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The order and priority of research and design method application within an assistive technology new product development process: a summative content analysis of 20 case studies
Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology
Abstract
Summative content analysis was used to define methods and heuristics from each case study. The review process was in two parts: (1) A literature review to identify conventional research methods and (2) a summative content analysis of published case studies, based on the identified methods and heuristics to suggest an order and priority of where and when were used. Over 200 research and design methods and design heuristics were identified. From the review of the 20 case studies 42 were identified as being applied. The majority of methods and heuristics were applied in phase two, market choice. There appeared a disparity between the limited numbers of methods frequently used, under 10 within the 20 case studies, when hundreds were available.
• Implications for Rehabilitation
• The communication highlights a number of issues that have implication for those involved in assistive technology new product development:
• •The study defined over 200 well-established research and design methods and design heuristics that are available for use by those who specify and design assistive technology products, which provide a comprehensive reference list for practitioners in the field;
• •The review within the study suggests only a limited number of research and design methods are regularly used by industrial design focused assistive technology new product developers; and,
• •Debate is required within the practitioners working in this field to reflect on how a wider range of potentially more effective methods and heuristics may be incorporated into daily working practice.
... Recent review articles by one of the authors highlighted that choice of research and design methods used within AT product development was still limited to a fraction of the available methods to apply, around ten from the 200 plus available. (Torrens 2018) Similarly, a review of the communication formats used by AT product design developers showed only a quarter of the 41 available were used. (Torrens 2017: 262-276) This further supports the suggestion the LUCAT process is still relevant. ...
An estimated 518 students were taught the Loughborough User Centred Assistive Technology design process, LUCAT, since 2000. Graduates were contacted via a professional networking website to take part in a survey with four being interviewed. The purpose of the survey was to find out if: 1) Did they still use any parts of the process; and 2) Where they had applied them. The respondents ranged from returning placement undergraduates to senior managers in research and development within major companies. From the 105 respondents 23% stated they used parts of the LUCAT process every working day, a further 25% once a week and 27% once a month. The elements of the process used were predominantly semi-structured interviews, concept generation, codesign, design presentation and feedback. Respondents highlighted the benefits of using this process including gaining insights from users, being time efficient, saving money, developing a relationship with end users and making a difference to the lives of people with disability. It was suggested some industries had still not incorporated a User Centred Design approach within New Product Development. The use of the process was shown to be useful beyond AT product design into most areas of design activity.
... Each time a theme was identified within the text, this was coded and is reflected in the frequency data (Torrens, 2018). The frequencies for the interviews, observation and document analysis data are shown in Table 3. Frequencies should not be taken to imply importance, issues may not be mentioned as interviewees may believe that they are obvious, unimportant or of a sensitive nature. ...
People have the power to make an innovation a success or a failure. Corporate decision makers act as both facilitators and barriers to the introduction of technologies into their organisations. Psychological factors clearly have an impact on their decisions and acceptance behaviours, but these have not been fully explored. Consequently, an understanding of these factors is essential for organisations who wish to accelerate technology adoption as well as for innovators who face numerous barriers when introducing their new products to the industrial market.
The upstream oil and gas (O&G) industry has been characterised as reluctant to adopt new technology. The analysis of three technology introduction case studies in the UK offshore O&G sector (including interviews with 22 personnel involved in developing and commercially buying new technology) confirmed the influence of 15 psychological factors on organisational technology adoption decision making. These have been organized into a framework (P-TAF) consisting of six categories of psychological constructs, namely: personality, attitudes, motivation, social, cognitive, and organisational factors. With further development, this preliminary framework can be used to develop interventions that support the successful technology uptake in O&G and in other sectors experiencing resistance to the introduction of new technology.
