Chapter

Chapter-05 Fungal Infections

January 2015

DOI:10.5005/jp/books/12564_6

In book: A Manual of Dermatology (pp.106-135)

Authors:

Shernaz Walton

National Health Service

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ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.

Article

Fungal Infections in Immunocompromised Patients.

February 2000 · Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi

Shigeru Kohno

The number of immunocompromised patients is increasing due to the intensive therapy being administered those with cancer, organ transplant, and HIV infection. Fungal infections are one of the important opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. Early diagnosis is difficult, and the prognosis of these patinas is usually poor. Several methods of diagnosis for fungal infections have ... [Show full abstract] been developed: detection of antigens of the infected fungi from the sera is useful for early diagnosis; polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology may be the most valuable method for the diagnosis of fungal infection in immunocompromised patients, and antifungal agents are the drugs used to the fungal infections in those patients. However, there are only five drugs available to fungal infections in Japan. Although amphotericin B is the recommended first choice for treatment of invasive aspergillosis, its use for immunocompromised patients is limited because of its adverse effects. Novel antifungal agents (azoles, amphotericin B drug deliver system, and 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthetase inhibitors) have been developed and some of these compounds undergoing clinical trials.

Article

A case presentation of voriconazole therapy in a brochopulmonary dysplasia

December 2015

Premature infants may be more vulnerable to fungal infections because of their immature immune system, poorly developed epithelial skin and mucosal barriers, and the high rate of invasive procedures, such as central venous catheters and intubation, which compromise host defenses (e.g. skin integrity). Voriconazole is a newer systemic antifungal agent effective against Candida and Aspergillus. ... [Show full abstract] There are few reports of its safe use in newborns. We report the first case report-a 29 gestational age-900 gram baby girl of safe Voriconazole use in a critically ill with profound pancytopenia-huge hepatosplenomegaly due to fungal infection resistant to amphotericin B. with beginning oral Voriconazole all liver functions tests what were severely abnormal returned normal with normalizing of the size of liver and spleen. It was noted to be safe and well tolerated by the newborn. Because of oral administration of it, voriconazole is a very good choice for fungal infections in neonates.

Article

A visceral mycosis in ayu fry, Plecoglossus altivelis Temminck & Schlegel, caused by a species of Ph...

April 2006 · Journal of Fish Diseases

Epizootics and histopathology of a new visceral mycosis due to fungi impefecti which occurred in farmed ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis Temminck & Schlegel, in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan are described. Histopathological examination suggested that fungal infection occurred primarily in the airbladder. A fungus with characteristics of the genus Phoma isolated from diseased fish is described and its ... [Show full abstract] taxonomic position discussed.

Article

Iodochlorhydroxyquin-Hydrocortisone Treatment of Fungal Infections: Double-Blind Trial

January 1979 · Archives of Dermatology

Howard I Maibach

• A double-blind multicenter study compared the antifungal effectiveness of an iodochlorhydroxyquin-hydrocortisone cream with that of its individual components in 354 patients with cutaneous fungal infections. After seven days of treatment, the combination was considerably better than hydrocortisone or the cream vehicle with respect to erythema, scaling, itching, and patients' and physicians' ... [Show full abstract] evaluations. The proportion of patients in the iodochlorhydroxyquin-hydrocortisone and iodochlorhydroxyquin groups who changed from positive results on potassium hydroxide examination at baseline to negative results on potassium hydroxide examination after treatment was significantly greater than that in the hydrocortisone and placebo groups. The conversion rate associated with the iodochlorhydroxyquin-hydrocortisone and the iodochlorhydroxyquin treatments was significantly different from that associated with hydrocortisone alone or placebo treatment. (Arch Dermatol 114:1773-1775, 1978)

Article

Frequency of occurrence of fungal infection and assessment of drug sensitivity of Candida fungi in p...

