Relationship between degrees of self-esteem and peer pressure in high school adolescents

Abstract

ABSTRACTThis study examines the relationship between adolescents’ self-esteem and peer pressure degrees according to their gender and socioeconomic status. The data were obtained from 500 high school students using the Self-efficacy Expectation Scale, developed by Rosenberg (1965) and adapted by Cuhadaroglu (1986) and Kıran-Esen (2006), and the “Peer Pressure Scale (PPS), developed by Kıran (2002). Findings show that when adolescents’ peer pressure degree is viewed according to their level of income, their self-esteem degree is higher with middle income level and vice versa with higher income level. Another finding is that adolescents with lower income level are exposed to further peer pressure than middle and high income level. Self-esteem degree is negatively affected by peer pressure. However, there is a positive correlation between their self-esteem degree and indirect peer pressure and further analysis shows that there’s a negative correlation between their status of being exposed to direct or indirect peer pressure. Adolescents with direct peer pressure perceive that indirect pressure is less than the others

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M. Uslu. Relationship between degrees of self-esteem and peer pressure in high school adolescents. International
Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2013; 5(3), 119-124. DOI: 10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.19
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEGREES OF SELF-ESTEEM AND
PEER PRESSURE IN HIGH SCHOOL ADOLESCENTS
Mustafa Uslu
Faculty of Occupational Education, Selcuk University, Konya (TURKEY)
mustafauslu@selcuk.edu.tr
DOI: 10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.19
ABSTRACT
This study examines the relationship between adolescents’ self-esteem and peer pressure degrees
according to their gender and socioeconomic status. The data were obtained from 500 high school students using
the Self-efficacy Expectation Scale, developed by Rosenberg (1965) and adapted by Cuhadaroglu (1986) and
Kıran-Esen (2006), and the “Peer Pressure Scale (PPS), developed by Kıran (2002). Findings show that when
adolescents’ peer pressure degree is viewed according to their level of income, their self-esteem degree is higher
with middle income level and vice versa with higher income level. Another finding is that adolescents with lower
income level are exposed to further peer pressure than middle and high income level. Self-esteem degree is
negatively affected by peer pressure. However, there is a positive correlation between their self-esteem degree and
indirect peer pressure and further analysis shows that there’s a negative correlation between their status of being
exposed to direct or indirect peer pressure. Adolescents with direct peer pressure perceive that indirect pressure is
less than the others.
Key words: Self Esteem, Peer Pressure, Adolescence
1. INTRODUCTION
One of the most important factors that affect adolescence is the social environment of the adolescents. In
this period, adolescents mostly communicate with peers. As children grow into preteens and then into teenagers,
they often become less dependent on the family and more dependent on their peers when it comes to making
choices and developing morals and values. Peer is a concept that is defined as being at the same age. Negative
emotional-social development in adolescents is defined as peer pressure, bullying or mobbing (in professional life).
In these three negative development types, aggression is a recurring case point encountered individually or as a
group (Adams, 1995; Dusek, 1987; Leymann, 1990; Vandekerckhove & Commers 2003). In terms of gender, it’s
been determined that %7 of females and %15 of males are bullies; similarly, %12 of girls and %13 of boys become
the victims of adolescence. It can easily be conferred that children who are bullies in school age will probably be
the same in their adolescence (Sourander et al., 2000). Brown & Eicher (1986) define peer pressure as a situation
that a person avoids doing something he doesn’t really want to do. Kaplan (1980) states peer pressure is an appeal
that recent or prospective group members feel towards a certain group.
Peer pressure can also be a good thing. Teens learn social norms from their peers. Socially awkward kids
can learn how to fit in and communicate well with others by observing and emulating other teenagers. Similarly,
self-confident teens can act as positive mentors and set good examples for others. A positive peer group that your
teen fits into well can help boost her self-esteem; it might prevent her from engaging in harmful or risky behaviors
(Burack, 1999). Although some authors ascribe peer groups some very valuable positive functions related to
adolescence (Beaty & Alexeyev, 2008; Due, Hansen, Merlo, Andersen & Holstein, 2007), the opinion about its
negative effects is dominant (Darcy, Deanna, & Vivek, 2000; Schnohr & Niclasen 2006; Ryan, 2000; Pitzer, 1999.
Halperin, 2001; Kiran-Esen, 2003).
Another important factor in adolescence is self-esteem and it’s easily affected by peer pressure. Individuals
develop an attitude towards an object they are aware of or event they come across. These attitudes become one of
the most important determiners of a person’s emotions, ideas and behaviors. People begin developing an attitude
towards their own individuality and towards others (Aktuğ, 2006).
Self-esteem is literally defined by how much value people put on themselves. It also means self-knowledge.
High self-esteem refers to a highly positive evaluation of the self. Low self-esteem refers to an unfavorable
definition of the self. Self-esteem also refers to a person’s belief about whether he or she is smart and pretty, for
instance, and it necessarily says nothing about whether the person really is smart or pretty. Rosenthal and
Jacobson (1968) showed that teachers’ false, unfounded beliefs about their students later became objective,
verifiable realities in the performance of those students. In other words, students’ definitions of themselves
generate as a self-fulfilling prophecy and, in the end, it becomes their reality against the World (Baumeister &
Leary, 1995) Adolescence is a time when identity development is particularly important (Baumeister and Leary,
1995; Livingstone, 2006). Leary and Downs (1995) think self-esteem to be an internal representation of social
acceptance and rejection and a psychological gauge monitoring the degree to which a person is included versus
excluded by others.

