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Edible mushroom pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster mushroom) – Its dietary significance and biological activity

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Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. (Basidiomycota) – known as the oyster mushroom – is a mushroom species distributed on all continents, except for Antarctica. Since World War I it has been commercially cultivated on a large scale. Pleurotus ostreatus is a valuable mushroom of dietary importance. It is rich in primary and secondary metabolites and chemical elements of physiological significance. One hundred grams of fresh fruiting bodies contains 15% of the recommended daily intake of vitamin C, 40% of niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin, and 0.5 mg of vitamin B12. This species is also characterized by a high content of oleic acid (40%), linolenic acid (55%), and substances responsible for decreasing serum cholesterol levels. High contents of lovastatin, an approved hypolipidemic drug, and pleuran, an immunomodulating polysac-charide, have been found in fruiting bodies of this species. It exhibits antiatherosclerotic, hypoglycemic, an-tioxidant, anticancer and immunomodulatory properties. Due to its wide spectrum of biological activities, P. ostreatus is considered a medicinal mushroom. Fruiting bodies and extracts of P. ostreatus have found applications in the treatment of civilization – related diseases, especially diabetes, arteriosclerosis and cancer. It is also a potential source of active ingredients in cosmetics and topically applied preparations.
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Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 16(1) 2017, 151161
ISSN 1644-0692
O RI GI NA L P AP ER
Accepted: 28.09.2016
EDIBLE MUSHROOM Pleurotus ostreatus (OYSTER MUSHROOM)
ITS DIETARY SIGNIFICANCE AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
Kamil Piska, Katarzyna Sułkowska-Ziaja, Bożena Muszyńska
Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków
ABSTRACT
Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. (Basidiomycota) known as the oyster mushroom is a mushroom
species distributed on all continents, except for Antarctica. Since World War I it has been commercially
cultivated on a large scale. Pleurotus ostreatus is a valuable mushroom of dietary importance. It is rich in
primary and secondary metabolites and chemical elements of physiological significance. One hundred
grams of fresh fruiting bodies contains 15% of the recommended daily intake of vitamin C, 40% of niacin,
riboflavin, and thiamin, and 0.5 mg of vitamin B12. This species is also characterized by a high content of
oleic acid (40%), linolenic acid (55%), and substances responsible for decreasing serum cholesterol levels.
High contents of lovastatin, an approved hypolipidemic drug, and pleuran, an immunomodulating polysac-
charide, have been found in fruiting bodies of this species. It exhibits antiatherosclerotic, hypoglycemic, an-
tioxidant, anticancer and immunomodulatory properties. Due to its wide spectrum of biological activities,
P. ostreatus is considered a medicinal mushroom. Fruiting bodies and extracts of P. ostreatus have found
applications in the treatment of civilization related diseases, especially diabetes, arteriosclerosis and can-
cer. It is also a potential source of active ingredients in cosmetics and topically applied preparations.
Key words: antioxidant activity, edible mushroom, lovastatin, Pleurotus ostreatus, pleuran
INTRODUCTION
Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. (Basidio-
mycota), of the Pleurotaceae family, comes from
China; however, nowadays it is distributed all over
the world, except for the north-west Pacific because
of the arctic climate. Cultivation methods were de-
veloped in Germany during World War I and then
successfully applied on a large scale. This was the
result of the search for new food sources, due to the
problem of hunger in Germany. In Poland, P. os-
treatus is a common species [Wojewoda 2003].
It is found on dead wood and the branches of liv-
ing trees, especially hornbeam (Carpinus sp.), beech
(Fagus sp.), willow (Salix sp.), poplar (Populus sp.),
birch-tree (Betula sp.) and common walnut (Juglans
regia). This species produces different sized, grouped
fruiting bodies in forms resembling a colony of oys-
ters, which has led to its given name of P. ostreatus.
Fruiting bodies are pink, gray to dark-brown in color,
ranging in a size from 4 to 15 cm (phot. 1). In the
wild, its fruiting bodies generally appear in autumn
(OctoberNovember); however, they may be encoun-
tered during mild winters or in early, warm springs.
muchon@poczta.fm
© Copyright by Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Lublinie
Piska, K., Sułkowska-Ziaja, K., Muszyńska, B. (2017). Edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster mushroom) its dietary
significance and biological activity. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 16(1), 151161.
www.acta.media.pl
152
Pleurotus ostreatus is tolerant of low temperatures;
however, it has high requirements for light under
low light conditions it does not produce fruiting bod-
ies, or produces very small ones [Wojewoda 2003].
After Agaricus bisporus, P. ostreatus is the sec-
ond most cultivated edible mushroom and is of great
eco-nomic significance [Sanches 2010]. It has a bit-
tersweet smell of benzaldehyde, characteristic of
anise and almonds [Beltran-Garcia et al. 1997]. In
many countries, especially in Asia it is considered a
delicacy, while in the Czech Republic and Slovakia it
is used as a meat substitute [Beltran-Garcia et al.
1997, Sanches 2010]. It is cultivated on straw its
mycelium is able to decompose, transform and use
biomass of lignin-cellulose crop wastes for growth.
This process also has significance in the waste bio-
degradation.
This species has been shown to have a higher
yield and growth than other cultivated mushrooms.
In recent decades a great increase in the international
cultivation of P. ostreatus has been noted due to its
significant tolerance of varied agroclimatic condi-
tions [Sanches 2010, Kholoud et al. 2014].
Phot. 1. Pleurotus ostreatus Jacq.: Fr.
Kummer (Basidiomycota) Oyster mush-
room. Photo by B. Muszyńska
Because of its contents of nutrients readily digest-
ible proteins, mineral salts, vitamins, and compounds
with potent pharmacological activities, e.g. lovastatin
and pleuran, P. ostreatus is an important mushroom
species of dietary and medical significance [Anandhi
et al. 2013, Muszyńska et al. 2014, Caz et al. 2015].
Chemical composition of Pleurotus ostreatus
The content of water in fresh fruiting bodies of
Pleurotus ostreatus is about 8090% similarly as is
the case in other fungi. From 100 g mushrooms, 10 g
dried fruits are obtained, consisting of 2.5 g proteins
and about 5 g polysaccharides mainly starch and
others such as mannitol and trehalose. The mycelium
of P. ostreatus has great nutritional value, due to the
presence of high contents of amino acids (arginine,
alanine, glutamine, glutamic acid). In 100 g of fresh
mycelia, the level of vitamin C represents 15% of the
recommended daily intake for humans. This species
also contains 0.10.2 g fats, including oleic acid
(40%), linolenic acid (55%), and other compounds
with hypocholesterolemic action. The content of
saturated fatty acid is relatively small (≈10%) [Barros
et al. 2007].
