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Publicness
Abstract
The Publicness discussed here exists when the society as a whole is working hard on behalf of its hungry and unsafe. Such work is not the responsibility of government alone but its private institutions as well. When studied closely, one finds in the United States a remarkably diverse and interpenetrated array of antipoverty activity across the public and private arenas. Its totality is regarded as an aggregate and identifiable yet scarcely recognized realm of pan-society activity named Publicness. Whether its present extent is sufficient is most doubtful.
... The concept of publicness within organizations has undergone a significant transformation. It has moved from a seemingly straightforward notion of "public" being distinct from "private" based on ownership, funding, and control (e.g., Andrews et al., 2011;Bozeman, 1987;Goodsell, 2017), to a multifaceted construct including values and societal impact (e.g., Andrews et al., 2011;Boyne, 2002;Bozeman, 2007;Fukumoto and Bozeman, 2019;Min and Yang, 2023;Moulton, 2009). This transition, incorporating complex notions of publicness, has left significant theoretical, methodological, and empirical gaps in studies on publicness at the individual and organizational levels. ...
... By examining this perceptual dimension of publicness, our study has two major goals. First, to illuminate the multifaceted nature of publicness based on wide literature accumulated over the years (e.g., Bozeman and Moulton, 2011;Feeney and Welch, 2012;Goodsell, 2017;Meynhardt and Jasinenko, 2021;Min and Yang, 2023;Oberfield and Incantalupo, 2021;Ritz et al., 2023, to name only few). In addition, we will try to suggest a new scale for the measurement of this multifaceted concept and validate it in several ways. ...
... The concept of organizational publicness (i.e., whether organizations are attentive to the public, Goodsell, 2017) has been extensively explored across diverse disciplines, often employing a tripartite typology categorizing organizations as public, private, or non-profit (Bozeman, 1987): (1) public organizations which are owned and funded by the government; (2) private organizations which are business firms owned by private individuals and funded through sales; and (3) hybrid/not-for-profit organizations which include serviceoriented professional organizations that deliver quasi-public goods and exist under both public and/or private ownership. Yet the conventional writing on publicness is usually in relation to the first category of public organizations and much less in relation to the other categories (e.g., Lan and Rainey, 1992). ...
This study theoretically and empirically tests a Publicness Perceptions Scale (PPS). Our goal is to understand the dimensions of publicness as interpreted by individuals working within different types of organizations, and the extent to which these perceptions vary across sectors. A two-study design with independent samples is used. Based on a literature review supported by an expert's survey and original empirical data, the PPS is constructed and validated. In Study 1, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) indicated the PPS is composed of five reliable factors: (1) perceived ownership, funding, and political control; (2) perceived market control; (3) perceived legality and equity; (4) perceived accountability, and (5) perceived transparency. In Study 2, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) suggests a second-order single PPS factor. Study 2 also demonstrates the scale's convergent, discriminant, and incremental validities. The paper concludes with theoretical, empirical, and practical advantages of the new PPS scale.
... To date, studies offer a varied mixture of concepts aimed at capturing the meaning of publicness within and between the private and public sectors (e.g., [4]) and for individuals as employees, clients or as citizens (e.g., [5]). Most studies use a dimensional approach to publicness, theorizing that ownership (public, private, or nonprofit), funding (government grants versus consumer payments), and control (by political versus market forces) are at the heart of the distinction between public and private organizations [5,6]. Recently this approach is challenged by alternative perspectives and empirical examinations arguing for a broader meaning of publicness (e.g., [4,[6][7][8][9]). ...
... Most studies use a dimensional approach to publicness, theorizing that ownership (public, private, or nonprofit), funding (government grants versus consumer payments), and control (by political versus market forces) are at the heart of the distinction between public and private organizations [5,6]. Recently this approach is challenged by alternative perspectives and empirical examinations arguing for a broader meaning of publicness (e.g., [4,[6][7][8][9]). Critical questions emerge in light of this dispute. ...
