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95 SUBCUTANEOUS AND VISCERAL FAT DISTRIBUTION AND DAILY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: COMPARISON BETWEEN YOUNG AND MIDDLE-AGED WOMEN

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... This method is considered to be practical and its rational validity can be also recognized. Although whether the predicted IFM completely reflects the actual adipose tissue accumulated around the abdominal viscera has not been sufficiently examined, previous studies reported that the predicted IFM significantly correlated with visceral fat mass (area) measured by CT or MRI (Davies et al., 1986;Abe et al., 1993Abe et al., , 1995Abe et al., , 1996aKomiya et al., 2000). These reports indicate that this predicted IFM closely relates to the internal fat content, and can be used as an important predictor of internal fat content. ...
... Total fat mass was estimated by a dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry system (DPX-L; Lunar Radiation Corp., Madison, WI, USA; whole-body scanning, software version 1.3Z). In previous studies (Hattori et al., 1991;Abe et al., 1993Abe et al., , 1995Abe et al., , 1996aKomiya et al., 2000), total fat mass was estimated based on hydrostatic weighing. Although measurement principles differ between DXA and hydrostatic weighing, DXA measurement is commonly used as a reference for body composition assessment in many studies. ...
... Predicting subcutaneous and IFM. Subcutaneous fat mass and IFM were estimated referring to previous studies used with a Japanese population (Hattori et al., 1991;Abe et al., 1993Abe et al., , 1995Abe et al., , 1996aKomiya et al., 2000). The subcutaneous fat mass was calculated from the following equation: ...
Article
This study aimed to develop a prediction equation for the visceral fat area at the umbilical level (VFA(L4-5)) in Japanese adults, using internal fat mass (IFM) estimated from a few anthropometric variables. Subjects were 112 adults aged from 25 to 82 years (body mass index (BMI)=24.2+/-3.1 kg/m(2), ranged from 15.7 to 31.2 kg/m(2)). Another 60 adults aged from 21 to 71 years were recruited for the crossvalidation group (BMI=24.5+/-4.0 kg/m(2), ranged from 17.1 to 34.6 kg/m(2)). We examined (1) the prediction of IFM based on a small number of skinfold thicknesses; (2) the prediction of VFA(L4-5) using IFM and (3) the application of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) measurement. VFA(L4-5) was measured by computed tomography (reference value). Total fat mass was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and single-frequency BIA with 8-point tactile electrodes. Three skinfolds at the abdomen, side chest and suprailiac were selected to estimate IFM. From IFM estimated using these three skinfolds, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), sex and age, about 75% of the variance of VFA(L4-5) could be explained (Eq(VFA)1: R=863, R(2)=0.745, standard error of estimate (s.e.e.)=20.483 cm(2)). When substituting IFM based on BIA measurement (IFM(BIA)) into Eq(VFA)1, there were no significant mean differences from the reference in both equations, and high correlations were found (r=0.860, s.e.e.=20.902 cm(2)), although a significant mean difference in total fat mass was found between DXA and BIA measurements. The prediction equation using IFM(BIA) (Eq(VFA)2) could have prediction accuracy comparable with that of Eq(VFA)1 (Eq(VFA)2: R=879, R(2)=0.773, s.e.e.=20.324 cm(2)). Furthermore, when applying these equations to the crossvalidation group, there were cross-validity in both equations. This study proposed a prediction equation for VFA(L4-5) from WHR and IFM based on three skinfolds, and the validity of BIA measurement in Japanese adults. We can propose the procedure for a field setting.
... Body fat, that is, the percentage of body fat, is the only component of body composition that has the tendency of increasing almost through entire lifespan [34,35]. In addition to the biological influences related to aging [36], the change of the lifestyle of modern humans (reduced physical activity and increased energy intake) have caused an enormous increase of body fat to be one of the basic determinants of health or illness. ...
... As Gába et al. argue [37], the prevention of excessive gain in body mass-fat has become a public health priority in the developed countries, and in Serbia alike [38]. In contrast, the reduced muscle components of body composition are inevitable side effects of aging, whereby body mass remains the same or increases on the expense of fat [34,39]. ...