Eastern and Western cultures both observe various traditional rituals at weddings. Wedding invitations contain written information such as the bride and groom’s names, the wedding location and the ceremony time, as well as nonverbal visual elements in the design that can signal certain rituals. The nonverbal visual elements spread the couples’ delight and reflect their positive emotions. The visual elements are arranged on the wedding invitations based on symbolic meanings and information hierarchy. The aesthetic components and visual language applications such as typeface, colour and typographic arrangement of the wedding invitations represent socio-cultural and emotional links. Few comprehensive studies of wedding invitation designs have been undertaken. This chapter will examine the visual interpretations associated with the design of both Eastern and Western wedding invitations. An interactionist review of visual attributes has been conducted to comprehend the Eastern and Western visual literary discourses. Wedding invitations from both cultures are selected and used as visual literary discourse analysis examples.KeywordsWedding invitation designVisual interpretationSocio-cultural connectionsPositive emotionsVisual attributes
Decoding the ever-evolving consumer behavior is one of the biggest challenges faced by marketers around the world. The future of consumer behavior research is put into question by the advances in data science. Today, when consumers are all the time exposed to new technologies, trends such as facial recognition, artificial intelligence, and voice technology did not advance as rapidly as predicted, marketing intelligence gained a significant share of the spotlight. This paper gives an overview of possible ways to anticipate consumer data intelligence development from the perspectives of a robust data set and deep artificial intelligence expertise for better understanding, modeling, and predicting consumer behavior. Showing that marketing cannot happen in isolation in the era of digital overexposure, it requires a deeper understanding of consumer behavior. Data scientists, analysts, and marketers around the world have to work together to increase consumer loyalty, grow revenue, and improve the predictiveness of their models and effectiveness of their marketing spend. Efficiently integrating consumer behavior data into marketing strategies can help companies improve their approach towards attracting and winning the diverse and dynamic consumer segments and retaining them. This synthesis of current research will be helpful to both researchers and practitioners that work on the use of data science to understand and predict consumer behavior, as well as those making long-range planning marketing decisions.
Decoding the ever-evolving consumer behavior is one of the biggest challenges faced by marketers around the world. The future of consumer behavior research is put into question by the advances in data science. Today, when consumers are all the time exposed to new technologies, trends such as facial recognition, artificial intelligence, and voice technology did not advance as rapidly as predicted, marketing intelligence gained a significant share of the spotlight. This paper gives an overview of possible ways to anticipate consumer data intelligence development from the perspectives of a robust data set and deep artificial intelligence expertise for better understanding, modeling, and predicting consumer behavior. Showing that marketing cannot happen in isolation in the era of digital overexposure, it requires a deeper understanding of consumer behavior. Data scientists, analysts, and marketers around the world have to work together to increase consumer loyalty, grow revenue, and improve the predictiveness of their models and effectiveness of their marketing spend. Efficiently integrating consumer behavior data into marketing strategies can help companies improve their approach towards attracting and winning the diverse and dynamic consumer segments and retaining them. This synthesis of current research will be helpful to both researchers and practitioners that work on the use of data science to understand and predict consumer behavior, as well as those making long-range planning marketing decisions.
A relevant approach to increase success on products or services is based on customer oriented product design. In this case, the product will support expected requirements while meeting specific characteristic of attributes of particular type of products. Developing new products is an essential ability to compete in markets where important factors appear like globalization, customer demand and quality of products. Due that multi-criteria decision aids approaches are becoming relevant for the product design, thereby preference aggregation and disaggregation approaches complement existing methods in this area, since customer preferences need to be regarded and aggregated to customer preferences models concerning the target market. Besides that, customer needs to express their preference in an easy-to-answer format, taking into consideration they will not be surveyed again. This chapter is focused on describing a heuristic algorithm for product development, particularity focused on a case study of Agrifood products. The heuristic models customer preferences through the disaggregation of global preferences on corn toast products. The use of heuristics for disaggregating and modelling customer preferences has important implications for marketing managers concerning the development of new products, regarding they can be developed from consumer preferences expressed on attributes on known products.
Product packaging design is often produced through the practical application of tacit knowledge, rule of thumb and professional connoisseurship. Stakeholders are becoming increasingly demanding that design practitioners provide clarity of reasoning and accountability for their design proposals. Therefore, a better framework for the design of fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) is required. This paper proposes a comprehensive taxonomy of ‘design considerations’ to assist the development of low involvement FMCG packaging and aid in rationale communication for design solutions. 302 academic sources were reviewed, inductive content analysis performed to code topics and output validation with academic and industry experts (n=9) through a modified-Delphi card sorting method. The research provides movement towards a comprehensive framework and common dialogue between stakeholders, practitioners and managers to assist in more effectively communicating the value that design can offer to FMCGs. The constructed taxonomy provides a set of 156 ‘design considerations’ to support in objective and informed design decision-making.
