No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
THE 'NEW ENGLISH DICTIONARY'
... The Bon religion is an amalgam of beliefs and ideas that have their origins in India, China, Central Asia and Tibet, while the origins of the divinatory tortoise can be traced to ancient Chinese divinatory practices. The very Tibetan phrase, ma hā gser-gyi rus sbal, is glossed by Das as 'the fabulous golden tortoise from the figures upon whose breast the Chinese are said to have derived their knowledge of divination and astrology' (Das 2000(Das [1970: 1189). To understand this kind of Tibetan divination, it follows that we must turn to the older Chinese tradition of turtle divination, which dates back to the beginnings of Chinese civilization. ...
... The Bon religion is an amalgam of beliefs and ideas that have their origins in India, China, Central Asia and Tibet, while the origins of the divinatory tortoise can be traced to ancient Chinese divinatory practices. The very Tibetan phrase, ma hā gser-gyi rus sbal, is glossed by Das as 'the fabulous golden tortoise from the figures upon whose breast the Chinese are said to have derived their knowledge of divination and astrology' (Das 2000(Das [1970: 1189). To understand this kind of Tibetan divination, it follows that we must turn to the older Chinese tradition of turtle divination, which dates back to the beginnings of Chinese civilization. ...
This article is a pan-Himalayan story about
how the turtle, as a cultural symbol within
Sino-Tibetan divination iconography, came to
more closely resemble a frog. It attempts a
comparative analysis of Sino-Tibetan divination
manuals, from Tibetan Dunhuang and Sinitic
turtle divination to frog divination among the
Naxi people of southwest China. It is claimed that
divination turtles, upon entering the Himalayan
foothills, are not just turtles, but become
something else: a hybrid symbol transformed
via cultural diffusion, from Han China to Tibet,
and on to the Naxi of Yunnan. Where borders are
crossed, there is translation. If we go beyond
the linguistic definition of translation towards
an understanding of transfer across semiotic
borders, then translation becomes the reforming
of a concept from one cultural framework into
another. In this way, cultural translation can
explain how divination iconography can mutate
and transform when it enters different contexts;
or in other words, how a turtle can come to lose
its shell.
... In line with several other definitions, education has been defined as an act of training, teaching morally and mentally as well as changing the behavior, feeling, thinking of the learner, see for examples, [2,3,4]. Imbibing the above qualities on any child is a primary function of parents and/or guardians, whose responsibility are to characterize the intelligence of their children while at their formative stage of development (where their brain could take-in easily). ...
... This is followed by slight deterioration of mathematical intelligence after 12 years through 18 years. Female parental knowledge of mathematics is visible after 18 years through 30 years with inclinative value of 4 2.82 10 % × . Maintaining similar predominant studying environment for the rest of the varying intelligence quota for the female population, we investigate as in Figure 4(f) below, the hereditary and acquired intelligence of female students' performance in mathematics taken a population sample of 0.1 y = . ...
In this paper, using ordinary differential equations, mathematical performance model was formulated to study the dynamics of pupil/students’ performance in mathematics as a function of parental background, incorporating a number of environmental factors. The model considered 8 subgroups, which led to derivation of 8-Dimensional dynamic mathematical model for the study of students’ performance in mathematics. Model analysis explored numerical methods and the computational simulations of the model indicated that the proportion of pupil/students’ from parents with probability of transmission of hereditary and acquired intelligence exhibited high performance in the subject. However, under a cozy environmental factors, male pupil/students’ possess more of acquired intelligence in mathematical, whereas, the females exhibited dominance and are sharper via hereditary intelligence. The model therefore, recommended devotion of attention and resources by parents on acquired intelligence of their pupil/students’; as well as both governmental and non-governmental agencies willingness to compliment efforts of parents in the provision of appropriate environment for the enhancement of pupil/students’ performance in mathematics. Furthermore, the optimal control and broader predominant studying parameters for similar model is highly encouraged.
... The circular orientation of indigenous African communities is exhibited in their material culture and behaviour, roundness of huts, cattle byres, homesteads, diurnal rhythms of day and night and related colour symbolism in healing. Linguistically the isiZulu terms indingiliza and isidindingilizi denoting circularity and/or roundness of spherical objects accentuate the emphasis on wholeness, wholesomeness and the whole, health and healing, as conveyed by such terms as philisayo, philile and phelele (Doke & Vilakazi 1972;Edwards 2011;Mutwa, 2003;Ngubane 1977). Pro2. ...
... www.Heartmath.org, www.heartmathsouthafrica.co.za, www.found interconnectedness becomes especially evident in such themes as ubuntu (humanity in all communal and spiritual interrelationships), ubudlelwana, (interconnectedness), ukuhlangana (coherence), indaba (coherent communication), ubunhlobonhlobo (diversity in all its relatedness), emphasis on order (uhlelo), balance, harmony (ukulungiso), dignified movement and rhythm (isigqi), balanced ecological relationships and, ultimately, non-dual unity (ubunye) (Doke & Vilakazi 1972). In this context, GCI related research would particularly focus on the literary, philosophical, psychological, social and spiritual benefits of global coherence as perceived and interpreted in local community context. ...