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In terms of the literature related to self-esteem, findings in Kaya and Saçkes’s (2004) study show that self-
esteem is an important factor especially in adolescence. In this period, adolescents can feel themselves lonely and
think that there is nobody to help them to deal with their problems. Similarly, adolescence is a period in which
people decide on vital subjects for their life. In the light of the information above, it can be stated that self-esteem of
the adolescents may change or differ because of their relationship with peers ( Aktuğ, 2006).
Victims might incorporate harmful opinions into their self-concept, leading to a devaluation of their self-
esteem and further social withdrawal from peers (Salmivalli, Kaukiainen, Kaistaniemi, &Lagerspetz, 1999).
Adolescents with low self-esteem are more frequently victimised than are adolescents with high self-esteem (Egan
& Perry, 1998; Grills & Ollendick, 2002). An explanation for this predictive relationship could be that adolescents
with feelings of low self-esteem attract negative attention from peers, provoking specific bullying behaviors from
others (Kaltiala-Heino, Rimpelä, Marttunen, Rimpelä, & Rantanen, 1999; Olweus, 1992; as cited in Overbeek,
2009). Some current findings present a mixed picture of the role that self-esteem and health locus of control play in
adolescent substance abuse. Kaplan (1980) found negative self-attitudes to be related to subsequent substance
abuse and other deviant behavior by adolescents. Dielman et a1. (1987) found self-esteem to show low, but
significant, negative correlations with adolescent use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana. These correlations
ranged from -0.09 to -0.18 for a total self-esteem scale as well as for three subscales “School Adjustment”, “Self-
Confidence” and “Happiness”. In some other studies, however, no significant relationships have been found
between self-esteem and adolescent substance use. The “Susceptibility to Peer Pressure” index was significantly
and negatively correlated with self-esteem indices index. These correlations ranged from -0.09 to -0.29. In this
study, we aim to examine the impact of peer pressure on self esteem of adolescents and, for this purpose, the
following sub-problems are given:
1. Is there a positive or negative correlation between adolescents’ self-esteem and peer pressure in terms
of their gender?
2. Is there a difference between adolescents’ self-esteem and peer pressure in terms of their level of
income?
3. Is there a positive correlation between self-esteem and peer pressure in terms of adolescents’ level of
income?
2. METHOD
This is a descriptive study which aims to find out whether there is a difference between adolescents’ self-
esteem and peer pressure degrees in terms of their gender and level of income. The sample of this study is 500
adolescents, after reaching 527 students,27 of them are excluded because of various errors in their answers. At
the end, 500 students between ages 15-17 form the sample group where 227 (%55,4) of which are male and 223
(%44,6) are female present. The research was carried out in 2012-2013 academic year in the fall term in High
school in Kayseri.
2.1. Research Instruments
2.1.1. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (Appendix D) is a 10-item Guttman Scale which was developed
by Rosenberg (1965) and adapted by Cuhadaroglu (1986). In the adaptation study, psychiatric interviews
conducted with high school students were used as the criteria for the RSES. Examining the correlation coefficient
between the scores of interviews and self-esteem scale revealed a good criterion coefficient of.71. On the other
hand, in a recent study conducted by Celik (2004), RSES was also found to be quite reliable in a university sample.
In Celik’s study, Cronbach Alpha coefficient for RSES was found to be.87 (n = 733).
2.1.2. Peer Pressure Scale (PPS)
Peer Pressure Scale (PPS), developed by Kıran (2002), is a five point Likert scale that has the goal of
measuring adolescents’ peer pressure. The Cronbach Alpha Coefficient calculated for the reliability of PPS is.90 for
the whole scale (34 items),.89 for the direct peer pressure subscale (19 items), and.82 for the indirect peer
pressure subscale (15 items). Also the retest reliability coefficient is;.82 for the whole scale,.74 for the direct peer
pressure subscale, and.79 for the indirect peer pressure subscale. Factor analysis is used, in the study of the
validity of structure. The total variance revealed by the two factors obtained is 40.527 %. A single score is
calculated from the scale. While High scores mean high peer- pressures, low scores show low ones.
3. FINDINGS
Mean score, Standard deviation, N values and descriptive statistics related to t-test are as follows in Table
1.