Product packaging design is often produced through the practical application of tacit knowledge, rule of thumb and professional connoisseurship. Stakeholders are becoming increasingly demanding that design practitioners provide clarity of reasoning and accountability for their design proposals. Therefore, a better framework for the design of fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) is required. This paper proposes a comprehensive taxonomy of ‘design considerations’ to assist the development of low involvement FMCG packaging and aid in rationale communication for design solutions. 302 academic sources were reviewed, inductive content analysis performed to code topics and output validation with academic and industry experts (n=9) through a modified-Delphi card sorting method. The research provides movement towards a comprehensive framework and common dialogue between stakeholders, practitioners and managers to assist in more effectively communicating the value that design can offer to FMCGs. The constructed taxonomy provides a set of 156 ‘design considerations’ to support in objective and informed design decision-making.
Keywords: FMCG; New Product Development; Packaging; Design Decision-Making; Design Practice Management
Why is it important for a designer to realize products and services for people who are elderly and/or disabled? The answer to this question may be provided by the author’s own decision to work in this field. As a young designer in the 1980s, he wanted to make a difference to the quality of life of those in his society. On review of areas within which one could work, it was clear that medical or rehabilitation technology/assistive technology (RT/AT) product design would make the greatest impact on the target user’s quality of life. Papanek (1974) advocated these areas as ones in which designers should aspire to work; he was many years ahead of the design establishment. From a societal viewpoint, using technology to enable people to be more independent and engage with society increases the potential help that finite resources can provide within a provision of care. It also facilitates the empowerment of an individual, enhancing their personal esteem, and supporting well-being. Over the last 20 years, the author has designed enabling products for people who are elderly and those who have some form of impairment.
This commentary reflects on a series of published research articles, 1996-2013, that form a PhD thesis by publication. The articles offer evidence of research into best practice relating to Assistive Technology (AT) product design as a specialist section of Industrial Design (ID). The aim of the research has been to provide AT product developers with a methodology that ordered and prioritised the application of proven research methods, design methods and design heuristics; as well as, to highlight the fundamental concepts that underpin the methodology.
This commentary provides a review of the methods applied and discussion of their efficacy within each case study. The series of articles, evaluated at a meta-analysis level in the second part of the commentary, address the following research questions: 1) What is the optimum order and priority of conventional design methods, heuristics and research methods when applied within a new product development process for assistive technology products?, 2) Through a meta-analysis of case studies, are there key aspects that underpin an optimum AT-ID process?
From the review, 61 research methods, design methods and heuristics were defined. An order of methods and heuristics identified some methods that were used throughout all phases of a NPD process that included literature review, benchmarking, mixed methods and participatory research. The methods and heuristics used in all phases highlighted a user-centred approach and the close collaboration with end users and stakeholders. There was also a focus of methods and heuristics around phase 2 of the 5 design process phases defined by Martin and Hannington. The critical review also highlighted key underpinning aspects that helped optimise an Industrial Design approach to ID-AT NPD. These were 1) creating a format for dialogue within the constraints of perception and 2) previous experience and the application of ethically sound protocols for the whole process. Lastly the change of terminology and attitudes of those working the Assistive Technology industry highlighted the need for more research into social acceptance of all aspects of Assistive Technology and the perception of disability from those living with impairment and by UK society as a whole.
The Delphi Technique has been useful in educational settings in
forming guidelines, standards, and in predicting trends. Judd lists these major uses of
the Delphi Technique in higher education: (a) cost-effectiveness, (b) cost?benefit
analysis, (c) curriculum and campus planning, and (d) university-wide educational goals
and objectives. The thorough Delphi researcher seeks to reconcile the Delphi consensus
with current literature, institutional research, and the campus environment. This
triangle forms a sound base for responsible research practice. This book gives an
overview of the Delphi Technique and the primary uses of this technique in research.
This article on the Delphi Technique will give the researcher an invaluable resource for
learning about the Delphi Technique and for applying this method in educational research
projects.
