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Luis Miguel Renjifo et al. 46 Bull. B.O.C. 2017 137(1)
© 2017 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2017 British Ornithologists’ Club
New bird distributional data from Cerro Tacarcuna,
with implications for conservation in the Darién
highlands of Colombia
by Luis Miguel Renjifo, Augusto Repizo, Juan Miguel Ruiz-Ovalle,
Sergio Ocampo & Jorge Enrique Avendaño
Received 25 September 2016; revised 20 January 2017; published 13 March 2017
the world. We present novel data on distribution, habitat, breeding biology and
of Ochraceous Wren Troglodytes ochraceus and Beautiful Treerunner Margarornis
bellulus
Formicarius nigricapillus, Scaly-throated Foliage-gleaner Anabacerthia variegaticeps,
Yellow-throated Chlorospingus Chloropingus avigularis hypophaeus and, based on
of Sooty-faced Finch Arremon crassirostris
Goldmania violiceps, Bare-
shanked Screech Owl Megascops clarkii, Tacarcuna Tapaculo Scytalopus panamensis
Myadestes coloratus. For several subspecies endemic to the
are needed, particularly in Colombia, where the sole protected area in the region
currently covers forests only below 600 m.
isolated massifs of moderate elevation, at the junction between Central and South America
as a route for or barrier to the exchange of Central and South American faunas during the
represent separate evolutionary lineages et al. 1984,
Miller et al et al. 2012). Some authors have
proposed the existence of isolated forest refuges on the slopes of several massifs in the
et al. 1992)
Luis Miguel Renjifo et al. 47 Bull. B.O.C. 2017 137(1)
© 2017 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2017 British Ornithologists’ Club
et al. 2014, Hruska et al
1959, 1967a,b, Bran-Castrillón et al
to massifs such as Cerro Pirre, Alturas de Nique, Cerro Tacarcuna and its spur Cerro Malí
et al. 1984, Robbins et al
1989, Hruska et al
(Angehr et al. 2004), Serranía de Majé (Angehr & Christian 2000) and the foothills of Cerro
Piña (Miller et al. 2011), the last two of which are both isolated massifs north of the Serranía
et al. to Alto Barrigonal
(c
and Pearman
c
and by JMR-O & T. Walschburger in November 2008 to the headwaters of the río Tanelita
c
Unguía, dpto. Chocó et al. 2014). Olaciregui et al. (2016) visited the Serranía de
that several bird species will be found on the Colombian side, representing range extensions
America.
Here, we present the results of an expedition to the Colombian slope of Cerro Tacarcuna
in August 2010. We present a list of bird species recorded, several of which represent
noteworthy range extensions, or additional records of poorly known species (e.g. endemics)
Methods
Three main mountain ranges run parallel from the eastern Isthmus of Panama to
ranges from its northern outlier, Cerro Sapo, south to the headwaters of the río Jaqué, and
is connected to the Cordillera de Juradó and Altos de Aspavé. To the east, this serranía is
separated from the Serranía de Pirre by c
and Juradó (Angehr et al. 2004). The Serranía de Pirre (1,550 m) extends further south to
et al. 2004). Nearly 50 km of lowlands
et
al. 1985). This range rises to 1,875 m at Cerro Tacarcuna and extends north to the Serranía
et al. 2014).
Luis Miguel Renjifo et al. 48 Bull. B.O.C. 2017 137(1)
© 2017 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2017 British Ornithologists’ Club
The area lies in the headwaters of the río Bonito, on the east slope of the Cerro Tacarcuna
(Fig. 1). We accesed Cuchilla del Lago by opening a trail in primary forest upslope from
the left bank of the río Bonito (c.450 m), close to a property currently occupied by the Toro
family. Based on our observations, the transition from wet to cloud forests on this part of
Cerro Tacarcuna starts at c
Chocó (Poveda-M. et al. 2004).
