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Effect of Anulom Vilom Pranayam on auditory reaction time in Indian population aged 18-22 years
Abstract
Background: Reaction time is one of the important methods to study a person’s central information processing speed and is an index of sensory, motor and cognitive processes. Auditory reaction time, an important psychophysical method useful for relating mental events to physical measures is significantly correlated to changes in breathing period. Objective of the study was to evaluate effect of Anulom Vilom pranayam on auditory reaction time. Methods: 60 volunteers from a tertiary care hospital of Mumbai were divided into two groups (study group and control group) of 30 each. Study group practised Anulom Vilom pranayam for 8 weeks. Control group were busy in their routine activities during that period. Pre-study and post-study measurements of auditory reaction times for high tone and low tone were done in both groups. Results: Statistical analysis was carried out and paired t-test was applied. Post-study auditory reaction time of study group for high tone and low tone showed significant decline than control group. Conclusions: Anulom Vilom pranayam which observed to reduce auditory reaction time have health promoting, boosting, toning effects on central neural structures; quantity, pattern of release of neurotransmitters and mental interaction involved in information processing. In light of the influence of psychosocial stressors, inappropriate nutrition and lack of physical activity in modern life on the development of stress related disorders, Anulom Vilom pranayam may have considerable potential in its prevention and is complementary to overall stress management.
... [4][5][6] Seven studies included subjects with no prior yoga/breathing exercise experience. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Eleven studies included subjects who were practitioners of breathing exercises and other components of yoga. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] Their experience ranged from seven days to eighty-six months. ...
... 6,15,16,19,22,30,36 In 14 studies, subjects were asked to hold their breath and/or were given specific duration for inhalation, breath retention and exhalation phase (Table 1 for details) while performing ANB. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]27,29,31,[37][38][39][40][41] Six studies included the following pattern: breathe out through left nostril, then breathe in through right nostril and repeat this pattern once, twice or three times, before switching the nostrils to breathe out through right nostril, breathe in through left nostril and repeat this once, twice or three times before switching again. 28,[42][43][44]46 Another study involved a mixed pattern of cycles of unilateral nostril breathing, cycles of normal breathing, cycles of opposite unilateral nostril breathing and cycles of alternate nostril breathing. ...
... 13 Four studies recorded the association between ANB and improved reaction time while one study reported no changes in reaction time, and another found increased reaction time in left nostrilinitiated ANB. 10,11,18,38,39 However, most studies did not utilize reliable and valid methods for reaction time testing. In one study, authors found decreased selfreported anxiety and depression scores in adults following regular practice of ANB for three months. ...
Anulom-vilom Pranayama/ alternate nostril breathing (ANB)/Nadi-suddhi pranayama is one of the common yogic breathing techniques and involves breathing through one nostril at a time while closing the other nostril manually. This study aimed to summarize effects of independent ANB on various physiological parameters, to evaluate safety issues in clinical populations and collect published primary scientific evidence on the benefits of ANB. PubMed/Medline, Cinahl, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched using the following terms: Alternate nostril breathing, Anulom-vilom/ anuloma-viloma pranayama, Nadi-shodhan/Nadi-shodhana pranayama. Forty-four randomized controlled trials were included in this review paper. These studies evaluated the effects of alternate nostril breathing on parameters of the autonomic nervous system, cardiopulmonary system, cognitive functioning, problem solving and motor memory retention. Of the studies, ten showed a high level of bias; twenty-nine showed a low level of bias and five showed an unknown level of bias as per Cochrane systemic review guidelines. Most of the studies included healthy subjects and age range was eight to seventy years. Alternate nostril breathing has few variations and standardization of the technique is yet to be established. This technique provides high level evidence for positive outcomes for the autonomic nervous and cardiopulmonary systems. There is also high level of evidence regarding improvement in cognitive functioning with regular practice of alternate nostril breathing. More clinical trials are required to evaluate the effects of alternate nostril breathing in clinical populations and to synthesize effective frequency and duration parameters.