One of the most important compounds in P. os-
treatus is lovastatin an approved to market drug
used in the treatment of dyslipidemia that acts as an
inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase (see section Bio-
logical activity of P. ostreatus). The highest content
of lovastatin was found in lamella of mature mush-
rooms [Gunde-Cimerman and Cimerman 1995]. Var-
iable amounts of lovastatin have been demonstrated
for samples coming from different countries. Pleuro-
tus ostreatus from Japan, Taiwan, and Korea con-
tained 606.5 µg, 216.4 µg and 165.3 µg (per 1 g of
DW), respectively. Variability was found in terms of
the contents of ergothioneine (944.1–1829 µg) and
γ-aminobutyric acid GABA (0–23.6 µg) [Shin-Yu
et al. 2012]. Ergothioneine was detected in cultivated
P. ostreatus from Ethiopia: 3.78 µg g-1 DW [Wolde-
giorgis et al. 2014]. Ergothioneine is a compound
which is accumulated in animal cells and tissues
exposed to oxidative stress; however, it is not endog-
enously synthetized. It plays a role not only as an
antioxidant, but also as an antimutagenic, chemo- and
radioprotective agent; hence, ergothioneine is consid-
ered a compound suitable in adjuvant treatment of
strokes, neurodegeneration, and cardio-vascular dis-
eases [Cheah and Halliwell 2012, Woldegiorgis et al.
2014].
Piska, K., Sułkowska-Ziaja, K., Muszyńska, B. (2017). Edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster mushroom) its dietary
significance and biological activity. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 16(1), 151161.
www.acta.media.pl
153
In extracts of P. ostreatus, researchers have found
an active β-glucan, named pleuran (fig. 1). This is
characterized as an immunomodulatory agent with
potential applications in the treatment of cancer, in-
fections and immune system disorders [Devi et al.
2013, Devi et al. 2015]. Pleuran is a branched poly-
saccharide, where the backbone consists of β-D-
glucopyra- nosyl linked with (1→3) bonds, and every
fourth residue is substituted with a (1→6) D-
glucopyranosyl group [Karácsonyi and Kuniakb
1994]. It may contain a small proportion of interior
(1→6) and (1→4)-linked residues [Karácsonyi and
Kuniakb 1994, Fričová and Koval’akovà 2013].
Fig. 1. Pleuran (author: B. Muszyńska)
High contents of mineral salts of potassium,
phosphorus, calcium, iron, copper, zinc, magnesium,
and selenium were found in mycelium of P. ostreatus
[Muszyńska et al. 2016]. Because of the increasing
interest in mushrooms as a source of macro- and
microelements, release of zinc ions (ZnII) from
P. ostreatus to artificial gastric juice was determined,
using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry.
The amount of zinc in artificial saliva, stomach and
intestinal juices, ranged from 1.88 to 2.83 mg, 1.14
8.33 mg and 0.411.59 mg per 100 g DW, respective-
ly. Fruiting bodies of P. ostreatus after thermal pro-
cessing imitating culinary preparation were extracted
in artificial saliva, stomach and intestinal juices, with
zinc contents recorded at: 0.414.95 mg, 0.78
2.65 mg and 2.182.23 mg per 100 g DW, respective-
ly [Muszyńska et al. 2016]. This microelement is
essential for protein synthesis, insulin homeostasis
and it acts as a cofactor of over 300 enzymes, includ-
ing superoxide dismutase. Its beneficial effects in
humans include acceleration of wound healing, an
increase in mental performance, protection of eye
yellow macula against degeneration, and antioxidant
properties [Powell 2000, Noormagi et al. 2010].
Among the phenolic content, flavonoids and phe-
nolic acids have been found. The phenolic com-
pounds include p-hydroxybenzoic, synapic, ferulic,
p-coumaric, protocatechuic, vanillic, caffeic, gallic,
homogentisic, gentisic and chlorogenic acids
[Meetoo et al. 2007, Kim et al. 2008, Alam et al.
2010, Palacios et al. 2011, Muszyńska et al. 2013,
Woldegiorgis et al. 2014, Gąsecka et al. 2015], while
the flavonoids are myricetin, naringenin, hesperidin,
formononetin and biochanin A [Alam et al. 2010,
Palacios et al. 2011, Muszyńska et al. 2013, Wolde-
giorgis et al. 2014, Gąsecka et al. 2015]. The levels
of individual phenolic compounds are presented in
Table 1. Indicated differences among studies may be
the result of different methods of mushroom cultiva-
tion, preparation, extraction, as well as geographical
variability [Alam et al. 2010, Palacios et al. 2011,
Muszyńska et al. 2013, Woldegiorgis et al. 2014,
Gąsecka et al. 2015].
Biological activity of P. ostreatus
Pleurotus ostreatus showed a wide spectrum of
biological activities, among which its hypoglycemic
properties are the focus of great interest. Diabetes
mellitus is one of the most common civilization
related diseases, found both in developed and devel-
oping countries. Prognoses indicate an increase in
morbidity from year to year [Meetoo et al. 2007].
Disease progress is associated with a number of
complications, and leads to premature death.
Many drugs are available on the market, including
compounds derived from nature, e.g. the recently
approved dapagliflozin, an inhibitor of sodium-
glucose transport proteins (SGLT2), the structure of
which is based on phlorizin. Diabetes leads to choles-
terol and lipid disorders; therefore, patients are forced
to treat both ailments [Nesto 2008]. Pleurotus os-
treatus has shown beneficial activity not only in
regulating blood glucose levels, but also in regulating
lipid metabolism. This direction of action is associat-
ed with the occurrence in this species of many types
of compounds; however, one of the most significant
Piska, K., Sułkowska-Ziaja, K., Muszyńska, B. (2017). Edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster mushroom) its dietary
significance and biological activity. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 16(1), 151161.
www.acta.media.pl
154
chemicals found is lovastatin, a drug approved in
1987 by the US Food and Drug Agency (FDA) and
widely used in current therapy of dyslipidemia. It acts
as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase an enzyme
catalyzing reduction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylgluta-
ryl-CoA to mavalonate, which is the first step in the
endogenous synthesis of cholesterol. Inhibition of
Table 1. Levels of phenolic compounds in P. ostreatus mycelium
Phenolic compound
Levels of phenolic compounds among various studies
Muszyńska
et al. [2013]a
Kim
et al. [2008]b
Palacios
et al. [2011]b
Gąsecka
et al. [2015]b
Alam
et al. [2010]b
p-hydroxybenzoic
acid
3.60
4.69
5.30
Synapic acid
2.11
Cinnamic acid*
1.09
Ferulic acid
0.46
20.16
30.00
p-coumaric acid
11.15
10.54
Protocatechic acid
2.52
18.0
19.32
0.21
81.0
Vanillic acid
0.34
Caffeic acid
0.35
Gallic acid
7.0
290.34
36.0
Homogentisic acid
16.0
629.86
Chlorogenic acid
19.0
27.0
Genstisic acid
292.62
Myricetin
21.0
21.99
Naringenin
9.0
0.18
10.0
Hesperidin
10.0
Formononetin
14.0
Biochanin A
10.0
a mg/kg DW, b μg/g DW; * precursor of selected phenolic compounds
this process leads to a decrease in cholesterol levels
in the liver, and an increase in the expression of low-
density lipoproteins receptors on hepatocyte cell
membranes and finally to an increased uptake of
LDL and VLVD from the blood [Bobek et al. 1995].
