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Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth.
Journal of Ecology
... Por seu turno, a pesquisa geomorfológica propriamente dita, na condição de ramo de pesquisa específico dentro dos largos campos da Geografia e das Ciências da Terra, passou grande parte de sua história dedicando-se quase que exclusivamente a paisagens, formas e processos de áreas com alto grau de preservação, deixando de se dedicar de forma equivalente ao subcampo hoje definido e consolidado como Antropogeomorfologia ou Geomorfologia Antropogênica. Esta especificidade da geomorfologia foi sendo desenvolvida ao longo do tempo por autores como MARSH (1864), SHERLOCK (1922), THOMAS (1956), FELS (1965), dentre outros, ganhando melhor definição em termos de princípios gerais e procedimentos por autores como GOLOMB & EDER (1964), VERSTAPPEN (1968), BROWN (1970), GREGORY (1982), NIR (1983), TOY & HADLEY (1987), GOUDIE (1986), DOUGLAS & LAWSON (1997), GOUDIE & VILES (1997, 2016. A cartografia geomorfológica, como uma das principais ferramentas e produtos da pesquisa geomorfológica, seguiu esta mesma tendência, com menor desenvolvimento da Geomorfologia Antropogênica comparativamente à geomorfologia de áreas preservadas. ...
... Mesmo sem adotar a completa adesão ao termo 'antropogeomorfologia' em suas produções e em eventos científicos, pesquisadores da área da geomorfologia, geologia e áreas afins foram, gradativamente, incorporando esta perspectiva analítica em suas necessidades específicas, considerando-a como necessária dentro do amplo espectro da Geografia Física e das Ciências da Terra, mesmo utilizando-se de repertórios e instrumentais não necessariamente complementares ou convergentes entre si (MARSH 1864, THOMAS 1956, FELLS 1965, TRICART 1965, BROWN 1970. Ainda assim, a partir de meados do século XX, houve progressivo empenho de áreas das Ciências da Terra em incluir a variável antrópica, e, paulatinamente, foram destacados procedimentos promissores, questões emergentes, além de algum desenvolvimento de repertório específico e escalas de estudo. ...
... Nos primórdios deste percurso e no esforço particular da geomorfologia em incluir o fator antrópico em suas leituras, este ramo científico, envolveu principalmente estudos de avaliação dos 'efeitos' geomorfológicos de intervenções específicas na paisagem, como estudos de jusante de bar-ramentos, efeitos erosivos, hidrológicos e deposicionais da urbanização, efeitos na carga sedimentar de rios represados, dentre outros (MARSH 1864, SHERLOCK 1922, THOMAS 1956, FELS 1965, WOLMAN 1967, NIR 1983, DOUGLAS 1983, GREGORY 2007. Como exemplo, e no que se refere às particularidades da urbanização, o Prof. Ian Douglas (DOUGLAS 1983), professor emérito da Universidade de Manchester, foi um dos pioneiros, chamando à atenção, desde a década de 1980, para a necessidade de se considerar as intervenções antrópicas como parte de um novo 'metabolismo' da superfície, indo além da ênfase dos aspectos geomorfológicos físicos destas modificações e considerando também as principais características químicas dessas mudanças. ...
O papel do mapeamento geomorfológico como ferramenta para avaliar a extensão das mudanças antrópicas no meio físico em intervalos históricos vem sendo desenvolvido por estudos do processo de urbanização de São Paulo realizados no Departamento de Geografia da Universidade de São Paulo nas últimas três décadas. Este artigo resume os procedimentos consolidados dessa produção, quanto ao mapeamento geomorfológico antropogênico e apresenta o repertório conceitual básico consolidado e criado, a organização da estrutura das legendas, os conteúdos mais relevantes a serem mapeados em diferentes condições de paisagens, como as paisagens altamente preservadas, denominadas ‘morfologia original’, ou paisagens com diferentes graus de antropização, denominadas ‘morfologia antropogênica’. Este trabalho demonstra, ainda, a importância em considerar as sequências de intervenções antrópicas e a identificação de unidades de morfologias ainda mais complexas, que podem ser reveladas com as superposições de morfologia original e sequências antrópicas, sempre considerando os sistemas hidromorfológicos como referência para avaliações posteriores. Este artigo também apresenta e discute algumas representações gráficas utilizadas de acordo com as diversas escalas de mapeamento, correlações espaciais úteis dos conteúdos mapeados e sua relação com os procedimentos consolidados da cartografia geomorfológica detalhada, e oferece um guia básico para a produção de cartografia geomorfológica de paisagens antrópicas.
... More than 150 years ago, Marsh (1864) highlighted the negative effects of human actions on the environment. Almost a century later, Thomas (1956) delivered another seminal milestone addressing the need to cope with the human footprint on landscapes. Their conclusion that our planet is not ''healthy'', and that the trends in environmental conditions are negative, has not changed. ...
... Forests form a prime example of a land cover that provides multiple natural resources and other benefits. Transforming naturally dynamic forest landscapes through management for wood production and deforestation for agriculture can take a long time and has a long recurring history of being replicated globally (e.g., Thomas 1956;Angelstam et al. 2021a). Williams (2003, p. 146) highlighted two ''theaters of action'' based on the connection between demand and supply, which were linked by flow of wood using seas and other waterways, and later by expanding frontiers of forest use and value-added production. ...
... For example, during the period 1980-2000, 55% the new agricultural land in the tropics came from deforestation of intact forests, and 28% from altered forests (Gibbs et al. 2010). This replicates what took place thousands of years ago in Old World temperate forest landscapes (Thomas 1956;Williams 2003). Similarly, without reducing the forest cover, the development of effective sustained yield wood production has reduced the amounts of natural forest structures far below critical tipping points. ...
Exploitation of natural forests forms expanding frontiers. Simultaneously, protected area frontiers aim at maintaining functional habitat networks. To assess net effects of these frontiers, we examined 16 case study areas on five continents. We (1) mapped protected area instruments, (2) assessed their effectiveness, (3) mapped policy implementation tools, and (4) effects on protected areas originating from their surroundings. Results are given as follows: (1) conservation instruments covered 3-77%, (2) effectiveness of habitat networks depended on representativeness, habitat quality, functional connectivity, resource extraction in protected areas, time for landscape restoration, ''paper parks'', ''fortress conservation'', and data access, (3) regulatory policy instruments dominated over economic and informational, (4) negative matrix effects dominated over positive ones (protective forests, buffer zones, inaccessibility), which were restricted to former USSR and Costa Rica. Despite evidence-based knowledge about conservation targets, the importance of spatial segregation of conservation and use, and traditional knowledge, the trajectories for biodiversity conservation were generally negative.
... Most of the classic textbooks of geomorphology, including those from the past few decades, however, ignore it totally . The geomorphic works of Marsh (1864), , Bennett (1938), Jacks and Whyte (1939), Thomas (1956), Brown (1970, and Szabo (2010) cover the extent of human influence on the physical environment and landforms (Table 1.3). The nature, extent and timing of human impacts on geomorphic systems are not merely academic questions but may have serious physical and social implications. ...