This paper describes an assistive technology to provide blind or visually impaired people with the capacity to distinguish the color of objects and the ability to operate a domestic appliance. The work was evaluated through the implementation and test of an electronic prototype to analyze the clothing colors in a washing machine and inform the user both the colors and the current machine status using audio messages. This work is innovative by creating a full integrated solution for a domestic appliance, resulting in advantages for visual impairment individuals.
This paper provides education-based researchers and practitioners with the preferred research and design methods used by Higher Education Institute (HEI) students and Key Stage 3 (KS3) pupils applied within a participatory approach to a design activity. The outcomes were that both pupils and students found informal (unstructured) interview to be effective in creating dialogue alongside meeting in person. Students commented on the friendly environment created by staff within which the pupils felt safe to express themselves. They found the co-design activity in some cases difficult due to communication issues. Recommendations are that the HEI students would benefit from a thorough literature review of the medical conditions associated with the pupils and their school activities; an initial informal meeting or group activity involving students and pupils would reduce shyness and perform an icebreaking role prior to the initial interview; the use of drawing templates or low resolution sketch models for pupils to draw on or handle and modify to help define a product specification; and, role playing alongside other visual prompts that enable the pupils to visualise the function of the student-proposed designs. Pupils benefited through seeing professional techniques of visual communication and design practices being applied during the collaboration.
The evaluation and assessment of appropriate design approaches for usable human-machine interfaces is at the heart of ergonomics. A Guide to Methodology in Ergonomics arises from work, carried out by Neville Stanton for the EPSRC/Department of Transport, to compile and review a pool of methodologies currently used throughout the human factors world. The book describes this range of methodologies, and provides evidence of "real-world" validity and reliability. The costs and benefits for each are assessed, as are the usability and applicability.
Assistive technology enables people to achieve independence in the accomplishment of their daily tasks and enhance their quality of life. However, the development os assistive technology does not always follow user needs and expectations, comprising their usability and effectiveness. This paper discusses the design and evaluation strategies for assistive technologies applied to a blind navigation system case study. The research carried out focused on the gathering of user requirements for ensuring enhanced autonomy of blind people in their daily life. The picked requirements were used in an architecture that unifies the benefits of a redundant blind navigation system with a set of services that are provided by daily used information and communication technologies. The system combines guidance, navigation and information gathering, extending traditional aids with realtime knowledge of the surrounding environment to provide an enhanced assistive tool for autonomy of the blinds. Moreover, the developed solution fills the gap of existing solutions that require the users to carry a wide range of devices and, mostly, do not include mechanisms to ensure the autonomy of users in the event of system failure.
Power wheelchairs (PWCs) can have a positive impact on user well-being, self-esteem, pain, activity and participation. Newly developed intelligent power wheelchairs (IPWs), allowing autonomous or collaboratively-controlled navigation, could enhance mobility of individuals not able to use, or having difficulty using, standard PWCs. The objective of this study was to explore the perspectives of PWC users (PWUs) and their caregivers regarding if and how IPWs could impact on current challenges faced by PWUs, as well as inform current development of IPWs. A qualitative exploratory study using individual interviews was conducted with PWUs (n = 12) and caregivers (n = 4). A semi-structured interview guide and video were used to facilitate informed discussion regarding IPWs. Thematic analysis revealed three main themes: (1) "challenging situations that may be overcome by an IPW" described how the IPW features of obstacle avoidance, path following, and target following could alleviate PWUs' identified mobility difficulties; (2) "cautious optimism concerning IPW use revealed participants" addresses concerns regarding using an IPW as well as technological suggestions; (3) "defining the potential IPW user" revealed characteristics of PWUs that would benefit from IPW use. Findings indicate how IPW use may help overcome PWC difficulties and confirm the importance of user input in the ongoing development of IPWs.
Assistive Technologies are specialized products aiming to partly compensate for the loss of autonomy experienced by disabled people. Because they address special needs in a highly-segmented market, they are often considered as niche products. To improve their design and make them tend to Universality, we propose the EMFASIS framework (Extended Modularity, Functional Accessibility, and Social Integration Strategy). We first elaborate on how this strategy conciliates niche and Universalist views, which may appear conflicting at first sight. We then present three examples illustrating its application for designing Assistive Technologies: the design of an overbed table, an upper-limb powered orthose and a powered wheelchair. We conclude on the expected outcomes of our strategy for the social integration and participation of disabled people.Relevance to industryOur design framework is expected to stimulate innovation in the field of Assistive Technology. The three examples provided are intended to make the EMFASIS principles easier to understand and apply for designers and manufacturers.
