A Multi-Agent System for Facade Design

Abstract

For contemporary design practices, there still remains a disconnect between design tools used for early stage design exploration, performance analysis and those used for fabrication and construction of complex tectonic architectural systems. The research brings forward downstream fabrication constraints into the up-stream design exploration and design decision-making. This paper addresses the issues of developing an integrated digital design work-flow and details a research framework for the incorporation of environmental performance into a robotic fabrication for early stage design exploration and generation of intricate and complex alternative façade designs.
The method allows the user to import a design surface, define design parameters, set a number of environmental performance objectives and then simulate and select a robotic construction strategy. Based on these inputs, design alternatives are generated and evaluated in terms of their performance criteria in consideration of their robotically simulated constructability. In order to validate the proposed framework an experimental case study of façade designs for an office building that are generatively created from a multi-agent system for design methodology is design explored and evaluated. Initial results define a heuristic function for improving the simulated robotic constructability and illustrate the functionality of our prototype, and limitations and future research steps are discussed.

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TOPI C (ACADIA team will ll in)
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A Mul-Agent System for Facade
Design
1 Diaam illtan all te mnent
 te lAent tem 
Dein amew an tte
e iaam w te eene
an ata w tem mnent
intean an eenenie te
aent an eea te an
l
Evangelos Pant azis
nieit  ten Calinia
David Jason Gerber
nieit  ten Calinia
A ein metl  Dein lan Anali an imlate
 aian
1
INTRODUCTION
The rise of the robots in Architecture
e ai eln  iital ein metlie an
tenlie in te Aitete nineein Cntn (AC)
int an it lin wit new aian an ntn
tenlie ae ie aitet wit tnie t
me awa m it tanaian twa a t it
ealm  ein iilie eil naainale ile
mmet an een t at enmial eienie
 te AC tee nm ae nw emin anate an
ae  an ea  iital ein anali an aian
aameti ein an it eln int ilin Inman
elin (I) a ailitate te ein elan 
new m an mlle ein altenae me eientl
 a a etm  e an t analian ein
aae (ee ) teme imlan ait
eine in main me inme ein eiin  iin
 ie eee  etaint in te mle an nte
ein eiin main e (ai et al ) ile
eet main elie n ann an e  awin
ent ae ee t inteate m me intellientl an
ail eninmental an ttal anale in te ein
elan an eelment ae  intean
tee itiall iaate an il le aitetal
enineein an ntn main te e  aameti
mel tat ammate ein ane eientl ae nw
e t enane eninmentall ni an t eee
ein ln it te elin  new ein tenlie
tee a al een an ineae in te intean an
alian  nel iital aian tenie an intial
t in aitete ee nel aian tenlie ae
enale te ealian  mle emeti m an me
eneall a aaim i twa ma tmian t
