT software. A compensation capacity of
15MVAr was implemented and the power factor was
maintained at 0.96. The real and reactive power losses
before compensation were 1.572p.u and 3.7525 respectively,
but reduced to 0.1356p.u real power and 0.65237p.u
reactive power after compensation. A less than 10% Voltage
regulation was maintained across the buses.
Keywords: Power factor, PID Controller, Injection
Substation, Auto–tuning, Regulator, Auto–tuning.
1. INTRODUCTION
The power distribution System is characterized by loads
which can be grouped as Residential, Commercial and
Industrial Loads. The load and devices are mostly
nonlinear, and as such, they injected harmonics into the
system [1]. The distortion of current and/or voltage
waveforms can lead to various power quality problems
such as; poor power factor, low voltage profile, Voltage
swells and sags [2]. Voltage level, frequency and
waveform are the characteristics of electricity supply
voltage. Although certain equipment can function when
values deviate from the nominal range, efficiency and
performance cannot be guaranteed. For equipment
optimal performance, the voltage level, frequency and
waveform must be within the nominal range [3]. Poor
power quality can reduce the efficiency of connected
equipment and increase the risk of damage. To ensure
quality power supply, electricity must be supplied with
voltage characteristics within nominal values, and with a
limited number of interruptions. System recovery from a
disturbance should be quick enough to avert prolonged
interruptions and system collapse. At light load conditions,
the distribution transformer output voltage is set by the
On-Load Tap Changer (OLTC). As the load increase, this
voltage begins to drop further away from the transformer,
as the load current interacts with the impedance of the
supply system.
The load type- resistive, capacitive or inductive affects the
voltage profile of the network. Load across the distribution
network are characteristically inductive, resulting in
current lagging behind the voltage. This leads to an out of
phase condition between the supply voltage and load
current. The Total Power factor is actually a combination
of Displacement and Distortion Power factors [3]. Poor
power factor conditions result in severe power loss in the
network, as the supplied power is not effectively used.
Shunt Capacitors have been used to improve displacement
power factor, and filters have been installed to reduce
distortion power factor [4]. To avert long interruptions
and the improve accuracy of reactive power
compensation; the constant gain and static controller are
replaced with adaptive controllers. This leads to increased
compensation accuracy, faster response time, reduced
signal overshoot and faster settling time. An Adaptive
controller was proposed in [5]. This paper presents the
outcome of its implementation at the Aba 33/11kV
Injection Substation, for reactive power compensation, and
power factor control.
The Aba Control 33/11kV Injection substation, presented
in Fig. 1, is a radial distribution substation having its
feeders across a large area of the city of Aba. It is the major
source of power supply within the city of Aba. It takes its
supply from the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN),
132/33kV substation, and feds major areas of the city. The
need for a stable and reliable power supply at the Aba
Injection substation is very important, as power outages
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suffered at this substation affects the entire city of Aba,
resulting in major blackouts across the city. This work
paper seeks to reduce power loses as a result of power
factor. The concept is adapting to power system dynamics
while localizing the demand and supply of reactive power
at the load bus. The network has a lot of suppressed load,
as the available power supply is far below network
requirement. The network is currently operating at
average power factor of 0.82 and voltage profile falls as
low as 9.3kV. This results in massive load reduction to
prevent the network from collapse.
From Fig. 1, the substation has five primary 11kV feeders
delivering power across the city. The network has a total of
319 transformers. Table 1 presents a summary of
transformers across the network.
Fig. 1: Single line Diagram of Aba Control Substation
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Table 1: Summary of transformers across the network
Per unit (pu) values of data are used as it was very difficult
to determine the actual length of these feeders [7].The
control architecture presented in this paper includes On-
load tap changer Agent, Load Agent, Static Var
Compensator Agent and the co-ordination between these
agents as presented in Fig. 2. In [8], details were given on
the coordinated control between the On-Load Tap Changer
OLTC, Static Var Compensator (SVC) and Load agents. The
use of an Intermediate agent was introduced. The
intermediate agent houses the control algorithm of the
controller and is responsible for the coordinated control of
the controller. The on-Load Tap Changer (OLTC) in
conjunction with the Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)
regulates the utility incomer voltage supply based on 17-
step 1.25% setting. This helps to improve the voltage and
maintain its value to as close as possible to nominal value
[9]. The SVC injects or consumes Vars when the voltage
profile across the bus depreciates to values beyond what
the OLTC can handle or when the number of operations of
the OLTC is exhausted. The Load Agent is not involved in
voltage regulation but is implemented as an under-
frequency load shedding scheme. This is included, as
consideration is made as regards load profile growth
without corresponding capacity expansion. This will
eventually lead to system overload. The Load Agent is
activated when all the stages of the capacitor banks are
online without the network profile recovering. Based on
priority table predetermined, the feeders are taken out
and in as the network demands.