... 2 Some research papers state that alertness of a person can also be determined by measuring his RT as how quickly one responds to a Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore, Karnataka, India stimulus depends on his reaction time. 3 Factors which have been studied to have an effect on RT are gender, age, personality type, fatigue, fasting, physical fitness, breathing cycle, distractions, alcohol, exercise, intelligence of the subject and whether the stimulus is auditory or visual. 4,5 Reaction time has been measured since the first half of the 19th century on the emergence of the problem of "personal equation" and after that also many psychologists have made significant contributions in the area of RT and variety of scientific and applied uses of RT has been found in due course of time. ...
... Various researches have been done to study the effect of yoga techniques like Asanas, Surya Namaskara, Pranayamas and meditation on reaction time but the effect of yogic relaxation techniques on RT has not been much explored. 3,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] We conducted this study to find whether short duration yogic relaxation technique impacts the audio-visual reaction time of a healthy individual. These studies gave us impetus to conduct and study the effect of a Yoga-based relaxation technique "Deep Relaxation Technique" (DRT) on reaction time. ...
Background: Human beings receive various types of stimuli in day to day life and respond to them accordingly. The time taken to receive a stimulus, it's processing and giving a response is different for every individual at minute level, in milliseconds. This time interval is called reaction time. Various yogic practices are found to influence the Reaction Time of individuals. Aim of the work was to evaluate the immediate effect of deep relaxation technique on auditory and visual reaction time.Methods: Auditory and visual reaction times have been measured using simple reaction time tasks in Inquisit software (version 4.0.10.0). 115 healthy yoga students from SVYASA Yoga university, between the age group of 20 to 50 years were taken for the study. Pre and post measurements of auditory reaction time and visual reaction time was done.10 minutes of pre-recorded DRT was given as intervention and immediately after that reaction times were measured.Results: There was a significant decline in the ART and VRT observed in the Post DRT condition. Statistical analysis was carried out using JASP software.Conclusions: The significant decrease in Auditory and Visual Reaction Time shows that DRT helps to increase the awareness and attention of individuals.
... Long-term training of slow and fast breathing increases or sustains reaction speed (Madanmohan Udupa, Bhavanani, Vijayalakshmi, & Surendiran, 2005;Sharma, Subramanian, Bhavanani, Madanmohan, & D., 2014). Single session studies found decreases in reaction time during slow breathing conditions (Dhadse & Fadia, 2016;Prinsloo et al., 2011). Notably, while prior research assesses reaction time, the speed and accuracy of decision-making has been the primary focus in this prior work, with the ensuing movement being largely ignored. ...
... Recent investigations identified faster reaction times implementing slow breathing frequencies when the task emphasizes speed. For example, Dhadse and Fadia (2016) found that while employing a breathing intervention that reduced breathing frequency, reaction times were faster. Thus, slow breathing may be ideal in environments where speed is emphasized. ...
Slow controlled breathing can be beneficial for performance of continuous and serial motor tasks. However, how controlled breathing influences discrete motor task performance remains unclear. We sought to determine the impact of paced breathing frequency on measures of movement initiation (reaction time: RT), accuracy (absolute endpoint error: AE; constant error: CE), and variability (trial-to-trial variability: V), in a goal-directed discrete motor task. We hypothesized slow breathing would be accompanied by faster RT, reduced AE and CE, and less V compared to faster breathing rates. Participants (N = 47) performed a memory-guided force pulse pinch task targeted at 10% of their maximum voluntary contraction while breathing at metronome-paced slow, normal, and fast frequencies. During each breathing condition, heart rate variability (HRV) as indexed by the standard deviation of ‘NN’ intervals (SDNN) was measured to ensure objective manipulation check of participants breathing at their set pace. Following each breathing condition, participants provided subjective ratings using the Affect Grid and Visual Analog Scales for arousal, hindrance, and dyspnea. Manipulation check results indicated participants correctly breathed at metronome paces, as indexed by increased HRV for slow breathing and decreased HRV for fast breathing. Results indicated that fast breathing reduced reaction time and movement time, and increased ratings of arousal, hindrance, and dyspnea. In contrast, slow breathing increased reaction time, and levels of hindrance and dyspnea were similar to normal breathing. Breathing frequency did not differentially impact accuracy or variability across conditions. Findings provide evidence that breathing frequency affects fundamental movement parameters, potentially mediated by factors other than arousal.