... Our study maintains that one way to enhance our understanding of what publicness means is by examining the perceptions of publicness employees have in regards to their organization. Essentially, we suggest that publicness is the individual's perception of "the extent of attentiveness [of all organizations] to the [interests of the] public" [6]. Several factors may affect this perception, including the organization's ownership, source of funding, and control through political authority or the market [5] as well as the organization's values [7]. ...
The meaning of Publicness for organizations and for individuals has received growing attention in the public administration literature in recent years. We adopt a perceived publicness perspective to expand our understanding of the publicness concept and operationalize this perception as a means to predict employees’ formal and prosocial behaviors across sectors. Using a recently developed Publicness Perceptions Scale (PPS), we present and empirically examine a model regarding the direct and indirect relationships among perceived publicness, employees’ engagement, and their performance in public and hybrid organizations. Findings based on a field study of 340 employees from governmental (i.e. public) and non-governmental (i.e. hybrid) organizations reveal that perceived publicness has a positive relationship with Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCB) and that this relationship is largely mediated by employees’ engagement. In addition, in non-government organizations perceived publicness is negatively related to employees’ in-role performance. We thus contribute to the theoretical knowledge on publicness at the perceptual level and point to its role in formal and informal performance across sectors. Other theoretical, methodological, and practical implications are discussed, and directions for future studies are suggested.
... Traditionally, organizations have avoided adopting social and political positions that could differ from those supported by their consumers, without there being agreement in literature on whether companies should take positions on this type of controversial issues reserved for governments (Dodd & Supa, 2014;Krebel-Chang, 2017). However, the limited capacity of political and legal systems to cope with turbulent social environments and sustainability problems has led to greater participation of companies, leading to a new focus on objectives with a more social character (Valentinov, Roth, & Pies, 2020) and stimulating greater convergence between the functions of government and private organizations (Goodsell, 2017). ...
Defending social and political positions other than those that a company's clients might support has always been an avoidable risk. However, this practice, called ‘corporate activism,’ has gradually been integrated into the strategies of organizations. The object of this work is thus to understand the antecedents of corporate activism from the consumer's point of view. To understand this, we carry out structural equation modeling (SEM) based on a sample of 1,521 consumers. The results demonstrate that: (i) institutional credibility, corporate credibility, and authenticity act as antecedents of corporate activism; (ii) corporate credibility has a positive influence on corporate activism, while institutional credibility has a negative impact. These findings represent an interesting and novel contribution that helps to understand how these types of high-risk strategies should be adopted. The application of these results could enable companies to determine the conditions that favor a positive evaluation of corporative activism by consumers and avoid the use of such strategies in less favorable situations.
Public trust plays an important role in forming a productive and responsive government, especially when the government faces pressure to provide effective services with limited resources. This study analyzes public trust in motor vehicle tax payment services in Pinrang Regency. This study uses a mixed research approach, qualitative data collection through semi-structured interviews with the community and employees at the UPT Samsat Pinrang about the factors that influence public trust and researcher observations for three months at the service office. A survey of public satisfaction with the service was conducted from July to September 2024 showing that the length of service was considered lacking, resulting in a perception of dissatisfaction (value 2.63 on a scale of 4.00). Indicators of credible commitment include consistent implementation of SOPs, digital innovation even though access to technology is still a challenge, service principles based on smiles and greetings, and the use of regional languages to build good relationships. Honesty is reflected in the openness of cost information, although there is still a stigma of extortion due to lack of socialization. Employee competence is seen from mastery of technology, regulations, and interpersonal skills. Justice is realized through transparent queues, although it still faces obstacles from brokers and the stigma of "insider". This study provides insights into the role of digital innovation and the importance of interpersonal approaches for frontline bureaucrats in enhancing public trust.
The public-private partnership has emerged as a solution for efficiently implementing highway construction projects. However, PPP tends to focus on profitability, which raises concerns about compromising publicness. This study evaluated the publicness of highway projects by comparing two types, i.e., government-funded and privately-invested.