Fig 2: System Description
2. REVIEW OF RELATED WORKS
In [10], the use of Genetic Algorithm and ETAP for
optimum location of SVC on a distribution system was
proposed. Loses reduction, Active power transfer and
voltage profile improvement were investigated. The
results show a considerable reduction in loses, increased
active power transfer capabilities, and improved voltage
profile. But the performance was not considered. The
impact of the number of SVC installed at various locations
in a distribution network was investigated in [11]. The
paper proposed the installation of two SVC at different
locations as it gives better results in voltage stability,
increased power transfer capabilities. Fitness of the buses
was checked using Genetic Algorithm. Compensation
Capacity and controller performance characteristics were
not considered. [12] Proposed four control strategies for
the SVC. Control strategies 1, 2 & 3 were designed to
operate as open loop control systems while the fourth
control strategy operated as closed loop control system.
The design combined components like logic gates, flip
flops, delay circuits, compensated gains, and op-amps. It
aimed to balance voltage at the busbar based on these
control strategies [13] Proposed a compensation
technique based on alienation coefficient. It calculated the
system power factor online and determined the size of
capacitor banks required for optimal compensation. The
proposed scheme recorded the following result:
Ability to measure Phase voltage and line-current
measurements at power supply.
Ability to calculate current power factor on-line
and acts as a power factor meter.
It is simple, fast, reliable and accurate and can be
implemented practically.
Feeders
Number of
300kVA
Transformers
Number of
500kVA
Transformers
Total
Number of
Transformers
Ehi
Road-
6.6kV
13 7 20
Oboha
11kV
32 18 50
Ngwa
Road
11kV
69 20 89
Ph.
Road
11kV
77 12 89
Omuma
Road
11kV
52 19 71
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Essentially, all the works reviewed above are implemented
in generic terms and not specifically for the distribution
systems.
3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Objective
The main objective of this paper is to implement reactive
power compensation at Aba Control 33/11kV Injection
Substation using Static Var Compensator and a dynamic
controller. It is intended to improve power factor as it
provides optimal compensation while increasing the
network capacity release. Network variables such as real
and reactive power flowing in each line, voltage magnitude
and angle across each bus are considered.
3.2 Design Specifications
The control design specifications are given below;
Increased Capacity release
Reduced losses and
Maintain power factor ≥ 0.96
Voltage regulation ≤17%
4. DESIGN CALCULATIONS AND MATHEMATICAL
MODELS
Parameters were calculated to determine the
compensation requirement of Aba Control 33/11kV
Injection Substation.
4.1 Compensation Capacity
In order to determine the size of compensation required,
the operating power factor of the substation, desired
power factor and network MVA rating must be known.
[14] gives a quick guide to determine compensation
capacity.
Operating power factor = 0.82, Desired power factor =
0.95, Network Capacity = 30MVA
From [14], the multiplier that corresponds to an operating
power factor of 0.82 and desired power factor of 0.95 is
0.369
Therefore, required compensation capacity is
This is the minimum capacity of compensation required to
attain a power factor of 0.95. This paper proposes a
15MVAr compensation to accommodate load growth.
4.2 SVC Component rating
The Transformer reactance,
(1)
.Network data:
Bus voltage: 11kV
The TCR is delta connected to the 11kV bus
Associated Transformer rating: 15MVA, 33/11kV
with Xk =15%
i. At rated line-to-line voltage (Urated), the nominal
inductive and capacitive currents of SVC referred to
primary side are determined as follows:
ii. At maximum line-line voltage
Umax = 36kV
iii. At minimum line-line voltage
iv. The reactance of the TCR and FC, referred to the
secondary side of the transformer
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From the calculations above, an SVC rating of: QC
=, QTCR =6.3 is installed.