Stereotyping stands in need of serious re-appraisal. This book provides a critical assessment of the concept and its use in the social sciences, considering its theoretical basis and historical development and linking these closely to the concept of the Other. As the first sustained book-length treatment of stereotyping in either sociology or media and cultural studies, the text embraces such key topics as nationalism and national identity, gender, racism and imperialism, normality and social order, and the figure of the stranger in the modern city. It is genuinely interdisciplinary, moving between sociology, social psychology, cultural history, psychoanalysis and postcolonial theory, and offers an indispensable examination of the roots of prejudice and bigotry in modern societies.
Originally published 1992 What’s Wrong With Ethnography? provides a fresh look at the rationale for and distinctiveness of ethnographic research in sociology, education and related fields. Relativism, critical theory, the uniqueness of the case study and the distinction between qualitative and quantitative research are all examined and found wanting as a basis for informed ethnography. The policy and political implications of ethnography are a particular focus of attention. The author compels the reader to re-examine some basic methodological assumptions in an exciting way.
To a scientist, “designing” may mean devising an experimental method or procedure. To an architect, design can involve structures or material selection. In contrast to scientists, people who think of themselves foremost as designers will concentrate their efforts on producing as many solutions as possible for the design problem, rather than analyze the problem in the way scientists do (Lawson 1979). The difference is a practical one of how to deal with a problem, not one of how the word design is interpreted.
Packed with more than 200 colour illustrations, Visual Research explores a range of research methods that can be used by graphic designers and visual communicators in the development of clear and purposeful design solutions. The book introduces key terms and theories that underlie design research; examining the importance of visual grammar and design literacy, audience, communication theory and semiotics.
Each chapter features case studies that demonstrate how the use of research methods can form the basis of effective visual communication and design problem solving, eschewing end product analysis for a discussion of the way research feeds into the design process.
The third edition features new case studies in each chapter, updated design exercises and a new chapter on design-led tools and information design methods, in relation to both print and on-screen design.
Cambridge Core - General - Qualitative Research for the Information Professional - by G. E. Gorman
Inclusive design, universal design and universal access are long standing, familiar terms with clear and laudable goals. However, their teaching and industrial uptake has been very limited. Many products still exclude users unnecessarily for reasons ranging from corporate insensitivity and the size of the market for inclusive products to the individual designer's inability to design them.
This pragmatic approach to making inclusive design desirable to industry addresses these issues and discusses why existing methods have failed to be assimilated into industry. Through the use of case studies and examples, Countering Design Exclusion introduces the mind-set necessary to think through the challenges raised by inclusive design and to adapt their solutions to the needs of particular companies. The practical outlook will appeal to anyone who wishes to take account of the largest possible part of the population in their designs.
After collecting qualitative data from in-depth interviews, focus groups, or field observations, students and researchers often struggle to make sense of it. This step-by-step guide draws on the authors' many years of experience carrying out qualitative research and conducting trainings on the subject. Their book describes how to analyze qualitative data in a systematic and rigorous way. The authors introduce and outline applied thematic analysis, an inductive approach that draws on established and innovative theme-based techniques suited to the applied research context. Chapters follow the sequence of activities in the analysis process and also include discussions of mixed methods, choosing the most appropriate software, and how to write up and present the results.
"This book presents what all of the books I've tried to use in the past have failed to present—how to analyze qualitative data."—Catherine C. Schifter, Temple University
"This book does a wonderful job of explaining how important thematic analysis is for producing good research, and it uses rich and detailed examples to do it."—Matthew Hartley, University of Pennsylvania
Globally, the number of visually impaired people is large and increasing. Many assistive technologies are being developed to help visually impaired people, because they still have difficulty accessing assistive technologies that have been developed from a technology-driven perspective. This study applied a user-centered perspective to get different and hopefully deeper understanding of the interaction experiences. More specifically, this study focused on identifying the unique interaction experiences of visually impaired people when they use a camera application on a smartphone. Twenty participants conducted usability testing using the retrospective think aloud technique. The unique interaction experiences of visually impaired people with the camera application, and relevant implications for designing assistive technologies were analyzed. Relevance to industry The considerations for conducting usability testing and the results of this study are expected to contribute to the design and evaluation of new assistive technologies based on smartphones.