This study is motivated by many problems confronting planet Earth. Its goal is to promote local and global coherence, research and health. An integral theoretical, positive psychological paradigm is used to introduce HeartMath and Global Coherence Initiatives as evidence based interventions for promoting coherence, research, health and well-being. Interventions are essentially scientific advances on cardiorespiratory based methods which have been used for millennia in various wisdom, knowledge and spiritual traditions such as ancestral consciousness and reverence, Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity and Islam. The article reviews research evidence in relation to psychophysiological coherence, which is characterised by a heart rhythm pattern of elevated amplitude in low frequency heart rate variability of around 0.1 Hz. This is associated with synchronisation between various physiological systems, positive emotions, athletes' " zone " experience , enhanced spirituality, effective prayer, personal, social and global coherence and health. For example, research evidence is provided for the effectiveness of an African heart breath healing method, specifically developed around the concept Shiso, an ancient isiZulu respectful (hlonipha) term for a human being, which became an acronym Introduction The essential theme of this article is that an integral, positive and global psychology involving consciousness transformations, changes of heart and related actions are needed for the many problems confronting Earth. Threats of nuclear war, international terrorism, global warming, overpopulation, unemployment, poverty, illness, injustice, corruption, crime and violence seem to be the order of the day. Most people are locked into an ongoing subsistence and survival struggle, which eats up much precious energy, distorts consciousness, causes illness and exacerbates disorder. The global village desperately needs a global psychology to promote healing in the original meaning of a transformation to health, integrity and/or wholeness. This global psychology needs to represent all planetary inhabitants, in all their diversity, as individuals and members of families, groups, communities and nations. This implies sufficient consciousness, care and collaboration by contemporary humanity in their considerable geographical, historical, religious, political, economic, cultural and other diversity. It also implies comprehensive, equitable and effective approaches (WHO 2013).
... The circular orientation of indigenous African communities is exhibited in their material culture and behaviour, roundness of huts, cattle byres, homesteads, diurnal rhythms of day and night and related colour symbolism in healing . Linguistically the isiZulu terms indingiliza and isidindingilizi, denoting circularity and/or roundness of spherical objects, accentuate the emphasis on wholeness, wholesomeness and the whole, health and healing, as conveyed by such terms as philisayo, philile and phelele (Doke & Vilakazi, 1972; Ngubane, 1977; Mutwa, 2003; Edwards, 2011) . Profound interconnectedness becomes especially evident in such themes as ubuntu (humanity in all communal and spiritual interrelationships), ubudlelwana, (interconnectedness), ukuhlangana (coherence), indaba (coherent communication), ubunhlobonhlobo (diversity in all its relatedness), emphasis on order (uhlelo), balance, harmony (ukulungiso), dignified movement and rhythm (isigqi), balanced ecological relationships and, ultimately, non-dual unity (ubunye) (Doke & Vilakazi, 1972) . ...
... Linguistically the isiZulu terms indingiliza and isidindingilizi, denoting circularity and/or roundness of spherical objects, accentuate the emphasis on wholeness, wholesomeness and the whole, health and healing, as conveyed by such terms as philisayo, philile and phelele (Doke & Vilakazi, 1972; Ngubane, 1977; Mutwa, 2003; Edwards, 2011) . Profound interconnectedness becomes especially evident in such themes as ubuntu (humanity in all communal and spiritual interrelationships), ubudlelwana, (interconnectedness), ukuhlangana (coherence), indaba (coherent communication), ubunhlobonhlobo (diversity in all its relatedness), emphasis on order (uhlelo), balance, harmony (ukulungiso), dignified movement and rhythm (isigqi), balanced ecological relationships and, ultimately, non-dual unity (ubunye) (Doke & Vilakazi, 1972) . ...
... In addition, existing lists of isiZulu names orally accessed and compiled over time by various people and kept by BirdLife South Africa were also examined. Koopman also compiled a list of isiZulu bird names gleaned from scouring various English-Zulu dictionaries, particularly the work of Bryant (1905) and Doke and Vilakazi (1958). ...
... Roots are inhaled as a treatment for hysteria (Doke and Vilakazi, 1972). An undefined plant known as umgogi wezinhlanya is used as a depressant psychoactive. ...
The review focuses on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition of extracts and compounds from southern African plants. We provide a detailed inventory of southern African plants used in the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) and memory-related disorders that are potential candidates for novel AChE inhibitors. This was achieved through a detailed literature search using web-based database searches including Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) as well as ethnobotanical literature on southern African medicinal plants. Bibliometric analysis was performed on the data mined from WoS. In addition, we reviewed the methods used to determine AChE activity and highlighted the success and potential of alkaloids from the Amaryllidaceae. Our findings revealed about 200 southern African medicinal plants that are used for CNS and memory-related disorders. Approximately, 65 southern African plants have been evaluated for AChE inhibitory activity even though the majority of these plants do not have an ethnobotanical basis for such evaluation. Several extracts (e.g. Ammocharis coranica (KerGawl.) Herb., Lannea schweinfurthii Engl, Scadoxus puniceus (L.) Friis & Nordal, Xysmalobium undulatum (L.) W.T.Aiton.) have been found to demonstrate noteworthy (IC50 ≤ 1 μg/ml) AChE inhibitory activity. Moreover, 30 compounds have been isolated in an attempt to discover AChE inhibitors from southern African plants. The most active (IC50 ≤ 12 μM) compounds were isolated from Crinum moorei Hook. f., Scadoxus puniceus and Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del. subspecies kraussiana (Benth.). Thus far, very few South African studies have looked at the ecological and environmental impact of both naturally occurring and applied AChE inhibitors (e.g. organophosphate and carbamate insecticides) and no studies have considered medical applications other than in Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapy. Furthermore, most of these studies have mainly used an in vitro approach directed at developing treatments of age-related dementia such as AD, despite the decline in pharmaceutical interest of AChE inhibitors in the treatment of AD. It is also apparent that no further steps are taken towards the investigation of in vivo studies and clinical trials. In addition to these existing gaps, the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies also need to be adequately addressed in order to generate more coordinated and focused research.