im an te nntana (aine et al ) Ce t 
eea aena i t nne t e te imtane  te
aitetal nntana an it intia an ieenan
a an tnit t nt nl ie ie emin ein
ln in a mlee emiial ain t eall
 te alitae meti  aete an mmnian
 elit In tat ea  aian e a nie
tnit t enie te aitetal ein e a
nt t einin te ilin m t e ntte t te
ntn e itel wi eall ine a manien 
it wn aete an ineent tit emane ain
(amai  le ) e ai intean  aane
iital an  imlan a le t te eniean 
te aitet a t a ntema mateile an a iital
tlmae (ame  men ) i te ilit te
nee  me inteate aae  te AC int an
an en t eel new ein metlie tat t
ABSTRACT
 ntema ein ae tee ll emain a innet etween ein tl e 
eal tae ein elan emane anali an te e  aian an nt
n  mle tetni aitetal tem e eea in wa wnteam aian
ntaint int te team ein elan an ein eiinmain i ae aee
te ie  eelin an inteate iital ein ww an etail a eea amew
 te inan  eninmental emane int a  aian  eal tae ein
elan an enean  intiate an mle altenae aae ein
e met allw te e t imt a ein ae ene ein aamete et a nme 
eninmental emane ee an ten imlate an elet a  ntn tate
ae n tee int ein altenae ae eneate an ealate in tem  tei e
mane iteia in niean  tei all imlate nttailit In e t aliate
te e amew an eeimental ae t  aae ein  an e ilin tat
ae eneael eate m a mlaent tem  ein metl i ein ele an
ealate Inial elt ene a ei nn  imin te imlate  ntta
ilit an illtate te nnalit   tte an limitan an te eea te ae
ie
a me li aa twa te an   nt
t a tl t a aiant in te mlee mle
an il nte ein eiin main e Deite
te nme aanement tee emain a a in intie
ww  eine t inate imlan elt a
ie an ntaint eal in te ein e (ilian )
In ain iaate wae i e  ieent ein ae
ein enean imlan manatin an ntn
lannin an neentl nn inman eane
amn te AC iiline ll emain a allene (ee
 winn  ene ) t iall ent ein
met an mtanal tl emain limite in tei eit
in eitein ein aamete an ntaint m  t
t wnteam ee eneall tee met  nt
nie aeml an ntn ntaint n ant
 aatan  et int lal nin an te ealit 
eal wl anale nie Centl tee ae ew t an
eient ammin tateie  ntllin mlle t in
tmie emiatmate ntn nin Callene
  ammin ta inle a) a ntantl anin
eninment (ntn ite) ) m malle n
lme (ilin ae ne  t) an ) a m lae
ane  eie ta (etl )  nete i tat
te net te in iital ein an  aian ae t
eel metlie tat nie mte an  
a llaae atne in te ein e a ain aen
wi eite ntetal nin eninmental anale
an ntn ntaint in e t ie aitet
wit ein altenae tat lll mlel le iteia
 a eninmental emane ttal eienie an
aian ntaint (ea et al ) i eea eent
 ttin  an inteate ein metl tat allw
 aliate imlan  te  aeml eene t
e inteate int te eal ae  te ein e A
a t te we  n lin eninmental emane
imlan an  ntn imlan  inmin
an miin a eneae ein e ae n  ml
aent tem (A)  ein w e aliate  amew
 alin it t ilin enele (ie aae)  a et 
mmeial ilin eeentae  ain emeti m
ilin enele ae amn te mt mle aitetal
mnent minin aete ttal eninmental
an ntn nen an ae a e ae wee 
aian will e eail ate (etl et al )
BACKGROUND
Tow ard s rob oti c age ncy, fr om de sig n to c o ns tru cti on
Aitete a ineainl eme te mateialian 
iital inman intea  te mateialian  aw
in (itell ) Cmtanal ein an eiall