Three observers made visual and aural records along two transects, between 05.45 h and
c.
trail we opened to reach the campsite. Simultaneously, two of us undertook c.288 mist-net
Figure 1. Map of
north-western South
America and eastern
Panama showing
the location of the
geographical features
mentioned in the
text. Land above
600 m is indicated in
grey to black. Circles
represent historical
and recent localities,
including our study
site in the Serranía del
municipality Acandí,
dpto. Chocó; 2 = Alto
Barrigonal (1,400 m),
municipality Acandí,
Cuchilla del Lago (1,150
m), Corregimiento de
Balboa, municipality
Unguía, dpto. Chocó;
4 = headwaters of the
1,400 m), Comunidad
Unguía, dpto. Chocó;
and 5 = headwaters of
the río Tigre (1,250 m),
municipality Unguía,
dpto. Chocó.
Luis Miguel Renjifo et al. 49 Bull. B.O.C. 2017 137(1)
© 2017 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2017 British Ornithologists’ Club
digital recorders with Sennheiser ME-67 shotgun microphones. Recordings are deposited
Results
data or range extensions are presented for 27 species. Most (16) were expected to occur
on the Colombian slope of Cerro Tacarcuna, given that they have been recorded on the
Panamanian slope of Cerro Tacarcuna and adjacent Cerro Malí. However, seven species
Another four records correspond to rare and poorly known species in Colombia, but
previously known from Cerro Tacarcuna.
BARRED HAWK Morphnarchus princeps
(Wetmore 1965, Robbins et al. 1985) and
et al.
(Hilty & Brown 1986).
RUSSET-CROWNED QUAIL-DOVE Geotrygon goldmani
Recorded by voice almost daily at 1,150 m near our campsite, but apparently in smaller
G. violacea
Tacarcuna (1,450 m; Wetmore 1968), and recently the Serranía de Jungurudó (Angehr et al.
2004) and Cerro Piña (c.1,100 m; Miller et al. 2011). In Colombia, it is known only from the
headwaters of the río Cutí on Cerro Tacarcuna and the río Juradó (c.90 m) in Chocó (Hilty
& Brown 1986).
VIOLACEOUS QUAIL-DOVE Geotrygon violacea
Cerro Pirre above Cana and El Real, and Cerro Sapo in Panama (Wetmore 1968, Ridgely &
Serranía de San Lucas (Hilty & Brown 1986, Salaman et al. 2002).
BARE-SHANKED SCREECH-OWL Megascops clarkii
showed moderate body, wing and tail moult, with relatively large testes (left 5.0 × 1.7 mm).
Stomach contents included parts of beetles (Coleoptera). M. clarkii is rare in Panama, with
Luis Miguel Renjifo et al. 50 Bull. B.O.C. 2017 137(1)
© 2017 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2017 British Ornithologists’ Club
(1,450 m), the crest of the Cerro Tacarcuna ridge (1,460 m, in both Panama and Colombia)
et al. 1985).
VIOLET-CAPPED HUMMINGBIRD Goldmania violiceps
at the río Tanelita (c.1,400 m), c
(Wetmore
of the río Cutí at Cerro Tacarcuna near the Panama border (Hilty & Brown 1986).
RED-HEADED BARBET Eubucco bourcierii
Tacarcurna (c.et al
(Hilty & Brown 1986). Recorded in the
northern Central Andes, Serranía de San Lucas and the adjacent West Andes (Salaman et al.
Hummingbird Goldmania violiceps; (B) male White-bibbed Manakin Corapipo leucorrhoa
Myadestes coloratusChlorospingus avigularis
Luis Miguel Renjifo et al. 51 Bull. B.O.C. 2017 137(1)
© 2017 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2017 British Ornithologists’ Club
ZELEDON’S ANTBIRD Myrmeciza zeledoni
Dysithamnus puncticeps, Chestnut-backed Antbird Poliocrania exsul, White-cheeked Antbird
Gymnopithys leucaspis, Ocellated Antbird Phaenostictus mcleannani and Black-headed
Formicarius nigricapillus. On 6 August 2010, an adult male was foraging with a
in Panama on Cerro Pirre (c cet
al
ridges such as Serranía de Abibe (1,500 m), Serranía de Baudó (c.900 m), the Chocó lowlands
and adjacent West Andes et al. 2016).