... Powdered bark of E.transvaalensis is known to be ingested directly by licking it from the palm of the hand and washing it down with water (Pujol, 1990;Hutchings etal., 1996). This is a traditional method of administration known as khotha, the Zulu word for 'lick', 'lick up' or 'lick clean' (Doke and Vilakazi, 1972). The bark has been reported to be toxic (Von Koenen, 2001) so that the dosage need to be carefully controlled. ...
Elaeodendron transvaalense stem bark is widely used in southern African traditional medicine, mainly for gastrointestinal tract disorders and skin ailments. The aim of the study was to investigate the possible scientific rationale for the popularity and ethnobotanical uses of E.transvaalense. To achieve this aim, target pathogens related to infections were tested with crude bark extracts and also the main active antimicrobial compounds. Stem bark was purchased from traditional medicine (muthi) markets, powdered and extracted with either methanol or dichloromethane. For the antimicrobial testing, the micro-titre plate broth two-fold serial dilution assay in 96 well plates was undertaken. Bioassay guided fractionation and polar stationary phase column chromatography was used to isolate the active compounds. Crude bark extracts demonstrated moderate activity against Gram-negative(Escherichia coliATCC 8739, Pseudomonas aeruginosaATCC 27853, Salmonella typhimuriumATCC 9290, Shigella sonneiATCC 14028) and Gram-positive(Staphylococcus aureusATCC 25923, Staphylococcus epidermidisATCC 12228) organisms. A dichloromethane extract yielded three major triterpenes; lup-20(30)-ene-3α,29-diol(1), 6β-hydroxylup-20(29)-ene-3-one(2) and 30-hydroxylup-20(29)-ene-3-one(3) and one major polyphenol, 4′-O-methylepigallocatechin (4). Compounds 1, 3 and 4 were previously reported from the stem bark of E.transvaalense, but this is the first report of 2 in the stem bark of this species, although it was previously reported from the root bark. The presence of 1–3 was confirmed to be also in the aqueous extract but a much higher relative abundance of 4′-O-methyl epigallocatechin (4) was found. The four compounds demonstrated moderate antimicrobial activity with the lowest MIC value of 0.093 mg/mL against E.coli and S.typhimurium from 4, the polyphenol. The antimicrobial activity of E.transvaalense stem bark is therefore at least partly due to the presence of lupenol triterpenes and 4′-O-methyl epigallocatechin. The presence of all four compounds in the dichloromethane and aqueous extracts was confirmed, but the overwhelmingly major component in the aqueous extract was 4. The results support the traditional uses of the bark against gastrointestinal tract and skin infections.
... Beyond the WHO definition, the concept of health has further meanings in this paper. Firstly, it is well conveyed through the Zulu word impilo with its energized meaning implying both health and wellbeing as well as vitality and life empowerment (Doke and Vilakazi 1972, Dent and Nyambezi 1997), analogous to the Chinese concept of chi (). Tannahill (2000) speaks of positive health, which is not necessarily on a continuum with ill health. ...
This booklet is a collection of papers on the theme
of promoting mental health through physical
exercise, which were completed during the first
semester of 2002. Grateful thanks are extended to
the University of Zululand for study leave
opportunities and the National Research
Foundation for support of the project ‘Methods of
health promotion’ (Gun Number 2050348).
... In South Africa, Zulu people use the bark for stomach complaints and the Vhavenda use root decoctions for the treatment of tachycardia (Arnold and Gulumian, 1984). The bark of Breonadia salicina is reported to be astringent (Doke and Vilakazi, 1972). ...
... Human interconnectedness implies humanity (ubuntu) and respect (ukuhlonipha). Etymologically, ubuntu is the abstract form of the terms umuntu (a human being) and abantu (people), derived from the root (ntu), which has various connotations, such as African, way of life, human nature, language, one with human feelings and diaphragm (Doke and Vilakazi, 1972). Through its emphasis on essential humanity and human essentials, ubuntu is thus concerned with fundamental structures of being human, without which our human species would not survive in its present form, that is the giving, receiving and sharing of human care, support, companionship, help and healing. ...
... For instance, the term "bank" has different meanings. It either means a container for keeping coins or a piece electronic device for saving data on or a container for saving money [Bee04]. Therefore, if a user queries a given database for information concerning an object "bank", the database might return tuples containing data about electronic device or containers or institutions of type bank. ...