TOPI C (ACADIA team will ll in)

3 A et  eneate aae anel altenae wit  an  enin n a lana int ae wi ae i anin in tem  eninmental emane an tee
e ae tete  tei nttailit
aiae aameti Cmte Aie Dein (CAD) int
e in te  allwe  ein aian t te
e  emeti ntaint an manilan  ee m
emetie Aiae emet an aameti ein enale
te etaliment  a ema  emeti eenenie 
te ilin mnent an t ntl  te eai
  et ne tanman witin a tlial
ntaint (ee  man ) wee a ilin
an e eie t mlle leel  atan m
wi emet i t ne amn man  a am
tl emane ntn tenlie  
ial element man int t tat tee i eat tenal
 minin aameti melin wit emane ae
ein tenie in a t wn ain t elit imlan
 te mian  emetial m twa te ee
 miin aniate ein n te te an tee ae
inteae aae wi itate temele etween
m  an t wn ee wee ae n nate
an elanian aent ae eele an e wit
mlle te  int inman (ie emetial ttal
ial) t ein ale t ntantl aat t eie ane
(aa et al ) Ainall te lian  lae ale
CADCA manatin an  in te AC i iin
te a etween wat i iitall mele an wat l e
ealie iall  tenlie allwe te n 
nntana mnent at almt te ame ie a tana
(laei ) wee te AC int ll emain a tae
iente an laintenie int wit minimal atman
 ta eea in ntn ei t iniate in te
 in aan an e in mlle ntn elate
aie wee te neitailit  te ntn
ite awae limitan an i t ae elte in ew
ntn t atall ein e in te ntn ite
(aea ) elate eea e eite n imlemenn
ieent aae  ei  ntn ta
 a man lain t ( et al  teani et al
)   imlemenn lae aie aian tenie
 a Cnt Cain (nei ) ee aae
e mte ntl t elit te ei aemin
aailit  nete an ae tte   imlemenn
atnm itite  tem wi eate lle
el in e t amli imle ta (Iwawela et al
 e  an  eteen ) e eentl
 Aitete te mlnnal intial t ae
eme tana in atman eiel eae lie enal
mte te ae nt een mie  a inle ta t
ae itale  a wie etm  alian (amai 
le ) ea mt imtantl te wieea alia
n  intial t a enale te n  ee
aian an ma tmie manatin  aitetal
aat i a een amanie  a win inteet in
te eial  tainal tenie  iital amani
tat lea t innae et einall eleant aitetal
ein tat i mall intiate an mle et en ie
emin (amai  le )  ate iital ein
tl ae mtl een lie a a me eient ein  te
ain tale an nt a an ae aie in te ein e
(man ) Cent tl ae inate emane
eea t nl eentl a eea int intean e
mane ae imlan  inmin eneae ein eme
me aeile in ae (alawi et al ) Alt te
tl  eelin mle emeti m ae nw mmn
lae tee i a la  intie tl t enale eine t
ein an ele te ntn ee an alal
 ln an tei il intiate an ei emeti
nan (amann  Can  elm et al )
i i eae  te enenene  ein lem an
tei illene nate eiin en a t mte ntei
enl a eneal la  a ee netanin an atan
 namental aemin ee in nate tat allw 
t eate tl t t  ein intin i miin (ea
et al ) an til te ai eln  iital aian
an  tenlie n ne an an te emein nee
it  aitet t eel ammin illet n te te
an Cmine tee ae ae inee te wt an le
 mtan an  t inene ein nin an
t te ntetalie an inate tem int aitetal
ein eiin main (Daa )
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & OBJECTIVES
e ee  ti eea i t eel a new iital ein
metl a an etenin   mlaent tem
(A)  ein met e etenin   A  ein
t te enean  mie ntetei ilin
mnent (ie aae anel)  intean a m  el
na A ein tate wit eninmental anali an
ntn e ntaint e llwin eea e
n ae ae ne w an we ee enale  eneae
ein e  lin tem wit atmate  ai
an ntaint me eientl w w an we aliate
imlan tat elate eninmental an  ntaint
a emane ie t ime te eine eiin
main e ee an we tanlate wat we meae
int a ei nn  te ein an inan  a
 aen int te A  ein aa  te eea
team It a een wn tat te eelment  a m 
ein aa wee tean tateie ie te
emeti ein an aeml e it m te einnin
an ailitate eine  iin tem wit ein l
n tat ae alea mie  nttailit ie an
eea n w a ei ein mit eae in te aeml
e (winn  ene ) eee we ele te
tei tat  imlan an eme an inteal at
 te iital ein w w a  aen wi an
e inteate wit te te ee inlin te enin
mental anale an t a ei meain ntn
eien e eea metl i a ein m te
eelment  a ee A  ein wee te tan
int a een t e a m  tate t eneate ein
altenae ntaine  ilin te ilin tem eni
nmental emane taet an e eeene (ee et
A Mul-Agent System for Facade Design antaiee
2 imeline   Cntn Alian a) eli Canela ()  ananale etaant m w imil )  Cntn  (tw
() emiAtmate an tem ) amai le eea () ilin tateie  nite  Cntn )el aniin tem
eea  () eme et aa nieit e)   () Atma enean  te ntllintem  a wall ntn t Intte 
aine in Cntn ale ) aai Can () Atmate ilin Cntn tem (AC) aan ) an in () Cnt Cain
C ) Aim ene () aneatena iin all ICDI tat


TOPI C (ACADIA team will ll in)