... Many studies have shown that it produces consistent physiological changes with proven health benefits. [1,2] . Yoga is designed to balance physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual well-being in an individual. ...
The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of Bhastrika pranayama practices on breath holding time among M.S University hostel men students. To achieve the purpose of this study, 20 men Hostel students were randomly selected as subjects from the Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Abishekapatti, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India. Their age ranged from 18 to 25 years. The selected participants were randomly divided into two groups such as group 'A' Bhastrika pranayama practices (n=10) and group 'B' acted as control group (n=10). Group 'A' underwent Bhastrika pranayama practices for alternative three days and each session lasted for an hour for six week. Control group was not exposed to any specific training but they were participated in regular activities. The "nostril clip method" (seconds) was used to measure breath holding time were selected as variables. The pre and post tests data were collected on selected criterion variables prior and immediately after the training program. The pre and post-test scores were statistically examined by the dependent 't' test and Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA). The level of significant was fixed at 0.05 level. It was concluded that the breath holding time group had shown significantly improved in breath holding time. However the control group had not shown any significant improvement on breath holding time.
... They found that after Pranayama training there was statistically significant decline in auditory reaction time. Manish Dhadse 13 observed that pranayama in general and Anulom Vilom pranayama in particular can reduce auditory reaction time and have health promoting, toning effects on central neural structures; quantity, pattern of release of neurotransmitters and mental interaction involved in information processing. The table no. 2, shows the difference between the mean value of visual reaction time in the medical and para-medical students before pranayama training & after pranayama training, and was found to be statistically highly significant. ...
... Another study done by Manish Dhadse, Ameet Fadia (2016) 12 observed to reduce auditory reaction time have health promoting, toning effects on central neural structures; quantity, pattern of release of neurotransmitters and mental interaction involved in information processing. Effect of pranayama on reaction time could be due to greater cortical arousal & faster rate of information processing, improved concentration power, ability to ignore external stimuli i.e. less distractibility and improved memory. ...
Context
Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) commonly experience cardiac autonomic dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and psychological disturbances. Limitations in current treatment modalities warrant the need for simple, cost-effective adjuvant therapies. Pranayama, a fundamental component of yoga, has been proven to be beneficial for several medical disorders.
Aim
This study aimed to assess the effects of the 12-week practice of Anulom Vilom Pranayama (AVP) or Alternate Nostril Breathing (ANB) as an adjunctive therapy on the cardiac autonomic balance, cognition, psychological status, and quality of life (QoL) in individuals with PD.
Subjects and Methods
This randomized controlled trial involved 86 individuals (55 males, 31 females, aged 35–70 years) with mild-to-moderate PD. Participants were randomized into the control group receiving conventional treatment only or the test group receiving AVP as an adjunctive therapy to the conventional treatment. Cardiac autonomic status (heart rate variability [HRV]), cognition (P300, Reaction Time), affect, psychological status, and QoL were assessed in all the participants at baseline and after 12 weeks of respective intervention.
Statistical Analysis
The change in study parameters (0–12 weeks) was compared between the control and test groups using the Mann–Whitney U test or Independent samples t -test. The correlation between the change in low-frequency (LF)/high-frequency (HF) ratio and QoL and its effect at 12 weeks was assessed using the Spearman correlation coefficient test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The test group revealed significantly high total HRV (standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals [SDNN], total power) and HRV indices of cardiac parasympathetic activity (square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent NN intervals [RMSSD], percentage of NN50 [pNN50], HF power, HF normalized unit) and significantly low HRV indices of cardiac sympathetic activity (LF normalized unit) and cardiac sympathovagal balance (LF/HF ratio) compared to the control group. Similarly, significant improvement in cognition, psychological status, and QoL was also observed in the test group. While significant correlations were observed between the change in LF/HF ratio and QoL in both the groups, a significant correlation between the change in LF/HF ratio and positive affect was observed only in the test group.
Conclusions
Twelve weeks of practice of AVP significantly improved the cardiac sympathovagal balance, cognition, positive affect, and QoL and decreased the negative affect, depression, stress, and anxiety in patients with mild-to-moderate PD.
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