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Introduction to ‘Rasashaastra’- The Iatrochemistry of Ayurveda
Abstract
The word Rasashaastra literally means the “Science of Mercury”. It is a specialized branch of Ayurveda dealing mainly with materials which are known as ‘Rasa dravyaas’. The products dealt under this discipline are an important component of Ayurvedic therapeutics. Considering the importance of this discipline in Ayurvedic therapeutics and the fact that there is dearth of comprehensive review on the subject an attempt has been made in this review to provide a brief but all encompassing coverage of different aspects related to it. The subjects covered in the review are : historical background of the evolvement of Rasashaastra as a specialized branch during different time periods; different aspects of classification ‘Rasa dravyaas’; processing of metal and mineral products with a note on the methods used during different time periods; information about methods of pre and post preparation procedures for different kinds of ‘Rasa dravyaas’; importance of mercury in Ayurveda, its processing methods and different preparations along with therapeutic indications. In addition attempt has been made to provide basic information on the metal and mineral based preparations mentioned in Ayurvedic Formulary of India; recent development in the field of Rasashaastra and future requirements for the proper development of the discipline. The main focus is to familiarize the readers, from non-ayurvedic background, on different aspects of this specialized discipline.
Key words: Rasashaastra, Rasa dravyaas, Traditional systems of medicine ,Mineral and metal based formulations Ayurvedic formulations, Iatrochemistry of Ayurveda
doi: 10.4314/ajtcam.v8i5S.1
... It is essentially focused on making the material suitable for pharmaceutical utility rather than the physical and chemical purity of the material under process. 9 The various methods involved in the process of shodhana as per physicochemical characteristics of substances are -abhisheka (sprinkling), achushana (absorption), atapa/agni shoshana (drying), bharjana (frying or roasting), bhavana (levigation), dhalana (melting and quenching), galana (melting and straining), mardana (trituration), nimajjana (dipping), nirjalikarana (evaporation of water), nirvapa (heating and quenching), parishravana (straining), patan (sublimation), prakshalana (washing), prithakikarana (separation), swedana (boiling under a liquid bath), vilayana (elutriation). 10 In the processes of shodhana, explained in Ayurvedic classics, an exact approach is employed at each step in terms of equipment, herbal juices/decoction, and animal products used in the procedures to fulfil the objectives of purification. ...
... These methods not only detoxify the material but also helps in the reduction of hardness and particle size, making the material homogenous and potentiating therapeutic efficacy. 9,11 Concept of Bhavana: Bhavana is a wet grinding process in which the material is completely soaked with a prescribed liquid medium until the liquid has completely evaporated and is dried. Sometimes materials are soaked in a special liquid and left to dry independently without grinding. ...
... Sometimes materials are soaked in a special liquid and left to dry independently without grinding. 9 It transforms the coarse powder to a finer state by size reduction. The bhavana process potentiates the material's therapeutic efficacy by impregnating the media's properties to the material, which leads to unique and suitable physicochemical changes, i.e., induction of trace elements from herbal juices to the material. ...
If used wisely, science is a boon to humanity and, if misused, can be hazardous. Ayurveda is one of the primordial systems of medical science that has elaborated the causes and methods of drug-induced consequences and preventive measures. Every system has some flaws, which need to be noted and rectified no matter how excellent the system is. In rasoushadhis (herbomineral formulations) preparation, specific techniques like shodhana, jarana and marana etc., have been developed to prepare more bio-assimilable forms of rasaushadha dravya. The indications, dose, vehicle, period of drug administration, interval or duration of treatment, diagnosis of the disease, nature or prakriti of the patient, pathya-apathya (favourable-unfavourable regimen) etc., are significant factors that the physician should always consider before they recommend these rasoushadhis to the patients. This review compiles the standard procedures which are adopted during the preparation of rasoushadhis like Shodhana, and Marana, the utility of rasoushadhis in Ashtanga Ayurveda, skin diseases, lifestyle disorders etc. and the rational use of rasoushadhis to understand and highlight the importance and uniqueness of rasoushadhis.
... Ayurvedic formulations are based on herbal products but often include toxic metals and other elements as part of the Rasa Shastra practice [5,7,8]. These elements are used intentionally, as Ayurvedic tradition holds that lead, mercury, copper, gold, iron, silver, tin, and zinc may help restore good health and normal function to the human body [9][10][11]. ...
... This study made a conservative assumption for intake of one 500 mg pill of herbal formulations per day to calculate the toxic metal burden on adherents to Ayurvedic medicine. These assumptions may have underestimated the actual daily intake of metals as interviews with study participants showed these products are often taken in combination with other herbal formulations (range for this study [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. An example was the study individual reporting taking up to 18 different herbal formulations per day in addition to the Indukantham tablets found to have the highest content of lead and Shulagna tablets with the highest levels of chromium and nickel found in this study. ...
Background
Herbal formulations, traditional medicine, and complementary and alternative medicine are used by the majority of the world’s population. Toxicity associated with use of Ayurvedic products due to metal content is an increasingly recognized potential public health problem.
Objectives
Report on toxic metals content of Ayurvedic products obtained during an investigation of lead poisoning among users of Ayurvedic medicine.