... Monitoring changes in body composition in different age groups is important for control of the current status, but also to determine the trend of changes of the total mass or individual parts of the given structure. Adipose tissue is the only component of body composition which shows the tendency to increase almost throughout the whole life (Abe et al., 1996;Mott et al., 1999). ...
... As the authors Gába et al. (2009) noted, prevention of the excess gain in body mass-fat has become a public health priority in the developed countries of the world, as well as in Serbia (Jorga et al., 2007). On the other hand, aging is inevitably followed by reduction of muscle component of body composition, at which the weight either does not change, or increases at the expense of fat (Abe et al., 1996;Кyle, et al., 2006). Cristou, et al. (2005), have concluded in their research that measurements of the total body and abdominal adiposity are consistently and independently associated with a wide variety of established risk factors for heart and blood vessel diseases in men and in women (Zamboni, et al., 1997). ...
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The aim of this study was to define the actual model of body composition status of working age women in the territory of Belgrade. The sample comprised 109 women respondents, of an average age of 35.2±9.5 and the length of service = 9.6±9.3 years. All measurements were performed in the period from 2011-2012 in the Teaching -research laboratory of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education of the University of Belgrade, by applying standardized procedure of electrical multichannel bioimpedance method. The researched encompassed twenty-two (22) variables - fourteen basic (14) and eight (8) derived (index) variables. Basic variables were: BH - body height, BM - body mass, ICF - intracellular fluid, ECW - extracellular fluid, TBW - total body fluids, Proteins, Minerals, BMC (Osseous) - bone mineral contents, BFM - total body fat mass, SMM - skeletal muscle mass, VFA - visceral fat area, BCM - body cell mass, BMR - basal metabolic rate, FIS - fitness score as assessment of body composition. The derived (index) variables were: BMI - body mass index, PBF% - percent of body fat, PBW - percent of body water, PFI - protein fat index, PSMM - percent of skeletal muscle mass, SMMD - skeletal muscle mass density, OBMi - Osseous-body mass index, PBMi - protein body mass index. The results showed that the average body mass of the respondents was 67.66±13.39 kg, body height 167.04±6.62 cm, body mass index 24.27±4.66 kg/m2, muscle mass 26.55±4.46 kg, muscle mass percentage 29.09±8.47, body fat mass 20.52±9.74 kg, body fat percentage 29.09±8.47, visceral fat area was 77.92±40.23 cm2 and fitness score 73.23±6.75 of index points. The obtained results led to the conclusion that the current morphological status of the studied women partially corresponds to a type of normal weight. BMI and the representation of body fat had nearly limiting values towards obesity. A very high percentage of women was recorded in the category of pre-obese and obese according to BMI (40%) and PSMM (36%). Based on the results of this study, it can be claimed that the four-dimensional model (4D model) of body composition of working-age women from the measured sample has the following characteristics: in women of average body mass of 67.66 kg - water content is 34.58 L or 51.11%, protein mass is 9.25 kg or 13.68%, mineral mass is 3.30 kg or 4.88% and fat mass is 20.25 kg or 30.32%.
... The popliteal has also been extensively studied in humans, because part of it is clearly visible over the gastrocnemius muscle of the lower leg. Its mass changes only shghtly, in spite of large changes in body composition, so people with'bulging thighs may have slim calves (15). This pecuhar and almost universal feature of mammals remains to be explained convincingly. ...
... The pop liteal space contains a little adipose tissue around the node in aU eutherian mammals, even in very lean wild-animals in which nodeless depots are de pleted completely, and in seals in which most of theadipose tissue is specialized as superficial blubber. Enclosing these important lymph-nodes may be their main role: they do not enlarge with fattening as much as the large superficial and intra-abdomi nal depots, and seem to be conserved in starvation (9,10,14,15). ...
Chapter
Mammalian adipose tissue is atypical in being split into a few large and many small, widely scattered depots around the body. The adipocytes in depots that enclose lymph nodes (and other secondary lymphoid structures) have specialized composition of stored triacylglycerols and surface receptors; they interact selectively with lymphoid cells but are less responsive to the endocrine conditions of fasting. These site-specific properties could confuse attempts to relate data from single biopsies of adipose tissue with other biochemical measurements and clinical symptoms. These perinodal adipocytes could be specialized to supply immune cells with the fuel and materials they need to mount a prompt, effective response to foreign invasion and may mediate known interactions between infection, immune responses, cancer and obesity, especially that characterized by selective hypertrophy of certain depots. Aggressive anti-obesity therapies that eliminate these specialized adipocytes or disrupt their relationship with immune cells may have unforeseen consequences for long-term health.