... Man and Nature-The pioneer work on the human impact on the environment Marsh (1864) Hydraulic-mining debris in the Sierra Nevada-An in-depth geomorphic study on the consequences of gold mining inland from San Francisco The Rape of the Earth: A World Survey of Soil Erosion-A popular global survey and polemic on the global menace of soil erosion Jacks and Whyte (1939) Man's role in Changing the face of the Earth-An edited volume based on ground-breaking symposium on the human impact Thomas (1956) Man makes the Earth-A thoughtful and largely neglected study on anthropogeomorphology Brown (1970) Man, a Geomorphological Agent: An Introduction to Anthropic Geomorphology-A thorough review of knowledge to focus on the man's role in changing face of earth Anthropogenic Geomorphology-A largely Hungarian review that is especially strong on constructed and excavated landforms It is not easy to distinguish and separate 'natural' forms from 'artificial' ones. There is a law governing reciprocal actions and the unity of geographical actions according to which it is not possible to consider facts and phenomena separately (Panizza, 1996). ...
... Within the scientific field of geomorphology, the specialty known as anthropogeomorphology focuses on analyzing the alterations resulting from human actions on forms, materials, and processes, among which urbanization stands out as the most intense (THOMAS 1956;BROWN 1970;NIR 1983;CRUTZEN 2002;RODRIGUES 1999RODRIGUES , 2004RODRIGUES , 2005RODRIGUES , 2010GOUDIE 2013;GOUDIE & VILES 2016;RODRIGUES & COLTRINARI 2004). This approach allows not only for an understanding of long-term changes but also for the investigation of historical events and short-term fluctuations resulting from this environment's response to extreme climatic events (RODRIGUES 2010. ...
Este artigo apresenta novos avanços em metodologias cartográficas para investigar o impacto da urbanização nos sistemas fluviais, explorando os recentes avanços em geotecnologias. A análise realizada com dados de alta resolução destaca o aumento da conectividade superficial devido às estruturas urbanas, alterando a dinâmica das inundações. Os principais achados incluem novas possibilidades para a restituição e o mapeamento de planícies fluviais originais, a identificação de restrições nas áreas de dispersão de inundações devido à presença de edificações e o estreitamento das planícies de inundação. Os resultados ressaltam a necessidade de integrar insights geomorfológicos no planejamento urbano para mitigar os riscos de inundações e preservar a capacidade de armazenamento das planícies de inundação.
... In the early 1950s, the concept of global change entered the international stage with a clear indication that Earth is a closed system in which natural resources and the environment determine the boundaries of population growth and economic development (Thomas 1956;Meadows et al. 1972;Price 1989). This represented the beginning of an effort to study different impacts of global change on the solution of many problems at global, regional and local scales, which usually refer to changes in the Earth system connected to the rapid increase in human activities that started around the mid-twentieth century. ...
... More than natural 'rates of change' signalled the anthropogenic addition. Humans were, to cite the title of an important conference in Princeton in June 1955, 'changing the face of the earth' (Thomas Jr, 1956). Ice, with its ten per cent of the total global terrestrial area, was gradually acknowledged as one of the parts that changed most. ...
Ice humanities is a pioneering collection of essays that tackles the existential crisis posed by the planet's diminishing ice reserves. By the end of this century, we will likely be facing a world where sea ice no longer reliably forms in large areas of the Arctic Ocean, where glaciers have not just retreated but disappeared, where ice sheets collapse, and where permafrost is far from permanent. The ramifications of such change are not simply geophysical and biochemical. They are societal and cultural, and they are about value and loss.
Where does this change leave our inherited ideas, knowledge and experiences of ice, snow, frost and frozen ground? How will human, animal and plant communities superbly adapted to cold and high places cope with less ice, or even none at all? The ecological services provided by ice are breath-taking, providing mobility, water and food security for hundreds of millions of people around the world, often Indigenous and vulnerable communities. The stakes could not be higher.
Drawing on sources ranging from oral testimony to technical scientific expertise, this path-breaking collection sets out a highly compelling claim for the emerging field of ice humanities, convincingly demonstrating that the centrality of ice in human and non-human life is now impossible to ignore.
... Transforming naturally dynamic forest landscapes through management for wood production, and deforestation for agriculture, are long-term processes (Angelstam et al. 2021a). Different phases are replicated globally (e.g., Thomas, 1956). Williams (2003:146) highlighted two "theatres of action" based on the connection between demand and supply, linked to flow of wood using seas and other waterways to centres of economic development, and later by expanding frontiers of forest use and value-added production. ...
Expectations of what forests and woodlands should provide vary among locations, stakeholder groups, and over time. Developing multifunctional forests requires understanding of the dynamic roles of traditions and cultural legacies in social-ecological systems at multiple levels and scales. Implementing policies about multifunctional forests requires a landscape and social-ecological perspective, and recognition of both spatial and temporal features at multiple scales. This study explores the dissemination of even-aged silviculture in central, eastern and northern Europe, and the consequences of choosing different vantage points in social-ecological systems for mapping of barriers, and to identify levers, towards multifunctional forest landscapes. Using a narrative approach, we first summarise the development of even-aged silviculture in four European regions. Next, we focus on Sweden as a keen adopter of even-aged silviculture, and identify levers at three groups of vantage points. They were (1) biosphere with biodiversity as short-hand for composition, structure and function of ecosystems, which support human well-being at multiple scales; (2) society in terms of different levels of stakeholder interactions from local to global, and (3) economy represented by value chain hierarchies and currencies. The emergence of even-aged silviculture >200 years ago formed an expanding frontier from central to northern Europe. Sustained yield wood production and biodiversity conservation encompass different portfolios of ecosystem aspects and spatio-temporal scales. Ignorance and lack of knowledge about these differences enforce their mutual rivalry. An exploratory review of six groups of stakeholders at multiple levels in the traditional industrial forest value chain highlights inequalities in terms of distribution of income and power across different levels of governance. This effectively marginalises other than powerful industrial actors. The distribution of financial results along the value chain is dynamic in space and time, and not all benefits of forest ecosystems can be measured using monetary valuation. There are also other currencies and incentives. A discussion of cultural trajectories in central and eastern European, Russian and Swedish forest management illustrates that forest history patterns repeat themselves. Longitudinal case studies of countries and regions can help foster holistic multi-dimensional and multi-level systems thinking. Application of deep levers of change is likely to require external drivers. A key challenge is to handle the manufacturing of doubt and decay of truth, i.e., the appearance of alternative facts, and the diminishing role of evidence and systems analyses in political and civic discourses. This transition is fuelled by new and rapidly evolving digital arenas.
... Om detta tema se, förutomMarsh, 1864; t.ex. Sörlin, 1991;Thomas, 1956; och Steffen et al., 2020. 5 Exemplen är hämtade från Sveriges Nationalatlas 1992:7-9.1 Återgivet av Friberg, 1982:29. 2 Sörlin, 2017. 3 Marsh, 1864.70K ...
... De cette vision dichotomique résulte un non intérêt pour l'étude des milieux anthropisés, les écologues considérant ne pas être légitime à étudier ces écosystèmes « hors nature » (McDonnell 2011; notons que certains travaux sur des habitats d'origine anthropique furent tout de même réalisés, mais de façon anecdotique, voir Sukopp 2008). A partir des années 1950-1960, il devient apparent à l'ensemble de l'humanité que les activités anthropiques participent significativement à l'altération des écosystèmes locaux et régionaux (Thomas 1956). Un élément décisif dans la reconnaissance par les écologues de l'importance d'inclure l'humain comme composant des écosystèmes fut probablement la publication de la première étude concernant l'augmentation du CO2 atmosphérique au Figure 3 | Nombre de publications incluant les termes "écologie urbaine" ou "évolution urbaine" entre 1980 et 2017. ...