Methods
Samples of Ayurvedic formulations were analyzed for metals and metalloids following established US. Environmental Protection Agency methods.
Results
Lead was found in 65% of 252 Ayurvedic medicine samples with mercury and arsenic found in 38 and 32% of samples, respectively. Almost half of samples containing mercury, 36% of samples containing lead and 39% of samples containing arsenic had concentrations of those metals per pill that exceeded, up to several thousand times, the recommended daily intake values for pharmaceutical impurities.
Conclusions
Lack of regulations regarding manufacturing and content or purity of Ayurvedic and other herbal formulations poses a significant global public health problem.
... Acharya Charak worked on "Kaya chikitsa" 4 , Acharya Sushruta worked on Shalya chikitsa 5, and Acharya Kashyapa worked on Kaumarbhritya (Pediatrics). 6 Although the origin of Ayurveda has been unanimously accepted, the thought of expansion of Ayurveda contains different views and votes. Three accepted theories were put forward over the expansion of Ayurveda. ...
The ancient Indian medical system of Ayurveda is examined in this research paper along with the idea of modernism. Ayurveda has a long tradition and has been used for more than 5000 years but in the current era, it has undergone considerable adjustments to make it more applicable and available to modern culture. The paper discusses linking Ayurveda with the modern efforts of strengthening the medical system as well as the present situation of Ayurveda in the world and the upcoming opportunities waiting for it. The implications of combining modern science and technology with the oldest form of medicine are examined in the study, including the incorporation of contemporary scientific research, the adoption of new technologies, and the creation of novel therapeutic approaches. Additionally, the study looks at the difficulties and objections Ayurveda has encountered in its attempts to modernize, including the conflict between tradition and innovation, the requirement for standardization and regulation, and the objection to cultural appropriation. The paper starts by talking about the History of Ayurveda followed by going through the way of its achievements. It also flashes light on the current scenario and its futuristic goals. The paper also talks about the Hurdles that could be faced by Ayurveda in the near future in terms of its growth among the common people before coming to an important Conclusion.
... A specialized branch of Ayurveda -"Rasashaastra" means the "Science of Mercury". Combination of mercury with any drug was supposed to reduce its dose and increase its efficacy 8 . The use of mercury in therapeutics has transformed the management of diseases and the medicines are referred to as bio-enhancers rather than drugs. ...
Pancreatitis is an inflammatory and irreversible disorder of Pancreas, though unpredictable in nature. It's broadly categorized in acute and chronic pancreatitis depending upon the diagnostic parameters. Both types of pancreatitis are managed by using tools of conventional treatment; however natural course of progression of the diseases process remains unbeatable. Pancreatitis may also lead to pancreatic cancer and a tumor marker called Carbohydrate 19-9 antigen (CA 19-9) is being used routinely to accesses the progression of the disease. The normal value of CA 19-9 in the serum is<37 U/mL, whereas, levels more than 300 U/mL are considered definite indicators of pancreatic cancer. Here, we report a case of 52 years old male form Eastern Uttar Pradesh in India who was initially diagnosed for Acute Necrotizing pancreatitis and was treated conservatively by subject experts. Later he suffered with seven more episodes within three years of initial diagnosis and was dealt in emergencies. His clinical condition continued to deteriorate and he lost 15 kg body weight during the course of disease. At this juncture, he opted to a north India based specialty Ayurvedic treatment centre and was treated with metal based Ayurvedic formulations, daily diet of 2000 to 2200 calories and complete mental and physical rest. He responded well to Ayurvedic treatment protocol (ATP) and showed overall improvement. There was also remarkable improvement in his rising CA 19-9 levels, that turned to normal in the first hundred eight days of ATP, which needs to be explored further for its path making therapeutic values.
... Many literatures exists about the methods of preparing metal or mineral based drugs and tests to be carried out to determine the quality of the obtained product. Considering that they are in use since millennium and reports about their toxic effects being few it can be assumed that the earlier Acharyas had mastered the technique of detoxifying these potentially dangerous substances (6). Besides its widespread therapeutic utility we need to establish the scientific data pertaining to its toxicity profile and hence the study was carried out to evaluate its chronic toxicity profile in Wistar albino rats. ...
Tuttha Bhasma (TB) is an important metal based drug used in Ayurveda. It has widespread therapeutic uses in the treatment of metabolic disorders. Despite of its therapeutic utility there is a lack of data related to its safety. Hence the present study was undertaken to evaluate chronic toxicity of TB in Wistar albino rats. Chronic toxicity study was conducted as per AYUSH guidelines 170 and the parameters such as ponderal changes; biochemical, hematological and histopathological examinations were recorded. Based on the overall toxicity profile significant changes in the serum SGPT was noted in therapeutic and higher dose levels. We could see the serum cholesterol, SGOT, SGPT and albumin levels were significantly elevated at lower dose compared to the control group. Histopathology of kidney showed cell infiltration and sections from liver showed mild to moderate fatty changes at higher dose levels. Histopathology of jejunum revealed there was mild to moderate epithelial erosion and shortening of epithelial layer. However overall toxicity study parameters showed the test drug TB is well tolerated and no dose dependent toxicity symptoms were observed. Based on the findings we could conclude that Tuttha bhasma is much safer to use at therapeutic dose level. However, at higher dose levels there are chances of organ toxicity.