4.3 Mathematical Models
The power flow analysis is used to determine the steady
state performance characteristics of the substation. The
following equations and models are presented for the
purpose of simulation and analysis of the network. The
network branch model is presented in Fig.3.
Fig. 3: Power flow in the network branch: a) without
power factor correction: b) with the capacitors installed at
nodes j, j+1. [15]
The following equations for loss reduction calculation
across the network are presented in [15].
(b) Active Power loss after compensation, QC
(3)
Reduction in Power loss in branch ij is the difference of
losses before and after compensation.
(4)
Where: V- voltage across the bus, QC – Compensation
provided, Z - Impedance
As load varies with time across the network, assuming a
constant voltage, total energy loss over time, t is presented
in [15] as:
(5)
Differentiating (14) gives;
(6)
Where:
Ea = Active Energy
Equation (16) defines the maximum energy loss as;
(7)
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The Injection Substation was modeled and simulated using
Matlab/Simulink Software for the purpose of analysis. The
model is presented below.
(a) Active Power loss in the branch before compensation is
presented as:
(2)
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Fig. 4: Simulink Model of Aba Control Injection Substation Compensation
From Fig. 4, the feeders are grouped for the purpose
of simplicity and ease of analysis as Commercial,
Industrial and Domestic loads. Oboha and Omuma
road feeders are considered in this paper as Domestic
loads, PH road and Ngwa road feeders as Industrial
loads, and Ehi road feeder as Commercial load. The
network was simulated before and after
compensation was implemented. The results are
presented and discussed in the following paragraphs.
Fig.5: Current and voltage before compensation
Fig.6: Frequency fluctuations before compensation
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Fig.7: Power Factor before compensation
Fig.8: Reactive Power before compensation
Fig. 5 shows that load variations adversely affects the
voltage of the network. The network is heavily stressed as
load variations results to severe voltage swings. This
condition can easily lead to system collapse if severe
swings persist. Fig. 6 shows the erratic fluctuation of the
frequency. Frequency fluctuations can have undesirable
effect on the power system such as equipment damage,
poor load performance, overloading of transmission lines,
instability and interference with protection scheme of the
substation. Operating Power factor is presented in Fig. 7.
At light loads, the substation power factor was recorded to
vary from 0.98 between 0 and 0.02s. As load increase, the
power factor fluctuated and settled at 0.82. The system
voltage was observed to have falling to 9.2kV. To
maintain this value, several loads were suppressed. Fig. 8
shows a continuous absorption of reactive power by the
loads. The adaptive controller was implemented and
simulated using Matlab/Simulink software as presented in
Figures 9 – 11.
Fig.9: Frequency After compensation
Fig.10: Power factor after compensation
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Figures 9-11, show the system responses with the
implementation of the SVC/ Adaptive controller technique.
The substation experienced a disturbance as seen in the
frequency fluctuation between 0 and 0.8s. the controller
promptly reacted to normalize and maintain the frequency
at 50Hz. The power factor was maintained at 0.96 while
the reactive power supplied by the network was reduced
and maintained at 0.005MVAr while the SVC injects or
absorb the system VARs as required.
Using PSAT (Power System Analysis Tool) and data from
Tables 2, and Newton Raphson’s method for power flow
studies was used to analyze the substation as presented in
Fig.12.
This was done to investigate the effect of the controller
and SVC on the voltages across the buses. The results are
presented in Figures 13 and 14.
Fig.11: Reactive Power After compensation
Fig. 12: Simulink model of Aba Control 33/11kV Injection Substation using PSAT
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Table 2 presents the network data used in carrying out the
simulation.
Table 2a: Generator data [13]
Table 2b: Line Data
Fig. 13: Static power flow report for Uncompensated Aba
33/11kV Injection substation
Fig. 14: Static power flow report for Compensated Aba
33/11kV Injection substation
Summary Report for compensated and uncompensated
network is presented in table 3.