L’urbanisation est un phénomène mondial convertissant des milieux naturels en milieux artificialisés. Les zones urbaines constituent un nouvel environnement majoritairement façonné par l’homme avec des conditions environnementales inédites pouvant directement impacter les espèces vivant en milieu urbain ainsi que leurs trajectoires évolutives. A l’heure actuelle, les processus évolutifs associés au milieu urbain sont peu connus bien qu’ils déterminent l’histoire passée, présente et future des espèces concernées. Ainsi, l’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier l’impact de la vie urbaine sur les espèces sauvages et de comprendre si et comment les espèces s’adaptent à ce nouvel environnement. A travers l’étude de populations de mésanges charbonnières (Parus major) urbaine et forestière du sud de la France (Montpellier) ce travail explore dans un premier temps les différences phénotypiques associées au milieu urbain et met en évidence l’existence d’un phénotype urbain caractérisé par une taille réduite, des pontes précoces et réduites, un comportement plus exploratoire et plus agressif ainsi qu’une réponse accrue au stress. Dans un second temps, des analyses de sélection indiquent que ces différences phénotypiques ne résultent pas de nouvelles pressions de sélection associées au milieu urbain et ne sont pas adaptatives. Dans un troisième temps, une approche (épi)génomique dans trois villes (Montpellier, Barcelone et Varsovie) révèle l’existence de traces de sélection dans les génomes ainsi que de régions différentiellement méthylées en milieu urbain, mais peu de parallélisme entre villes. Parmi ces marqueurs (épi)génomiques, nombreux se révèlent associés à des gènes ayant des fonctions impliquées notamment dans le système nerveux, l’immunité, les processus hormonaux ainsi que le comportement, suggérant le potentiel rôle majeur de ces fonctions dans l’adaptation face aux conditions urbaines. Enfin, après avoir proposé une feuille de route pour tout écologue voulant étudier l’adaptation au milieu urbain, ce travail souligne certains points importants à aborder et approfondir dans le domaine, pour construire une compréhension plus vaste et détaillée de l’évolution biologique en milieu urbain.
... In the classic volume, Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth (Thomas, 1956), several chapters (e.g., Clark, 1956;Curtis, 1956) noted how humans have modified Earth's animal populations, either through removal or drastic reductions in the size of native populations, such as the North American bison (Bison bison), or by the introduction of domesticated or feral animals (Butler, 2006). Many of the introduced domesticated and feral animals are grazers that create widespread geomorphic impacts on rangelands in semi-arid and arid landscapes especially, but also on more humid landscapes, including enclosed and managed grasslands (Evans, 1998). ...
Grazing by wild and domesticated animals can have profound geomorphic impacts on the landscape and grazing by feral animals may also have substantial geomorphic impacts, although more research is needed in this area. Wild grazers, such as native ungulates including mountain goats and elk, are increasingly restricted in their range to nature preserves where their concentrated numbers can produce severe localized erosion, although the reintroduction of natural predators in some areas may reverse this trend. Feral animals, such as wild horses and burros, are grazers that produce erosional impacts in sensitive sites such as arid or semi-arid climates and on coastal dunes. Domesticated grazers, including especially cattle and sheep, impact widespread geographic areas, and produce geomorphic impacts through trampling and compaction of soil leading to accelerated runoff and gullying, disruption of streambed vegetation, chiseling and sloughing of streambanks, disruption of protective soil crusts, and terracette formation.
... Although general systems theories can be applied to virtually any field of study (Von Bertalanffy, 1972), here we focus on multiple scales of human system interactions with nonhuman systems. On the macroscale, this work is situated within Earth Systems Science, a field which has begun to articulate ways in which humans act as a geologic force (Thomas, 1956;Vitousek et al., 1997;Crutzen, 2002;Ruddiman et al., 2015;Waters et al., 2016;Waters et al., 2018). Although living creatures have frequently played important roles in shaping Earth systems (i.e., photosynthetic bacteria have been oxygenating the atmosphere for at least 3.5 billion years, Blankenship, 1992), our species clearly exerts a tremendous impact on the material and energetic cycles around us. ...
The knowledge of unsustainable human and Earth system interactions is widespread, especially in light of systemic environmental injustices. Systems science has enabled complex and rigorous understandings of human and Earth system dynamics, particularly relating to pollution of Earth’s land, water, air, and organisms. Given that many of these systems are not functioning sustainably or optimally, how might this field enable both rigorous understanding of the issues and experiments aimed at alternative outcomes? Here, we put forth a novel, multiscale systems science approach with three steps: (1) understanding the systemic issues at hand, (2) identifying systemic interventions, and (3) applying experiments to study the efficacy of such interventions. We illustrate this framework through the ubiquitous and yet frequently underrecognized issue of soil lead (Pb). First, we describe the systemic interactions of humans and soil Pb at micro-, meso-, and macroscales in time and space. We then discuss interventions for mitigating soil Pb exposure at each scale. Finally, we provide examples of applied and participatory experiments to mitigate exposure at different scales currently being conducted in New York City, NY, USA. We put forth this framework to be flexibly applied to contamination issues in other regions and to other pressing environmental issues of our time.
... Then, help with decision making by taking action for a better future. The notion of how human activities impact natural vegetation is not a new idea; (Thomas, 1956) in his research, he argued that the climate change of the last three centuries was the result of human activities and land cover change. The agriculture is the most human land use to convert from the natural ecosystem. ...
The world's rapid population growth is also fueling the high demand for food. Cropland intensification and expansion as the primary source of increasing food production thrives everywhere, yet hinders natural vegetation. This study aims to examine the extent to which the development of Cropland intensity affects natural vegetation and scrutinizes its relationship with Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on the African continent from 1992 to 2015. The ratio of total Crop area harvested and Cropland extent (CE) datasets used to compute the cropping intensity CI (yr⁻¹) for each year over 24 years. The correlation coefficient and comparison method were applied for cropland intensity and natural vegetation to reveal the rate at which cropland intensity affects natural vegetation. The same method was applied between CI, CE and GDP percentage from Agriculture to know their relationship. The results revealed that Cropland extended at a rate of about 9130.17 km² yr⁻¹, leading to a rise of 219,123.99 km² of increase. Shrubland was the most devastated natural vegetation at a rate of −9461.96 km² and cleared about 227,087.1 km². The CI and GDP percentage from agriculture showed a strong negative correlation in most of the countries, especially in developing countries. The CI is low and the CE is high, which means the degradation of existing natural vegetation and the eradication of potential environment health. Ethiopia and Tanzania have been the only two countries which experienced cropland decrease among the top 10 African countries with a large cropland area, while Nigeria and Sudan have increased the most. Further Malawi witnessed the highest percentage growth for cropland. South Sudan has identified strong trends in GDP percent from agriculture, while Libya has seen substantial decline. On the other hand, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea-Bissau, Ethiopia, and Chad identified to have the biggest % of agriculture to GDP during the study period.
... been enduring themes in the field of environmental historical geography (Thomas 1956;Turner et al. 1990;Dilsaver and Colten 1992;Dilsaver, Wyckoff, and Preston 2000;Wilson 2014). Moreover, cities have been a particular emphasis within this field (Young 2004;Colten 2005;Walker 2007;Kheraj 2013). ...