Design is changing, and to educate the next generation of designers, these changes need to be addressed. In light of the growing role research and interdisciplinary collaboration play in contemporary design performance, Design Integrations calls for an innovative shake up in design education. Poggenpohl asserts that design research is developed through a typology within academic and business contexts, and follows different research theories and strategies. Such issues in design collaboration are explored in-depth, with essays on an inter-institutional academic project, cross-cultural learning experiences, and a multi-national healthcare project, demonstrating the importance of shared values, interdisciplinary negotiated process and clear communication for tomorrow’s designers.
The right clothing and equipment is of vital importance to the survival and effectiveness of military personnel. Advances in military textiles and personal equipment summarises key research on the design, manufacture and applications of military textiles. Beginning with an overview of design issues, part one explores anthropometric methods, psychological, colour and camouflage issues related to the successful design of military textiles. Materials and design issues in military helmets, footwear and hand wear are also reviewed. Part two goes on to consider applications of particular types of military clothing and equipment, including optimisation of body armour design, high performance ballistic protection using polymer nanocomposite technology as well as advances in materials and modelling of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear protective clothing. Finally, Advances in military textiles and personal equipment looks specifically at designing load carriage and advanced hydration systems for military personnel.
The ultimate goal of this book is to identify the underlying functionality of the human hand in prehension. We address 2 questions: the question of what is the nature of the human hand and the question of what might be involved in the CNS as it controls this marvelous tool in prehension. Our approach is based on the assumption that a complete model of grasping must be developed and validated both empirically and computationally. The approach is 3-fold: we use behavioral evidence, biological data, and computational results to further develop and validate models of prehensile functions. In contrast to a reductionist approach, we focus on sensorimotor integration processes, which are more than the simple sum of the motor and the sensory components.
This chapter highlights the roles of the various senses and their interplay when people interact with different products. Besides highlighting the key theoretical debates in this area, the discussion centers on empirical data gathered in well-controlled experimental studies, as well as on survey data. It also highlights a number of examples where the theoretical principles of multisensory perception have actually been incorporated and tested in the design of everyday products. It describes a particular topic and then critically discusses a number of scientific studies that have investigated this topic. Typically, each topic can be characterized not only by its content but also by the specific approaches and research methods that are used. Additionally, where possible it outlines how this knowledge is used or can be used in the development of new products. It reviews what happens when people switch their attention between different sensory systems. Given that the senses typically do not work in isolation, but rather operate as an integrated whole, it discusses the links that people experience intuitively between phenomena occurring in different sensory modalities and the ways in which sensory information from the different modalities is integrated into a holistic product experience. Furthermore, it highlights some of the important emerging challenges currently facing researchers and designers in the area of multisensory product design.
Preface Part I. Foundations of Research 1. Science, Schooling, and Educational Research Learning About the Educational World The Educational Research Approach Educational Research Philosophies Conclusions 2. The Process and Problems of Educational Research Educational Research Questions Educational Research Basics The Role of Educational Theory Educational Research Goals Educational Research Proposals, Part I Conclusions 3. Ethics in Research Historical Background Ethical Principles Conclusions 4. Conceptualization and Measurement Concepts Measurement Operations Levels of Measurement Evaluating Measures Conclusions 5. Sampling Sample Planning Sampling Methods Sampling Distributions Conclusions Part II. Research Design and Data Collection 6. Causation and Research Design Causal Explanation Criteria for Causal Explanations Types of Research Designs True Experimental Designs Quasi-Experimental Designs Threats to Validity in Experimental Designs Nonexperiments Conclusions 7. Evaluation Research What Is Evaluation Research? What Can an Evaluation Study Focus On? How Can the Program Be Described? Creating a Program Logic Model What Are the Alternatives in Evaluation Design? Ethical Issues in Evaluation Research Conclusions 8. Survey Research Why Is Survey Research So Popular? Errors in Survey Research Questionnaire Design Writing Questions Survey Design Alternatives Combining Methods Survey Research Design in a Diverse Society Ethical Issues in Survey Research Conclusions 