Beyond their specific mechanism of action, statins
exhibited pleiotropic activities, including stabilization
of artherosclerotic plaque, as well as anti-inflamma-
tory, anticoagulation, immunomodulatory, and prolif-
eration inhibiting properties with regard to the muscle
of the left ventricle [Kavalipati et al. 2015]. However,
this hypolypidemic effect in P. ostreatus is also asso-
ciated with the presence of other compounds, e.g.
chrisin, or β-glucans [Anandhi et al. 2013, Caz et al.
2015]. Another aspect of P. ostreatus activity is its
antioxidant action this mushroom beneficial effects
in preventing progression of diabetes associated with
oxidative stress [Kaneto et al. 2010].
Hypoglycemic activity of P. ostreatus. The hy-
poglycemic activity of P. osteratus has been indicat-
ed in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Ethanolic extract
decreased serum glucose levels, improved serum
Piska, K., Sułkowska-Ziaja, K., Muszyńska, B. (2017). Edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster mushroom) its dietary
significance and biological activity. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 16(1), 151161.
www.acta.media.pl
155
lipid profiles and kidney function [Ravi et al. 2013].
In the same model of diabetes hypoglycemic activity
was shown in rats fed with 500 mg kg-1 BW of pul-
verized mushroom. The efficacy of P. ostreatus was
comparable with that of metformin or glibenclamide
[Jayasuriya et al. 2012]. Pleurotus ostreatus also
showed hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and hypocho-
lesterolemic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabe-
tes in rats [Chorváthová et al. 1993]. Hypoglycemic
efficacy has also been studied in human subjects.
In 27 patients with diabetes and hypertension,
3-month supplementation of their diet with 3 grams
of pulverized mushroom lead to a decrease in diastol-
ic and systolic blood tension, fasting glucose level
and glycated hemoglobin (HbAc1) [Choudhury et al.
2013]. Pulverized P. ostreatus administered to
22 healthy persons decreased fasting glucose levels
after oral administration of glucose solution. A simi-
lar effect was observed in 14 diabetic patients, with
an additional increase in insulin level. No changes in
aminotransferase activity or creatinine levels were
observed, indicating a lack of hepato- or nephrotoxic
effects [Jayasuriya et al. 2015]. The hypoglycemic
activity of P. ostreatus seems to be a complex pro-
cess including many mechanisms. Jayasuriya et al.
[2015] showed a potential for decreasing glycemia
using P. ostreatus through the activation of glucoki-
nase, stimulation of insulin burst and inhibition of
glycogen synthase kinase, resulting in increased gly-
cogen synthesis [Jayasuriya et al. 2015].
Hypolipidemic activity. This mode of action of
P. ostreatus has been studied in in vitro models in
rodents, as well as human subjects. In rats with Tri-
ton WR-1339-induced hypercholesterolemia, etha-
nol extract at a daily dose of 500 mg kg-1 BW (body
weight) significantly decreased levels of VLDL,
LDL, total cholesterol, aminotransferases, lactate
dehydrogenase and glucose, while increased HDL
levels were observed. [Anandhi et al. 2013]. A diet
consisting of 10% of dried mushroom, and 1% cho-
lesterol in rabbits resulted in a 65% decrease in
serum cholesterol levels and in some animals pre-
vented the development of arteriosclerosis, com-
pared to the control group not supplemented with
P. ostreatus [Bobek and Galbavý 1999]. In similar
studies including rats, results were analogous
[Bobek et al. 1998, Alam et al. 2009]. In studies
comparing the hypolipidemic effect of three Pleuro-
tus species (P. ostreatus, P. sajorcaju, and
P. florida), P. ostreatus showed the greatest influ-
ence on the reduction of blood cholesterol and tri-
glyceride levels, while in terms of decreasing
LDL/HDL ratios, P. sajor-caju was shown to be
more effective [Alam et al. 2009].
An eight-week study with 20 patients treated with
an antiretroviral therapy, which results in dyslipidem-
ia as an adverse drug reaction, showed a positive
effect of P. ostreatus on lipid profiles only in 3 sub-
jects [Abrams et al. 2011]. However, Slovak re-
searchers indicated a significant effect from six-week
supplementation with pulverized P. ostreatus on
a decrease in triglyceride and cholesterol levels in
dyslipidemic patients, without any influence on HDL
[Kajaba et al. 2008]. A study including 30 diabetics
showed the influence of a diet containing mushrooms
on a decrease in glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol
levels, combined with an additional blood pressure
reducing effect. No adverse effects to the liver or
kidneys were recorded [Khatun et al. 2007].
The mechanism of hypolipidemic activity of the
species probably also includes many pathways. One
possible mechanism is the decrease in lipid absorp-
tion from the gastrointestinal tract and their increased
elimination with feces [Bobek et al., 1996 Alam et al.
2009]. Another mechanism is connected with the
inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase by lovastatin
[Bobek et al. 1995]. More recent studies have also
shown an influence on the expression of genes asso-
ciated with lipid metabolism. Water extract standard-
ized for β-glucans affected expression of Dgat1 (di-
glyceride acyltransferase), which is responsible for
triglyceride synthesis. In mice fed with P. ostreatus,
an increase in the expression of genes associated with
lipid transport and β-oxidation was observed [Sato et
al. 2011].
Antineoplastic activity. Among the medical
properties of mushrooms, anticancer activity is one of
the most attractive for researchers. Neoplasms pose
a significant civilizational related problem and also
leading causes of death globally. Currently available
drugs and therapy methods have not been sufficiently
efficacious to significantly decrease the scale of prob-
Piska, K., Sułkowska-Ziaja, K., Muszyńska, B. (2017). Edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster mushroom) its dietary
significance and biological activity. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 16(1), 151161.
www.acta.media.pl
156
lem; therefore, the search for novel anticancer agents
is continuing [Siegel et al. 2015]. From fungi, nu-
merous compounds of varied chemical structures
have been isolated and shown to possess desirable
activities. Special significance is given to polysaccha-
rides which are used in standard cancer treatments,
e.g. lentinan [Patel and Goyal 2012]. The anticancer
activities of P. ostreatus extracts and isolated com-
pounds have been studied in cancer cell lines and in
rodents.