... Como se ha mencionado anteriormente, la preocupación por los problemas ambientales y de los recursos naturales tiene una larga historia (Camacho y Cardoso, 2010;Naredo, 2015); no obstante, es a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XX que la preocupación por las cuestiones ecológicas derivadas de los procesos de desarrollo empieza a ser más generalizada y global, logrando colocar la problemática ambiental en el centro de la agenda política internacional en los años siguientes. Ya en 1955 se reunían, en Princeton (Estados Unidos), especialistas de diferentes áreas de las ciencias naturales y sociales en un simposio titulado Man's Role in changing the face of the Earth (Thomas, 1956), en el que, si bien no se lanzó una alerta general, si empezaron a verse signos de problemas ambientales y del posible agotamiento de los recursos naturales. ...
... Human has consistently tried to modify their environment for better adaptation in form of engineering constructions like bridges, dams, culverts, pipe and building in urban landscapes (Forman and Alexander 1998;Paul and Meyer 2001;Gregory 2006;Biswas and Banerjee 2018). Such modifications along or across the Rivers enable to customize the physical and biological attributes as controlling agents (Marsh 1864;Thomas Jr. 1956;Parsons et al. 2002;Chen 2007;Costello and Lamberti 2008;Kusimi 2008). The entire research becomes extremely significant to understand the physical and biological characteristics of the River as highlighted by Wohl (2006) and Elosegi et al. (2010). ...
The changes in the river stretch by engineering constructions such as bridges affect its physical attributes and imply an impact on biological functioning. Thus, the ecological behavior of the river devises a scope for the future study correlating the probable flood risk areas. The alteration of river habitat and the riparian environment have been investigated in the present study using two methods: Habitat Modification Score and Fluvial Functioning Index. The results have further considered scouting with the risk zonation map that signifies the sensitive affected zone during the high discharge phase. The study displays the impact of human intervention that shows a better river habitat condition and healthy riparian environment. It is distinctly noted along the studied reach that, the bridge construction has modified the river channel showing poor functioning level and habitat condition. The flood risk-zoning map too highlights the areas with human interventions that are likely to get affected by high flood occurrences than the least intervened zones. Hence, the study offers an insight into the bridge constructions’ ascendancy on the river habitat condition and flood risk zone.
... O, hem kendisi ve hem de öğrencilerinin dikkatini modernizm öncesi toplumlara yöneltmiştir. Berkeley Okulu"nun en ayrıntılı çalışmaları 1956" da basılan Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth -Yeryüzünü Değiştirmede İnsanın Rolü (Thomas 1956) isimli kitaptır. ...
Özet: Bu çalışma, landscape (peyzaj) kavramının Amerikan kültürel coğrafyasında işlenişini ele almaktadır. Peyzaj, bir kavram olarak ilk kez 1920'lerde Alman coğrafyacılardan esinlenen Karl O. Sauer tarafından kullanılmış ve daha sonra Berkeley Okulu olarak ün yapmış olan Sauer tipi kültürel coğrafyanın ana eksenini oluşturmuştur. Bu tarihten sonra peyzaj Amerikan coğrafyasında çok önemli bir kavram haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışma, peyzajın Amerikan kültürel coğrafyasındaki kullanılışını ve bu kullanışta zamanla meydana gelen değişmeleri anlatmaktadır. Peyzaj kavramı nedir ve nasıl ortaya çıkmıştır? Bu kavram Amerikan coğrafyasında nasıl kullanılmıştır ve bu kullanılışta belli dönemler ayırt etmek mümkün müdür? Bu soruları cevaplamak için Amerikan kültürel coğrafyası literatürü taranarak, peyzaj kavramını, örnek oluşturacak şekilde kullanan yazarlar tespit edilmiş ve bu yazarların bu kavramı ne amaçla kullandıkları incelenmiştir. İncelemede, peyzaj çalışmalarının maddi kültür öğeleriyle, bunların kökeni ve yayılışını tespit etmek amacıyla ortaya çıktığı, fakat zamanla kültürel coğrafyayı farklı sınıflara ayıracak kadar çeşitli kullanımlar olduğu görülmüştür. Türk okurların Amerikan coğrafyasının halen en önemli dallarından biri olan kültürel coğrafya konusunda temel bir altyapı edinebilmesi için, bu yazı olabildiğince açık, anlaşılır ve derin felsefi tartışmalardan uzak yazılmaya çalışılmıştır. Yine de burada vurgulamak gerekir ki, özellikle yeni kültürel coğrafyada anlamayı güçleştiren bir çok soyut
... O, hem kendisi ve hem de öğrencilerinin dikkatini modernizm öncesi toplumlara yöneltmiştir. Berkeley Okulu"nun en ayrıntılı çalışmaları 1956" da basılan Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth -Yeryüzünü Değiştirmede İnsanın Rolü (Thomas 1956) isimli kitaptır. ...
... Sin embargo, desde la Geografía Social existe una preocupación que se incrementa a lo largo del siglo XX sobre el agotamiento de los recursos naturales no renovables (Shaler, 1905), esto se inicia con el trabajo de Marsh (1864), quien plantea que el hombre es una fuerza dinámica, a menudo irracional en la creación de peligro para sí mismo, mediante la destrucción de su base de subsistencia, es decir de los ecosistemas. Más tarde, con la realización de la Conferencia "El rol del hombre en el Cambio de la faz de la tierra" desarrollada en Princeton en el año de 1955, se concluye: Existen los límites del crecimiento, como consecuencia de una limitada base de recursos geológicos (Thomas, 1956) y que se observa en el estudio realizado por Meadows, Meadows, Randers y Behrens (1972). Finalmente el geógrafo Neef (1969) publica su artículo denominado "El metabolismo entre la sociedad y la naturaleza como un problema central de la geografía" -Der Stoffwechsel zwischen Gesellschaft und Natur als geographisches Problem-donde describe explícitamente las relaciones materiales desde un punto de vista geográfico entre los grupos sociales y el entorno natural. ...
El metabolismo socio-ecológico de las relaciones entre grupos sociales y el entorno
natural a nivel local, es la perspectiva teórica que se aborda en este estudio. Partiendo
de un recuento histórico del desarrollo de esta novedosa visión de la sustentabilidad se
genera una discusión teórica en torno a ella. A continuación, el estudio se centra sobre
los sistemas socio-ecológicos urbanos, los cuales se plantean como sistemas híbridos
que transforman su metabolismo de acuerdo a sus dinámicas e interrelaciones propias,
se analizan los cerca de 90 estudios que se han realizado a nivel mundial sobre esta
temática, a escala local, municipal y regional. En seguida, se describe desde una
perspectiva ambiental, la co-evolución histórica de los cerros orientales de Bogotá, como
símbolo, proveedora de materiales y espacio para el asentamiento de la población
bogotana. Finalmente, se realiza el perfil metabólico de los sistemas extractivos de los
cerros nororientales para el año de 1976, mediante el uso del análisis del flujo de
materiales y energía, dando como resultado la extracción de 1’485.000 metros cúbicos
de agregados pétreos y la transformación energética de 144,97 GBTU en forma de calor
desprendido o 153.016,33 GJ de energía transformada.
... After that, a gentrification process starts. This process is reminiscent of the transformation of small towns or villages close to growing commuting zones [24]. ...