In debates about the role(s) and scale of entrepreneurial philanthropy in democracies, scholars discuss the erosion of distinctive public and private spheres and interests, and the replacement of the public sphere. This has occurred at the expense of public deliberation and participation, in favor of the reification of individuals and the role of experts/expertise. Drawing upon John Dewey’s The Public and Its Problems (1927/2016), I argue that there is an eclipse of the publicity of the public. This informs my case for the (re)conceptualization of philanthropy as a public, characterized by (a) the philanthropist as a social rather than an atomistic being, (b) the philanthropy-state dynamic and the publics’ claims, and (c) part of the radical vision of philanthropy. To ensure that private and public have analytical and practical resonance, it is imperative to (re)frame and (re)conceptualize what these concepts mean to entrepreneurial philanthropy and for its role in democracies.
The Covid-19 pandemic heightened already intense and increased scrutiny of public education in recent years. The administrative impulse to stage community engagement efforts to deliberate upon these questions, however well-intentioned, rarely realises full community engagement and reflection. Based on an examination of public engagement events held at Florida schools related to the Covid-19 health crisis, the proposed essay identifies a more concerning transformation of “public comment” into a weaponisable prop for lawmakers seeking the public legitimacy necessary for their agenda, marrying the worlds of critical studies with those of public administration and its orientations. More than merely failing to genuinely engage the public, we argue that such events forestall a more productive arrangement of the democratic form that does not rely on publicness and the leader that secures that space. Ultimately, we suggest a path that affords the possibility of public engagement, but that does not seal off the possibility of that more radical democratic future to come.
This paper contends the public sphere is a restrictive approach to public action. Despite the dysphoric development of the public sphere in post-modern societies, public action and communicative activity can easily be discerned if one recognizes that rational-critical deliberation is not the exclusive means to exercise it.
I propose to separate what is an historical and idealized construct – the public sphere – from the socio-anthropological principle – publicness.
The former consubstantiates a specific normative principle of legitimate political decision-making, as well as a peculiar space of communication and an ensemble of specific publics. The latter cannot be reduced to the strict formulation of the public sphere. Publicness is, first of all, a matter of cohesion and consensus on values in a society, reached through a communicative process that occurs in almost every social interaction. It does not absolutely depend on a capital Public or on a public sphere model to emerge and be felt by all members of a society.
By tracing a brief panorama in the three main models of the public sphere (Habermas, Arendt, Negt & Kluge’s models), the paper suggests going beyond the public sphere by envisioning publicness as a socio-anthropological principle characterized as being an empirical reality, as being pre-political and pre-institutional, as well as a process linked to social imaginaries.
This research aims to understand public sector innovation from a local perspective with a study of the Contra War (Contraceptive for Women at Risk) innovation study in Malang Regency. This innovation aims to reduce maternal and infant mortality rates. This research used a qualitative study with document analysis. Researchers analysed documents from various sources such as official government reports, government regulations, online media news, scientific literature, and books. The result shows that the Contra War innovation has not significantly reduced maternal and infant mortality, but gradually the Contra-War has reduced maternal mortality index (Angka Kematian Ibu/AKI) cases from 27 in 2019 to 14 cases. Meanwhile, infant mortality rate (Angka Kematian Bayi/AKB as many as 62 people in 2020. Another side, the sustainability of innovation has not gone well because of low participation, innovative organisational capacity, and transformational leadership. Therefore, researchers provide suggestions for increasing public participation, collaborating with third parties, and creating innovative work ecosystems and bureaucratic structures.
The objective of this paper is to clarify the understanding of disaster humor in editorial cartoons through the use of classical and novel theories of humor. Select cartoons inked by artists from around the world are analyzed via the lens of five classical theories of humor—superiority, inferiority, relief, play, and incongruity theories—and three novel theories of humor—cleverness, benign violation, and mutual vulnerability theories. The study found that these classical and novel theories helped depict the COVID-19 pandemic as a phenomenon of great consequence that exerted power over citizens, governments, and business entities alike. Governments were often portrayed as entities that valued human life over the state of the economy, albeit not initially. Government policies were conveyed as having the potential to worsen the quality of life and the state of the economy. To our knowledge, no other study in humor literature has so far applied these
theories to coronavirus editorial cartoons from all over the world. By bridging theoretical
frameworks from the fields of philosophy, psychology, and evolutionary biology with issues penned by artists from various countries, this study enables a better understanding of disaster humor as a defense mechanism.