Water extract from pulverized P. ostreatus showed
cytotoxicity against colon cancer cell lines COLO-205,
with an IC50 of 81.2 µg ml-1. The extract decreased
cells ability to form colonies and alters cell migra-
tion. Moreover, induction of apoptosis is observed in
treated cells. Increased expression of Bax, caspases 3
and 9, and decreased Bcl-2 mRNA was recorded, and
cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 was demonstrated [Arora
and Tandon 2015]. Intracellular and extracellular
polysaccharide fractions from P. ostreatus cultivated
in conditions of submerged fermentation, inhibited
proliferation of HCT15, HCT116, RL 95, and SW480
cell lines [Silva et al. 2012]. Pleurotus ostreatus glu-
can at a dose of 10 mg and 20 mg per kg BW de-
creased Sarcoma 180 tumor weight by 37.30 and
51.89%, respectively. No cytotoxic effect has been
observed in vitro; however, increased proliferation of
lymphocytes has been shown, which may suggest
immunomodulatory properties as a possible anti-
tumor mechanism [Devi et al. 2013]. Devi et al.
[2015] also showed a lack of direct cytotoxic activity
of glucan against Dalton lymphoma cells. Glucan
exhibited immunomodulating activity via an increase
in lymphocytes proliferation and macrophages activa-
tion. Also, induction of the cytotoxicity of NK cells
and macrophages against cancer cells was shown.
After administration of glucan to Dalton lymphoma
bearing mice at a dose of 20 mg kg-1 BW, inhibition
of tumor growth was more than 70%. Moreover,
rodents’ survival period increased. An isolated poly-
saccharide POMP2 of 29 kDa molecular weight in-
hibited proliferation and migration and decreased
formation of colonies in BGC-823 cell lines, while in
rodents it significantly decreases the volume and
weight of tumors [Cao et al. 2015]. Sarangi et al.
isolated three fractions of proteoglycans, which at
a concentration range of 10–100 µg ml-1 showed
cytotoxicity against sarcoma 180 cells. Also, an in
vitro immunomodulatory effect was observed pro-
teoglycans increased proliferation of splenocytes and
activated macrophages and NK cells [Sarangi et al.
2006].
A protein complex isolated from P. ostreatus in-
duced apoptosis in a SW480 cell line, probably
through induction of oxidative stress, decrease in
intracellular glutathione and a reduced mitochondrial
transmembrane potential [Wu et al. 2011]. A protein
complex obtained by another method at a dose of 5
and 10 mg per kg BW reduced growth of tumors in
Dalton lymphoma bearing mice by 35.68 and
51.43%, respectively. The above doses also pro-
longed survival time of Dalton lymphoma, Sarcoma-
180 and B16F0 melanoma bearing mice. Induction of
apoptosis was observed in cancer cells [Maiti et al.
2011]. Another isolated antineoplastic compound was
dimeric lectin, with subunit weights of 40 and
41 kDa. Lectin prolonged survival time of mice bear-
ing sarcoma S-180 and hepatoma H-22 and reduced
tumor growth [Wanga et al. 2000 a].
The results of studies have shown the anticancer
potential of P. ostreatus. This species contains vari-
ous compounds with such modes of action; however,
especially important is the presence of polysaccha-
rides, including glucans, and proteins with cytotoxic
properties. Divergent results in terms of the cytotoxic
activity of glucans in vitro suggest a different mecha-
nism of action of P. ostreatus glucans. Some may act
by direct cytotoxicity against cancer cells, while oth-
ers may act by immunomodulatory properties, or by
a combination of both mechanisms.
Antioxidative properties. A significant role in
the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications,
arteriosclerosis, carcinogenesis, neurodegeneration
diseases and numerous other diseases, is played by
oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species
(ROS). Therefore, antioxidants are considered as
compounds preventing disease development, but also
with potential application in treatment [Hajhashemi
et al. 2010]. Extracts from P. ostreatus showed direct
antioxidant properties comparable with BHA and
vitamin C, in DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and β-carotene
bleaching assays [Yim et al. 2010, Arbaayah and
Piska, K., Sułkowska-Ziaja, K., Muszyńska, B. (2017). Edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster mushroom) its dietary
significance and biological activity. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 16(1), 151161.
www.acta.media.pl
157
Kalsom 2013, Chowdhury et al. 2015]. Elbatrawy et
al. [2015] examined antioxidant properties of seven
extracts obtained with seven different solvents.
In DPPH assays, the most potent was the water ex-
tract. This mode of action of P. ostreatus may be
related to the content of phenolic acids, flavonoids,
vitamins C and E and polysaccharides [Yim et al.
2010, Muszyńska et al. 2013]. However, the species
not only has the capacity for direct interaction with
ROS, but can also increase the activity of antioxidant
enzymes in tissues. In rats treated with ethanolic
extract of P. ostreatus an increase in CAT (catalase)
gene expression was observed in the liver and kid-
neys with a simultaneous decrease in protein car-
bonylation in these organs [Jayakumar et al. 2010].
Ethanol extract in diabetic rats increased the activity
of catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and gluta-
thione peroxidase (GPx). It also increased the levels
of vitamins C and E in the liver and decreased the
levels of malonyldialdehyde (MDA) [Tahrani and
Barnett 2010]. Antioxidative and protective effects
were also observed against toxicity induced by para-
cetamol (acetaminophen) and carbon tetrachloride
[Jayakumar et al. 2006, 2008, Naguib et al. 2014].
Antiviral activity. There are individual reports
concerning the antiviral properties of P. ostreatus.
Wanga and Ng [2000 b] found a protein of 12.5 kDa
which inhibited translation in a rabbit reticulocyte
lysate system and exhibited low ribonuclease activity
toward yeast tRNA. It also inhibited reverse transcrip-
tase of the HIV-1 virus. Laccase (58 kDa) inhibited
entry of the hepatitis C virus into peripheral blood
cells and hepatoma cells. The enzyme also had the
ability to inhibit intracellular replication of a virus in
HepG2 cell lines at concentration of 0.751.5 mg ml-1
[El-Fakharany et al. 2010]. Water extract of
P. ostreatus exhibited antiviral activity against influ-
enza A virus and herpes simplex virus 2 in cell lines
infected by the above viruses [Krupodorova et al.
2014]. Water and methanolic extracts as well as poly-
saccharide fractions were assayed against HSV-1.
The highest potency was shown by a polysaccharide
fraction with IC50 = 4.80 µg mL-1. Acyclovir was
used as a reference agent, and this showed IC50 =
0.20 µg mL-1 [Santoyo et al. 2012].
Antimicrobial activity. Water and alcoholic ex-
tracts from P. ostreatus mycelium have been used in
studies on antimicrobial activities against numerous
types of microbes. The highest potency was shown
by water extract, especially towards fungi: Candida
albicans, Cryptococcus humicola, Trichosporon cu-
taneum; and bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus and
Escherichia coli. In the extract the active substance
was identified as 3-(2-aminophenyl-1-thio)-3-hydro-
xypropanoic acid, with MIC 30 µg mL-1 and
20 µg mL-1, against fungi and bacteria, respectively
[Younis et al. 2015]. Methanolic extract from
P. ostreatus mycelium showed activity against gram
positive and negative bacteria with MIC in the range
of 4–8 µg mL-1 [Chowdhury et al. 2015]. Ethanolic
extract inhibited growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus
subtilis, Bacillus atropaeus, Klebsiella pneumoniae,
and at the highest potency level: Candida albicans
and Agrobacterium tumifaciens [Ahmad et al. 2014].