Residential segregation is analyzed via the Schelling model, in which two types of agents attempt to optimize their situation according to certain preferences and tolerance levels. Several variants of this work are focused on urban or social aspects. Whereas these models consider fixed values for wealth or tolerance, here we consider how sudden changes in the economic environment or the tolerance level affect the urban structure both in the closed city and open city frameworks, i.e. depending on whether migration processes are relevant or not. In the closed city framework, agents tend to group into clusters, whose boundary can be characterized using tools from kinetic roughening. On the other hand, in the open city approximation agents of a certain type may enter or leave the city in series of avalanches, whose statistical properties are discussed.
... As early as the eighteenth century, Alexander Von Humboldt identified human kind's effect on the natural world [32], then George Perkins Marsh at the time of the American Civil War in 1863 [33] stated his concern. Other people-scientific researchers, public news outlets and even the youngest of our society, have consistently questioned the dilemma that exists with population growth, human consumption and a changing climate [16,17,[19][20][21][22]34]. ...
... Modern urbanization alters the rates of geomorphic processes (Simon and Rinaldi, 2006), introduces hybrid urban landforms (Dixon et al., 2017) and reduces the extent of the natural environment (El Banna and Frihy, 2009). Fluvial systems adjust to direct effects of channelization, dam construction, and channel diversion as well as changes in watershed levels, such as land-cover change, riparian habitat destruction, and mining (Marsh, 1864;Thomas, 1956;Williams and Wolman, 1984;Butler, 2006;Gregory, 2006;Wohl, 2006, Brown et al., 2013a, 2013bSkalak et al., 2013). ...
Just as geomorphology evolved from a predominantly descriptive science to largely quantitative, a new framework for geomorphology is again required as rapidly increasing human population pushes anthropic-geomorphic processes to a dominant role in the Anthropocene. Understanding these processes requires new conceptual frameworks, interdisciplinarity, and a strong technology-assisted approach. We propose a focus on the Critical Zone as a useful conceptual framework in studies of Anthropocene geomorphology. Prior studies have assessed the Anthropocene with a focus on soils, which are generally considered the unifying thread of the Critical Zone. The Critical Zone in its entirety, however, extends from the top of the canopy to the base of the groundwater system. This concept thus permits a systems approach to geomorphology across scales, addressing the extensive role of human impact on Earth surface processes. Changing climatic conditions impact the delivery of water to the Critical Zone, causing an expansion of arid lands. Land-cover alteration is decreasing infiltration, armoring surfaces, increasing surface runoff, enhancing erosion rates, and is expected to expand in the future. Thus, the benefit of using the Critical Zone as a lens to study geomorphology will result in a broad, unified interdisciplinary study of the Anthropocene. These studies can be aided by modern technology, including drones and machine-learning applications. The trend toward technology-driven studies will continue throughout the geosciences, and geomorphology will be well-aided by its use. We present a comprehensive review of the concept of the Anthropocene and the Critical Zone making a case for the necessity of a Critical Zone-approach to anthropogeomorphology.
Cultural Ecologies of the Land. A Restless Dynamic of People and Place was published by Routledge in April 2015. The uploaded 'public full-text' document is a promotional flier giving an abstract for the book, a list of contents, and a discount code.
The book is in three parts. The four chapters in part one of the book set out the theoretical foundations of cultural ecology, integrating them with current thinking and new ideas to form an explanatory framework for our relationships with the land. A parallel story is introduced beneath the surface of the early chapters, of how infrastructure, which for much of human history underpinned our living in the land, is shaping the world to its own ends.
The parallel story of the relationship between living in the land and the development of infrastructure, which so far has been loosely formed, comes to the fore in part two, Living in the Land. It takes shape through chapters describing how our transactions with the land turn it into places to live, work, and construct stories, activities that shape our sense of who we are and where we belong. The infrastructure associated with living in the land is integral to it. The practices, knowledge and skills expressed by individuals and communities as they go about their daily activities, their routines and traditions, are part of the story. Our grandparents and the generations that preceded them lived in the land. People and places shaped each other through processes of mutual adaptation. The mode of living in the land is passing into history. Now it is infrastructure rather than ‘places’ that underpins our sense of who we are.
Regeneration is the theme of three chapters which comprise the final part of the book. Infrastructure is the environment of our making which re-makes our environment. There is a fine line between the benefits of infrastructure and the tendency to drift into dependency on it. The regulatory infrastructure that maintains the modern world is now so complex that few people question the extent to which it shapes the environment and directs our lives. The concerns of many people gravitate around how we might live sustainably, but the argument now is for regenerating affordances rather than sustaining resources. Localised, place-based regeneration has the potential to engage large numbers of people in proactive, life-affirming activities. Governance and education are arenas where tensions are played out between people-centred approaches and imposed regulatory structures, and these are examined in the final chapters.
This paper examines the life and commemoration of E. K. Janaki Ammal, a groundbreaking Indian botanist and cytogeneticist. By analysing three biographical sources, the paper explores how these narratives portray Ammal as an exemplary female scientist, specifically by formulating a rigid picture of an ‘ideal female scientist’. While elucidating the career and gender-specific challenges faced by Ammal as a female scientist, the paper employs the methodological framework of feminist science studies to explore the creation, dissemination, and attribution of specific subjectivities. It examines how class, gender, and caste in India affected Ammal’s scientific career. Moreover, these biographies shed light on the role played by race in her scientific pursuits in nineteenth-century British India.
Inauguramos una nueva serie < > en Arquitectonics titulada Teorías y prácticas avanzadas, en la investigación sobre arquitectura y urbanismo, con un volumen introductorio al tema de las relaciones entre mente, sociedad y territorio. Ello ha sido posible gracias a una red de coedición entre diversas universidades y a un nuevo comité científico internacional de altísimo nivel. Este número incluye conferencias realizadas en el congreso internacional sobre Arquitectonics llevado a cabo en Barcelona en el año 2004, y resume además tres conferencias de arquitectos en este mismo congreso con una < > práctica, manteniendo los textos en su versión < >, como si fuera un nivel < > más, aunque ello conlleve un cierto desorden en los escritos.
In one of the founding articles on environmental sociology, Catton & Dunlap (1978) claimed
it would not suffice if environmental sociology turned into just another sub-hyphen of the
discipline. Instead, it would have to offer a new paradigm, a fundamental concept of society
differing from the hegemonic „human exeptionalism paradigm“. This new paradigm should
view humans as but one of many species interlaced in the „web of nature“, in which purposive
human action produces many unintended consequences, and it should accept that the world is
physically and biologically limited (45; see also Catton & Dunlap 1980). This paradigm
should support the study of interaction between society and the environment, the core task of
environmental sociology (Schnaiberg 1980). Could a view of society as having a material and
energetic metabolism and, therefore, depending upon continuous energetic and material flows
from and to its environment, provide a core concept of such a paradigm? And could the study
of the social (i.e. economic, technological and cultural) regulation of society’s metabolism
become a genuine sociological task of highly practical value in view of the ecological
problems confronting industrial society?