... The Ayurveda such as Sushruta, Acharya Charaka, and Vaghbata knew the importance of Bhasma ORIGINAL ARTICLE (calcined formulation) which contains different types of metals such as Cu, Ag, Au, Fe, Zn, and Hg where these are associated with organic macromolecules derived from the herbal extract making these biologically assimilable. [4] These powders are also termed herbometallic preparations as they contain both metallic and herbal ingredients. [5] The matter related to the usage of metal-and mineral-based preparations for the therapeutic purpose is among one of the most controversial issues of the present day. ...
Background: Rajat Bhasma (RB) is a herbomineral formulation used in Ayurvedic practice. The traditional system
of medicine expresses that bhasma contains various metals and minerals, used in different disease conditions but due
to the presence of heavy metals, and is questioned for their safety aspect by regulatory authorities. Phytotherapeutics
require a scientific approach to deliver the components in a sustained manner to increase the patient compliance
and avoid repeated administration. Aim: To study comparative evaluation of herbally prepared silver nanoparticles
and Rajat Bhasma using modern analytical Instruments and acute toxicity study. Materials and Methods: The
ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale) and fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum-graecum) extract were selected
due to its antidiabetic activity and silver in the form of RB is recommended for antidiabetic activity in Ayurveda.
The crude extract was prepared by maceration method and synthesis of silver nanoparticles was done by adding
dropwise extract of herbal in silver nitrate solution. Further, acute oral toxicity was performed on Wistar albino
rat. Results and Discussion: Herbal silver nanoparticles (HSNs) were comparatively evaluated with RB using
modern analytical technics. Acute toxicity study revealed the safety of HSN over the RB. Conclusion: Integrating
nanoscience as a novel drug delivery system (NDDS) in traditional medicine enriches the potential of herbal drugs
for treating chronic diseases. In the present study, HSNs were prepared using ginger rhizomes (Z. officinale) and
fenugreek seeds (T. foenum-graecum) extracts and were compared with marketed RB by employing acute toxicity
studies and characterization was done using ultraviolet spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, particle size
analyzer, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The results of the study showed that
HSN can be an alternative for herbomineral formulations.
... It is effective in acute viral hepatitis, possesses significant effects on recovery of the liver function and hepatoprotective effect against CCl 4 -induced liver injury [27]. Ar sakuṭh ara Rasa containing Rasa, Gandhka, Abhraka, Tankana etc. Abhrak bhasma (mica-based) is reported to possess hepatoprotective, anabolic, immunomodulatory effects [28]. Acharya Sushruta advocated the use of Kasisadi Taila in Dushta Vrana, external application of Kasisadi Taila helps in cleaning the wound and helps in easy healing. ...
Liver abscesses are purulent collections in the liver parenchyma that result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection. The Antibiotics, percutaneous drainage and surgery are the only therapeutic solution for this condition. A 30-year young gentleman a diagnosed case of multiple Amoebic liver abscesses visited at All India Institute of Ayurveda. He came with complaints of rectal bleeding, fever, pain in the abdomen along with blood and USG of abdomen showed multiple Liver Abscesses. In this case of liver abscess, after taking informed consent the patient was given an Ayurvedic treatment for 60 days without any Allopathic medicine or any invasive technique. There was a significant reduction noted in the symptoms of Abscess. At the end of treatment, USG examination revealed there was no focal defect or lesion in the liver and haematological parameters were found within the reference range. There were no clinically significant adverse reactions noted in the duration of treatment. The results of this study indicate the clinical efficacy of Ayurvedic treatment in the management of liver abscess and patient gave highly satisfactory response after his treatment. The treatment outcomes in the present case indicate that classical Ayurvedic measures may be helpful to the patients of a liver abscess.
... The perception of using metal and mineral as medicines was enlarged by ancient Acharyas during different periods 1 . Rasa Shastra (Ayurvedic Pharmaceutics) although basically means the "Science of Mercury" it also refers to the science of making metals and minerals suitable for the body so that they can be used as medicines 2 . Traditional organo -metallic & mineral formulations have been commonly used for thousands of years in several countries. ...
The classical literature review is the most important backbone of any research work in Ayurveda. Metals like gold, silver, copper, lead, tin are being used by human beings since the ancient times. The metal Vanga mentioned in Ayurveda with a wide range of therapeutic utilities. That's why one should be cautious while using Vanga Bhasma. A number of classical texts have been reviewed. Each and every one work related to synonyms, different pharmaceutical process, and safety profile has been outlined. These literature review work has assembled strong basis for the pharmaceutical process of Vanga Bhasma, its safety profile along with its chemical nature, quality control, quality assessment and safety data.
... While the Indians and Chinese mostly incinerated gold with mercury and sulfur to make it edible. In India, the medical use of metals and minerals intensified around tenth century onwards (Ali 1993), particularly due to the inspiration of the Buddhist sage Nagarjuna, "Father of Rasasashtra" (Science of Mercury), around eighth century (Savrikar and Ravishankar 2011) (Fig. 1). ...