... 36,37 Furthermore, training can help lipolysis by reducing the absolute lipid content of adipose tissue, decreasing lipid redistribution to other tissues. 38 Physical activity is known to increase lipid uptake in normal-weight and obese individuals. 39,40 The reduction in blood lipids and lipoprotein levels associated with aerobic training is largely related to loss of fat mass due to increased oxidation of FFAs. ...
Article
It is widely accepted that metabolic changes associated with training are influenced by a person's genetic background. In this review, we explore the polymorphisms underlying interindividual variability in response to training of weight loss and muscle mass increase in obese individuals, with or without lymphedema, and in normal-weight subjects. We searched PubMed for articles in English published up to May 2019 using the following keywords: (((physical training[Title/Abstract] OR sport activity[Title/Abstract]) AND predisposition[Title/Abstract]) AND polymorphism [Title/Abstract]). We identified 38 single-nucleotide polymorphisms that may modulate the genetic adaptive response to training. The identification of genetic marker(s) that improve the beneficial effects of training may in perspective make it possible to assess training programs, which in combination with dietary intervention can optimize body weight reduction in obese subjects, with or without lymphedema. This is particularly important for patients with lymphedema because obesity can worsen the clinical status, and therefore, a personalized approach that could reduce obesity would be fundamental in the clinical management of lymphedema.
... Previous studies reported that the percent body fat (% BF) mass are 16-36% lower in female athletes than female non-athletes (Abe et al. 1996;Gerard et al. 1991;Klentrou and Plyley 2003) Klentrou and Plyley 2003). Especially, the low level of % BF is reported to be associated with menstrual irregularities (Frisch et al. 1981;Fujii andDemura 2003) Fujii andDemura 2003). ...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate menstrual irregularity prevalence and bone mineral density in Korean female university athletes based upon sports type. Healthy 108 female athletes from 8 sports type and 22 controls participated in this study. A menstrual history questionnaire was used and the whole body scans by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry was conducted. Menstrual irregularity prevalence was 57% in total, 27% in controls, and 63% in athletes (χ 2 (1)=9.494, p=.002). Menstrual irregularity prevalence was varied by sports type. As total bone mineral density was increased, menstrual irregularity prevalence was decreased in controls (χ 2 (2)=8.225, p=.016) but increased in athletes (χ 2 (2)=4.025, p=.130). As percent body fat was increased, menstrual irregularity prevalence was increased in controls (χ 2 (2)=7.435, p=.024) but decreased in athletes (χ 2 (2)=25.954, p<.001). In addition, as muscle mass of athletes was increased, menstrual irregularity prevalence was significantly increased(χ 2 (2)=8.249, p=.0016). Female athletes' regular overtraining seems to be associated with menstrual irregularity although they show higher bone mineral density, higher muscle mass, but not lower percent body fat. Sports-specific weight classes and competition types might cause different body composition trends among sports types.
... Previous studies reported that the percent body fat (% BF) mass are 16-36% lower in female athletes than female non-athletes (Abe et al. 1996;Gerard et al. 1991;Klentrou and Plyley 2003) Klentrou and Plyley 2003). Especially, the low level of % BF is reported to be associated with menstrual irregularities (Frisch et al. 1981;Fujii andDemura 2003) Fujii andDemura 2003). ...