The Mediterranean Basin covers more than 2 million square kilometres and is surrounded by three continents: Africa, Asia, and Europe. It is home to more than 500 million people and is projected to reach 670 million by 2050. The basin is rich in species diversity, with a great wealth of endemism. The supply of ecosystem services is greatly challenged due to the trend of land use and land cover (LULC) change coupled with other global change drivers. The current study thoroughly reviewed the existing body of knowledge on the impacts of LULC change on forest ecosystem services. The LULC change is driven by synergetic factor combinations of urbanization, population increase, agricultural land abandonment and deforestation putting additional strain on forest ecosystem services. The review shows the potential impacts on biodiversity as well as ecosystem services such as wood and non-wood forest products, water resources, and carbon stock. Moreover, there is evidence showing the threats of LULC change to saproxylic beetle species, a key agent in the nutrient cycling process, posing a significant risk to a nutrient-deficient ecosystem. Therefore, there is a need to mitigate the challenges posed by LULC change and adapt forest management practices to impending changes to sustain the provision of ecosystem goods and services.
As a basic concept, sustainable development combines meeting global environmental challenges with the realisation of social aspirations. Sustainability history must, therefore, constitute a branch of historical inquiry that combines social and environmental issues into a connected whole. In order to do so, it is necessary to clarify the deeper historical meanings of society and environment and their interrelations, and to establish a platform from which to observe the hybrid realities of change.
We need new analytical tools to understand the turbulent times in which we live, and identify the directions in which international politics will evolve. This volume discusses how engaging with Emanuel Adler's social theory of cognitive evolution could potentially achieve these objectives. Eminent scholars of International Relations explore various aspects of Adler's theory, evaluating its potential contributions to the study of world orders and IR theory more generally. Each chapter focuses on a different aspect of the social theory of cognitive evolution, such as power, morality, materiality, narratives, and practices, and identifies new theoretical vistas that help break new ground in International Relations. In the concluding chapter, Adler responds, engaging in a rich dialogue with the contributors. This volume will appeal to scholars and advanced students of International Relations theory, especially evolutionary and constructivist approaches.
Historical environments / cultural built heritage areas are the accumulations and products of the civilizations of the human communities who lived in the settlement areas from prehistoric to the present. Cities gain their own identity with these values. For these reasons, historical environments / cultural built heritage areas are the mirrors of social identity, and they must be carefully protected, guarded and handed over to future generations under better conditions than they are handed over to us, by taking precautions to keep the verbal, written and especially architectural culture within them alive. Based on the theory that cities are living organisms and that historical environments / cultural built heritage areas are an important part of this system, a proposal process that includes different stages, methods and interventions has been developed for the conservation of historical environments / cultural built heritage areas with different characteristics through the treatment process of a living organism. The aim of this study is to discuss "the concept of conservation qualitatively" with the questions of what, why, how and for whom we should conserve in the proposal process. This discussion fictionalizes the intervention types in urban conservation, especially the demolition and reconstruction intervention and the intervention process through the organ transplant analogy.
In Central Africa, the malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii is predominant in urban and coastal habitats. However, little is known about the environmental factors that may be involved in this process. Here, we performed an analysis of 28 physicochemical characteristics of 59 breeding sites across 5 urban and rural sites in coastal areas of Central Africa. We then modelled the relative frequency of An. coluzzii larvae to these physicochemical parameters in order to investigate environmental patterns. Then, we assessed the expression variation of 10 candidate genes in An. coluzzii , previously incriminated with insecticide resistance and osmoregulation in urban settings. Our results confirmed the ecological plasticity of An. coluzzii larvae to breed in a large range of aquatic conditions and its predominance in breeding sites rich in ions. Gene expression patterns were comparable between urban and rural habitats, suggesting a broad response to ions concentrations of whatever origin. Altogether, An. coluzzii exhibits a plastic response to occupy both coastal and urban habitats. This entails important consequences for malaria control in the context of the rapid urban expansion in Africa in the coming years.
This chapter discusses the factors that have led to an increasing interest in the human impact in geomorphology, and then discusses the literature that appeared between c 1960 and 2000. These developments were in four main areas: (i) intellectual and policy-related (ii) technological developments that alter geomorphological processes (iii) demographic trends, and (iv) proliferation of techniques for the study of landform and process change. Much work was undertaken on landforms produced by construction and excavation. Interest also developed in accelerating ground subsidence, which is a widespread phenomenon that creates engineering problems. Indeed, with increasing exploitation of tundra areas for such activities as oil exploitation, there was an increasing interest in the problems associated with permafrost. Rivers have also been greatly impacted. Humans have modified sediment transport by rivers in two ways. First, as a result of accelerated soil erosion, the delivery of sediment to rivers has increased. Secondly, burgeoning dam construction has caused sediment to be trapped in reservoirs. Far-reaching changes in channel form have been produced by land-use and land-cover changes. In addition to non-deliberate changes to river systems, there have been a whole range of deliberate modifications (e.g. channelization). Some valley bottoms areas have suffered from accelerated sedimentation while others have become incised with gullies ( arroyos ). Studies have indicated an increasing incidence of mass movements. These have been attributed to such factors as deforestation, road cuts, changes in slope drainage and irrigation of farm land. Much work has also been undertaken on wind erosion of dryland surfaces. Human activities, most notably air pollution, have changed the nature and rate of weathering, though enhanced weathering by salt can also be accelerated by irrigation. Large numbers of people live in coastal zones and have had a major impact on coastal landforms and processes. Many of the world's shorelines have been eroding and the complex mix of causes, natural and anthropogenic, that could be responsible have been analysed. Finally, since the 1980s there has been a growing realisation of the importance of global heating for geomorphological phenomena.
Önen, H. 2021. Herbolojinin Tarihi Gelişimi, 3. Bölüm. “Herboloji (Yabancı Ot Bilimi): İlkeler, Kavramlar ve Uygulamalar / Weed Science: Theory and Practice” içinde (s. 28-75). Adana, DOI: : 10.13140/RG.2.2.16687.25768/1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Yabancı ot kontrolünün tarihçesini tarımın başlangıcına kadar götürmek mümkündür (Özer, 1993). Yabancı otlar ve yabancı ot mücadelesinin köklü bir geçmişi bulunsa da bir bilim dalı olarak [Herboloji (Yabancı ot bilimi)] ortaya çıkışı ise ancak son bir asırdan az bir dönemi kapsamaktadır. Bu nedenle bir bilim dalı olarak her geçen gün artan bir popülariteye sahip olsa da Herboloji tarım bilimleri içerisinde yer alan en genç akademik disiplinler arasında bulunmaktadır (Burnside 1993).
Bu bölümde yabancı otlar ve yabancı ot kontrolünün binlerce yıla dayanan hikâyesine değinilecek, genel hatları ile herboloji biliminin ortaya çıkış süreci ele alınacak, bu süreçte devrim niteliğindeki gelişmeler, dönüşümü sağlayan yenilikler ve bunların nedenleri irdelenecektir. Ayrıca dünyada ve ülkemizde herbolojinin bir bilim dalı olarak ortaya çıkışı sürecinde rol oynayan ve önemli çaba sarf eden bazı öncülerinden bahsedilecektir.
A global concern about how unsustainable use of global natural resources engenders environmental, social, and economic injustices for the world’s most vulnerable population has been well established in the literature. Although the profession of social work has a long-standing tradition of advocating for social and economic justice, issues of environmental sustainability have yet to be fully incorporated into social work education and practice. While the connection between the natural environment and social work education is robustly emerging in Australian and American literature, the Canadian social work literature is also paying attention to issues of environmental sustainability. In response to the 2018 call by the Canadian Association for Social Work Education – Association canadienne pour la formation en travail social (CASWE-ACFTS) (2018) to revitalize efforts towards environmental sustainability in Canadian social work education, this article joins other Canadian social work educators to advocate for the profession to incorporate a novel global paradigm—sustainability—into social work practice. Drawing on relevant literature and other empirical studies, this article aims to increase our understanding of the critical impact of a lack of sustainability on Canada’s poorest, most vulnerable, and oppressed people (such as Indigenous Peoples), who often live in the most degraded environments and have no control over their own natural resources. I argue that incorporating sustainability into Canadian social work education and practice is achievable only if the professional bodies, namely the Canadian Association of Social Workers (CASW) and CASWE-ACFTS, provide institutional support by setting accreditation standards and ethical guidelines to reinforce sustainability in Canadian social work practice.