Purpose
This paper aims to generate new research directions at the intersection of accounting, whistleblowing and publicness: defined as the attainment of public goals, interests and values.
Design/methodology/approach
A problematising review is used to challenge and rethink the existing accounting and whistleblowing literature by incorporating readings from the public interest and public value literature. The paper draws on the work of Dewey (1927), Bozeman (2007) and Benington (2009) to open up new ways of theorising relations between accounting, whistleblowing and publicness.
Findings
Firstly, the paper develops a public interest theoretical framework which shows whistleblowing is a public value activity that moves organisational wrongdoing into the public sphere where it is subject to democratic debate and dialogue required to reconcile the public's interests with what the public values. Secondly, this framework provides one answer to continuing questions in the literature of how to define accountings relationship to the public interest. Finally, the paper suggests this conceptual framework be used to stimulate debate on whether and how one should expand existing accounting and accountability knowledge boundaries to incorporate the broader social, political and moral concerns highlighted by whistleblowers acting in the public interest.
Originality/value
Accounting and whistleblowing research has ignored the theoretical implications of whistleblowing in the public interest. The paper shows how accounting and accountability can respond to the challenges of a shifting and intangible public interest by providing a conceptual framework to guide current and future theoretical questions of how accounting is connected to the public interest.
Using philanthropy to fund public services can provide capacity for government, but these arrangements raise questions regarding the impact to democratic public values. This research explores how democratic public values are expressed in a philanthropic program managed by the local city government in Fort Collins, Colorado. Data indicate that City staff developed program strategies that reflect democratic public values, including expanding opportunities for participation by community members and considering how funds can be used to equitably serve the community. However, incorporating these strategies into the program model did not happened automatically. It has required rethinking the program’s purpose, considering its role in creating public value beyond providing increased financial capacity.
While national governments responded to the Great Recession with austerity, local government responses were varied. Two contrasting views are found in the literature: ‘austerity urbanism’ and ‘pragmatic municipalism’. We argue austerity urbanism best reflects local responses in contexts where local governments have limited autonomy and cuts in local government aid have been severe, such as Detroit in the US, England, and the southern states in the EU. Pragmatic municipalism best explains local responses in contexts where local governments have more fiscal autonomy, as in the US. Differences in state-local relations as well as methodology (case study or large-scale analysis) lead to these two different views. While responses to fiscal stress differ, we find the process opens up local government services to more marketisation in both contexts.
Is Public Administration (PA) as a field of study a basic science? If not, could PA generally and Chinese PA (CPA) in particular become a basic science or a design science? To address these questions, this essay reviews pertinent literature to underscore the major problems, basic deficiencies, and critical issues of CPA, and then reviews ongoing CPA research to shed light on its future development. Our review shows that PA lacks an intellectual core that defines the nature of public administration as a professional practice, and in turn, the nature of PA as an academic discipline. Further, while CPA bears the same deficiencies, it also suffers from three maladies, namely, reductionism, traditionalism, and conservatism, which together reinforce mediocrity. In view of all these issues and problems, where CPA is headed? Our literature review reports some ongoing research breakthroughs in CPA, including ontological confirmation of public administration nature and identification of necessary conditions for effective administrative results, which form a basis to suggest that CPA may become a basic science and design science.
This brief discusses trends in the number and finances of 501(c)(3) public charities and key findings on two important resources for the nonprofit sector: private charitable contributions and volunteering. Highlights Approximately 1.41 million nonprofits were registered with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in 2013, an increase of 2.8 percent from 2003. The nonprofit sector contributed an estimated 905.9 billion to the US economy in 2013, composing 5.4 percent of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). 1 Of the nonprofit organizations registered with IRS, 501(c)(3) public charities accounted for just over three-quarters of the nonprofit sector's revenue and expenses (1.73 trillion and 3.22 trillion) in 2013.