TACARCUNA TAPACULO Scytalopus panamensis
alone, mainly at ground level up to c.0.5 m. Most were on slightly steep and humid slopes,
gonads (left testis 1.8 × 0.4 mm), but a fresh incubation patch and symmetric moult on its
that S. panamensis
S. chocoensis
Jungurudó (c (Angehr et al
1997). The vocalisations of S. panamensis
184866, 184868). The call of S. panamensis
& Schulenberg (1997) suggested some similarity between the calls of S. panamensis and S.
chocoensis S.
Scytalopus
adjacent Western Andes of Colombia, from left to right: Nariño Tapaculo S. vicinior
Pisones, 8 km north-west Jegüadas, municipality Mistrató, dpto. Risaralda, 6 June 1992; Tacarcuna Tapaculo
S. panamensis
August 2010; and Chocó Tapaculo S. chocoensis
Altaquer, municipality Barbacoas, dpto. Nariño, 11 October 2009 (J. E. Avendaño)
Luis Miguel Renjifo et al. 52 Bull. B.O.C. 2017 137(1)
© 2017 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2017 British Ornithologists’ Club
chocoensis
nn
of Nariño Tapaculo S. vicinior S. panamensis in its mean
n = 7) and note shape (e.g. length of stroke ‘tails’). A
natural song of S. panamensis
second, n = 2). Note shape is similar to that of some individuals of S. chocoensis
S. vicinior
S. chocoensis, but slower than S. vicinior. Thus, S. panamensis appears to be a vocal and
S.
vicinior and S. chocoensis
herein are detailed in Appendix 2.
BLACK-HEADED ANTTHRUSH Formicarius nigricapillus
above 1,000 m at our study site. Previously recorded in the Chocó lowlands at Nuquí north
locality in Panama is Nusagandi, western San Blas
F. analis
(Sullivan et al. 2009), plus an aural record below 800 m at our study site suggests possible
contact in the foothills of Cerro Tacarcuna, where the species possibly replace each other
Figure 4. Calls of Scytalopus
S. panamensis
municipality Unguía, dpto. Chocó; (B) Chocó Tapaculo S. chocoensis
et al. 2007), Tambito Nature Reserve, municipality El Tambo, dpto. Cauca, Colombia; (C) Nariño Tapaculo S.
vicinioret al. 2007), Las Nubes Nature Reserve, municipality Jericó,
dpto. Antioquia. Note the distinctive frequency bandwidth and note shape in S. panamensis. Spectrograms
were created using Syrinx v2.6h (Burt 2006) applying the same parameters except for adjusting brightness
to improve note resolution.
Luis Miguel Renjifo et al. Bull. B.O.C. 2017 137(1)
© 2017 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2017 British Ornithologists’ Club
Figure 5. Primary songs of Scytalopus
(A) Tacarcuna Tapaculo S. panamensis
Corregimiento de Balboa, municipality Unguía, dpto. Chocó, Colombia; (B) Chocó Tapaculo S. chocoensis
natural song (LNS 40016, T. S. Schulenberg), El Placer, prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador; (C) S. chocoensis natural
S. vicinior natural song
et al
Colombia.
Luis Miguel Renjifo et al. 54 Bull. B.O.C. 2017 137(1)
© 2017 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2017 British Ornithologists’ Club
SPOTTED WOODCREEPER Xiphorhynchus erythropygius
Previously known in Panama from Cerro Pirre (1,580 m), Cerro Malí (1,450 m; Robbins
et al. 1985, Wetmore 1972) and Serranía de Majé (c.