January 2011 · Dental and Medical Problems

Background. Fungal infection caused by the fungi of Candida genus is the most common pathology of the oral mucosa. It is a serious dental issue, especially in case of elderly patients and those who suffer from systemic diseases. Objectives. The purpose of the research was assessment of occurrence frequency of Candida type fungi in patients with a burning sensation in the oral mucosa, as well as ... [Show full abstract] assessment of antifungal drug sensitivity characteristics for various Candida strains. Material and Methods. Mycological tests were performed in 418 patients suffering from a burning sensation in the oral mucosa. The group included 316 women and 102 men. Patients were divided into 4 age groups: 13-30, 31-50, 51-70 and 71-100 years old. Assessment in each group comprised: the number of fungal infections, accompanying systemic diseases and use of removable prosthetic appliances. Candifast® test was used to assess antifungal drug sensitivity characteristics for each of the Candida strains. Results. Fungal infection was found in case of 295 patients who suffered from a burning sensation in the oral mucosa. That group included 219 female and 76 male patients. Examination of the other 123 people proved them to be myco-negative. The most numerous age group was 51-70 years old. No statistically significant differences were found between presence of a fungal infection and the patients' gender. However, there was a statistically significant relationship between presence of oral candidiasis, co-existence of a systemic disease, use of removable prosthetic appliances and the age of examined women. Conclusions. Fungal infection was common observed pathology of the oral mucosa and Candida albicans was the most common isolated species in presented material. Because fungal infection frequently co-exists with systemic diseases in case of elderly patients and in presence of favourable topical factors, it is essential to implement prophylactic actions to related factors.

Article

Full-text available

Single-operator cholangioscopy for biliary complications in liver transplant recipients

June 2017 · World Journal of Gastroenterology

AIM To evaluate cholangioscopy in addition to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for management of biliary complications after liver transplantation (LT). METHODS Twenty-six LT recipients with duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction who underwent ERCP for suspected biliary complications between April and December 2016 at the university hospital of Muenster were consecutively ... [Show full abstract] enrolled in this observational study. After evaluating bile ducts using fluoroscopy, cholangioscopy using a modern digital single-operator cholangioscopy system (SpyGlass DS™) was performed during the same procedure with patients under conscious sedation. All patients received peri-interventional antibiotic prophylaxis and bile was collected during the intervention for microbial analysis and for antibiotic susceptibility testing. RESULTS Thirty-three biliary complications were found in a total of 22 patients, whereas four patients showed normal bile ducts. Anastomotic strictures were evident in 14 (53.8%) patients, non-anastomotic strictures in seven (26.9%), biliary cast in three (11.5%), and stones in six (23.1%). A benefit of cholangioscopy was seen in 12 (46.2%) patients. In four of them, cholangioscopy was crucial for selective guidewire placement prior to planned intervention. In six patients, biliary cast and/or stones failed to be diagnosed by ERCP and were only detectable through cholangioscopy. In one case, a bile duct ulcer due to fungal infection was diagnosed by cholangioscopy. In another case, signs of bile duct inflammation caused by acute cholangitis were evident. One patient developed post-interventional cholangitis. No further procedure-related complications occurred. Thirty-seven isolates were found in bile. Sixteen of these were gram-positive (43.2%), 12 (32.4%) were gram-negative bacteria, and Candida species accounted for 24.3% of all isolated microorganisms. Interestingly, only 48.6% of specimens were sensitive to prophylactic antibiotics. CONCLUSION Single-operator cholangioscopy can provide important diagnostic information, helping endoscopists to plan and perform interventional procedures in LT-related biliary complications.

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Presentation

Generalized Fungal Infection in Erythoderma Congenital Ichthysiformis bullosa

November 2010 · Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft

Article

Surgical aspects of resection for suspected invasive pulmonary fungal infection in neutropenic patie...