al ) ee te tem i te etene t inle te
emeti ntaint (ie )  te mle aae eneta
n  lein aen eiall inlie  te wnteam
  aian an intallan
MAS system for Design and Robotic Fabrication Agency
e eea i ae n an ein tte an tm
ammin t ee eiall eten te ein ww
wi i eie in etail ee (ee et al a) 
aein  aeml In e t ie te a etween
ein enean an ntn an in anian 
ial   net   A  ein tem we
eel a m  ein tate inlie  
aian ntaint wee te lal emeti le an
ein aamete  ilin mnent ae le wit a)
lal ntaint (ie aae ae enin) ) enin
mental anali  a Dalit at Anali (DA) an
Cnn Dalit Atnm (CDA) an )  imlan
eea tat nin te aeml e  w
imlement a A  ein amew  te intini
mlait leel  atan neea  te eelment 
te aenie an  tei aait t eate witin itite
eninment (ee et al a aa ) e tem
ealate te eneate ein  liin tw te 
eninmental anali DA a te ai meti t meae te
amnt  lit entein a ae CDA i an eninmental
emane meae tat allate te eentae  ie
 e ea wen te minimm lminane leel an e
maintaine  alit alne (einat )  te 
imlan we e a ai  am te A  witin
te A  ae l in (anne amann )
e A  ein tem a  mnent aenie wi
ae mele ae ei ein anali an aian
ee a) a eneae aent ) a eialit eninmental
aent ) a ntn aent an ) a inat aent (ee
ie ) e eneae aent a a et  ein aamete
ene iniall  te eine  a  eamle te ein
ae ientan anel lent eneae anle etin
et an anel te eeene i aent i tae t eate
altenae emetie iteael ae n te int ein
aamete an ntet ate n ea n e ein
aamete  te eneae aent ae ene  te eine
an ae late nine  ntaint ime  te
ntn aent e ntn aent eeie a int
te eneae ein wi ae ealate t em witin a
ane ene in tem  te eninmental anali aamete
eie ae e tem ten em te ntn
imlan an e  nttailit ae n a nt
tailit nn an meti te ein ae ane an wen
neea te ein aamete ae ate an ae t te
inat aent min ne  te tem eea l
e ee  te ntn aent i t n mal
in  te t tat an ailitate an ee  te
aeml e wile eeain lliin wi ene 
anin an ei nn te etaile elw e
eninmental aent em tw te  eninmental
anale n te eneate ein an a te ee t
mine te anale an te ain  te anali ata ie te
l ale a CDA e t te inat aent aln wit a
et  meae in te m  a et e al  te
eninmental aent i t ineae te natal alit entein a
tial e ae ie te DA wile eein te l ale
witin a tel ie CDA ene  te ae tl an
imenin e inat aent etalie te mmnia
n amn te aent an ene ea e i ein alle
mlete an ata i ae in a ntlle ain In e t
tet  A  ein an  aeml metl we
iie  eeimental tl int tw ae In te t
ae te eine eel a) an inial ein mnent  a
aae an ene a  et  altenae anel te ( in ttal
 ti eeiment) ) ie te llwin inman a
int  te eneae A  ein tem lent anle
ailit  ea anel te an et  etin  anel
) n  nme  itean in a illlimin mian
alitm an ) eneate a ln ae  ein altena
e tat ae ten ealate  tei emane a te
DA an CDA meti In te en ae te et emin
ein ae e) ae t a  imlan wae wee
ieent ntn tateie ae ele ) lliin an
e ae eitee a neae e in te anin ean
) ein ae ane ae n tei nttailit in tem 
me  ntn an nall ) tee e ae ten ae
a t te eneae tem  te mian In te
net en we ie an eiew  w we eme 
ata llen an anale te imlan elt an w te
el te eine enie te intean  te wle ein
5 e a illtate  ieent ein enean le wit aiale anle wit (l a line) an witt (tin lit line) te nttailit e imement
e me e emeti itean
A Mul-Agent System for Facade Design antaiee
le  elan anali an imlate aian ee
 emntate te eaiilit  te etenin   A 
ein amew a ttial ein tl in nnn wit
an eninmental emane an  imlan ww
i et  in e t eneate a il aie eninmentall
mie ain tem  a tial e eninment e
tem e ine a a lam tat allw te eine t
mmniate a ieent Inteate Deelment
ninment (ID) tat te inteate A lam lie
tn an ae ial in eit ae e t all
te ieent aent ee wi ae een imlemente in
aa in ein liaie (ea )  te ean an
manaement  emet eate  te aenie te tem
e te Ie lia (ee ie  a ) an en e 
ae lia in e t tt emetie tat an e te
e  te aian e (iaa ) e eialit
aent i eele in tn an e a an neee
eninmental imlan tl (ee ie  ) in e t
mine tee ieent eninmental anale ne l
Daim an enti (ai et al )  te
ntn aent te team imlemente A  a imla
n lin  ae t imlate te  ntn
eene an mle enetan aeml e inall
te inan aent eele in tn etalie mm
nian etween te eneae e (eneae aent) te
analal e (eialit aent) an te imlan e
(ntn aent)  ain te anali ata an imlate
elt an meae a t te eneae e min te
lminan eea l in te tem e ww i
4 Diaam illtan te ein  te eeiment  te imlan  te  aian ementan inin an eaailit lliin aamete  te
ntn aent