Adjacent records in Colombia are from the Serranía del Baudó, ríos Atrato and Truandó
(Hilty &
Brown 1986), Serranía de Abibe (Olaciregui et al. 2016), the northern Central Andes (Cuervo
et al
BROWN-BILLED SCYTHEBILL Campylorhamphus pusillus
(760 m; Wetmore 1972, Robbins et al. 1985) and Serranía de Majé (c
& Christian 2000). In Colombia, known from Serranía de Abibe (Olaciregui et al. 2016), the
northern West Andes at Frontino (Hilty & Brown 1986) and the northern Central Andes
(Cuervo et al
the Tacarcuna massif.
SCALY-THROATED FOLIAGE-GLEANER Anabacerthia variegaticeps
Cranioleuca
erythrops and several Tangara species. The nearest localities to our record are Cerro Flores
of the West Andes, Colombia (Olaciregui et al. 2016). Taxonomy of Middle and South
American populations of this species is controversial, with some authors suggesting that
A. v. temporalis of the West Andes should be recognised as a separate species from Middle
American populations (Remsen et al
resolve species limits in the group.
BEAUTIFUL TREERUNNER Margarornis bellulus
Its presence in Colombia was based on mainly habitat continuity and geographic proximity
c
et al. 2002)
and recently Serranía de Majé (1,150 m; Angehr et al
(Remsen et al. 2016).
RUFOUS-BROWED TYRANNULET Phylloscartes superciliaris
the Panamanian side of Cerro Tacarcuna and Cerro Malí (1,060 m; Wetmore 1972, Ridgely
Andes (Cuervo et al et al. 2002, Cuervo et al. 2008a) and
Serranía de San Lucas
Santander (Hilty & Brown 1986).
Luis Miguel Renjifo et al. 55 Bull. B.O.C. 2017 137(1)
© 2017 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2017 British Ornithologists’ Club
PIRATIC FLYCATCHER Legatus leucophaius
et al. 1985), the Chocó
lowlands and northern West Andes (Hilty & Brown 1986, Olaciregui et al. 2016). This is a
widespread species of lowland habitats that has possibly colonised the region due to the
WHITE-BIBBED MANAKIN Corapipo leucorrhoa
Colombia are the humid northern slopes of the West and Central Andes (Hilty & Brown
C. altera, which also occurs on Cerro
(Wetmore 1972) and Serranía de Jungurudó (Angehr et al. 2004),
(Hilty & Brown
1986). These taxa appear to be separate species based on their sympatry in this region,
et al. 2016). However, lek
behaviour has been studied only in C. altera (Hilty & Brown 1986, Remsen et al. 2016).
OCHRACEOUS WREN Troglodytes ochraceus
They searched for insects within dense mosses and bromeliads, climbing vine tangles and
mainly of tanagers and furnariids, although the wren also foraged and vocalised in the
sound-recorded. These match recordings from Chiriquí province in Panama (Fig. 6) and
T. solstitialis, which occurs in the West
Andes. This wren ranges from Costa Rica to Panama where it has been recorded on Serranía
de Majé (ccet
al. 1985), and Cerro Malí (c.1,460 m; Wetmore et al
et al. 2016, Remsen et
al. 2016).
VARIED SOLITAIRE Myadestes coloratus
with an immature collected on 29 August 1996 on Serranía de Majé (Angehr & Christian
río Tanelita (c
et al. 1984), and recently
from Serranía de Majé (cc.1,000 m) (Angehr &
Christian 2000, Angehr et al
Luis Miguel Renjifo et al. 56 Bull. B.O.C. 2017 137(1)
© 2017 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2017 British Ornithologists’ Club
Angehr et al. 2004), populations of M. coloratus on Cerro Pirre are genetically distinct from
those of Serranía de Majé (Miller et al. 2007).
BLACK-AND-YELLOW TANAGER Chrysothlypis chrysomelas
Chlorospingus species,
et
al. 1984) and Serranía de Majé (Angehr & Christian 2000). Our records represent the third
c.1,400
m), on the east slope of Cerro Tacarcuna et al. 2014); and one observed by J.
