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Stress at Work

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Abstract

Stress is everywhere, but as a relatively new phenomenon. How can we define it and how can we explain its extraordinary cost to both business and government? The suffering induced by stress is no fi gment of the imagination but can we accurately examine the relationship between stress and ill-health? Whatever stress is, it has grown immensely in recent years, which brings us to question – what is happening in society that is causing stress? The report shows that stress has its greatest effects on those at the very top and those at the very bottom of the socio-economic ladder. The report considers recent analysis of stress and reviews a series of recent high-profile contributions to the debate. It then explores the legal and policy contexts against which organisations must operate in regard to stress. Finally, practical interventions are examined and critically evaluated.

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... The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH, 1999) defines job stress as " the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources, or needs of the worker ". Elaborating further,Blaug et al. (2007)explains that job stress occurs in a situation of a mismatch between the job demands and the resources and capabilities available to the individual employee to meet those demands. This explanation highlights the relationship between individuals and their working environment and assists in explaining the reason why the situation which one considers stimulating, may cause a damaging degree of stress to another. ...
... Even though until recently, stress issues were quiet ubiquitous in professional environmental particular in institutions of higher education, in recent past, stress has become profoundly topical. AsBlaug et al. (2007)puts it, real or imagined, misunderstood or misused, rare or widespread, the problem of stress cannot be ignored. Particularly, educational employees are identified as one of the professional groups, where employees are the subjects of highest stress (Zakrizevska and Bulatova, 2015). ...
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This study identified the major stressors affecting non-academic staff in public universities in Ghana. The study is based on a sample survey of administrators from a representative public university in Ghana and applied descriptive and inferential statistics to identified and rank the level of stress. It was found that the incidence of stress among staff is high: never having time for oneself’; anxiety; tension; and lack of concentration on the job. It was found that work methods ambiguity, performance criteria ambiguity, work scheduling ambiguity, workload, and interpersonal relationships were the key job stressors among the non-academic staff. The key external causes of stress identified by the study included marital problems, financial pressure and demands from family and social activities. It is recommended that the university should develop a visible and more proactive stress management strategy to help the employees to deal with stress and its related consequences.
... Only a handful of researchers have examined the effects of environmental characteristics measured at the prison level on stress and well-being among officers (Bierie, 2012;Blau et al., 1986;Wright et al., 1997). Based on research involving employees in other organizations (e.g., Blaug, Kenyon, & Lekhi, 2007;Panari, guglielmi, Ricci, Tabanelli, & Violante, 2012), however, we expect that these objective sources of stress may have unique effects beyond the subjective and objective individual-level sources of stress that are more frequently examined in related studies. We expect that environmental factors measured at the prison level could impact stress among prison officers by impacting job demands or job control, opportunities for social support, or workplace safety. ...
... When considered alongside the individual-level findings pertaining to officers' perceptions of safety, our findings suggest that perceptions of safety and the objective threat to officer safety contribute independently to work stress among prison officers. These findings are consistent with those derived from research involving employees in other organizations (e.g., Blaug et al., 2007;Panari et al., 2012); that is, both subjective and objective measures of stressors independently impact work stress among prison officers. ...
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Work stress has been linked to a number of negative outcomes for employees and organizations. Drawing from the Job Demand-Control (-Support) model, we examined the influences of work stress among more than 1,800 prison officers working in 45 prisons across Ohio and Kentucky. Multilevel analyses revealed that individual factors such as experiencing victimization and greater job demands were related to more stress among prison officers, whereas perceived control over inmates and support from coworkers and supervisors were associated with less stress. Facility violence was also linked to higher levels of officer stress across prisons.
... Stress has a strong relationship with unhappiness as well as ill health among people. (Blaug, Kenyon, & Lekhi, 2007). ...