Die Bedeutung der in den relationalen Datenbankmanagementsystemen dargestellten Realwelt-Objekten wird weder explizit noch vollständig beschrieben. Demzufolge treffen häufig diese Systeme mit den Anfrageantworten nicht die Benutzerabsichten. Die vorliegende Dissertation präsentiert einen ontologie-basierten Ansatz für die semantische Anfrageverarbeitung. In diesem Ansatz sollen semantische Informationen aus einer gegebenen Ontologie abgeleitet und für die Umformulierung der Benutzeranfrage verwendet werden. Dies führt zu einer neuen Anfrage, die für den Benutzer sinnvollere Ergebnisse aus der Datenbank zurückliefern kann. Wir definieren und spezifizieren Einschränkungen und Abbildungen zwischen der Ontologie- und den Datenbank-Konzepten, um eine Ontologie mit einer Datenbank zu verknüpfen. Des Weiteren entwickeln wir eine Reihe von Algorithmen, die uns helfen, diese Abbildungen auf eine halbautomatische Weise zu finden. Au"serdem entwickeln wir eine Reihe von semantischen Regeln, die für die Umformulierung einer Anfrage benutzt werden. Die Haupteigenschaft einer Regel ist es, Begriffe einer Anfrage durch andere Begriffe zu ersetzen oder anzureichern, die von denselben ontologischen Konzepten dargestellt werden. Weiterhin benutzen wir die Theorie der Termersetzungssysteme, um den Transformationsprozess zu formalisieren und die wesentlichen Eigenschaften für das Anwenden der Regeln zu studieren. Aufbauend auf diesem Ansatz wurde ein Prototyp implementiert und wurde die Fähigkeit unseres Ansatzes durch einer real existierenden Anwendung ausgewertet.
... -thombi, -khosi, -mpala and -ntaba. … DV [Doke and Vilakazi 1948], and virtually all other stem lexicographers, opt for the fourth option. This puts the onus on the user to know which nouns have stems to which the de-aspiration rule applies and which not. ...
Lexicographers increasingly acknowledge the enormous potential of electronic dictionaries. The great capacity and speed characteristic of electronic products, combined with enhanced query and data retrieval technology, pave the way to a new generation of dictionaries unimagined in the paper-dictionary era. It is amazing to see how many of the lexicographer's greatest obstacles disappear in the electronic dictionary. This article will, firstly, attempt to give a perspective on typical features of electronic dictionaries. Secondly, electronic-dictionary entries will be designed as a solution to some of the most burning lemmatization problems encountered by lexicographers for African languages in paper dictionaries.
Keywords: electronic dictionary, lexicography, data retrieval, lemmatization, cd-rom, access route, pop-up functionalities, pop-up screens, edutainment, cross-referencing, information retrieval, encoding, decoding, African languages, navigation bar.
... In addressing this problem of unavailability particularly for Zulu and Xhosa, a lemma list in electronic format was extracted from a Zulu paper dictionary (Doke & Vilakazi, 1964). For Xhosa however, the resources available in terms of lemmas were even more limited. ...
In this paper the development of computational morphological analysers for six South African Bantu languages is discussed. Due to the rich agglutinating morphological structures of these languages, the morphological processing poses particular challenges. These challenges are of an orthographical, a morphological as well as of a lexical nature. The current status of the project is reported on, firstly in terms of the development of prototypes of morphological analysers for the various languages, and secondly in terms of the development of standardised XML machine-readable lexicons for the South African Bantu languages, based on an appropriate general data model. 22 1. Introduction It is well known that localisation initiatives are supported by language translation, and in particular machine assisted and machine translation. However, there is much more to machine translation than meets the eye, especially in highly agglutinating languages such as the Bantu languages. The importance of morphological analysis is recognised as a basic enabling application for further kinds of natural language processing (NLP), including part-of-speech tagging, parsing, semantic analysis and information retrieval, and also for high-level applications such as spelling checking, lexicography, language teaching, text-to-speech systems, question answering and last but not least machine translation.
... Beyond the WHO definition, the concept of health has further meanings in this paper. Firstly, it is well conveyed through the Zulu word impilo with its energized meaning implying both health and wellbeing as well as vitality and life empowerment (Doke andVilakazi 1972, Dent andNyambezi 1997), analogous to the Chinese concept of chi (). Tannahill (2000) speaks of positive health, which is not necessarily on a continuum with ill health. ...
This paper constitutes a comparative and longitudinal investigation of physical exercise and psychological wellness in a sample of health club members in Zululand, South Africa. The research was contextualized within a public health and community psychological model of mental health promotion. Physical exercise was categorized as regular or irregular, depending upon whether it met the criterion of exercising for an average of thirty minutes a day at least three times per week or not. A Wellness Profile was constructed from various questionnaires chosen on the basis of their relationship with the general construct of psychological wellness and administered to samples of health club members and university students. In the comparative investigation, health club members were more psychologically well than university students. Whether they were members of a health club or not, participants who were regular exercisers were found to be more psychologically well than irregular exercisers. In the longitudinal investigation, health club members who exercised regularly over a period of two or more months increased significantly in psychological wellness. The significance of the findings in themselves and for the promotion of public and mental health is discussed.