Gold, the king of metals, valued for its timeless beauty and properties, was known to the ancients as the metal of gods, a symbol of nobility of spirit, knowledge and meditation. To the alchemists, gold that never tarnishes was the metal of sun, giver of light and warmth. In Indian tradition, gold, a sacred metal, is seen as a “mineral light” capturing threads of brilliance in physical form. The metal is even consumed as an elixir to treat diseases and prepare the body and mind for spiritual journeys. The Siddhars (‘the perfected ones’), considered as saints and mystics in South India, played a vital role in alchemy, processing gold into a bioavailable form and formulating an important number of gold-based medicines such as thanga parpam, thanga chendooram, thanga kattu, thanga chunnam and other preparations. Due to the myths and legends surrounding the Siddhars and to the scarcity of the primary sources, many modern scientists looked at this medical system with some disdain and omitted to discuss its important achievements. In this work, it is our intention to fill in this gap and focus specifically on the gold-based Siddha medicines.
... By this procedure material also make suitable for further processes. This not only include purification but also facilitate to decrease the unwanted effect with increasing of therapeutic efficacy[3,[20][21][22][23]. ...
Rasashastra is defined as a branch of Ayurveda which deals with a number of pharmaceutical techniques i.e. Shodhana (purification), Marana (calcination), Jarana, Murchana and other detailed discussion about maharasa, uparasa, sadharanrasa, dhatu, ratna, visopavisa etc. and animal products are also used therapeutically in practice of Ayurvedic medical sciences. Marana is an indigenous process of Rasashastra to make the Bhasma out of metals and minerals. It also named as Bhasmikarana. It is not advisable to use metals and minerals in their natural forms as a medicament for internal use. Bhasmikarana is a pharmaceutical procedure which helps to convert raw materials like metals, minerals, gems etc. into a micro fine, taste less, non-hazardous, acceptable, and absorbable form, which can be prescribed to use as a medicine.
... The perception of using metal and mineral as medicines was enlarged by ancient Acharyas during different periods 1 . Rasa Shastra (Ayurvedic Pharmaceutics) although basically means the "Science of Mercury" it also refers to the science of making metals and minerals suitable for the body so that they can be used as medicines 2 . Traditional organo-metallic & mineral formulations have been commonly used for thousands of years in several countries. ...
... This process ensures absorption of the Active therapeutic properties of the ingredients used, into the oil base. [45] Majority of medicated oils contain fatty acids which accelerate the epithelial movement and in due course reduces the discharge, promotes epithelilization, granulation tissue and avoid hypertrophic scar formation. Medicated oil prepared out of single or multiple herbs having wound healing attributes as suggested in the treatise, has enormous healing potential. ...
A detailed review of ancient texts of Ayurveda connotes tremendous information on wound healing potentials of herbs being utilized by their different forms. This brings curiosity to learn more about the creative applications of herbs in various types of wounds. Probably this could be one among the several reasons which honors Sushruta, an Ancient Indian Surgeon as Father of Surgery. Wound dressing in various systems were compared not only on the basis of the rate of granulation tissue formed or the rate of wound healing but, also on the cost and duration of hospital stay of the patient which was considered as a measure of the morbidity of the patient. As per Ayurvedic texts, Wounds, Ulcers, Burns and Incision all are grouped under one term as ‘Vrana’, a defect in skin or mucous membrane being common in all of them. On the basis of stages of pathogenesis Vrana or ulcer has been divided as Dushta Vrana (Chronic / non healing / infected ulcer), Shuddhavrana (Healthy wound), Ruhyamana Vrana, Rudha Vrana (healed Vrana). Sushruta indicates eight pearls for Infective ulcer, these eight being the eight forms of medical therapeutics used locally to cleanse the ulcer and bring to healthy state.
... It was known in Ayurveda that metals as compared to animal and plant products were not compatible with human body constitution. They could not be consumed in their natural form, hence needed to be processed into fine and soft powder termed "bhasma" [36]. The preparation of bhasmas includes two main stages: shodhan (purification) and maaran (incineration). ...
The roles of metals in human physiology are well established. It is also known that many metals are required in trace amounts for normal metabolism and their deficiency leads to diseases. In Ayurveda, metal-based preparations, that is, bhasmas, are indicated for the treatment of several diseases. Standard textbooks of Ayurveda recommend Jasada bhasma (zinc based bhasma) as the treatment of choice for diabetes. Modern medicine also recognizes the important role of zinc in glucose homeostasis. Yet, studies that validate the use of Jasada bhasma are few and uncomprehensive. There is an imminent need for a systematic study on physicochemical characterization, pharmacological efficacy, and toxicity assessment of several bhasma preparations to generate scientific evidence of their utility and safety. Interestingly, recent studies suggest that bhasmas comprise submicronic particles or nanoparticles. Thus a bhasma-inspired new drug discovery approach could emerge in which several metal based nanomedicines could be developed. This would help in utilizing the age old, time-tested wisdom of Ayurveda in modern medicine. One such study on antidiabetic activity of Jasada bhasma and the corresponding new drug, namely, zinc oxide nanoparticles, is briefly discussed, as an example.