Narratives of ecocide, when a society fails due to self‐inflicted ecologic disaster, have been broadly applied to many major archaeological sites based on the expected environmental consequences of known land‐use practices of people in the past. Ecocide narratives often become accepted in a discourse, despite a lack of direct evidence that the hypothesized environmental consequences of land‐use practices occurred. Cahokia Mounds, located in a floodplain of the central Mississippi River Valley, is one such major archaeological site where untested narratives of ecocide have persisted. The wood‐overuse hypothesis suggests that tree clearance in the uplands surrounding Cahokia led to erosion, causing increasingly frequent and unpredictable floods of the local creek drainages in the floodplain where Cahokia Mounds was constructed. Recent archaeological excavations conducted around a Mississippian Period (AD 1050–1400) of earthen mound in the Cahokia Creek floodplain shows that the Ab horizon on which the mound was constructed remained stable until industrial development. The presence of a stable ground surface (Ab horizon) from Mississippian occupation to the mid‐1800s does not support the expectations of the wood‐overuse hypothesis. Ultimately, this research demonstrates that pre‐Colombian ecological change does not inherently cause geomorphic change, and narratives of ecocide related to geomorphic change need to be validated with the stratigraphic record.
Plain Language Summary
Over two thirds of the world's large rivers are heavily engineered. Human intervention has important consequences for river channels, which erode and aggrade in response to measures like dam construction, channelization, and diversion. Such bed level change can directly (and severely) affect flood safety, navigation, and ecology. River channels respond over decades to centuries, and over hundreds of kilometers, and we usually do not have large enough datasets to investigate this response. Here, we study the response of the highly engineered Lower Rhine River (Germany‐Netherlands), which has been monitored over the past century in terms of bed elevation and grain size of the bed surface sediment. Channel narrowing in the past has caused significant channel bed incision. Such narrowing is expected to reduce the channel slope domain‐wide, but instead, the slope has become steeper in the upstream part of the domain. We attribute this behavior to the presence of bedrock in the upper segment of the river. In addition, advance and flattening of the Rhine River's gravel front have transformed a sand‐bed reach into a gravel‐bed reach. This knowledge can help us better understand other eroding river systems.
Nepal’s environment is changing rapidly. Its complex geo-climate ranging from tropical/subtropical to alpine within a short horizontal distance of 250 km presents several challenges for analysis of contemporary environmental conditions as well as developing climate-resilient communities. The smallest changes in ecosystem services, temperature, and rainfall conditions affect vegetation phenology and socioeconomic conditions of people, because the majority of them live on primary and secondary economic activities. Finding a way to diplomatically tackle intense global climate politics in the presence of two giant neighboring economies—China in the north and India in the south—has been a great challenge for Nepal. Despite Nepal’s meager, 0.027%, contribution to the total global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, Nepal’s 0.4% of the total global population faces the brunt of climate change. Average temperatures are increasing at the rate of 0.06° ± 0.015 °C year⁻¹ at higher elevations (above 4500 m). Changes in climate have induced migration of many flora and fauna to higher elevations. In this migration race, insects and pests have also migrated to more suitable niches, some to higher elevations. The rapid rate of rise in temperature at higher elevations is causing glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs), threatening lives and properties in their downstream catchments. Climate risks and rampant poverty are causing massive exodus from Nepal to acquire remittance to sustain family livelihood. Although remittance is helping Nepal’s tepid economy, farmlands in the mountain and hill regions are left fallow for years. Farm production in the hills and mountains is decreasing. Rainfall patterns are changing with an increase in the number of days with high-intensity rainfall (100 mm/day) mostly occurring in the nights and extreme hot days.
Purpose
Humanity has been modifying the planet in a measurable way for thousands of years. Recently, this influence has been such that some feel we are in a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene. This review will describe how soil erosion and sediment dynamics have (i) been used to assess the impact of humans on the planet and (ii) affected the global climate and influenced water security. Emphasis is placed on changes since the middle of the twentieth century, as this coincides with what many suggest is the start of the Anthropocene Epoch.
Results and discussion
The use of sediment archives has been instrumental in our understanding of how environmental systems have developed over time, both naturally and in response to anthropogenic activities. Additional information has come from measurement and monitoring programs, and tracing and fingerprinting studies. In turn, models have been developed that enable forecasting. Some of the main global impacts of enhanced soil erosion and changes in sediment dynamics and sediment composition include: changes in radiative energy balances and impacts on the cryosphere; the global carbon cycle; and greenhouse gas emissions. Impacts on water security include: effects on freshwater biota, including wild salmon populations; fluxes of contaminants, including microplastics; and reservoir and river channel sedimentation, including flooding. Sediment archives and monitoring programs have also been used to document the effect of mitigation measures and environmental policies.
Conclusion
Sediment archives enable us to assemble information over a variety of timescales (i.e., 10⁰ to 10⁵ years and longer) and a range of spatial scales (from sub-watershed to continental), in addition to environments ranging from arid to tropical to polar. Often the temporal resolution is better than other paleoenvironmental reconstruction approaches. As such, sedimentary records, when combined with measurement and monitoring approaches and other sources of information, have enabled us to determine changes in atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic systems, especially over the last 100 years. While soil erosion and sediment dynamics have provided a wealth of information and greatly enhanced our understanding of the role of humanity in modifying the planet, suggestions are given for further research.
Istilah Geohistori menunjukan dua nama disiplin Ilmu, yakni Geografi dan Sejarah, di Indonesia nama Geohistori lebih dikenal dengan Geografi Kesejarahan atau Geografi Sejarah, keduanya saling membantu sebagai disiplin ilmu, lebih-lebih ilmu Sejarah tidak bisa berdiri sendiri dan harus meminta bantuan disiplin ilmu lain dalam merekonstruksi sebuah peristiwa sejarah, salah satunya adalah cabang ilmu yang membantu adalah cabang dari Ilmu Geografi yakni Geografi Sejarah. Untuk memudahkan mempelajari geografi, maka disederhanakan menjadi tiga cabang, yaitu (1) Geografi regional; (2) Geografi fisik; dan (3) dan geografi manusia.
Pada cabang ketiga Geografi Manusia; geografi manusia adalah ilmu yang mempelajari hubungan dan pengaruh timbal balik antara alam dengan manusia. Geografi Manusia meliputi (1) Antropologi, yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari tentang kebudayaan manusia. (2) Demografi, yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari tentang susunan, jumlah, dan perkembangan penduduk. (3) Geografi sosial, yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari tentang hubungan dan pengaruh timbal balik antara alam dengan manusia. (4) Geografi desa-kota, yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari tentang desa dan kota. (5) Geografi ekonomi, yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari tentang keadaan ekonomi di suatu tempat. (6) Geografi politik, yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari tentang politik di beberapa wilayah geografis. (7) Geografi sejarah, yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari tentang sejarah di suatu wilayah geografis. (8) Geografi militer, yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari tentang aspek militer ditinjau dari kondisi geografinya. (9) Paleontologi, yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari tentang fosil. (10) Arkeologi, yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari tentang kepurbakalaan. (11) Sosiologi, yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari tentang kemasyarakatan. Dari cabang ketiga geografi manusia inilah terdapat geografi sejarah.