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The main purpose behind conducting the study is to investigates the relationship between work life balance, job stress and job satisfaction among university teaches. The study has been undertaken among teachers of university with reference to city of Gujrat. A sample comprises of 171 teachers has been chosen from Hafiz Hayat Campus of University of Gujrat. Random Sampling method has been used as sampling technique for the study. Questionnaire is the tool used for collecting data for the research. Data has been analyzed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive Statistics, Correlation and Regression analysis has been applied to draw the results of the study. The findings of the study indicate that there is insignificant relationship between job stress and job satisfaction which prove H10 hypothesis whereas work life balance share a moderate positive relationship with job satisfaction which are in accordance to hypothesis H2A. Results of the study is helpful for educational institutions as well as teachers to get batter understating about relationship exist between job stress, work life balance and job satisfaction thus contributing toward their performance improvement
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Background A negative learning environment is associated with the development of stress among nursing students. Aim To examine stress and learning environment among nursing students. Methods A convenience sample of 340 nursing students from a School of Nursing, Sri Lanka, participated. A sociodemographic questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale 10 (PSS-10) and Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) were used. In data analysis, descriptive statistics, Spearman's correlation test, Mann–Whitney U test and Kruskal–Wallis H test were used. Findings The majority were female students (91.5%). The mean scores of PSS-10 and the DREEM were 20.09 ± 5.33 and 133.04 ± 12.97, respectively. The majority were moderately stressed (78.50%) and rated the learning environment as “more positive than negative” (92.4%). The students held the highest and the lowest positive perceptions towards the domain of “academic self-perception” (Mean 22.44 ± 2.93; 70.13% of maximum score) and “atmosphere” (Mean 29.80 ± 4.85; 62.08% of maximum score), respectively. There was a significant association between stress and learning environment (r = −0.111, p < 0.05). Reason for selecting nursing as a career choice showed to influence the perception of stress (H = 23.278, p = <0.001) and learning environment (H = 9.304, p = 0.026). Gender (U = 3214.50, p = 0.010) and academic year (H = 57.312, p = <0.001) influenced the perception towards learning environment. Discussion Although we identified a positive perception towards learning environment among nursing students, the learning environment was associated with the development of stress. Conclusions Perceived stress is a significant issue among nursing students. Therefore, stress reduction programmes are recommended. The students held a positive perception towards their learning environment, notably for academic self-perception. Reason for selecting nursing as a career choice is an important factor which influences the level of stress and perception towards learning environment among nursing students.
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This study examines the relationship between self-compassion, mental health and work ethics and the mediational role of self-compassion in relation to work stress and mental health. 114 employees of the Hyper-Star were recruited via convenience sampling and responded to the scales of Self-Compassion (SC), Anxiety-Depression (AD), Self-esteem (SE), Work ethics (WE) and Perceived Stress (PS). Data was analyzed by Pear-son Correlation Coefficient and path analysis. According to the results, perceived stress has a direct relationship with anxiety and depression and a reverse correlation with work ethics, life satisfaction and self-esteem. Despite the high and meaningful correlation of self-compassion with both mental health and perceived stress in isolation, self-compassion does not have any mediational roles with these factors. After considering cultural relationships, according to French management system and employees of Iranian nationals, it can be concluded that self-compassion variable has a lack of consistency with Iranian culture and cannot play a role in terms of Work ethics. This clarifies the taking effect of self-compassion from culture and inconsistency of the Persian culture on self-compassion.
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Public understanding of health issues is inuenced by the social and political interests of those who gather the information and by the media which disseminates it. This has implications for lay people's beliefs about work stress and has potentially serious personal implications in terms of recognizing, reacting to, and reporting stress in the workplace (Furnham, 1997). The somewhat ambiguous nature of work stress renders it vulnerable to political, social and economic manipulation. This study explores how the issue of work stress is represented in the Australian newsprint media. Fifty-one work-related articles from all major Australian newspapers from 1 January 1997 to 31 December 1997 were selected ifstress' appeared in the headline. The articles were examined for dominant ideologies and themes. Attention was given to the language used to describe stress, the intended audience, and the voices represented in the articles. Results showed that work stress is represented in the media as an economically costly epidemic, as an outcome of unfavourable work conditions but with individual remedies, and as primarily situated within the public sector. The main voice represented in the media was that of the unions. The reproduction of work stress as a public sector phenomenon serves the interests of public sector unions, the newspapers, and the managers of private sector workers and is not consistent with available workers' compensation data (which is itself problematic).