Article
Full-text available
The purpose of this study was to investigate menstrual irregularity prevalence and bone mineral density in Korean female university athletes based upon sports type. Healthy 108 female athletes from 8 sports type and 22 controls participated in this study. A menstrual history questionnaire was used and the whole body scans by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry was conducted. Menstrual irregularity prevalence was 57% in total, 27% in controls, and 63% in athletes (χ 2 (1)=9.494, p=.002). Menstrual irregularity prevalence was varied by sports type. As total bone mineral density was increased, menstrual irregularity prevalence was decreased in controls (χ 2 (2)=8.225, p=.016) but increased in athletes (χ 2 (2)=4.025, p=.130). As percent body fat was increased, menstrual irregularity prevalence was increased in controls (χ 2 (2)=7.435, p=.024) but decreased in athletes (χ 2 (2)=25.954, p<.001). In addition, as muscle mass of athletes was increased, menstrual irregularity prevalence was significantly increased(χ 2 (2)=8.249, p=.0016). Female athletes' regular overtraining seems to be associated with menstrual irregularity although they show higher bone mineral density, higher muscle mass, but not lower percent body fat. Sports-specific weight classes and competition types might cause different body composition trends among sports types.
... However surgery requiring use of hamstring tendons for reconstruction is rarely performed on postmenopausal women. Physical conditioning has been shown to be effective in both young and middle aged women in reducing subcutaneous fat [10], and our study MRI scans were performed in patients for assessment of patellar instability. If our study had been performed on an elite athlete population our results may have differed. ...
Article
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Introduction. Knee ligament reconstructions are commonly performed using hamstring tendon grafts. We observed anecdotally that there was a difference in the fat distribution superficial to the pes anserinus between men and women and proposed that this effect was independent of BMI, being significantly greater in women. Methods. We performed a prospective study to evaluate 40 MRI scans performed in 20 women and 20 men. The scans allowed visualisation of the insertion of the hamstring tendons at the pes anserinus. Results. The mean BMI of the male patients was 25.6 (19.8–37.2) and of the female patients was 24.7 (17.9–34.5). The mean fat distribution superficial to the pes anserinus in men was 16.2 mm (4.1–29.4) and in women was 29.7 mm (19.6–47.5). There was a significant increase in fat superficial to the hamstring tendons in women compared with men (), despite no significant difference in BMI (). Conclusions. Our evaluation of a prospective series of MRI scans has shown that there is significantly more fat superficial to the insertion of the hamstring tendons in women than in men. This effect is independent of BMI and may influence exposure during hamstring tendon graft harvesting.
... 11,48 The distribution of body fat may vary depending on sports participation. 49 It is important to examine fat and muscle distribution simultaneously. Further studies are needed. ...
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The aim of this study was to evaluate and quantify differences in muscle distribution in athletes of various ball sports using segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis (SBIA). Participants were 115 male collegiate athletes from four ball sports (baseball, soccer, tennis, and lacrosse). Percent body fat (%BF) and lean body mass were measured, and SBIA was used to measure segmental muscle volume (MV) in bilateral upper arms, forearms, thighs, and lower legs. We calculated the MV ratios of dominant to nondominant, proximal to distal, and upper to lower limbs. The measurements consisted of a total of 31 variables. Cluster and factor analyses were applied to identify redundant variables. The muscle distribution was significantly different among groups, but the %BF was not. The classification procedures of the discriminant analysis could correctly distinguish 84.3% of the athletes. These results suggest that collegiate ball game athletes have adapted their physique to their sport movements very well, and the SBIA, which is an affordable, noninvasive, easy-to-operate, and fast alternative method in the field, can distinguish ball game athletes according to their specific muscle distribution within a 5-minute measurement. The SBIA could be a useful, affordable, and fast tool for identifying talents for specific sports.
... It partitions body mass into its fat and lean components, i.e. fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM). 1 Abdominal visceral fat (AVF) refers to the fat tissue located within the abdominal cavity around the abdominal viscera, and it is commonly thought to be associated with cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. 2 Aerobic exercise training can alter FM, FFM and AVF in humans, 3,4 and large individual differences in response have been reported. 5,6 Sex, age and pretraining level may explain some of these differences. ...