9. Qualitative Methods: Observing, Participating, Listening Fundamentals of Qualitative Research Participant Observation Intensive Interviewing Focus Groups Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Methods Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research Conclusions 10. Single-Subject Design Foundations of Single-Subject Design Measuring Targets of Intervention Types of Single-Subject Designs Analyzing Single-Subject Designs Ethical Issues in Single-Subject Design Conclusions 11. Mixing and Comparing Methods and Studies Mixed Methods Comparing Reserch Designs Performing Meta-Analyses Conclusions 12. Teacher Research and Action Research Teacher Research: Three Case Studies Teacher Research: A Self-Planning Outline for Creating Your Own Project Action Research and How It Differs From Teacher Research Validity and Ethical Issues in Teacher Research and Action Research Conclusions Part III. Analyzing and Reporting Data 13. Quantitative Data Analysis Why We Need Statistics Preparing Data for Analysis Displaying Univariate Distributions Summarizing Univariate Distributions Relationships (Associations) Among Variables Presenting Data Ethically: How Not to Lie With Statistics Conclusions 14. Qualitative Data Analysis Features of Qualitative Data Analysis Techniques of Qualitative Data Analysis Alternatives in Qualitative Data Analysis Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Ethics in Qualitative Data Analysis Conclusions 15. Proposing and Reporting Research Educational Research Proposals, Part II Reporting Research Ethics, Politics, and Research Reports Conclusions Appendix A: Questions to Ask About a Research Article Appendix B: How to Read a Research Article Appendix C: Finding Information, by Elizabeth Schneider and Russell K. Schutt Appendix D: Table of Random Numbers Glossary References Author Index Subject Index About the Authors
Introduction: psychological responses to design psychological explanations. Part 1 Nature or culture?: biological explanations preferences for landscape personal spaces. Part 2 Form and design: formal laws of beauty the good gestalt complexity and familiarity - Berlyne's theory. Part 3 Meaning and design: meaning and emotion the unconscious meanings of objects the classification of meanings objects as symbols of the self. Part 4 Function and design: ergonomics and the effectiveness of design making sense of visual displays communicating with the computer. Part 5 Form, meaning, function: colour multi-model perception form, meaning and function conclusions.
OVERVIEW: The use of targeted focus groups early in the design process allows new-product developers to refine specific design functions and features for a new product with direct input from the product’s targeted users. Down range in the product development process, these same end users are reconvened to review functional prototypes of the product prior to its initial production run. An effective approach to new product development or product refinement allows consumers to provide the “what”—consumer wants, needs, and expectations for the new product—while product designers provide the “how,” defining how the product will fill those wants and needs. This process has been employed successfully in conjunction with a university-based partner organization, with the data obtained from the targeted focus groups resulting in the successful development and transfer of new technologies into the marketplace. This paper presents a case study demonstrating how a small technology company employed the process to develop a product that was well received by its target market.
Visualizing Research guides postgraduate students in art and design through the development and implementation of a research project, using the metaphor of a 'journey of exploration'. For use with a formal programme of study, from masters to doctoral level, the book derives from the creative relationship between research, practice and teaching in art and design. It extends generic research processes into practice-based approaches more relevant to artists and designers, introducing wherever possible visual, interactive and collaborative methods. The Introduction and Chapter 1 'Planning the Journey' define the concept and value of 'practice-based' formal research, tracking the debate around its development and explaining key concepts and terminology. ’Mapping the Terrain’ then describes methods of contextualizing research in art and design (the contextual review, using reference material); ’Locating Your Position’ and ’Crossing the Terrain’ guide the reader through the stages of identifying an appropriate research question and methodological approach, writing the proposal and managing research information. Methods of evaluation and analysis are explored, and of strategies for reporting and communicating research findings are suggested. Appendices and a glossary are also included. Visualizing Research draws on the experience of researchers in different contexts and includes case studies of real projects. Although written primarily for postgraduate students, research supervisors, managers and academic staff in art and design and related areas, such as architecture and media studies, will find this a valuable research reference. An accompanying website www.visualizingresearch.info includes multimedia and other resources that complement the book.
Cutlery design undergoes extensive evaluation of hand-object interaction, leading to improved products for people with hand use limitations.