(S. African J. for Research in Sport, Physical Ed. and Recreation: 2003 25 (1): 23-34)
... Healing typically involves some transformation from illness to health. Such transformation is graphically and energetically portrayed in the San notion of twe a term which explicitly captures the tensile, organismic healing experience of 'pulling' out an illness (Dent and Nyembezi, 1969; Doke and Vilajazi, 1972; Katz, 1982; Stewart, 1971). According to Graham (1990), traditional forms of energy healing have their origins in observations of the perennial rhythms, balances, harmony, blockages and flow of forces that occur in nature. ...
The approach of this article is on energy healing as holistic, contextual and essentially psychological. In order to explicate common themes, various indigenous patterns of energy healing in Africa, India and China are examined. Core themes that emerge include views of the universe as an interrelated whole, of illness as a disruption or stagnation of energy patterns, which need continual harmonisation for optimal health, and of a universal energy to which everyone has access, particularly via breathing and meditation techniques. Other themes include universal healing patterns such as dialogue, spirituality, shared worldview, communal context, cultural compatibility, common expectations, emotional arousal, information exchange, various healing approaches, resources, methods and techniques, individual, familial and social learning and change.
... The Zulu lexicon is based on an extensive word list dating back to the mid 1950s (cf. Doke and Vilakazi, 1964), but significant improvements and additions are regularly made. At present the Zulu word roots include noun stems with class information (15 759), verb roots (7 567), relative stems (406), adjective stems (48), ideophones (1 360), conjunctions (176). ...
... In addressing this problem of unavailability particularly for Zulu and Xhosa, a lemma list in electronic format was extracted from a Zulu paper dictionary (Doke & Vilakazi, 1964). For Xhosa however, the resources available in terms of lemmas were even more limited. ...
The acquisition of language data is a primordial step in the creation of NLP applications. In order to overcome the diffi- culties in this acquisition of language data from which taggers or electronic dictionaries can be derived for a wide range of languages, we develop a cooperative environment called XNRLDF. Aiming at a Wikpedia-like cooperation of linguists, we thus create an infrastructure necessary to collect, create an distribute data for the processing of under-resourced lan- guages. The data currently available are derived via bootstrapping from Internet documents. Besides testing the infras- tructure, we created corpora, word frequency lists, ngrams, list of number words and function words and links to external resources. The compiled data are available under the GNU public license. A wider cooperation with experts on African languages is needed to achieve an in-depth coverage of African languages.
... Lao language dictionaries follow two different collation sequences, which may be termed as Lao language-based (e.g. [22]) and script-based collation. Language-based collation uses the encoded vocalic symbols (given inFigure 5.8) to do the context based contractions (given inTable 5 ...
Neural science and cognitive psychology have in recent years established the fundamental importance of episodic memory in the formation of an individual’s personal and social identity. These models of understanding help to explain the widespread prevalence of the shades in numerous cultural and literary traditions, including those in contemporary South Africa. This paper applies these findings to the appearance of the shades in the work of poets as diverse as Homer, Dante, Hardy and Vilakazi, and argues that a fuller recognition of the universality of the shades challenges the inward and spiritual apartheid of individuals in a globalised world fissured by recalcitrant identity politics.
Many studies have explored differences in the use of intensifiers by people of different genders, but few have focused on additional compounding variables that may affect gendered intensifier use. This study thus explored the effects of academics’ gender and subject area on intensifier use in their lectures, as well as the interactions between these two variables. Significant differences were found in the use of intensifiers between genders and between academic disciplines, with male lecturers using significantly more intensifiers than female ones did, and significantly fewer intensifiers occurring in the hard sciences than the soft ones. Of the two variables, discipline was more influential on intensifier variation than gender was. The interaction data, meanwhile, indicated that although male lecturers in both disciplinary groups used intensifiers frequently, their language behaviors were affected far more by the norms of the lecture genre than by discipline. The female lecturers’ intensifier usage, on the other hand, was substantially influenced by both gender and discipline. Taken as a whole, these findings reveal that, although gender is undeniably an important factor in it, intensifier variation is more likely to be explicated through research on the interactive effects of gender and other variables.
Part One of this two-part series on the history of the recording of Zulu bird names covered the period of the first explorers in KwaZulu-Natal in the 1830s and went up to Samuelson’s 1923 dictionary. This second part begins with the rise of interest in bird-watching as a hobby and the subsequent publication of the first successful bird guide: Austin Roberts’ 1940 Birds of South Africa. Subsequent revised editions, under different authors, were published in 1957, 1970, 1978, 1985, 1993, and 2005: all with the title Roberts Birds of Southern Africa (or minor variations thereof). The changing face of the Zulu names in these editions is examined in detail. As with Part One, the role of dictionaries in developing Zulu bird names is discussed, with Doke and Vilakazi’s 1948 Zulu-English Dictionary playing a major role. The article ends with thoughts on the unequal dynamics between the Zulu people whose oral tradition has provided the Zulu bird names, and the almost entirely white missionaries, ornithologists and lexicographers who have recorded these names. In the last ten years or so, an interest in both bird-watching and in oral traditions relating to birds has seen these dynamics change, with Zulu-speaking people becoming directly involved not only in the recording of Zulu bird names, but also in creating them for educational and tourism purposes.