TOPI C (ACADIA team will ll in)

alie n te t ain aae  a tial aaemi e
ilin an i ten te ele  te aie emeti
m e llwin te ae llwe in te ein  
eeiment ) it te eine et te int aamete an
inialie a n  te eneae tem e tem imlement
a ill limin alitm wi eae  mal winw
in At ea itean te in  te winw i
ane wit a mall inement in te ae main  te
aae  ea et  winw in te tem tt ne
nie ein wee te in  enin tat ie me
alit t te intei i eie a mal e ata wa
llete  te tem   ieent eneae anle 
     e eneate ein ae atma
all ae t te eialit aent  lin anali e
tem ten em tw in  anali a) alit at
anali (DA) an ) nn alit atnm (CDA) 
te eneate ein ) ne te anali i mlete te
emetie wit te iet anin ein ae te an
ae t te  imlan ) e e elet te t in
ti ae te ai A an ene te i
lan an te t ai  mement in ti ae aallel t
te ein ae ) A lannin e i elete an te
eneate ein i emente int  ae n te ma
eaailit  te  am  te e  ti eea
nl tw ieent ntn tateie ae ene iiin
te eneate ein int etanla an ila ementan
) e  imlan i n an te tem meae
lliin inlaie anel an in in e t eel
te ei  te nttailit aen e llwin i te
lit  meaement an enin in te ei nn i)
() nme  in neee t aemle te wle
aae an nme  ma anel (anel(n)) tat te t an
lae m a ien t in A et in i niee
wee te t an lae te maimm nme  anel
ile ii) Cl() lliin etween te t an te alea
lae anel iii) in() inlait int in tat te
t an tae wile eain a int in ae tat elllie i)
D(t) an ten allate m  tael itane m i 
lan t anel laement (ee ie ) inall te nt
tailit nn i ene t e ale t meae te
emane  te ntn e an an te ein
wi een n te aamete ene in te ii (ee
an elw) eneall me in ineae te
ntn me an t elt in lwe e inlaie ()
am te t an t ae ene a iman te neae
e te ae n a eene nme  maimm
lliin wen lain anel we eliminate (elete) anel 
alte te ailit  ea anel tat i ae a int t te
eneae aent  te net itean
con(runID)=(Panels(n)/Pos(x) )/(D(t)*∑Col(j)) -∑ (Sin(k))
e ee  te A  ein tte i t iniall
ea te eneate ln ae  te eninmentall
eient aae ein altenae ae n ieent winw
nan an aiale ein aamete ee in ala
anlan  ea enetan iee e mt eient elt
ae ae int te ntn imlan  ten an
 eaiilit ealan  ti eea l at ea
itean te eneae e i inme  t imla
n an tae etween te aent etalie t
ea aenie lit nn In ti wa te tem iteael
limit te ln ae  ile ee emin ein
(eninmentall)  ntainin te ein aamete t te
tat iel mine ntle an eninmentall eient
tme
EXPERIMENTAL RUNS
e team a mlete a ilt t  te tem an atee
inial elt ae n nnin te eneae an analal
l  te tem   le   ieent ae tie
wi a in tem  emet (ie ) e an  ea
enean anali le i aimatel  min inlin te
emet enean an te eninmental anali wile te
 imlan le i aimatel  min i ieent
eneae anle wee tete t ele te aait  
tem t eate an eane an il aie ln ae
  nie emetie e  ietanin ein
m ea le wee elete an wee ae t te 
ntn aent ne i lan  all  te  anel
wa et an te ane  ile ementan in wa
et t  an te minimm   ementan in we ee
t te wa we ea  a eneate ein int at ae
n te w lme  a eie t In ti t we nl
le int ila ein ementan ae n te ma
ea  te aailale intial am ae n te imlan
an te nttailit ei nn te eneate ein
wee ime  ntn e eite  eliminan
anel   anin te eene  anel te e ate
aamete  ea ein wee te in  le an wee
ae a t te eneae aent In ie  a  te
nttailit e  te inial an ime emetie
ae eente  all te  ieent enean anle wile
in ie  we eent te elt  te tee ieent ae
tie It i ee tat te nttailit e i il
aiale wit te inial nin t eme a line wit e
 ie le  te ime emetie a all te
enean nan m te elt n a at aae
ae we an ee tat emetie wit enean anle
 eme ee eall in tem  tei nttailit
e e me a te eian m inial t nal e i
te laet mae t te et  te n  (a elta  )
In te inial n te nttailit e m ne ein
itean t te net ane m  t  in me ae wile
in te mie ae it  elw  an i ntantl
imin m te taine elt n ieent int eme
tie (at ae  ae A ilinea ae  ee m ae
 ae C)  we an ee tat  te lana emet (ein
ae A) te nttailit e i ie wi mean te
tem l n eaie ee wa t aemle te aae
anel a eete t te ee m ae eem t eae
ee tan te ilinea eamle (ie ) eiin te
inean  in ti w we w tat te tem at
ti tae wit te inteate ei  nttailit i
ale t eneate aae anel  ieent int emetie
6 Imae win ein altenae   ieent ilin ae tie wi eeent ieent leel  mleit (at ae ilinea ae eem ae 7 Cnttailit meti in elan t ein itean  ea  te ieent eeimental ae tie it e eeent te nn  aent mie
nttailit l e eeent te ein enean inlie  te  aen mian