Zuluaga-Bonilla on Cerro La Nevera (cc
January 2007 (Fig. 1).
Figure 6. Songs and calls of Troglodytes
Ochraceous Wren T. ochraceus
Chiriquí, Panama; (B) T. ochraceus
de Balboa, municipality Unguía, dpto. Chocó, Colombia; (C) Mountain Wren T. solstitialis natural song (BSA
et al. 2007), Ibanasca, Corregimiento de Juntas, municipality Ibagué, dpto. Tolima, Colombia;
T. ochraceus
(E) T. ochraceus
municipality Unguía, dpto. Chocó, Colombia; (F) T. solstitialis
Frontino, dpto. Antioquia, Colombia.
Luis Miguel Renjifo et al. 57 Bull. B.O.C. 2017 137(1)
© 2017 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2017 British Ornithologists’ Club
BLUE-AND-GOLD TANAGER Bangsia arcaei
Singles recorded daily at 1,150 m accompanying midstorey and subcanopy mixed-species
Myrmotherula
schisticolor, Red-faced Spinetail, Olivaceous Woodcreeper Siasomus griseicapillus,
Ochraceous Wren, Speckled Tanager Tangara guata, Bay-headed Tanager T. gyrola,
Silver-throated Tanager T. icterocephala, Black-and-yellow Tanager, Yellow-throated
Chlorospingus Chlorospingus avigularis and Tawny-capped Euphonia Euphonia anneae.
Brewster in western San Blas et al. 1984). Our record
in November 2008 between 1,250 m and 1,400 m at río Tanelita, on the east slope of Cerro
Tacarcuna et al. 2014).
BAY-HEADED TANAGER Tangara gyrola
de Majé, Cerro Sapo, Cerro Pirre, Cerro Malí, Cerro Tacarcuna (Wetmore et al. 1984) and
Serranía de Jungurudó (Angehr et al. 2004). This record extends the species’ range to the
Colombian slope of the Cerro Tacarcuna. Adjacent records from Colombia are from Serranía
de Abibe, the West Andes and northern Central Andes (Hilty & Brown 1986, Cuervo et al.
2008b, Olaciregui et al. 2016).
EMERALD TANAGER Tangara orida
(Robbins et al. 1985), Cerro Tacarcuna (Wetmore et al. 1984) and Serranía de Jungurudó
(Angehr et al. 2004); and Serranía de Abibe, south to El Carmen de Atrato in the West Andes
of Colombia (Sullivan et al. 2009, Olaciregui et alT. f.
auriceps, whereas the nominate occurs on the Caribbean slope from Costa Rica to Panama.
is unknown, although it has been considered to represent an intermediate population
et al. 1984).
TACARCUNA CHLOROSPINGUS Chlorospingus tacarcunae
accompanied by Yellow-throated Chlorospingus C. avigularis, which was more abundant.
Both Chlorospingus
Cryptopipo holochlora, Scale-
crested Pygmy Tyrant Lophotriccus pileatus, Rufous-browed Tyrannulet, Ochraceous Wren,
Slate-throated Redstart Myioborus miniatus, Silver-throated Tanager, Black-and-yellow
begging for food from an adult on 6 August 2010, which is consistent with previous
observations of nest construction and immatures that suggest the species’ breeding season
probably begins in late February and extends to the middle of the year (Wetmore et al. 1984,
cfet al.