... In the present work Jasada bhasma (zinc ash) was synthesized as per standard procedures mentioned in Ayurvedaand subjected to classical tests 26,27 . Besides these tests detailed characterization of the preparation was carried out using modern analytical and imaging techniques to determine its physical and chemical nature and to detect heavy metal contaminants, if any. ...
Jasada bhasma (zinc ash) is an extensively used Ayurvedic medicine for treating diabetes mellitus. The present communication presents yet unavailable comprehensive scientific data on its physico-chemical nature vis-a-vis anti-diabetic activity and toxicity profile.Zinc ash prepared by traditional method was found to consist of 200-500 nm sized particles, predominantly zinc oxide with hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure. The effective dose range of zinc ash in oral glucose tolerance tests performed using normoglycemic Wistar rats was found to be 3-30 mg/kg. Subsequently anti-diabetic activity was assessed in streptozotocin induced type 1 and type 2 diabetic rats. Four weeks treatment with zinc ash (1, 3, 10 mg/kg) resulted in improved glucose tolerance (16-19%), lowered blood glucose levels (20-33%) and reduced serum insulin levels (27-32%). Systemic absorption was assessed by single dose pharmacokinetic study where serum zinc levels were found to be elevated (3.5 folds) after oral administration of zinc ash. Acute and sub-acute toxicity tests demonstrated safety of zinc ash up to 300 mg/kg doseie. 100 times the efficacy dose in rats. These findings, the first of their kind, provide concrete scientific evidence that justifies usage of zinc ash in diabetes treatment.
Introduction
The Bhasmas, herbo-minerals, are reported to produce adverse effects when used clinically. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the safety of Krishna Vajra Abhraka Bhasma (KVB), through acute and subacute toxicity testing.
Materials and Methods
After ethics committee approval, total 66 Wistar albino rats weighing 180–200 gms were used. Experiments were conducted as per CCSEA guidelines. In acute toxicity study, a single limit dose of 2000 mg/kg of KVB with honey was administered to six female rats. Subacute toxicity studies involved 60 Wistar albino rats of either sex, randomly divided into six groups and received KVB in low (highest clinical dose extrapolated to rats), medium (double the low dose) and high (double the medium dose) dose administered orally for 28 days.
Results
No mortality or adverse effects on rat's general behaviour or internal organs was observed in acute toxicity study The results of subacute study indicated no significant differences in body and organ weights, hematological or renal function between control and treated groups. However, mid and high doses of KVB revealed reversible, dose-dependent hepatotoxicity through biochemical and histopathological evaluation, while the satellite high dose group did not exhibit this effect, confirming it as drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
Conclusion
The acute toxicity results positioned KVB in class V (safe) of the GHS classification. Subacute toxicity findings suggested that while low therapeutic doses were non-toxic, mid and high doses induced reversible hepatotoxicity, emphasizing the importance of careful dosage considerations and patient monitoring in Ayurvedic practice. The study contributes valuable insights into the safety profile of KVB, addressing concerns for both users and practitioners of Ayurvedic medicine.
A bstract
Pramadāgadārī Vaidyaka Graṅtha , a classical medical work in the Marāṭhī language authored by Sri Ganesh Vinayak Chapekar in 1888. Sri Chapekar was a renowned Vaidya (physician) from the Chinchwad, Pune. The contribution of stalwarts across the country has played a vital role in the progress of Āyurveda. However, many scholars’ ideas, studies, and publications, like this text are still in the dark for various reasons. Ganesh, the author, stated that due to certain social taboos and their shy nature, the woman never speaks openly about her health problems and is reluctant to visit a physician. Then, by reading this book, she will better comprehend her symptoms and take the necessary preventative and therapeutic steps. The author put together more than 350 Cikitsāsūtras from about 25 formal Graṅthas of vivid subjects to bring out this text so that it can aptly cover gynecological, obstetric, and other common ailments. The contents of this Graṅtha are to be promptly studied for their originality through literary research to establish it as an invaluable guide in women’s healthcare practices.
Ayurveda is one of the oldest and most widely practiced traditional medical systems in the world. The ancient knowledge in this traditional medical system has yet to be fully explored. The interaction of rich knowledge from various traditional systems of medicine can open new pathways in the herbal drug discovery process. Apart from other hurdles in discovering plant-based medicines, the lack of knowledge of the differences and similarities between the theoretical doctrines of these systems is the greatest impediment to their convergence. Rasashastra is an Ayurvedic medicine section that deals with formulations that include minerals/metals, particularly Parad (mercury). According to the Ayurvedic Formulary of India, the most widely used heavy metals are mercury, arsenic, and lead. However, contemporary scientists are concerned about the use of heavy metals in Ayurvedic preparation. In this review article, we will discuss Ayurvedic medicine and the toxic effects of heavy metals.
Background: Hereditary pancreatitis (HP) is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory disorder caused by genetic
abnormalities, often accompanied by severe symptoms and complications. Conventional treatments offer limited
relief but fail to halt disease progression. An Ayurvedic Treatment Protocol has been reported to be effective in
treating various types of pancreatitis.