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TOPI C (ACADIA team will ll in)
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an tt elt tat ae emin well eninmentall t
ae al mie ien a et   aian ntaint
eee te eine an tain eea  mlle ein
ee ae n t te eninmental an ntn
imlan emane A a elt eine an tae me
inme ein eiin  ne altenae e ante t
al etali a me eamle an eient mmnian wit
aae eninee an aiat e tem nne t e
tete aliate an te inteate In tee eeiment a
nme  limitan ae wt inn t itl  ean
 imliit nl ne te  ein ementan wa imlate
an tete n te e ate (aae) ae main an
ten te le in an nnnim main ee at
eent te tem i nt ll atmate an ll eiin te
eine t w a mlle inteae n ain in
te enean  a ein altenae te iteia  ean a
mlete enetan aen a te main  ae a
well a ae wit a lal minima lem witin te ill limin
alitm eie manal elen  lliin int t enale
te nnan  te aen an ein at t nt leat
in e t aliate te elt we ae lannin t em a
ial eeiment in e t e ale t eeene te
imlate wit te iall taine anale an tetni
elt
DISCUSSION AND NEXT STEPS
At ti tae  te eea we ae ell eele
an tete an inteate A  ein tem  a te ilt
t ie  wit an intin n w ne ein aamete
te anlan  te anel an aet te ein enean
an te eai  te tem e will nne t ate an
anale te ata in e t te ene te ei nn
an te enin  te aenie an tei nean A a
net te te ll atman  te emet an ata ain
a all aent i ein te imlemente Ante ial
enanement t te A  ein tem i te te ene
ment  te eneae aent t alwa tt ali ln
ien te eea m te ntn an imlan aent
e w will al nne t eie an aliate te elt 
 nttailit lit nn an t tet te emen
tan tateie e will nee t eamine ea aamete
eaatel an will    nnin iteae imlan 
ea  te ein aamete an will e te eai 
te tem ea in ilan ten in ael minan inall
te team will n imlan n a nennal ein aae
ein an t mae  metl in e t e ale t
enma te ntin  te w m ein elan
t mlee mian t eient aian
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
i mateial i atl ae n w te  te anal
iene nan ne ant   An inin nin
an nlin  emmenan eee in ti mateial ae
te  te at() an  nt neeail eet te iew  te
anal iene nan e wl lie t tan e in
eeiee  e ntin in aiin n te ti an Alan
an an neaate eeae at C  i t in te eel
ment  te tem an e
REFERENCES
etl  () e etn  te te a en  at 
ntn Aitetal ein () 
etl  in  ane A iema   einat C ()
Inteate eninmental ein an  aian ww 
eami ain tem t Intenanal Aian  Atman
an  in Cntn (IAC) (Cntn IAAai ) 
 el ea
  tie D liene   n  () Atma enea
n  te ntllintem  a wall ntn t Atman
in Cntn () 
amann   Can  () Diital an ial l 
Intial t in Aitete  Intean an Inteae
Intenanal nal  Aitetal Cmn () 
Daa  () wa a tanm  aitetal  iea
Ieameiana aa Diital (IADI)  Cneene eme
 l   
atman C () A ata mel  ein nwlee Atman in
Cntn () 
ee D () AAtin inmin m an te main  ie
ene Intenanal nal  Aitetal Cmn () 
ee D antai  alin   eaian A (a) A l
Aent tem  Dein imlan amew eiment wit
ital ial ial eea  Aitete IAD (an 
 ameln  )   Aleania A A
ee D antai   alin  () Dein Aen In
CmteAie Aitetal Dein te e et Citew
enlie an te te  te ilt ninment (Celani  et al
)   ine
amai  le () Diital mateialit in aitete aen
a lle lie
elm  illmann  amai   le  () Init 
aian Aane Diital anatin en te aat In
eain  an Aelean Celian etween Aaemi an
Intial  eea in e (ein  et al ) l 
  ine Intenanal liin
Iwawela  atme   atai  () Cllee nt
n wit mlle t Intellient t an tem  I
Intenanal Cneene n l    I
nei  () Atmate ntn  nt ain
elate  an inman tenlie Atman in
Cntn () 
ilian A () Dein innan t ntaint melin
Intenanal nal  Aitetal Cmn () 
laei  () Aitete in te iital ae ein an mana
tin al  ani
e C  an  () Cllee  m ial inet t
t Aae eai () 
aea  () Cent eea an eelment an aa t
te atmate ntn in aan Cntn eea Cne
an Die A
alawi A iniaan  i   Ca  () Deiin
t an ein eln intean ene alitm CD an
ialian Atman in Cntn () 
itell  () Cntn mleit In Cmte aie ai
tetal ein te    ine
man  () emaneae ein Cent ae an
eea ie Intenanal nal  Aitetal Cmn ()