Additionally, ergosterole peroxide was found in the
species and it acted in a toxic manner against Trypan-
somona cruzi as well as showed an amoebicidal ef-
fect [Ramos-Ligonio et al. 2012, Meza-Menchaca et
al. 2015]. The above studies clearly showed the anti-
microbial activity of P. ostreatus; however, due to
the high concentration required to achieve it this
effect seems to be insignificant in comparison to
other activities of the mushroom.
Pleurotus ostreatus as a potential source of ac-
tive substances in cosmetology. The fruiting bodies
are a good source of previously described antioxidant
and antiageing substances such as ergothioneine,
phenolic compounds, and the indole compounds:
melatonin, serotonin, and selenium [Kim et al. 2008,
Muszyńska et al. 2011, Mohamed and Farghaly 2014,
Woldegiorgis et al. 2014]. The selenium content was
determined to be 58.24 mg kg-1 and 100.31 mg kg-1
in fresh and dried mushroom, respectively [Mohamed
and Farghaly 2014]. Moreover, fifty five aroma com-
pounds were demonstrated in mycelium, including
27 esters, 9 ketones, 7 thiols, 5 alcohols, 4 terpe-
noids, 2 phenols and 1 aldehyde [Mohamed and Far-
ghaly 2014]. Aroma compounds play a significant
role in the perfume industry and in the production of
cosmetics. A cream based on β-glucans, and also
Piska, K., Sułkowska-Ziaja, K., Muszyńska, B. (2017). Edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster mushroom) its dietary
significance and biological activity. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 16(1), 151161.
www.acta.media.pl
158
containing pleuran, showed a significant positive
effect in supportive therapy for atopic dermatitis in
a study including 105 patients, of which 80 complet-
ed the trial [Jesenak et al. 2015].
CONCLUSIONS
Pleurotus ostreatus is a widely distributed and
cultivated mushroom with medical significance.
It has a broad spectrum of biological activities and
potential in the prevention and treatment of diseases.
Due to the high contents of mineral salts and organic
compounds essential for humans, it is of great dietary
importance. Its activity is especially confirmed in
decreasing blood sugar levels and in improving lipid
profiles. Additionally, it has antiatherogenic, antioxi-
dant and antineoplastic properties. Detection of
lovastatin and pleuran in fruiting bodies has partially
explained its activities and has made this species
a significant mushroom of medical and nutritional
value.
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Thesis
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The importance of functional food’s role in human nutrition as well as in the prevention of diseases, especially the treatment of chronic diseases like cancer, is an innovative field of research. Based on the studies regarding the antioxidant potential of oyster mushroom extract, it is evident that it has anticancer properties. The current article reviews the health benefits of edible oyster-mushroom-derived bioactive compounds, and how they specifically activate or regulate the immune system by affecting the maturation, differentiation, and proliferation of immune cells, thereby inhibiting cancer cell metastasis and growth. Mushrooms show anticancer potential by regulating a single molecule of a specific signaling pathway or by having multiple targets in the same or different signaling pathways. In addition, the prebiotic effects of mushrooms could enhance quality of life during and after cancer therapy by recovering the intestinal microbiota. More clinical research on oyster mushrooms needs to be conducted, and future studies should investigate the preventive aspects, which aid in reducing the rate of cancer occurrence, and the positive impact in cancer patients to prove that oyster mushrooms are preventive as a functional food as well as a curing dietary supplement for cancer patients.
... Various research projects are currently being conducted for the biological control of different phytopathogens 1, 4,8 . One of these alternatives is the use of plant extracts 9,10,11 , which are characterized by their biological origin, biodegradability, and minimal negative impact on human health and the environment. These extracts have shown the ability to act through their metabolites and exhibit nematicidal 12,13,14 , insecticidal, acaricidal, or herbicidal activity. ...
... Pleurotus ostreatus is a fungus native to China but has been distributed worldwide except for the Arctic 11 . This fungus is known as oyster mushroom and is considered a health promoter and environmental restorer 16 . ...
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The nematode attacks affect several plant species of Ecuadorian crops. Fungi and plants with nematicide ability are of agricultural interest. This study assessed the effect of five concentrations of aqueous extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus and Tagetes minuta on the mortality of Meloidogyne spp. and Panagrellus redivivus nematodes in a laboratory setting. The aqueous extracts were obtained through hydro distillation where concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, 5%, 25%, 50% and 100% were prepared. A wholly randomized single-factor design was used for the P. ostreatus extract and a bifactorial for the T. minuta extract (leaves and flowers). The number of dead individuals was evaluated, and the efficacy and LC50 were determined. T. minuta leaf extract showcased higher nematicide activity against P. redivivus with an LC50 of 8.03 ppm; when applied to Meloidogyne sp., the extract showed nematicide activity with an LC50 of 0.01 ppm. For P. ostreatus extract, the greatest nematicide activity against P. redivivus was an LC50 of 1.22 ppm and nematicide activity against Meloidogyne sp., was an LC50 of 0.01 ppm. The aqueous extract of T. minuta flowers showed low nematicide activity and the aqueous extract of T. minuta leaf showed the best nematicide activity. Keywords: nematicide; Tagetes minuta; Pleurotus ostreatus; Panagrellus redivivus; Meloidogyne sp.
... Consequently, it has developed into a distinctive and innovative sector within China's agricultural landscape [4,5]. Pleurotus ostreatus, commonly referred to as the oyster mushroom [6], belongs to the class Basidiomycetes, order Agaricales, family Pleurotaceae, and genus Pleurotus [7]. It is a widely cultivated and commercially significant edible mushroom in many countries [8], with China being a leading producer and exporter [9,10]. ...
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The yellow spot disease of Pleurotus ostreatus, caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas tolaasii, poses a threat to both the yield and quality of oyster mushrooms due to the limited availability of effective bactericides and the insufficient comprehensive safety assessments for the chemicals applied in the field. In this study, we performed greenhouse toxicity tests to identify highly effective bactericides against P. tolaasii, while simultaneously assessing their safety for P. ostreatus. Subsequently, we verified the field efficacy of the selected bactericide and its impact on mushroom yield through field experiments. Additionally, we established detection methods for the selected highly effective and safe bactericides in P. ostreatus and measured their residue levels during the evaluation. Our findings indicated that kasugamycin and seboctylamine acetate displayed potent inhibitory effects against P. tolaasii. The field application results showed that 1.8% seboctylamine acetate AS with concentrations of 3 mg/L exhibited good disease control, achieving 83.00%, which is comparable to the efficacy of the registered kasugamycin. Furthermore, the application of seboctylamine acetate did not adversely affect the yield of P. ostreatus, and the detected chemical residues were below the maximum residue limit. Seboctylamine acetate is anticipated to serve as a viable substitute for the currently registered fungicides, holding the promise of offering comparable or superior performance while potentially addressing concerns related to environmental impact and sustainability.