Dari 11 (sebelas) komponen sub Cabang Ketiga; Geografi Manusia, maka Geografi Sejarah masuk pada komponen 7 (tujuh) Geografi sejarah, yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari tentang sejarah di suatu wilayah geografis. Nama Geohistori memang terasa baru dan muncul pada kurikulum KKNI tahun 2017, tidak lain adalah perubahan dari nama Geografi Sejarah atau Geografi Kesejarahan yang sudah cukup dikenal dilingkup Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah FKIP/IKIP/maupun ilmu sejarah di Indonesia.
Pada tahun 1960-an Soebantardjo, dalam usahanya menghubung-hubungkan peranan lingkungan geografis dengan sejarah regional mengusulkan dikembangkannya geohistori dalam kurikulum pendidikan guru sejarah di lingkungan IKIP. Menurut Soebantardjo geohistori adalah suatu ilmu yang menyelidiki, membahas, menetapkan peranan alam di dalam penentuan jalannya sejarah, serta mencari hukum-hukumnya. (Soebantardjo, 1967:9-17). Jadi perubahan kembali nama Geografi Sejarah menjadi Geohistori bukan lah hal yang baru namun sudah pernah digagas oleh Soebantardjo sejak tahun 1967. Namun baru tahun 2017 muncul nama Geohistori yang masuk dalam kurikulum mata kuliah di lingkup Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah FKIP Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, kemudian karena Visi-Misi Universitas Lambung Mangkurat menyangkut lahan basah, maka mata kuliah ini dibubungkan dengan peristiwa-peristiwa sejarah yang dibangun dan pernah ada di kawasan lahan basah di Nusantara, maka mata kuliah tersebut bernama Geohistori Lahan Basah.
Perkembangan geografi sejarah di Perancis oleh Ger Harmsen (1968) dalam Inleiding tot de geschiedenis, Bilthoven, memakai istilah Geohistorie sangat berbeda dengan di Inggris, Belanda dan Jerman. Dalam melihat ilmu sejarah kadangkala dicampuradukan istilah seperti faktor sejarah, kekuatan sejarah dan momen sejarah. Proses sejarah semakin didesak dengan cara-cara yang makin eksak, untuk itulah para sejarawan berusaha mengadakan pendekatan dengan bantuan ilmu sosiologi, ekonomi, politikologi dan antropologi. Umumnya para sarjana yang bukan berlatarbelakang sejarawan berusaha mengolah bagian-bagian sejarah secara matang, meskipun aneka penyusunan teori diserahkannya kembali kepada para sejarawan.
Para pengikut aliran filsafat Strukturalisme (1949) di Perancis misalnya Frenand Braudel berusaha keras untuk menyelidiki struktur sejarah daripada peristiwa-peristiwanya, untuk itu ia mengelompokkan proses sejarah dengan tiga bagian proses, salah satu proses struktural atau proses dasar yang berlangsung amat lambat, perubahan yang di dapat di dalamnya baru akan nampak beberapa abad kemudian, proses panjang inilah yang disebut dengan geohistorie. Jadi istilah geohistori sudah dikenal di Eropa dan di Indonesia sejak tahun 1949 dan berlanjut hingga tahun 1968.
Istilah Lahan Basah atau dalam Bahasa Inggris disebut wetland menunjukkan sebuah wilayah geografis dimana tanahnya jenuh dengan air, baik bersifat permanen maupun musiman. Wilayah-wilayah itu sebagian atau seluruhnya kadang tergenang oleh lapisan air yang dangkal. Digolongkan wilayah lahan basah diantaranya adalah rawa-rawa (termasuk rawa bakau), paya, gambut. Air yang menggenang lahan basah dapat digolongkan air tawar, air payau dan air asin. Berdasarkan fakta-fakta sejarah di Nusantara ternyata kerajaan-kerajaan yang pernah hadir terdapat beberapa wilayah geografis kerajaan yang dibangun berkembang hingga ke puncak kejayaannya di masa lampau dengan keadaan disekitar lahan basah, terutama berhubungan dengan keadaan yang menyesuaikan kehidupan tatanan budaya maritim, lahirlah kerajaan maritim muara sungai, maritim pesisir pantai dan samudera yang kondisinya tanahnya berhubungan dengan lahan basah. Misalnya Kerajaan Kutai di Kalimantan Timur, Kerajaan Majapahit di Jawa Timur, Kerajaan Demak di utara Jawa Tengah, Kerajaan Sriwijaya di Sumatera, Kerajaan Samudra Pasai, kerajaan-kerajaan di Kalimantan Selatan (Kerajaan Negara Dipa, Kerajaan Negara Daha dan Kesultanan Banjarmasin), serta banyak kerajaan Nusantara lainnya yang kenyataannya pusat kerajaan dan wilayah negaranya berada di lahan basah. Secara geografis peristiwa sejarah memungkinkan terjadi dan dikendalikan pemerintahan negara kerajaan dari wilayah yang kondisinya berada pada lahan basah.
Buku ini disadari masih banyak kekurangannya, mengingat keterbatasan sumber-sumber literatur maupun jurnal ilmiah mengenai geografi kesejarahan (geohistori), sehingga masih dirasa kurang untuk komparatif rekonstruksi mengenai hakekat Geografi Sejarah (geohistori) beserta substansinya, walaupun masih tertolong dengan literatur nasional dan situs-internet. Semoga tulisan ini bermanfaat bagi mahasiswa peserta kuliah Geohistori Lahan Basah maupun siapa saja yang membaca dan menelaahnya demi kemajuan penulisan ilmiah dan konstruktif pemikiran ilmu sejarah dan geografi.
Rapid infrastructural development, triggered by the economic policies implemented in 1991, subsequently modified the river channel planform of the Terai region of northern West Bengal, India, through perceptible channel fragmentation, excessive in-channel sediment mining and rampant landuse alterations of the floodplains. In this context, this study has attempted to assess the impacts of anthropogenic interventions on fluvial regime of the lower reaches of Balason and Mahananda River of the sub-Himalayan region over the last 30 years by adopting a combined methodological framework of remote sensing and field survey. Results showed that initially the naturally vegetated areas had converted into crop land and grass land, tea plantation or bare land, and afterwards, the majority of it had been converted into built-ups. Besides, a noticeable amount of channel narrowing was directly proportionate to unrestricted sediment mining and embanking of the river channels, evidenced between 1987 and 2017. Comparison of measured multi-temporal channel width along with cross-profiles showed remarkable channel narrowing (18.8 m/year) as well as significant bed lowering (3.15 m). Studies reveal that the rivers have started showing signs of losing their existing equilibrium condition and if that happens then that will lead to the sinking of the ground water table, decreasing flood occurrence interval, destabilization of existing infrastructures associated with rivers, and destruction of river ecology. In order to restore the state of socio-hydrological as well as eco-hydrological amenities of these rivers, certain recommendations have also been made towards promoting the wise use of riverine resources by the local communities and policy makers.
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