Objectives: This observational clinical study is aimed at assessing the efficacy of a year long Ayurvedic treatment
protocol (ATP) in mitigating attack frequency and intensity in Hereditary Pancreatitis patients.
Materials & Methods: The study enrolled 151 patients across diverse age groups and genders, subjecting them to a
comprehensive Ayurvedic treatment protocol at a specialized center. The protocol incorporated Metal-Based
Ayurvedic Formulation (MBAF) named Amar, alongside supportive Ayurvedic compounds and dietary adjustments.
Patients underwent pre- and post-treatment evaluations involving interviews, medical records, blood
tests, radiological imaging, and symptom assessments. Notably, pancreatic enzyme use was discontinued prior to
initiating Ayurvedic treatment.
Results: Among 151 patients, 88 completed the year long ATP, resulting in significant enhancement of their
quality of life. There was a marked 98.7% reduction in emergency hospitalizations and a notable 92.8% decrease
in attack frequency (p < 0.0001). Radiological assessments indicated pancreatic health stabilization, while no
adverse effects were reported, highlighting the intervention’s safety and tolerability.
Conclusion: The study furnishes promising evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of ATP, especially the MBAF, in managing Hereditary Pancreatitis. The observed decline in attack frequency, absence of adverse effects, and stabilization of pancreatic health underscore the potential of Ayurvedic medicine. Subsequent research, including randomized controlled trials, is warranted to substantiate these findings and elucidate underlying mechanisms.
Rasashastra is a distinctive branch of Ayurveda that focuses on the pharmaceutics of medicines derived from minerals, metals, animal products, and more, classifying drugs into various groups. Following Rasa, the next crucial category of minerals is named Maharasa. The most valuable medications are characterized within the Maharasa group. Purification and incineration are essential processes in the field of Rasashastra; Maharasa Varga undergoes these processes to enhance its therapeutic potential. Purification involves multiple stages of soaking, rinsing, and drying the raw material to eliminate impurities and toxins. Each purification step aims to refine the mineral, resulting in a purified product. Incineration, or calcination, follows purification and subjects the material to controlled high temperatures, transforming it into ash. This process further eliminates impurities and enhances the chemical and energetic properties of the substance. The resulting ash is then utilized in Ayurvedic formulations for medicinal purposes. This article provides an overview of the purification and incineration techniques employed in the preparation of Maharasa Varga, offering insights into the unique practices of Rasashastra and their significance in Ayurvedic medicine.
Mercury is a highly hazardous heavy metal that has no recognised biological use in the human body. It exists in three forms viz. Elemental mercury, Organic mercury and Inorganic mercury. All these three forms have been proven to have hazardous impact on living community. It has the capacity to accumulate in the various tissues of body and increases its concentration when moves up from lower to higher trophic level. Living beings are potentially in danger due to the development of industrial technology, the widespread and uncontrolled use of synthetic chemicals like herbicides, fertilisers, insecticides and fungicides, as well as industrial effluents. Coal-fired thermal power plants serve as the principal source of mercury poisoning fall to the ground from the air and then wash into a water body. Organisms of aquatic biota are easily exposed to and ingest mercury deposits in the tissues especially in gonads, liver, kidney and gills. Long-term mercury exposure damages the nervous system and causes tremors, spasms and memory loss, hallucinations, severe sadness, and increased excitability, delirium and personality alterations. Alterations in the histopathology and cytology are the initial indications of stress upon mercury toxicity. Several histological aberrations have been observed on the cellular level. The current study provides an understanding of the systematic adverse effects of mercury content on the neurological and cytological features of plants, animals and humans. Additionally, it highlights the significance of cytology and neurology as a tool for a more accurate assessment of mercury in toxicity control programmes. The molecular mechanism behind the toxico-kinetics of mercuric toxicity in living organisms requires more investigation in order to develop detoxifying techniques that will enhance general health.
INTRODUCTION: Haratala is Uprasa mentioned since vedic period. Chemically, it is Arsenic trisulfide and also classified under schedule E1 drug. There are methods and medias used for Shodhana of Haratala. In the present study for Shodhana of Haratala, three Shodhana media have been taken, i.e., Triphala Kwatha, Tila Tail, Kanji.
AIM: The aim of the study is to standardize pharmaceutical procedure of Haratala Shodhana in different Shodhana media and developing its comparative analytical profile.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Haratala Shodhana is done in different Shodhana Media, i.e., Triphala Kwatha, Tila Taila and Kanji. Total three batches in each Shodhana media were carried out for standardization.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Three hour duration was required for 100 g of Shodhana of Haratala average 2l of liquid media used for Shodhana, analytically there was significant difference in all three samples of Haratala was found, Three media were taken, i.e., Triphala Kwatha, Tila Taila, Kanji and there analytical profile will be generated to find the probable variations in before and after Shodhana.
CONCLUSION: All three media were used for Shodhana of Haratala because all liquid medias were easily available for Shodhana and all possess different therapeutic utilities. Although there is a significant difference seen analytically after Shodhana, In X-ray diffraction, maximum number of peaks were found in Triphala Kwatha Shodhit Haratala so this could be used as differentiating factor for better comparison between all three Shodhana media.