The term public space has multiple meanings depending on the scholarly discipline. One aim ofthis article is to develop a unified concept of public space that draws on varied pertinent literatures, while at the same time expanding the idea’s coverage to incorporate the impacts oftele vision and information technology. A second objective is to utilize the concept to explore empirically the practical possibilities for making public space more democratic, using for this purpose several photographs of actual public spaces.
The aim of this article is to clarify the nature of the management style most suited to the emergence of networked governance. The paradigms of traditional public administration and new public management sit uncomfortably with networked governance. In contrast, it is argued the public value management paradigm bases its practice in the systems of dialogue and exchange that characterize networked governance. Ultimately, the strength of public value management is seen to rest on its ability to point to a motivational force that does not solely rely on rules or incentives to drive public service practice and reform. People are, it suggests, motivated by their involvement in networks and partnerships, that is, their relationships with others formed in the context of mutual respect and shared learning. Building successful relationships is the key to networked governance and the core objective of the management needed to support it.
Debates about the merits of publicness have dominated the public administration landscape since the foundation of the modern state. The extent of organizational publicness (ownership, funding, and control) has waxed and waned in developed countries: it rose following the postwar settlement and fell under the policies of New Right government and the popularity of the notions of New Public Management. We argue that publicness effects are likely to diminish in the face of organizational and contextual characteristics and that what matters for performance is management and organization. To this end, we examine the evidence base by undertaking a review of academic studies of publicness and organizational performance. The results suggest that publicness makes a difference to efficiency and equity, but the magnitude and direction of this effect varies with the characteristics of the empirical studies. Our findings clearly point toward the need for research that includes all dimensions of publicness, a variety of performance measures, and the moderating effects of management, organization, and external constraints.
“Publicness” is defined as a characteristic of an organization which reflects the extent the organization is influenced by political authority. The concept, operationalized as a series of interval measures, is placed in direct competition with the traditional core definition of publicness as ownership (i.e., formal legal status). Using a sample of research and development laboratories, the two approaches are compared in terms of their ability to explain organizational outputs and process in the context of an explanatory model. The results suggest that both approaches tap unique characteristics of publicness and contribute to a more complete understanding of the role of publicness in the study of organizations.
In the United States, public talk about charity for the poor is highly moralistic, even in our era of welfare reform. But how do we understand the actual experience of caring for the poor? This study looks at the front lines of volunteer involvement with the poor and homeless to assess what volunteer work means for those who do it. This book profiles volunteers at two charities—Loaves & Fishes and The Salvation Army—to show how they think about themselves and their work, providing new ways for discussing charity and morality. The book explores these agencies' differing ideological orientations and the raced, classed, and gendered contexts they provide volunteers for doing charitable work. Drawing on participant observation, intensive interviewing, and content analysis of organizational publications, it looks in particular at the process of self-improvement for these volunteers. The competing visions of charity the book finds at these two organizations reveal the complicated and contradictory politics of caring for the poor in the United States today.
PrefaceThe Author 1. The Publicness Puzzle: How the Public Status of Organizations Affects Their Behavior 2. Comparing Public and Private Organizations: Organizations, Personnel, and Work Context Issues 3. Barriers to Developing Knowledge About the Publicness of Organizations 4. Econmic Authority: Understanding the Roots of Privateness 5. Political Authority: Understanding the Roots of Publicness 6. Why All Organizations Are Public: A Multi-Dimensional View of Publicness 7. A Case Example: How the Level of Publicness Affects Performance in R&D Organizations 8. Implications for Research, Mangement Education, and Effective Management ReferencesIndex
There has been considerable debate concerning Habermas’ social theory. His recently translated first major work, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (1962) dealt with concrete issues. Afterwards, however, he delved into abstract philosophical work, making his theory ethereal and largely academic. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere had an important historical edge to it, and it featured a link to pragmatism much more than his later attempt to construct a “universal pragmatics.” In his work on the public sphere, Habermas came very close to one of John Dewey's most important works, The Public and Its Problems.
Dewey's work may offer contemporary social theory a way out of the debate between communitarianism and liberalism.