2011) of a species whose presence in the country had been suggested based on Panamanian
(Wetmore et al. 1984,
Luis Miguel Renjifo et al. 58 Bull. B.O.C. 2017 137(1)
© 2017 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2017 British Ornithologists’ Club
YELLOW-THROATED CHLOROSPINGUS Chlorospingus avigularis
C. f.
hypophaeus
eyes and breast of C. f. marginatus
C. f. hypophaeus, was collected by JMR-O
in November 2008 at 1,400 m on the río Tanelita, east slope of Cerro Tacarcuna. These
time. Its nearest locality is Cerro Brewster in western San Blas
In Colombia the species occurs north to the upper río Sinú (Hilty & Brown 1986) and was
CHESNUT-CAPPED BRUSH FINCH Arremon brunneinucha
Fairly common in the understorey above 1,000 m. Previously recorded on most massifs
(1,400 m) (Wetmore et al. 1984), Serranía de Majé and Serranía de Jungurudó (Angehr &
Christian 2000, Angehr et al. 2004). Adjacent Colombian records are from the West Andes
(Hilty & Brown 1986), the northern Central Andes (Cuervo et al. 2008b) and Serranía de San
Lucas (Salaman et al. 2002).
SOOTY-FACED FINCH Arremon crassirostris
et al. 2011, Remsen et al. 2016).
Although we did not record the species, we report here two specimens collected in the
foothills of Cerro Tacarcuna, at Alto Barrigonal, in June 1980. Both specimens, a male and
JMR-O & T. Walschburger at río Tanelita (1,408 m), on the east slope of Cerro Tacarcuna.
These records remove any doubts concerning the species’ presence in Colombia and South
America (Remsen et al. 2016).
HEPATIC TANAGER Piranga ava
(Angehr & Christian 2000)
and Cerro Pirre (Robbins et al
of the West Andes, in Serranía de Abibe south (Hilty & Brown 1986, Olaciregui et al. 2016).
Discussion
species reported in the region (Fig. 8A). In addition, four species previously known from
(Scaly-throated Foliage-gleaner and Ochraceous Wren) inhabit cloud forests of the West
Luis Miguel Renjifo et al. 59 Bull. B.O.C. 2017 137(1)
© 2017 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2017 British Ornithologists’ Club
Andes and the Chiriquí highlands, respectively, whereas the remaining species (Black-
ranges such as San Blas and Serranía del Baudó. These range extensions, plus another also
presented here, are indicative of the poorly known avifauna of the region.
Phaethornis guy coruscans, Catharus f. fuscater, Basileuterus
tristriatus tacarcunae) and foothills (Schiornis veraepacis acrolophites, Chlorospingus avigularis
hypophaeus
taxonomic, geographic and temporal representation of several poorly known species in bird
collections (Cuervo et al
Tapaculo song, and documented the vocalisations on the Colombian side of endemic taxa
Chlorospingus.
Although this inventory is probably far from complete, the combination of visual and
assemble a representative inventory swiftly. These complementary methodologies have
Figure 7. Lateral views of specimens of Sooty-faced Finch A. crassirostris
slope of Cerro Tacarcuna, compared to a specimen of Olive Finch A. castaneiceps (C) from the West Andes of
(S. Sierra)
Luis Miguel Renjifo et al. 60 Bull. B.O.C. 2017 137(1)
© 2017 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2017 British Ornithologists’ Club
forests
Tacarcuna range. For example, Robbins et al. (1985) recorded 186 species on Cerro Pirre at
m).
eight species are currently considered nationally threatened in Colombia (Renjifo et al.
above 600 m, based on the midpoints of each species’ range (Fig. 8A). Exceptions are the
rare Spiny-faced Antshrike Xenornis setifrons and Yellow-green Tyrannulet Phylloscartes
avovirens. For highland species, 15 of 16 reach their lower elevational limit at or above 600
only below 600 m.
subspecies, 21 of them mainly found above 600 m (Fig. 8B). However, endemism could be
Figure 8. Elevational and geographic distribution of 29 restricted-range species (A) and 24 restricted-range
their elevational midpoint (black dots). Note that most taxon ranges are concentrated above 600 m as shown
by the vertical dashed line. Taxon names are followed by one or more superscripts indicating geographic
distribution. 1 2Central: Serranía de Pirré,
et al. (1984), Robbins et al. (1985), Hilty & Brown (1986),
et al. (2004).