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To investigate the relationship between a DNA microsatellite marker in the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) gene and body composition phenotypes before and following exposure to 20 weeks of aerobic exercise training in the HERITAGE Family Study. A controlled intervention study: fat mass (FM), percentage body fat (%FAT), fat free mass (FFM), body mass index (BMI) and abdominal visceral fat (AVF) at baseline (B) and in response to training (delta=post minus pre-training value) were measured. Association and sib-pair linkage studies were undertaken. A maximum of 502 Caucasian individuals (99 families; 190 parents and 312 adult offspring). The polymorphism was typed by polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencer. The body composition phenotypes were determined from the underwater weighing method, and AVF was assessed by computerized tomography scan. 11 alleles were found: the lengths ranged from 189 to 209 base pairs (bp), and the frequency of the most common allele, 189 bp, reached 0.71. In association studies, significant differences for B-FM, B-FFM and B-%FAT among the three genotypes (189 bp homozygotes, heterozygotes and non-carriers) were detected. The B-FM for 189 bp homozygotes was 19.7+/-0.6 kg, but 21.6+/-0.7 and 21.3+/-1.5 kg for the 189 bp heterozygotes and the non-189 bp carriers respectively (P=0.03 after adjustment for age, sex and generation). Differences among the three genotypes were also observed for B-%FAT (25.9+/-0.5 versus 27.4+/-0.6 and 26.6+/-1.2 kg; P<0.05) and B-FFM (53.7+/-0.4 versus 54.9+/-0.5 kg and 54.4+/-1.0 kg; P<0.05). No significant difference for B-AVF was found among the three genotypes. Following 20 weeks of endurance exercise, the 189 bp homozygotes gained only about half the amount of FFM compared with the other two IGF-1 genotypes (0.3+/-0.1 vs 0.7+/-0.1 and 0.5+/-0.2 kg; P=0.005). A strong linkage was observed between the IGF-1 marker and the changes in FFM (308 pairs of full sibs, P=0.0002) but only a suggestive linkage with B-AVF (352 pairs of full sibs, P<0.02) Associations were detected between the IGF-1 gene marker and FM, %FAT and FFM at baseline, and a strong association with the changes in FFM in response to training. Moreover, the IGF-1 gene marker was found to be strongly linked to the changes in FFM in response to 20 weeks of endurance exercise and weakly linked to abdominal visceral fat in the sedentary state.
... S Demura and S Sato Japanese adults (Abe et al., 1996), the VFA level of their sample was less than 100 cm 2 . Furthermore, there were no reports comparing them between different OGs or those examining their sex differences. ...
Article
The present study aimed to examine the relationship between visceral fat area (VFA) and regional fat mass (RFM) or its distribution characteristics and to compare these characteristics between normal and visceral obesity Japanese adults. Nonobese and nonvisceral obese Japanese adults (control group (CG): 44 men and 47 women), obese but nonvisceral obese (obesity group (OG): 15 men and 21 women) and visceral obese group (VOG, 80 men and 17 women). Obesity and visceral obesity were defined as body mass index > or = 25 kg m(-2) and VFA > or = 100 cm(2), respectively, based on the criteria of the examination committee of criteria for obesity disease in Japan. RFM of the both arms, trunk and both legs were measured by DEXA, and we calculated the percent RFM (%RFM). The VFA and subcutaneous fat area were measured at the umbilicus level using CT scans. We examined the relationship between VFA and RFM or %RFM in the Japanese adult population. Although linear relationships were found between VFA and each RFM, nonlinear relationships were found between VFA and each %RFM. In CG, %RFM of the trunk increases and %RFM of the leg decreases with accumulating VFA, but these relationships declined in VOG. These results may suggest that the relationship between %RFM and VFA changes between different visceral obese levels, and for Japanese adults this is found at reaching a 100 cm(2) VFA, which corresponds to the criteria for visceral obesity.
Article
The purpose of this study was to determine the loss of visceral fat during weight loss program with diet only or diet plus exercise in premenopausal obese women (age 44 ± 6 yr). One hundred seventeen women (body mass index 29 ± 3 kg/m2) were divided into diet only group (DO, n = 40) and diet plus exercise group (DE, n = 77). DE was further divided into two groups: a group with a small change in V̇O2max (DE1, n = 26) and a group with a large change in V̇O2max (DE2, n = 51). Height, weight, fat mass, %fat, fat-free mass (FFM), abdominal total fat area (TFA), visceral fat area (VFA), subcutaneous fat area (SFA) and V̇O2max (ml/kg FFM/min) were measured before and after weight loss. The changes of weight, fat mass, %fat were significantly larger in DE than in DO. No difference was found in the changes of weight, fat mass, %fat between the DE1 and DE2. Percentage of change in VFA was significantly larger in DE2 (41 ± 15%) than in DE1 (31 ± 16%). These data suggest that both weight-loss programs (DO and DE) contribute to a remarkable decrease in visceral fat. Addition of exercise training, which would induce an improvement in V̇O2max, to dietary restriction, may elicit a greater effect on visceral fat.