African language scholars have done considerable research on various types of compounding of words in isiZulu. However, there is a paucity of research on compounding in (Southern) isiNdebele when compared with isiZulu. This article examines some noun valency and common features that occur in both isiZulu and isiNdebele. The researcher made a document analysis with respect to the morphological and phonological processes of the noun valency frame with possessive pronouns to identify some similarities and differences. The paper argues that although compounding of possessive pronouns with their co-referent nouns is not a peculiar feature of isiZulu and isiNdebele, it is restricted to certain formatives. There are features that allow for morphological and phonological changes, while others do not. In respect of the formation of possessive pronouns, isiNdebele and isiZulu share a common morphological structure. The slight differences between the morphological and phonological processes in the noun + possessive compound construction of isiZulu and isiNdebele constitute orthographical preferences. The researcher demonstrates that the noun + possessive pronoun compounding in isiZulu is confined to the combination of nouns denoting kinship, while in isiNdebele this is not always the case.
The nineteenth century witnessed the spread and development of a number of northern Nguni kingdoms throughout southern Africa. Central to the success and stability of these kingdoms was the regimental system. A critical aspect of this system was the military settlements or amakhanda (singular ikhanda). These settlements provided housing to soldiers, but also acted as centres of royal authority. Due to the specific function and nature of these settlements, they had a settlement organisation and layout that differed from that of a family homestead (umuzi). This study identifies a number of differences that may enable archaeologists to distinguish between amakhanda and other settlements. An ikhanda was organised into four structural sections, each of which was used for very specific purposes: the central enclosure; regimental housing; the great isigodlo; and the isigodlo. Amakhanda represent a fundamental change that had occurred among the northern Nguni, a change that ultimately resulted in the formation of the Zulu kingdom and the reshaping of the socio-political organisation of southern Africa.
Three major difficulties are encountered in Zulu lexicography. These are the identification of designata words, the precise definition of entries and the marking of tones. The entries in Isichazamazwi II are confined to ideophones, interjectives, and basic forms of nouns and verbs. Grammatical units, derivations, and various syntactic forms of words are discussed in the prefatory notes of the dictionary. Owing to limited Zulu terminology, the definitions of entries tend to be uniform and monotonous. Only the high, low, high-low and low-high tones are indicated. The Central Zululand dialect is as far as possible used as a basis for the marking of tones.
S. Afr. J. Mr. Lang. 1986, 6: 113–116
This article investigates the calls of birds (vocalisation) and the way these are put into words (verbalised), mainly in English, but with some reference to Afrikaans and Zulu. The emphasis is on how the authors of bird guides for bird watchers render the calls of different species as an aid to identification. Distinctions are made between descriptive strategies, which may include the use of metaphor and simile, and imitative strategies, which are subdivided into partial verbalisation and full verbalisation. The article then looks at how these strategies are used in the formation of bird names, themselves another way of verbalising bird calls. The article concludes that in the verbalising of bird vocalisation, at least two interlocking linguistic processes are taking place, one being the conversion of bird “language” into human language; another being the rendering of sound as writing. A third process is onymisation, the turning of words and phrases into names.
Construit à partir de recherches de terrain effectuées entre 2007 et 2012, cet article examine comment des travailleuses du sexe mongoles élaborent leur personnage au sein d’une maison close chinoise. Il insiste sur la place des échanges matériels et immatériels dans la communion instaurée entre ces femmes, « partenaires de destin ». Il s’intéresse également aux rôles attribués à l’ethnologue dans cette recherche en interrogeant les « malentendus productifs » et les « jeux » qui se déroulent lors de l’enquête de terrain.
This article proposes HeartMath as a positive psychology paradigm for promoting psychophysiological and global coherence. It provides evidence for the value of psychophysiological and global coherence, with special reference to human functioning through synchronisation between positive emotions, cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, immune and other physiological systems. Various HeartMath tools and techniques are described and evidence for their effectiveness provided, drawing from several related South African studies. Psychophysiological and global coherence bear promise as fertile fields for future research and intervention of great potential to develop humanity and promote global health and wellbeing.
The primary process of toponymic formation by the earliest indigenous inhabitants of the African sub-continent, the Bushmen and Khoikhoi, was evolutionary. Due to their primary onomastic function, descriptions or common names that identified and referred to geographical features gradually lost their descriptive or lexical semantic relevance and assumed the status of proper names. Physical and cultural contact, including language contact, took place between these indigenous groups and incoming Bantu and European peoples over the past 2000 years. Some indigenous toponyms were adopted by the incoming peoples, but adapted to the phonological and later orthographic systems of the receiver languages; some names were translated, while some were replaced by other names. The present article investigates the phonological and semantic processes of the adaptation of Bushman toponyms by Bantu and European peoples, including folk etymological and associative reinterpretation, and identifies fossilized and disguised Bushman common names embedded in the toponyms.