Luis Miguel Renjifo et al. 61 Bull. B.O.C. 2017 137(1)
© 2017 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2017 British Ornithologists’ Club
could potentially represent distinctive species (e.g. Basileuterus tristriatus tacarcunae;
et al.
2014).
plantations), which have accelerated in recent decades in Panama and Colombia (Rangel-C.
2004, Angehr et al
change because of the small ranges and isolation of their endemic populations. Indeed,
most of those species whose ‘climate envelope’ is projected to disappear in Colombia due to
is projected to disappear by 2050 et al
will encourage further biological exploration of the region, and more importantly, draw
the preservation of one of the most interesting biogeographical regions in the Neotropics
Acknowledgements
Córdoba-Córdoba and C. A. Medina facilitated access to, and provided photographs of, specimens at the
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© 2017 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2017 British Ornithologists’ Club
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Second edn. Princeton Univ. Press.
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Neotropical ornithology.
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Bangsia arcaei y Chrysothlypis chrysomelas
Orn.
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A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY.
observation network in the biological sciences. Biol. Conserv
community structure, and conservation of birds in protected areas in Colombia. Reg. Environ. Change
Not.
Orn. Columbianae
Wetmore, A. 1965. The birds of the Republic of Panama
Wetmore, A. 1968. The birds of the Republic of Panama
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Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash
Wetmore, A., Pasquier, R. F. & Olson, S. L. 1984. The birds of the Republic of Panama, pt. 4. Smithsonian
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Addresses
Appendix 1
individuals captured in parenthesis. *Colombian near-endemic (Chaparro et al
Remsen et al. (2016).
Family / English name Scientic name Foothills Study site
TINAMIDAE
Crypturellus soui A
CRACIDAE
Penelope purpurascens
Crax rubra
ODONTOPHORIDAE
Rhynchortyx cinctus S
Luis Miguel Renjifo et al. 64 Bull. B.O.C. 2017 137(1)
© 2017 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2017 British Ornithologists’ Club
Family / English name Scientic name Foothills Study site
ACCIPITRIDAE
Barred Hawk Morphnarchus princeps
Black Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus tyrannus A A
White Hawk Pseudastur cf. albicollis
COLUMBIDAE
Short-billed Pigeon Patagioenas nigrirostris A
Geotrygon goldmani*AT
Geotrygon violacea
CUCULIDAE
Squirrel Cuckoo Piaya cayana A
STRIGIDAE
Bare-shanked Screech Owl Megascops clarkii
Ciccaba virgata AT
TROCHILIDAE
White-tipped Sicklebill Eutoxeres aquila C (1)
Stripe-throated Hermit Phaethornis striigularis
Phaethornis guy
Tooth-billed Hummingbird Androdon aequatorialis*
Haplophaedia aureliae*CS (2)
Heliodoxa jacula C (1)
Chalybura urochrysia C (2)
Crowned Woodnymph Thalurania colombica
Rufous-tailed Hummingbird Amazilia acatl
Goldmania violiceps CS (2)
TROGONIDAE
Slaty-tailed Trogon Trogon massena AT
Black-throated Trogon Trogon rufus A
MOMOTIDAE
Broad-billed Motmot Electron platyrhynchum
Rufous-capped Motmot Baryphthengus rucapillus A
CAPITONIDAE
Red-headed Barbet Eubucco bourcieri
RAMPHASTIDAE