Introduction: Mrityunjaya Rasa (MR) is a herbomineral Ayurvedic anti-pyretic formulation containing
Shuddha Hingula (Purified Cinnabar), Shuddha Gandhaka (Purified Sulphur), Shuddha Tankana
(Purified Borax), Shuddha Vatsanabh (Purified Aconite) Pippali (Piper lonum) and Maricha (Piper
nigrum). Objective: The present pharmacological study was undertaken to study the comparative
antipyretic activity of different samples of Mrityunjaya Rasa with slight variations in ingredients;
Mrityunjaya Rasa ‘A’ (Hingula based), Mrityunjaya Rasa ‘B’ (Kajjali based), Mrityunjaya Rasa ‘C’
(Rasasindura based), Mrityunjaya Rasa ‘D’ (without metallic content). Material and Method: Pyrexia
was induced by subcutaneous injection of 20% wt/v of Brewer’s yeast in distilled water (10ml/kg) in
36 animals divided into 6 groups, each group containing 6 animals. Basal rectal temperature was
measured before the injection of yeast, and the rise in rectal temperature was recorded after 18 hrs of
yeast injection. Group ‘A’ treated as normal control while group ‘B’ as standard control (treated with
Paracetamol) Group C, D, E, F were drug tested groups. Results: The data generated during all stages
of study showed that all samples of Mrityunjaya Rasa (22.5 mg/kg per day) exert highly significant
(P˂0.001) decrease in temperature after ½ hour and 1 hr of administration except Mrityunjaya Rasa
D which was non-significant after 1 hr. Mrityunjaya Rasa C (Rasasindura based), was found to be
significant (P˂0.05) even after 3 hrs in comparison to standard drug (Paracetamol). Conclusion: The
results of present study show the importance of mercury in intensifying the therapeutic efficacy of a
formulation. Further, result obtained in Mrityunjaya rasa containing Rasasindura group explains the
importance of concept of gandhakaj jarana in rasashastra.
Mallasindura (MSL), a widely used ayurvedic preparation is used for the treatment of bronchial asthma. It contains rasa –mercury, Rasakarpura -mercurial compound, Bali –purified and processed sulphur and Malla-purified arsenic oxide with herbal juices. The liver function parameters of rat plasma were studied after chronic administration of MSL. The animals used to conduct this experiment were albino rats (Rattusnovergicus: Sprague-Dawley strains) and the drug was administered per oral route. The administered dose of the drug was 100mg/kg body weight, once daily up to 90 days for the whole study. There were forty rats for four randomized groups, equally of both sexes. Among them one male and one female group were used as test. In case of male rats, there was increase in total protein and albumin content, which was statistically highly significant with a p value of 0.001. Along with this, a statistically highly significant declining trend was followed for bilirubin, sGPT, sGOT activities (p values are 0.001 and 0.009 respectively). In case of female rats, a statistically highly significant increase was observed for both total protein and albumin with a p value of 0.001. Changes in billlirubin, sGPT and sGOT activities were also reduced and was statistically highly significant (p =0.001). The change observed for ALP content of plasma was statistically insignificant for both of male and female rats
Jasada bhasma (zinc ash) is an extensively used Ayurvedic medicine for treating diabetes mellitus. The present communication presents yet unavailable comprehensive scientific data on its physico-chemical nature vis-à-vis anti-diabetic activity and toxicity profile.Zinc ash prepared by traditional method was found to consist of 200-500 nm sized particles, predominantly zinc oxide with hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure.The effective dose range of zinc ash in oral glucose tolerance tests performed using normoglycemic Wistar rats was found to be 3-30 mg/kg. Subsequently anti-diabetic activity was assessed in streptozotocin induced type 1 and type 2 diabetic rats. Four weeks treatment with zinc ash (1, 3, 10 mg/kg) resulted in improved glucose tolerance (16-19%), lowered blood glucose levels (20-33%) and reduced serum insulin levels (27-32%). Systemic absorption was assessed by single dose pharmacokinetic study where serum zinc levels were found to be elevated (3.5 folds) after oral administration of zinc ash. Acute and sub-acute toxicity tests demonstrated safety of zinc ash up to 300 mg/kg doseie. 100 times the efficacy dose in rats.These findings, the first of their kind, provide concrete scientific evidence that justifies usage of zinc ash in diabetes treatment.
Mahasudarshan Ghan Vati is a classical preparation of fourty five ingredients, it has been in use since long as an antipyretic in Ayurvedic practice. The drug was screened for its safety/toxicity studies in acute and chronic models in albino rats. The limits of all the four heavy metal content are found to be within the permissible limits. No mortality and behavioural changes were observed upto seven days at all the three dose level, in acute toxicity study. Chronic toxicity study revealed that, the drug has no serious toxicity potential to most of the important organs in therapeutic doses. However, at 10 fold higher than the normal therapeutic dose, depression of testicular function was observed.