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Background: This study deals with the evaluation of body composition and fitness of individuals who differ in their physical characteristics viz. weight, height, Age, Sex, Body Frame and physical activity levels viz. Heavy, Moderate, Light, and thereby identify the ideal combination of physical characteristics and physical activity required in Prescribing Exercises for attaining “THE PERFECT BODY COMPOSITION”. Method: Assessments of physical characteristics, physical activity and body composition was done for 88 subjects of age group between 20-40 years. Body composition analyzer used was Futrex-5000/XL based on near infrared inheritance light technology. Total data was divided into 5 test groups according to their BMI. Results: Results showed that overweight individuals were classified into individuals having risky health status due to excess amounts of fat mass (28.45), higher BMI and lower physical activity. The study also showed greater body frame size in overweight individuals when compared to underweight or normal weight individuals. Whereas Lean individuals possessed very low percent body fat and high levels of physical activity. LBM% showed alarming increase among abnormally underweight males (94%) and females (91.3%) due to abnormal decrease in fat% making them physically unfit. Conclusion: It is concluded that, physical fitness of an individual depends upon his/her physical characteristics and also upon the level of physical activity performed. Body composition can be considered as an ideal parameter for evaluating physical fitness with special emphasis on physical characteristics and Individualized Prescription of physical activity and Physical exercises in Physiotherapy.
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Elevated visceral adiposity is strongly predictive of cardiometabolic disease, but, due to the high cost of biomedical imaging, assessment of factors contributing to normal variation in visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue partitioning in large cohorts of healthy individuals are few, particularly in ethnic and racial minority populations. To describe age, menopausal status, smoking and physical activity differences in VAT and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT) mass in African-American (AA) and European-American (EA) women. Magnetic resonance imaging measures of VAT and ASAT mass and VAT% (VAT/VAT+ASAT, %) were obtained from a cross-sectional sample of 617 EA and 111 AA non-diabetic women aged 18-80 years. Multivariate linear regression was used to test independent effects of the covariates. VAT and VAT% were higher in EA than AA women (p < 0.01). Differences in VAT, ASAT and VAT% across age groups began in early adulthood in both ethnic groups, but the association of age with VAT% was stronger in EA women (p for interaction = 0.03). Current smokers had higher VAT and VAT% (p < 0.01) and lower TBF than non-smokers. Frequent participation in sports activities was associated with ∼30% lower VAT in older (>55 years) as well as younger ( < 40 years) women (p < 0.0001). Greater allocation of abdominal adipose tissue into the visceral compartment occurs in EA than AA women and in older than younger women. Avoidance of cigarette smoking and frequent participation in sports activities may partially counteract this deleterious phenomenon of ageing.
Article
To determine the effects of fat gain, time, and race on the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in a group of normal-weight premenopausal women. Sixty-five women participated in the study (32 African American and 33 white). The mean age of subjects was 34 +/- 6 years (range, 22 to 47 years). Eligible subjects were women who had body mass indices <25 kg/m(2) at baseline and who had completed evaluations at baseline and at follow-up year 1, without intervention. A subset of subjects was reevaluated annually for up to 4 years. Body composition was assessed by DXA, and VAT was determined from a single computed tomography scan. A linear mixed model was used to examine changes in VAT over time, with total body fat as a covariate Total fat mass was not significantly different between races at baseline and increased significantly in both groups over time (p < 0.001). Time-related increases in total body fat were greater in African-American women (p < 0.01). VAT was significantly higher in white women at baseline (p < 0.01) and increased significantly over time in both races (p < 0.01), but remained higher in white women (p < 0.001). Increases in VAT, relative to total body fat, were greater than the increases in total body fat over time, independent of age and race (p < 0.001). Gaining total body-fat mass results in a higher increase in VAT, relative to total body fat, regardless of race and age, although African-American women maintain a lower VAT levels across time.
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