Black-mandibled Toucan Ramphastos ambiguus
Emerald Toucanet Aulacorhynchus prasinus
PICIDAE
Olivaceus Piculet Picumnus olivaceus A
Smoky-brown Woodpecker Picoides fumigatus
PSITTACIDAE
Pyrilia pyrilia* A
Mealy Parrot Amazona farinosa AT
Red-and-green Macaw Ara chloropterus A
THAMNOPHILIDAE
Black-crowned Antshrike Thamnophilus atrinucha A
Plain Antvireo Dysithamnus mentalis
Spot-crowned Antvireo Dysithamnus puncticeps
Slaty Antwren Myrmotherula schisticolor
Chestnut-backed Antbird Poliocrania exsul
Zeledon’s Antbird Haeria zeledoni
Bicoloured Antbird Gymnopithys bicolor
Luis Miguel Renjifo et al. 65 Bull. B.O.C. 2017 137(1)
© 2017 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2017 British Ornithologists’ Club
Family / English name Scientic name Foothills Study site
Ocellated Antbird Phaenostictus mcleannani
RHINOCRYPTIDAE
Tacarcuna Tapaculo Scytalopus panamensis*
FORMICARIIDAE
Formicarius analis A
Formicarius nigricapillus
FURNARIIDAE
Olivaceus Woodcreeper Siasomus griseicapillus
Long-tailed Woodcreeper Deconychura longicauda
Plain-brown Woodcreeper Dendrocincla fuliginosa
Wedge-billed Woodcreeper Glyphorhynchus spirurus
Xiphorhynchus erythropygius
Brown-billed Scythebill Campylorhamphus pusillus
Streak-headed Woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes souleyetii A
Xenops minutus
Scaly-throated Foliage-gleaner Anabacerthia variegaticeps
Lineated Foliage-gleaner Syndactyla subalaris
Beautiful Treerunner Margarornis bellulus*
Red-faced Spinetail Cranioleuca erythrops
TYRANNIDAE
Rufous-browed Tyrannulet Phylloscartes superciliaris
Olive-striped Flycatcher Mionectes olivaceus
Scale-crested Pygmy Tyrant Lophotriccus pileatus
White-throated Spadebill Platyrinchus mystaceus
Smoke-coloured Pewee Contopus fumigatus A
Tufted Flycatcher Mitrephanes phaeocercus
Myiarchus tuberculifer
PIPRIDAE
White-bibbed Manakin Corapipo leucorrhoa*
Cryptopipo holochlora
TITYRIDAE
Schiornis stenorhyncha*
TROGLODYTIDAE
Scaly-breasted Wren Microcerculus marginatus A A
Ochraceous Wren Troglodytes ochraceus
White-headed Wren Campylorhynchus albobrunneus*
Sooty-headed Wren Pheugopedius spadix*
White-breasted Wood Wren Henicorhina leucosticta A
Henicorhina leucophrys
Song Wren Cyphorhinus cf. phaeocephalus A
TURDIDAE
Myadestes coloratus
Slaty-backed Nightingale-Thrush Catharus fuscater
THRAUPIDAE
Blue-and-gold Tanager Bangsia arcaei
Speckled Tanager Tangara guata
Tangara fucosa
Bay-headed Tanager Tangara gyrola
Emerald Tanager Tangara orida
Silver-throated Tanager Tangara icterocephala
Luis Miguel Renjifo et al. 66 Bull. B.O.C. 2017 137(1)
© 2017 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2017 British Ornithologists’ Club
Family / English name Scientic name Foothills Study site
Black-and-yellow Tanager Chrysothlypis chrysomelas
Bananaquit Coereba aveola C (1)
EMBERIZIDAE
Tacarcuna Chlorospingus Chlorospingus tacarcunae
Yellow-throated Chlorospingus Chlorospingus avigularis
Chestnut-capped Brush Finch Arremon brunneinucha
CARDINALIDAE
Hepatic Tanager Piranga ava
PARULIDAE
Myiothlypis fulvicauda
Three-striped Warbler Basileuterus tristriatus
Slate-throated Redstart Myioborus miniatus
FRINGILLIDAE
Tawny-capped Euphonia Euphonia anneae
Appendix 2
Sound-recordings used in vocal comparisons of Scytalopus tapaculos (see text). Sound collections: BSA =
Library. Songs: Tacarcuna Tapaculo S. panamensis
S. chocoensis S. vicinior
Calls: S. panamensis S. chocoensis
S. vicinior