September 1999 · The Annals of Thoracic Surgery

Morbidity and mortality of early resection of invasive pulmonary fungal disease in neutropenic patients are still considered prohibitive for surgical treatment. We retrospectively analyzed results of 28 (16 men, 12 women; mean age, 38.9 years) consecutive neutropenic hematologic patients who had lung resections for suspicion of invasive pulmonary fungal disease. We did 28 lung resections (19 ... [Show full abstract] lobectomies, one bilobectomy, eight single or multiple wedge resections including three video-assisted wedge resections). The disease was proved histologically in 22 (78.6%) cases. Intraoperative difficulties, such as diffuse oozing or mycotic infiltration, and solid postinflammatory adhesions were encountered in 5 (17.8%) and 6 (21.4%) patients respectively. In one case (3.6%) it lead to a major intraoperative hemorrhage. There were no intraoperative deaths, overall 30-day mortality rate was two of 28 (7.1%), overall 90-day mortality rate was seven of 28 (25%), with one death (3.6%) possibly related to surgery. Minor surgery-related complications were seen in ten (35.7%) cases, major surgery-related complications occurred in three (10.7%) cases. Twelve of 22 patients (54.5%) with proven invasive fungal infection are currently alive (mean follow-up, 32.3 months). Surgery-related complications and mortality are acceptable for this high risk group of patients. Resection should be carried out early for diagnostic as well as therapeutic reasons.

Article

Full-text available

A semi-automatic method for the discrimination of diseased regions in detached leaf images using fuz...

January 2011

This paper describes the segmentation method of stained leaf images for the purpose of the detection of leaf regions with anti-pathogen reaction colour products. The segmentation consist in the image conversion to HSV colour space and fuzzy c-means clustering in hue-saturation space to distinguish several pixels classes. These classes are then merged at the interactive stage into two final ... [Show full abstract] classes, where one of them determines the searched diseased areas. Keywords - Cucurbita plants, fungal infection, reactive oxygen species, fuzzy c-means clustering, HSV colour space.

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Article

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Fungi associated with leaf spots of Dracaena ombet (Kotschy and Peyr)

March 1996 · Microbiological Research

The Dracaena ombet, which is endemic to the Red Sea mountain chain, are now nearly extinct. The combined effect of changes in environmental conditions, both natural and cultural, as well as epidemic fungal infection is identified as the causes of its near disappearance. Nine fungal species were isolated from leaf spots on Dracaena ombet. Cladosporium dracaenatum, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus ... [Show full abstract] niger, Curvularia sp., and Fusarium moniliforme were the most common isolates; while Botrytis cinerea, Helminthosporium sp., Fusarium oxysporum and Epicoccum nigrum were less frequent isolates. The pathogenecity test was carried out for the dominant species, Cladosporium dracaenatum and Alternaria alternata, to detect the compatibility between Dracaena leaves and these pathogens. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed the colonization of these pathogens in leaf tissues of Dracaena. Remarkable ultrastructural changes in chloroplasts, mitochondria, and microbodies of infected cells of Dracaena were noticed.

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Chapter

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Systemic Fungal Infections

October 2015

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Article

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Quick and Accurate Detection and Quantification of Magnaporthe oryzae in Rice Using Real-Time Quanti...

April 2014 · Plant Disease

Rice blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the severe fungal diseases in rice worldwide. In this study, we have developed methods to quickly and accurately detect and quantify Magnaporthe oryzae in the pure cultures of the fungus, rice plants, and rice seeds by using the SYBR Green I of the Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). Results of absolute qPCR show that ... [Show full abstract] Magnaporthe oryzae can be detected at as low as 6.9 × 10-5 ng of genomic DNA. Results also show that all ten varieties of rice seeds examined in this study contain this fungus, indicating that M. oryzae is generally widespread in rice seeds. We report the quantification of DNA of Magnaporthe oryzae in rice leaves collected in the field, instead of in lab, using relative qPCR by using rice actin gene as a housekeeping gene. Our results show great practical significance because we would know the potential fungal infection even before the planting.

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Chapter-05 Fungal Infections

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Fungal Infections in Immunocompromised Patients.

A case presentation of voriconazole therapy in a brochopulmonary dysplasia

A visceral mycosis in ayu fry, Plecoglossus altivelis Temminck & Schlegel, caused by a species of Ph...

Iodochlorhydroxyquin-Hydrocortisone Treatment of Fungal Infections: Double-Blind Trial

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Single-operator cholangioscopy for biliary complications in liver transplant recipients

Generalized Fungal Infection in Erythoderma Congenital Ichthysiformis bullosa

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A semi-automatic method for the discrimination of diseased regions in detached leaf images using fuz...

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