... After that time, the solid residue was filtered and discarded. 9 The polyphenolic compounds, expressed as gallic acid in mg/100 g, were quantified with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, 10 and the anthocyanin content was determined by the pH differential method 11 and was expressed as cyanidin-3-glucose with a molar extinction coefficient of 26900 L/cm mol and molar mass of 449.2 g/mol. 9 In this determination, buffer potassium chloride solutions were used at 0.025 M (pH 1.0, adjusted with HCl) and sodium acetate at 0.4 M (pH 4.5). ...
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This study aimed to evaluate the influence of a powder colorant obtained from a hydroalcoholic extract of jambolan (Syzygium cumini) on the chemical, microbiological, and sensory characteristics of heat-treated flavored fermented milk. The extraction of anthocyanins from the pulp was carried out by maceration with 90% (v/v) ethanol acidified with citric acid. This extract was concentrated (14 to 15% w/v of total solids). Maltodextrin DE 12 was added to obtain 25% (w/v) total solids. Guar gum (0.06% w/w) was added as a stabilizer to whole milk reconstituted with sterilized distilled water (11% w/v total solids). The colorant powder was homogenized at a rate of 1.5 and 2 g per 100 mL of powdered whole milk dissolved in the corresponding amount of water, and sucrose and concentrated strawberry flavoring were added. The natural colorant addition allowed us to obtain a product with pH (4.23-4.75), titratable acidity (1.28-1.47% w/w lactic acid), and color stability, similar to those of yogurt with synthetic colorants. No microbial growth or color changes were detected. The judges did not notice any strange odor, taste, or color. Natural colorants can be a beneficial option for developing healthy and sustainable foods. Keywords: Syzygium cumini; anthocyanins; spray-dried; natural colorant; heat-treated fermented milk.
... In this study, the total phenolic, total flavonoid, and total tannin contents of the collected mushroom samples were measured and compared. The phenolic component in Pleurotus species varies and is most closely associated to antioxidants and phytonutrients [55,56]. Phenolic compounds are extremely soluble in water and organic solvents [57]. ...
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Mushrooms have been considered as a therapeutic and nutrient-rich foods in numerous countries for years due to their significant levels of nutritional components, vitamins and antioxidants. This study aimed to assess the nutrient content, mineral profile and antioxidant properties of eight different kinds of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus sp.) cultivated in Bangladesh. The mushrooms were analyzed for their moisture content, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fibers, ash, vitamin A, and vitamin C. The mineral profile included sodium, potassium, calcium, and iron, as well as heavy metals. Antioxidant activities were evaluated through various methods, including phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content, total antioxidant activity, and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) scavenging capacity. The findings revealed that the mushrooms under investigation were high in carbohydrate (ranges between 45.25 and 63.22 g/100 g), protein (23.48–33.16 g/100 g) and dietary fiber (42.87–52.31 g/100 g). The total ash content was ranged from 7.28 to 9.41 g/100 g and vitamin C content was 0.020–0.416 mg/100 g. Interestingly, all of the mushrooms had a lower fat content (0.91–2.6%). The mineral profile indicated the presence of varying concentrations of essential elements. Hazardous heavy metals, such as Cd and Cr were not detected in the mushroom sample, while As and Pb were detected but lower than the tolerance levels. The oyster mushrooms exhibited high levels of phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents, as well as significant antioxidant capacity. A methanol extract of the oyster mushrooms exhibited scavenging activity against DPPH in a dose dependent manner with the highest capacity (75.4%) obtained at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml. Our result suggests that these studied oyster mushrooms could be a good source of nutrition and antioxidants, which could be used as functional foods.
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Effect of agro-wastes on Pleurotus ostreatus nutrient and mineral composition was investigated using four substrates; bread fruit (Treculia africana), sterilized sawdust, non- sterilized sawdust and cassava peel. Mushroom grown on bread fruit substrate recorded significantly (p ≤ 0.05) the highest moisture content (14.68 %), followed by non-sterilized sawdust (13.97 %) comparable with cassava peel (13.95 %) and sterilized sawdust with least moisture content (13.54 %). Bread fruit substrate recorded the highest ash level (7.94 %) which was comparable with sterilized cassava peel (7.88 %) followed by non-sterilized sawdust (7.75 %) and sterilized sawdust (6.93 %). Also, bread fruit substrate recorded the highest protein content (22.43 %) followed by sterilized cassava peel (21.13 %), non-sterilized sawdust (20.11 %) and sterilized sawdust (19.15 %). The sterilized sawdust recorded the highest fat (3.82 %) comparable to cassava peel (3.75 %), followed by bread fruit substrate (3.40 %) and non-sterilized sawdust (3.34 %). Cassava peel had the highest Vitamin B1 content (2.11 mg/100 g), followed by non-sterilized sawdust (1.64 mg/100 g), breadfruit (1.28 mg/100g) and sterilized sawdust (1.03 mg/100 g). Sterilized sawdust recorded the highest Vitamin C (0.89 mg/100g) comparable (p ≤ 0.05) with cassava peel (0.87 mg/100 g) and there was no significant (p ≤ 0.05) difference in the Vitamin C content of breadfruit substrate (0.76 mg/100 g) and non-sterilized sawdust (0.70 mg/100 g). Non-sterilized sawdust significantly (p ≤ 0.05) recorded the highest Iron (Fe) content (8.28 mg/100 g), followed by breadfruit substrate (7.20 mg/100 g) comparable with cassava peel (7.16 mg/100 g) and sterilized sawdust (6.17 mg/100 g). Breadfruit substrate had the highest calcium (Ca) content (24.72 mg/100 g), followed by cassava peel (24.48 mg/100 g) that was comparable with sterilized sawdust (24.44 mg/100 g) and then non-sterilized sawdust (24.27 mg/100 g). Breadfruit substrate in addition gave the highest magnesium (Mg) content (21.69 mg/100 g) followed by sterilized sawdust (21.56 mg/100 g), non-sterilized sawdust (20.20 mg/100 g) and sterilized cassava peel that had the least magnesium (Mg) content (19.76 mg/100 g). In general, the highest nutrient and mineral composition were recorded in breadfruit substrate (moisture, ash, crude protein, Ca and Mg), sterilized sawdust (fat), cassava peel (Vitamin B1), sterilized sawdust (Vitamin C), and non-sterilized sawdust (Fe).
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Los suelos están sujetos a contaminación antropogénica derivada de la explotación petrolera, a lo largo del tiempo se han estudiado diferentes estrategias convencionales y alternativas para eliminar esta clase de contaminantes. El objetivo de este estudio fue recopilar información preliminar sobre el crecimiento del hongo ostra (Pleurotus ostreatus) en presencia de combustible con alcohol, uno de los derivados del petróleo más utilizados en el Ecuador, paralelo a esto, se evaluó la remoción de hidrocarburos totales provenientes del petróleo (HTP) en el sustrato utilizado. Para el estudio se consideró como factores de estudio el tiempo de cultivo (20 y 40 días) y la concentración del combustible (20 y 40%), además de cuantificar el número de hongos, su masa y su diámetro de sombrero, al final se obtuvo una poco significativa entre los tratamientos y una muy buena tolerancia a la presencia del contaminante que se evidencia en el crecimiento proporcional de los hongos.