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This paper introduces a simple model of organisational stress which can be used to educate or inform employees, personnel and health pro-fessionals about the relationship between potential work-related stress hazards, individual and organisational symptoms of stress, negative outcomes and financial costs. The components of the model relate directly to a recent Health and Safety Executive publication 1 which focuses on improving and maintaining employee health and wellbeing.
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In this new edition of his landmark book, Richard Layard shows that there is a paradox at the heart of our lives. Most people want more income. Yet as societies become richer, they do not become happier. This is not just anecdotally true, it is the story told by countless pieces of scientific research. We now have sophisticated ways of measuring how happy people are, and all the evidence shows that on average people have grown no happier in the last fifty years, even as average incomes have more than doubled. In fact, the First World has more depression, more alcoholism and more crime than fifty years ago. This paradox is true of Britain, the United States, continental Europe, and Japan. What is going on? Now fully revised and updated to include developments since first publication, Layard answers his critics in what is still the key book in 'happiness studies'.
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The after effects of trauma have assumed a central role in the discourses of psychiatry and psychology in recent years. Most commentators have looked for an explanation of this explosion of interest in trauma, to developments within psychiatry and psychology. However, it is argued here that important cultural changes in the Western world have produced the conditions in which this interest has come about. The advent of post-modernity has witnessed an undermining of social stability and coherence and a systematic weakening of those cultural institutions which provide meaning and order for individuals. Following trauma, the development of the characteristic symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is currently understood to arise from a breakdown of meaning within the victim's world. I seek to establish an association between PTSD and the culture of post-modernity. I argue that this connection has important implications with regard to our understanding of the relationship between trauma and culture more generally.
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as the human and financial costs of occupational stress to business and industry have become increasingly well documented . . . , a growing number of organizations have introduced initiatives designed to reduce stress and improve employee health in the workplace / suggest that stress intervention in the workplace can focus on the individual, the organization, or the individual–organizational interface / organizationally focused interventions are concerned with reducing workplace stress by addressing factors that operate at the macro level / such interventions might include changing aspects of the organizational structure, reviewing selection and training procedures, or developing more flexible and "employee-friendly" systems and personnel policies that more closely meets the needs and demands of the workforce highlight the current initiatives in the workplace / explore the effectiveness of stress management and EAPs [employee assistance programs] / develop the case for a "front-end" approach by encouraging diagnosis and organizational interventions of structural problems (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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The author states that stress has become a convenient idea. It has become a general repository for personal and organisational problems which when assumed to be too difficult to manage are relegated to the general classification of disease. For the purpose of this chapter, stress is not equated with mental illness or disease and is defined as any demand made upon people by their environment. The author also describes how stress at work can be communicated at 3 levels. Other topics discussed include the language of stress, stress as functional communication, the incidence and causes of stress-related illnesses in Australia, and the international picture of loss associated with "job stress." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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In recent decades there has been increasing interest in the subject of stress and a proliferation of research into the contribution of stress as a cause of illness. This association has been widely popularized and now has an established position within the body of popular ideas about health and illness. Nevertheless, very little has been confidently established about the relationship between stress and illness. The precise nature of stress itself eludes definition and there is no consensus as to what it encompasses. There has been a confusion of the models of stress developed in the laboratory and those applied to society. Early laboratory research was modelled on 'mechanical' images of stress taken from contemporary physics and engineering. Since then the stress theory has been heavily psychologised, although it still relies for its validation on the physiological models with which it is fundamentally non-comparable. It is argued that stress is not something naturally occurring in the world, but a manufactured concept which has by now become a 'social fact'. As such it has direct implications for the ways in which people perceive their world and act within it. Stress has increasingly come to be regarded as an integral part of everyday experience. Although much of the attractiveness of the stress theory derives from its seeming to reduce the arbitrariness of suffering, it also carries with it a significant ideological component. This can serve as a means of organising and expressing a variety of ideas about the social order relating, for example, to issues of individual autonomy and responsibility, or to the ways in which society might be perceived as dangerous, repressive or pathogenic.
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