The aim of this article is to clarify the nature of the management style most suited to the emergence of networked governance. The paradigms of traditional public administration and new public management sit uncomfortably with networked governance. In contrast, it is argued the public value management paradigm bases its practice in the systems of dialogue and exchange that characterize networked governance. Ultimately, the strength of public value management is seen to rest on its ability to point to a motivational force that does not solely rely on rules or incentives to drive public service practice and reform. People are, it suggests, motivated by their involvement in networks and partnerships, that is, their relationships with others formed in the context of mutual respect and shared learning. Building successful relationships is the key to networked governance and the core objective of the management needed to support it.
It is possible to evaluate the costs of alternative staffing strategies for public services? Using municipal fire departments in five New York State communities, Jeffrey L. Brudney and William D. Duncombe provide an example of such an assessment by comparing the costs of paid, volunteer, and mixed staffing. They take special note of costs associated with the recruitment, training, and management of volunteers, factors which offset assumed salary savings. At a certain level of costs (more than $800 per volunteer in the case of municipal fire departments), the use of volunteers should be reconsidered. The methodology used in this study can have utility in other public service delivery areas.
Economic individualism and market-based values dominate today's policymaking and public management circles - often at the expense of the common good. In his new book, Barry Bozeman demonstrates the continuing need for public interest theory in government. Public Values and Public Interest offers a direct theoretical challenge to the "utility of economic individualism," the prevailing political theory in the western world. The book's arguments are steeped in a practical and practicable theory that advances public interest as a viable and important measure in any analysis of policy or public administration. According to Bozeman, public interest theory offers a dynamic and flexible approach that easily adapts to changing situations and balances today's market-driven attitudes with the concepts of common good advocated by Aristotle, Saint Thomas Aquinas, John Locke, and John Dewey. In constructing the case for adopting a new governmental paradigm based on what he terms "managing publicness," Bozeman demonstrates why economic indices alone fail to adequately value social choice in many cases. He explores the implications of privatization of a wide array of governmental services - among them Social Security, defense, prisons, and water supplies. Bozeman constructs analyses from both perspectives in an extended study of genetically modified crops to compare the policy outcomes using different core values and questions the public value of engaging in the practice solely for the sake of cheaper food. Thoughtful, challenging, and timely, Public Values and Public Interest shows how the quest for fairness can once again play a full part in public policy debates and public administration.
Despite discussion in the literature of “new governance,” the self-standing government agency continues to constitute the institutional center of American public administration. Drawing on his volume Mission Mystique, the author proposes that the book’s concept of mystique and its template of institution-strengthening characteristics be used to reaffirm this point, buttress agencies against defunding, and enable them better to oversee devolved activities.
Estimates from survey research place the number of volunteers at nearly half the American populace. This article finds, in contrast, that the percentage of volunteers who satisfy the needs of public organizations for delivering services is far smaller and decreasing. Moreover, local governments ma)' well be at a competitive disadvantage to nonprofit agencies in attracting and sustaining their contributions. The article concludes with a discussion of strategies to enhance recruitment efforts.
The instrumentalist principles are applied to fundamental social theory. The concept of the public is more general than that of the state, which is the public politically organized, with suitable officials; the public itself is individuals in relations, the latter being so complex and mobile in existing publics that the whole social fabric is amorphous and inarticulate. Law, associated with the state, is the total of the conditions established for making the results of interaction somewhat predictable. The "eclipse of the public" is effectively described, with a tracing of the historical causes underlying it in the rise of democracy and associated technology. The conditions for the emergence of the public and the formation of a genuine community are found chiefly in the free communication of knowledge of every sort. The most hopeful method for such emergence is, concisely, the practical recognition of the interdependence of individual and social aspects of existence, plus free experimental inquiry. Tendencies in a forward direction are noted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The United States Constitution was designed to secure the rights of individuals and minorities from the tyranny of the majorityâor was it? Jennifer Nedelsky's provocative study places this claim in an utterly new light, tracing its origins to the Framers' preoccupation with the protection of private property. She argues that this formative focus on property has shaped our institutions, our political system, and our very understanding of limited government.
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