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Liver diseases can result from various causes, such as viruses, bacteria, autoimmune disorders, or certain medications and toxic substances. While modern medicine offers treatments for these conditions, there needs to be more effective drugs that can protect and regenerate liver cells. Therefore, it is crucial to identify new treatment options and liver-protective agents that are both highly efficient and safe. This study is assigned to investigate the adverse effects of acrylamide on the liver in rats and explore whether these effects can be mitigated by co-administration of cinnamon oil (C.O.), rosemary oil (R.O.), or a combination of both oils during acrylamide exposure. A total of 70 male albino rats were divided randomly into 7 groups, each group of 10 rats, that received different treatments: control group, acrylamide-treated group (20 mg/kg b.wt), cinnamon oil-treated group (200 mg/kg b.wt), rosemary oil-treated group (250 mg/kg b.wt), acrylamide and cinnamon oil-treated group, acrylamide and rosemary oil-treated group, and acrylamide, cinnamon oil, and Rosemary oil-treated group. These treatments were administered orally for 28 consecutive days. Blood and liver tissue samples were gathered at the end of the study to assess the outcomes. The results revealed that cinnamon oil and rosemary oils exhibited hepatoprotective effects, as evidenced by normalized liver function parameters (alanine transaminase, Aspartate transaminase, and Alkaline phosphatase), as well as improvements in non-enzymatic parameters (total protein, albumin, cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein). The observed hepatoprotection of cinnamon oil and rosemary oils was attributed to their ability to reduce oxidative stress caused by acrylamide, as demonstrated by lower levels of liver cell lipid peroxidation product (malondialdehyde) and enhanced activity of antioxidative enzymes (glutathione and catalase) in liver tissue. Keywords: Cinnamon, Rosemary, Acrylamide, Liver, Rats, Antioxidants.
Chapter
Agriculture and aquaculture are indispensable for humanity. The majority of people are fed from these two sources and gain economic gain with these two sources. For this reason, scientific studies are constantly carried out in these fields and new techniques are determined. In this book titled Recent Applications and Biological Activities in Aquaculture and Agriculture, recent developments and basic issues are discussed by scientists specialised in aquaculture and agriculture. The safety of aquaculture and agricultural products, production techniques, innovative approaches and specific examples are described. Biological activities of medicinal and aromatic plants and aquaculture products are also included. Agricultural economics is explained with current applications. It is hoped that scientists working in these fields and all relevant institutions and individuals will benefit.
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The aim of the study was to investigate the antioxidant properties, phenolic and flavonoid contents and composition and content of ascorbic acid in Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii enriched simultaneously with selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn). Non-enriched mushrooms contained Se and Zn at the level as in the most popular mushrooms. The total phenolic content (TPC) for non-enriched P. ostreatus and P. eryngii was 9.64 ± 0.33 and 7.91 ± 1.02 mg/g of extract, the total flavonoid content was 2.11 ± 0.19 and 1.26 ± 0.17 mg/g of extract, and ascorbic acid content ranged from 10.28 ± 0.39 to 16.64 ± 0.47 mg/100 g DW, respectively. Methanolic extracts contained 4-hydroxybenzoic, ferulic, p-coumaric, protocatechuic, t-cinnamic and vanillic acids and naringenin. In methanolic extract of P. eryngii, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid was also quantified. The correlation between the TPC and antioxidant activity in mushroom was confirmed. Additionally, the correlations between Zn and Se concentration in fruiting bodies and EC50 value and phenolic compounds were confirmed. Our results with simultaneous supplementation with Zn and Se provide the opportunity to increase the content of the elements in fruiting bodies and to improve antioxidant properties and antioxidant contents in enriched mushrooms. Additionally, the obtained results demonstrated that simultaneous enrichment with micronutrients with a contrary effect on antioxidant properties can activate synthesis of phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid. The investigation is the first study evaluating the effect of addition of two elements to the substrate at the same time on antioxidant properties of mushrooms.
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Statins or 3-hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors not only prevents the synthesis of cholesterol biosynthesis but also inhibits the synthesis of essential isoprenoid intermediates such as farnesyl pyrophosphate, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, isopentanyl adenosine, dolichols and polyisoprenoid side chains of ubiquinone, heme A, and nuclear lamins. These isoprenoid intermediates are required for activation of various intracellular/signaling proteins- small guanosine triphosphate bound protein Ras and Ras-like proteins like Rho, Rab, Rac, Ral, or Rap which plays an indispensible role in multiple cellular processes. Reduction of circulating isoprenoids intermediates as a result of HMG CoA reductase inhibition by statins prevents activation of these signalling proteins. Hence, the multiple effects of statins such as antiinflammatory effects, antioxidant effects, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory effects, plaque stability, normalization of sympathetic outflow, and prevention of platelet aggregation are due to reduction of circulating isoprenoids and hence inactivation of signalling proteins. These multiple lipid-independent effects of statins termed as statin pleiotropy would potentially open floodgates for research in multiple treatment domains catching attentions of researchers and clinician across the globe.
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This study determined the oral hypoglycaemic effect of suspensions of freeze dried and powdered (SFDP) Pleurotus ostreatus (P.o) and Pleurotus cystidiosus (P.c), using healthy human volunteers and Type 2 diabetic patients on diet control at a dose of 50 mg/kg/body weight, followed by a glucose load. The possible hypoglycaemic mechanisms were evaluated using rats, by examining intestinal glucose absorption and serum levels of insulin, glucokinase (GK) and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK). The P.o and P.c showed a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in fasting and postprandial serum glucose levels of healthy volunteers and reduced the postprandial serum glucose levels and increased the serum insulin levels (P < 0.05) of Type 2 diabetic patients. The P.o and P.c increased the intestinal absorption of glucose but simultaneously reduced the serum glucose levels (P < 0.05) in rats. Both mushrooms reduced the serum GSK and promoted insulin secretion while P.c increased serum GK (P < 0.05). The hypoglycaemic activity of P.o and P.c makes mushrooms beneficial functional foods in diabetes mellitus. The mechanism of hypoglycaemic activity of P.o and P.c is possibly by increasing GK activity and promoting insulin secretion and thereby increasing the utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues, inhibiting GSK and promoting glycogen synthesis.