Lexicographers increasingly acknowledge the enormous potential of electronic dictionaries. The great capacity and speed characteristic of electronic products, combined with enhanced query and data retrieval technology, pave the way to a new generation of dictionaries unimagined in the paper-dictionary era. It is amazing to see how many of the lexicographer's greatest obstacles disappear in the electronic dictionary. This article will, firstly, attempt to give a perspective on typical features of electronic dictionaries. Secondly, electronic-dictionary entries will be designed as a solution to some of the most burning lemmatization problems encountered by lexicographers for African languages in paper dictionaries.
Keywords: electronic dictionary, lexicography, data retrieval, lemmatization, cd-rom, access route, pop-up functionalities, pop-up screens, edutainment, cross-referencing, information retrieval, encoding, decoding, African languages, navigation bar.
Based on the related publication this poster introduced HeartMath as a positive psychology paradigm for promoting psychophysiological and global coherence. Evidence is provided for its value, with special reference to psychophysiological coherence as a natural, resonant, heart rhythm pattern associated with synchronization between positive emotions, cardiovascular, respiratory and other physiological systems. Various HeartMath tools and techniques are explicated. International and South African research, which has validated various HeartMath techniques, is described. This includes an original, African, breath based, heart focussed psychotherapeutic method called SHISO. The Sixth Global Coherence Initiative Monitoring Site, established recently on a private game reserve in Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa, is currently providing valuable research data with special reference to animal, human and cosmic relationships. Psychophysiological and global coherence are recommended as fertile fields for future research and intervention of great potential to develop humanity and promote global health and wellbeing. Research findings are available on the respective websites: heartmath.org and glcoherence.org.
The main body of this article deals with personal reminiscences and anecdotes many of them relating to music — recounted to me by the renowned Zulu musician, choir-master and composer, the late Mr A. A. Kumalo during two tape-recorded interviews in Edendale, Natal in 1964. This was some two years before he suffered a stroke (in July 1966) from which he never fully recovered. He died peacefully at his home on 9 December 1966, aged 87.
Little or no distinction is made between stars and planets in this chapter, except where indicated, in keeping with many traditional celestial beliefs. Use is instead made of the generic term: stars. Constellations are essentially a northern hemispheric notion and were not a feature of the South Africa of yesteryear. It should be remembered, too, that northern hemisphere constellations appear upside down in the southern hemisphere due to perspective. There are, of course, constellations specific to the southern hemisphere, and which are not inverted. Certain so-called ‘constellations’ or associations of stars were indeed known to the indigenous inhabitants of southern Africa. We shall focus on Zulu, Swazi and Xhosa perceptions and propositions of the stellar world.
Performing cross-lingual natural language processing and developing multilingual lexicographic applications for languages with complex agglutinative morphology pose specific challenges that are aggravated when such languages are also under-resourced. In this paper, Zulu, an under-resourced language spoken in Southern Africa, is considered. The verb is the most complex word category in Zulu. Due to the agglutinative nature of Zulu morphology, limited information can be computationally extracted from running Zulu text without the support of sufficiently reliable computational morphological analysis by means of which the essential meanings of, amongst others, verbs can be exposed. The central research question that is addressed in this paper is as follows: How could ZulMorph (http://gama.unisa.ac.za/demo/demo/ZulMorph), a finite state morphological analyser for Zulu, be employed to support multilingual lexicography and cross-lingual natural language processing applications, with specific reference to Zulu verbs?
This paper focuses on the role of indigenous place names in KwaZulu-Natal as a way of preserving living heritage. Names are powerful symbols that connect us with our ancestors and our space and should be preserved as part of our oral history and cultural heritage. Toponomastics research done in KwaZulu-Natal has placed more emphasis on the semantic, orthographic significance of naming and the role of name givers, but has not focused on the preservation aspect of living heritage. Through oral traditions which fall under living heritage, I argue in this paper that indigenous place names are key in preserving living heritage and indigenous knowledge. Oral history is preserved in various indigenous place names in KwaZulu-Natal. Ong (1982: 8) is of the opinion that oral cultures concern themselves with doings and happenings, not with being as such: oral cultures narrativise their own existence and their environment.
The Global Coherence Initiative (GCI) was launched in 2008 by the Institute of HeartMath, a non-profit research and education organization, located in Boulder Creek, California. It seeks to research and explore science-based solutions to health and wellness issues (particularly heart-focused care) through linking and correlating geophysical and human health phenomena, and developing strategies to help increase personal, social and global coherence. This paper describes the approach and hypotheses behind this initiative and outlines scientific research and health promotion opportunities for local scientific, research, health, educational and related tertiary educational institutions.
This article explores how the medium of radio through the genre of radio drama enables the exploration of issues of power and violence in a way that is both public and intensely private. It argues that through the airing of a topic as feared, as secret and yet as pervasively present - or potentially so - as the supernatural and the occult, radio drama can open up for debate areas of modern life around which there is often official silence. The focus is on a double serial drama, single parts of a proverb, Yiz’ Uvalo and Inqobo Yisibindi (“In Spite of Fear, the Victor is Courage”). I discuss the power of radio to create an interactive community and particular public and the power of this particular drama to harness listeners’ interest, emotions and fears. It had the ability to fascinate and delight and to create a parallel world, which intersected with events but at the same time kept its own internal dynamic which impelled its listeners on with it. I explore too the particular elements within people’s lives and imaginings with which this drama interacted, and how this contributed to its extraordinary “success.”