In this present study, Karpura shilajit bhasma, an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulation, currently used in the Ayurvedic clinical practice as a diuretic drug, was investigated chemically and pharmacologically. Content of iron and nitrogen were determined by volumetric analysis and content of calcium, magnesium and aluminium by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). LD50, gross behavioral studies and diuretic activity were evaluated in experimental animals. Calcium was found to be the major element (24.6044% w/w). The LD50 was found to be 4.625 g/kg p.o. body weight in mice. Karpura shilajit bhasma produced mild reduction in motor coordination and mild sedation during the first 2 h after administration at the doses of 500-5000 mg/kg p.o. in mice. The diuretic activity was found to be significant (P < 0.01) at minimum dose of 200 mg/kg p.o. in rats and dose dependant up to 1000 mg/kg p.o. Furthermore, natriuretic effect was found to be significant (P < 0.01), while no significant change was observed on urinary potassium excretion. The present study justified the use of Karpura shilajit bhasma as a diuretic drug. The results of this study could be used as a model data in the standardization of Karpura shilajit bhasma.
Objectives: To study traditional gold preparations for anti-cataleptic, anti-anxiety and anti-depressant effects. Methods: Swarna Bhasma used in Ayurveda, Kushta Tila Kalan used in Unani-Tibb and Auranofin used in modern medicine were subjected to videopath analyzer, vogel conflict/anxiometer, elevated plus maze, and social behavioural deficit tests for anxiolytic activity, behavioural despair and learned helplessnes tests for antidepressant activity, haloperidol-induced catalepsy tests for neuroleptic activity, and maximum tolerated dose, gross behavioural observations and hematological parameters for safety evaluation in rats and mice. Results: The test drugs caused significant increase in punished drinking episodes in anxiometer and open arm entries and time in elevated plus maze and decrease in behavioural deficit. A decrease in immobility time in forced swimming test, normalization of shock-induced escape failures in learned helplessness test, and reduction of haloperidol-induced catalepsy scores were also noted in treated animals. The maximum tolerated doses were found to be more than 80 times the effective doses and no weight loss or untoward effects were observed on gross behaviour and hematological parameters. Conclusions: Traditional gold preparations used in Ayurveda and Unani-Tibb exhibited anxiolytic, antidepressant and anticataleptic actions with wide margin of safety.
An outbreak of inorganic mercury vapor poisoning involving 12 people occurred in a trailer park in Mississippi in 1973-74. For information concerning levels of mercury in hair and blood of humans with short-term exposures, these individuals were observed for as long as 10 months after the end of their exposures, and the amount of mercury in their blood and scalp hair was serially measured. Specimens were also obtained from nonexposed individuals in the trailer park. Inorganic mercury was measured in 1-cm segments of hair samples obtained both 6 and 9 months after termination of exposure. Over a 3-month period, the peak amount of inorganic mercury per gram of hair shifted in position from 7 cm to 13 cm from the scalp. The average mercury concentration in newly formed hair (the 4 cm of hair closest to the scalp) decreased fourfold over the same time period. Surface contamination of exposed hair by exogenous mercury also occurred. Levels of inorganic mercury in blood from exposed individuals ranged from 183 to 620 ng/ml and fell to levels similar to those of controls 4 to 6 months after ending exposure. The source of the outbreak was metallic mercury spilled on rugs. Attempts to remove the mercury failed and actually dispersed the metal over a larger surface area. Air mercury levels as high as 1.0 mg/m3 of air were found in one of the contaminated house trailers. Rugs or carpets contaminated with metallic mercury are a significant health risk.
Ayurvedic preparations of metallic iron commonly categorised as different 'putas' of 'Louha Bhasma' was chemically analysed and pharmacologically investigated in iron deficiency anemia. Atomic absorption spectral (AAS) study of different putas of Louha Bhasma revealed the presence of various proportions of important metals along with varied concentration of iron in it. The effect of a representative puta viz. 50 puta of Louha Bhasma in the management of agar gel diet and phlebotomy induced iron deficiency anemia in animal model was found to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001) in comparison to the control and standard drug Fefol treated groups.
Problems associated with mental health have increased tremendously in modern times. The search for effective and safe alternatives should, therefore, be pursued vigorously. Forced immobilization is one of the best explored models of stress in rats and the role of corticosterone, serotonin (5-HT) and catecholamines, i.e. norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine is well documented. We investigated the therapeutic potential of two gold preparations (Ayurvedic Swarna Bhasma and Unani Kushta Tila Kalan) in restraint induced stress at different time points of 1 hr, 2 hr and 4 hr. We pretreated rats with two gold preparations, Ayurvedic Swarna Bhasma and Unani Kushta Tila Kalan (25 mg/kg, orally for 10 days) prior to restraint stress. Brain catecholamine, serotonin and plasma corticosterone levels were determined following 1, 2 and 4 hr restraint stress, using HPLC and also plasma corticosterone using luminescence spectrophotometry. Gold preparations restored restraint stress-induced elevation in levels of brain catecholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopmine), 5-HT and plasma corticosterone to near normal levels. Gold, widely used in modern medicine for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, is highly valued for various medicinal uses in Indian systems of medicine. Traditional gold preparations are attributed with tonic/rejuvenating and antioxidant properties. Our earlier studies revealed interesting analgesic, immunostimulant, adaptogenic and glycogen sparing properties in these preparations, but their effects in stress and depression have not been investigated yet. Significant restoration of altered values to near normal levels suggest potentials for gold preparations in stress and depression.
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