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Pleurotus ostreatus is an edible mushroom that also has high medicinal values. In this study, P. ostreatus was tested for its ability to inhibit the growth of fungi and bacteria. The freeze-dried fruiting body, broth from submerged culture, and mycelial biomass of P. ostreatus were extracted using alcohols and water as solvents. The extracts were then tested for their antimicrobial activity against the growth of fungi and bacteria. It was observed that the water extract from fruiting bodies had the strongest effect in inhibiting the growth of most fungi. The most sensitive test microfungi to the inhibition were Candida albicans, Cryptococcus humicola, and Trichosporon cutaneum, and the most sensitive test bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus followed by Escherichia coli. Water extracts from culture broth or mycelial biomass were moderately inhibitive to the growth of fungi and bacteria. The alcohol-based solvents from all samples had much less antimicrobial activity against most test microorganisms. An antimicrobial compound was purified from the water extracts of fruiting bodies with Sephadex G 100 column chromatography and characterized by infrared absorption spectrum (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectroscopic analysis. We have identified this compound to be 3-(2-aminopheny1thio)-3-hydroxypropanoic acid. This purified compound had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 30 µg/mL and 20 µg/mL against the growth of fungi and bacteria, respectively.
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Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data were collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program; the National Program of Cancer Registries; and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2017, 1,688,780 new cancer cases and 600,920 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. For all sites combined, the cancer incidence rate is 20% higher in men than in women, while the cancer death rate is 40% higher. However, sex disparities vary by cancer type. For example, thyroid cancer incidence rates are 3-fold higher in women than in men (21 vs 7 per 100,000 population), despite equivalent death rates (0.5 per 100,000 population), largely reflecting sex differences in the "epidemic of diagnosis." Over the past decade of available data, the overall cancer incidence rate (2004-2013) was stable in women and declined by approximately 2% annually in men, while the cancer death rate (2005-2014) declined by about 1.5% annually in both men and women. From 1991 to 2014, the overall cancer death rate dropped 25%, translating to approximately 2,143,200 fewer cancer deaths than would have been expected if death rates had remained at their peak. Although the cancer death rate was 15% higher in blacks than in whites in 2014, increasing access to care as a result of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act may expedite the narrowing racial gap; from 2010 to 2015, the proportion of blacks who were uninsured halved, from 21% to 11%, as it did for Hispanics (31% to 16%). Gains in coverage for traditionally underserved Americans will facilitate the broader application of existing cancer control knowledge across every segment of the population. CA Cancer J Clin 2017. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
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The differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry method was used for the determination of zinc released into artificial digestive juices from selected fruiting bodies of edible mushrooms (Boletus badius, Boletus edulis, Cantharellus cibarius, Leccinum scabrum, Pleurotus ostreatus, Suillus bovinus) before and after thermal processing which imitated food preparation. The total amount of zinc released from thermally-processed mushrooms ranged within 2.22–20.68 mg/100 g dry weight. The highest amount of zinc was determined in artificial digestive juices in thermally-processed fruiting bodies of B. badius and B. edulis. For C. cibarius fruiting bodies, thermal processing resulted in a slight increase in the release of zinc compared to the unprocessed fruiting bodies.
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Antiviral properties of water and methanol extracts from Lentinus edodes, Boletus edulis and Pleurotus ostreatus were evaluated against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Pre-treatment of Vero cells with 75 mg·ml-1 water extracts before virus addition, inhibited 60% of the virus infection and its addition during the virus adsorption period inhibited it up to 80%. Moreover, the mushrooms water extracts were able to significantly inhibit the in vitro virus replication, showing the concentration of a substance required to reduce plaque number in Vero cells by 50% (IC50) values from 26.69 mg·ml-1 to 35.12 mg·ml-1. Methanol extracts exhibited a lower antiviral activity in all cases. In order to identify the type of compounds responsible for the antiviral activity, the low molecular weight (LMW) and high molecular weight (HMW) fractions were evaluated. The activity was found to correlate with the β-glucans present in the polysaccharide fractions, which showed higher antiviral activity than the complete water extracts except for B. edulis where other compounds (probably chitin-binding lectins) might have contributed to the observed activity.
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Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with serious impact on quality of life. β-Glucans are natural substances with potent immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity. Methods: In a multicentre open split-body study, we studied the effect of Imunoglukan P4H® cream in a group of 105 patients with AD (39 males, 37%). Evaluation of subjective (visual analogue scale, VAS) and objective (EASI score, eczema area and severity index) characteristics of AD was carried out. Results: In total, 80 patients (76.2%) completed the study. Topical β-glucan application resulted in the significant improvement of both objective and subjective symptoms of AD. On the application side, significant decline in the number of days with AD exacerbation and its severity was observed. Moreover, the subjects experienced decline of pruritus on the β-glucan half of the body (VAS score: 1.68 vs. 1.95, p < 0.001). During the study, the continual and significant decline of EASI scores on the site of β-glucan application was observed (V4: 1.57 vs. 1.85, p < 0.001). The preparation was in general well tolerated. Conclusions: This is the first study evaluating and confirming the potential use of β-glucan-based cream as a supportive complementary therapy of atopic dermatitis.
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Dysentery is an inflammation of the intestine caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica and is a recurrent health problem affecting millions of people worldwide. Because of the magnitude of this disease, finding novel strategies for treatment that does not affect human cells is necessary. Ergosterol peroxide is a sterol particularly known as a major cytotoxic agent with a wide spectrum of biological activities produced by edible and medicinal mushrooms. The aim of this report is to evaluate the amoebicidal activity of ergosterol peroxide (5α, 8α-epidioxy-22E-ergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol isolated from 5α, 8α-epidioxy-22E-ergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol) (Jacq.) P. Kumm. f. sp. Florida. Our results show that ergosterol peroxide produced a strong cytotoxic effect against amoebic growth. The inhibitory concentration IC50 of ergosterol peroxide was evaluated. The interaction between E. histolytica and ergosterol peroxide in vitro resulted in strong amoebicidal activity (IC50 = 4.23 nM) that may be due to the oxidatory effect on the parasitic membrane. We also tested selective toxicity of ergosterol peroxide using a cell line CCL-241, a human epithelial cell line isolated from normal human fetal intestinal tissue. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the cytotoxicity of ergosterol peroxide against E. histolytica, which uncovers a new biological property of the lipidic compound isolated from Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. f. sp. Florida. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Mushrooms are a source of dietary fiber (DF) with a cholesterol-lowering effect. However, their underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The effect of DF-enriched fractions from three mushrooms species on cholesterol-related expression was studied in vitro. The Pleurotus ostreatus DF fraction (PDF) was used in mice models to assess its potential palliative or preventive effect against hypercholesterolemia. PDF induced a transcriptional response in Caco-2 cells, suggesting a possible cholesterol-lowering effect. In the palliative setting, PDF reduced hepatic triglyceride likely because Dgat1 was downregulated. However, cholesterol-related biochemical data showed no changes and no relation with the observed transcriptional modulation. In the preventive setting, PDF modulated cholesterol-related genes expression in a manner similar to that of simvastatin and ezetimibe in the liver, although no changes in plasma and liver biochemical data were induced. Therefore, PDF may be useful reducing hepatic triglyceride accumulation. Because it induced a molecular response similar to hypocholesterolemic drugs in liver, further dose-dependent studies should be carried out.