Rural Xhosa beer-drinking is associated with a specialized lexicon related to producing, distributing, and ritually consuming maize beer in communal settings. Understanding this provides important insights into the status of beer as an indigenous commodity and the link between its consumption and sociopolitical and economic relations. It is in relation to the formal cultural framework of which the beer-drinking register is part that individual agency is exercised and a reflexive engagement with social practice occurs, and through which the meaning of specific ritual events is negotiated.
Clinical psychology in Africa: by Karl Peltzer and Peter Ebigbo. Chuka Printing Company, Nigeria, 736 pp. ISBN 978-2528-17-4, Volume 31, Issue 7, 1990, Page 829
Occasioned by an international meeting involving an Australian shaman and Zulu divine healer, this article explores some universal themes in divine healing as revealed in traditional Zulu and classical Greek culture. Themes include indigenous knowledge, ancestral and divine consciousness, truth, harmony, ecology, transformation of the psyche and energy healing. The article calls for further research into divine healing with special reference to perennial healing components such as empathy, intuition and transpersonal spirituality.
This article focuses on the lemmatisation of vowel-commencing borrowed nouns and the allocation of borrowed nouns to noun class prefixes in Isichazamazwi SesiNdebele, the first monolingual general-purpose Ndebele dictionary, and Isichazamazwi SezoMculo, the first specialised Ndebele dictionary of musical terms. It adopts a comparative approach, also highlighting the controversies surrounding the status of the initial vowel of the prefix or the pre-prefix in Ndebele and other Nguni languages. It further looks at the challenges and limitations of lemmatising the noun using either the initial vowel of the prefix or the initial letter of the noun stem. It is found that there are some inconsistencies in the lemmatisation of vowel-commencing borrowed nouns and the allocation of borrowed nouns to noun class prefixes in the two dictionaries. These inconsistencies impact negatively on the standardisation and treatment of borrowed nouns.
Converging lines of evidence from various scientific disciplines consistently point to humanity's African roots. In this context, the term "indigenous healing" is used to refer to universal forms of healing that began In Africa and were developed further both locally and Internationally. This article examines the notion of a psychology of Indigenous healing and suggests that investigations continually reveal essential structures and practices of a perennial psychology underlying modern scientific, academic and professional forms of this discipline. Examination of such structures and practices illuminates an original psychological theme in Southern African indigenous healing involving recognition of Spirit as Source of Self that extends Into transpersonal realms. Related themes Include ancestral consciousness, familial and communal spirituality, healers and specializations, illness prevention, health promotion and various forms of empathy. The need for future in depth research into such psychological themes and Issues is identified and explicated.
Language resources, by their very nature, serve as a repository of linguistic knowledge. They are therefore essential in the building and improvement of natural language applications. The aim of this paper is to elaborate on the practice and the experience gained in the development, maintenance and management of such resources with specific reference to African languages. The focus is on the methods of collection and the formats concerning word lists, morphological analysis and lemma lists. The resources discussed, are those developed in collaborative research with North-West University's Spelling Checker Project. As a broader perspective, the reusability of such resources is highlighted. Recommendations are also made regarding the way forward nationally in developing a resource centre to facilitate the technological development of South African Bantu languages.
The aim of this article is to trace some of the possible origins of the possessive particle -ka- in Zulu, which occurs when the possessor noun is a noun of class 1 a. Research done so far on the nature of -ka--, does not provide conclusive evidence on the exact origins of this particle. Nevertheless, several postulations regarding the origins of -ka- have been made, such as the possibility that -ka- is a contracted form of the locative class possessive concord kwa-; or that -ka- originates from a class prefix. These hypotheses are critically evaluated, and arguments are put forward for yet another hypothesis, namely that -ka- possibly developed from a lexical item by means of a process of semantic broadening. It is further demonstrated that the process of grammaticalization also plays a role in the postulated derivation of this particle.
Approche structurale des ceremonies d'initiation de la societe secrete Poro des fermiers Kafibele Senufo. L'A. s'interesse a l'experience esthetique des inities notamment a travers le port des masques rituels. L'A. part du principe que dans les societes africaines l'expression artistique est une part integrale de l'experience empirique et qu'on ne peut etudier l'objet independamment de celui qui le possede.
This article seeks to illustrate that translation policies that translators adopt may result in different linguistic choices. The recurrent preferences shown by the translators of the 1986 Zulu translation of the Book of Matthew can only be explained in terms of certain external, socio-cultural constraints. In this article it will be demonstrated that Toury's concept of the initial norm (the socio-cultural constraints) seems to have guided the translators of these translations in their selection of the options at their disposal. The initial norm governs the translator's choice between two polar alternatives regarding the translation's overall orientation. Using a corpus-based approach, the linguistic choices of both translations will be analysed to discern whether these translations adopted the norms of the source text and culture or the norms of the target culture. In the analysis it will be shown that the translators of the 1959 translation adopted source text norms and culture, whereas the translators of the 1986 translation adopted the norms of the target culture.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.