aa  a  aal  nie   ene A ()
Aentae el  eelment  inteae ein tl

eteen  () Cllee Cntn  emiteInie
t
aine  aement A   ie  ia   ennan
 () Aitete nn tana in  Cente mi
ai
ea C () ein  a ammin an  ial
eine an at Camie A I e
ai  a   mit A () a A aameti
ninmental lin  ae t el Deine Ceate an
ninmentallCni Dein
ee  () en mleit anie in elanian
in aitetal ntn Atman in Cntn ()   
winn   ene A () aian Aen aneatena
iin all Aitetal ein () 
ea  Ai   taia  () wa inteate e
maneien eneae ein tl Atman in Cntn ()

teani  liene   a  () A eile  a mile man
t Intial letni Cntl an Intmentan  IC
  Intenanal Cneene n l    I
iaa  () ie Alitm Deelment ninment 
Cmtanal Dein Ce wit Intean   emet
elin an Aent ae elin ACADIA  Dein Aen
(ee D et al ) l     Anele el
aa  () laent tem AI maaine () 
ame   men  ama () Diital w a
CAADte  (ia   Dta  ) nteal Canaa
IMAGE CREDITS
ie  eea Diaam an elt (antaiee  
C)
ie  imeline  anal Cntn Alian All
imae etiee in l   m a) inteetm
in ) wwwnetwm
tneaninteilinmieatmatentn)
) amaileaetweentml )
wwweeaaeetntemetml e) 
etal Atma enean  te ntllintem  a wall nt
n t Atman an Cntn nal  ()  )
wwwaai )  an  nei mal maine
ean lannin  ntn  Cnt Cain Atman in
Cntn  ()  ) initate
Bio 1 D Dai an ee i an aitant e at C l
 Aitete wit a te int aintment in te nn Atani
Deatment  Ciil an ninmental nineein e nt 
an ate ne eea at te inteen  ein iene
an mn  Aitete m  t  D ee wa a
ie eient at e enlie In a leain innat in ilin
Inman elin an ilin int tenl nln D
ee a we a an aitetal an an eine in te 
e an Aia  te teine  e aie an a a et
aitet  aa ai Aitet e a een awae eea
ellwi at I eia a a well a nme teain an
eea ellwi at aa nieit aate l  Dein
an a aa nieit eei eln ellw
Bio 2 anel antai i entl in a D at te itei
l  nineein at te nieit  ten Calinia i
eea lie n te inteen  aitete an enineein an
mtanal melin an e n te e  l Aent tem
 ilin ein  anel l a ate  Aane tie
in te el  Cmte Aie Aitetal Dein m te  in
i () e eeie i Dilma in Aitete wit n m
Aittle nieit  ealnii ()