NETWORK STATISTICS
Buses: 13
Lines: 8
Transformers: 7
Generators: 2
Loads: 7
The summary of the power flow analysis is presented in
Table 3.
Table 3: Summary report of Power flow analysis
The uncompensated network has a total real and reactive
power of 2.5144p.u. and 4.3907p.u. respectively. The
system recorded an average power factor was 0.85. The
network has a total loss of 1.572p.u. real power loss and
3.7525p.u. reactive power losses. With the addition of
SVC, a total supply of 4.6923p.u. real power, 1.2357p.u.
reactive power and loss of 0.1356p.u. real power loss and
From
Bus
To
Bus
Resistance
(p.u.)
Reactance
(p.u.)
Line
charging
(p.u.)
KV
MVA
1
2
0.01938
0.05917
0.02640
132
200
1
3
0.05403
0.22304
0.02190
132
100
1
4
0.01355
0.04211
0.00640
132
100
2
5
0.05695
0.17388
0.01700
132
150
5
6
0.03181
0.0845
0
132
100
8
9
0.12711
0.27038
0
33
100
9
10
0.08205
0.19207
0
33
100
10
11
0.22092
0.19988
0
33
100
Parameter
Uncompensated
Network
Compensated Network
Real
Power
Reactive
Power
Real
Power
Reactive
Power
Total
Generation
(p.u.)
2.5144
4.3907
4.6923 1.2357
Total Load
(p.u.)
0.94234
0.63818
4.5567 -0.58333
Total Loss
(p.u.)
1.572
3.7525
0.1356 0.65237
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0.65237 reactive power loss and the power was
maintained at 0.96.
6. CONCLUSION
The results of the compensated and uncompensated Aba
Control 33/11kV Injection substation as presented by the
simulations shows that the real power loss reduced by
1.4354p.u. (91%) and reactive power loss reduced by
3.0988p.u.(82.5%). The steady state error is determined to
be 0.17 at the point of connection of SVC. Therefore, Aba
Control 33/11kV Injection performs better with increased
capacity release, reduced loss and stabilized voltage across
the bus when SVC is connected at the point of highest
voltage swing.
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BIOGRAPHIES
Onwumere Justine Chimezie -
Received his B. Eng, in Electrical
and Electronic Engineering from
Nnamdi Azikiwe University,
Awka, Nigeria. He is currently
pursuing the M. Eng degree in
Electrical and Electronic
Engineering at the Federal
University of Technology,
Owerri (FUTO), Nigeria. His research interests include:
Control System Design, Aircraft Control System Design,
and Power System Automation.
Engr. Dr. Gordon Ononiwu -
Received his B. Eng, in Electrical
and Electronic Engineering from
FUTO, Nigeria and his M.Sc in
Computer Systems Engineering,
from Halmstad University in
Sweden. He received his PhD
from FUTO in Computer
Engineering. He is currently a
a senior Lecturer at the department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering, FUTO. He is a fellow of the
Swedish Institute (SI), and also an International Faculty
Fellow (2015/2016) at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT). His research interest is in the field of
embedded systems engineering.
Engr. Dr Damian Obioma
Dike, a 2008 doctoral
graduate of Tennessee
Technological University, USA.
He is currently an Associate
Professor in Electrical
Engineering and Ag. Head of
Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering, FUTO,
Nigeria. He worked briefly with
briefly with Cummins Inc.(Power Generation), Fridley,
MN, USA as a Senior Project Engineer from 2008 to 2010,
where he designed and supervised the execution of 53
low and medium voltage paralleling system projects. At
FUTO, he leads the electrical power, renewable energy
and electricity market development research group. His
research interests are in the areas of power system
protection, planning, reliability and economics/electricity
markets, renewable energy and software applications.
Onugha, Ifeoma. U. is an M. Eng
student and a graduate/
assistant in the department of
EEE, FUTO, Nigeria. Her
research interests are in Energy
System Sustainability and
Renewable Energy Technologies
Reactive Power Compensations and power factor
improvement.
Moses Adinfono is an M. Eng
student in the Department of
EEE, FUTO, Nigeria. His research
interests are in the areas of
Power System Optimization,
Energy System Management and
Sustainability; and Renewable
Energy Technologies