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Table 1. T-test results for adolescents’ self-esteem and peer pressure in terms of their gender.
Gender N mean Std. deviation t P
Self-esteem Female 223 20,29 8,45 -17,63* ,000
Male 277 32,63 7,18
Direct peer pressure Female 223 50,70 14,98 22,45* ,000
Male 277 29,00 5,25
Indirect peer pressure Female 223 21,18 7,07
-6,09*
,000
Male 277 28,42 16,57
*p<.05
As can be seen from Table 1, x score of male adolescents is 32,63 and 20,29 for female adolescents
according to the scores from “The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale”. There is a significant difference between groups
in terms of t score (t=-17,63, p<,05). According to this finding, female adolescents have a lower self-esteem degree
than male adolescents. In terms of gender, direct peer pressure degree is 50,70 for females and 29,00 for males.
According to t value used in order to assess the significant difference of two groups, there is a significant difference
(t=-22,45, p<,05). Female adolescents are exposed to more direct peer pressure than male adolescents. Similarly,
the mean score of female adolescents is 21,18 and 28,42 for male adolescents in terms of indirect peer pressure
and there is a significant difference between two groups (t=-6,09,p<,05). Exposure to indirect peer pressure is
higher for male adolescents than female.
Findings dealing with the degrees of self-esteem and peer pressure in terms of adolescents’ level of income
is in Table 2.
Table 2. F-test results for adolescents’ self-esteem and peer pressure in terms of their level of income.
N mean Std. deviation F P
Self-esteem
Low 144 26,53 8,21
93,45 ,000
Norma
l
290 24,45 9,29
High
66 40,18 3,83
Direct peer pressure
Low 144 38,92 21,38
33,57 ,000
Normal
290 41,55 11,14
High
66 25,56 2,94
Indirect peer pressure
Low 144 21,70 7,17
376,89 ,000
Normal
290 20,74 6,89
High
66 52,39 15,70
*p<.05
There is a significant difference between adolescents’ self-esteem degrees in terms of their level of income
(f=93,45, p<,05). According to “Peer Pressure Scale (PPS)”, direct peer pressure degree is found as “f=33,57,
p<,05”, and indirect peer pressure degree as “f=376,89, p<,05”.
Tukey test results used to find out from which income level adolescents’ self-esteem and peer pressure
degrees take its source is given in Table 3.
Table 3. Tukey test results for adolescents’ self-esteem and
peer pressure in terms of their level of income
Dependent Variable (I) Income (J) Income Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig.
Self-esteem Low Normal 2,08* ,862 ,042
High -13,64
*
1,25 ,000
Normal High -15,73
*
1,15 ,000
Direct peer pressure Low Normal -2,62 1,45 ,170
High 13,36
*
2,12 ,000
Normal High 15,99
*
1,95 ,000
Indirect peer pressure Low Normal -13,36* 2,12 ,000
High -15,99* 1,95 ,000
Normal High -31,64* 1,17 ,000
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

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Findings show that when adolescents’ peer pressure degree is viewed according to their level of income,
their self-esteem degree is higher with middle income level and vice versa with higher income level. Self-esteem
degree is negatively affected by peer pressure. However, there is a positive correlation between their self-esteem
degree and indirect peer pressure, and further analysis shows that there’s a negative correlation between their
statuses of being exposed to direct or indirect peer pressure. Adolescents with direct peer pressure perceive that
indirect pressure is less than the others.
Table 4 shows the findings for the status of adolescents’ exposure to peer pressure in terms of their level
of income.
Table 4. Correlation scores related to adolescents’ self-esteem and
exposure to peer pressure in terms of their level of income
Direct peer pressure Indirect peer pressure
Self-esteem
Pearson Correlation -,613** ,396**
Sig. (2-tailed) ,000 ,000
N 500 500
Direct peer
pressure
Pearson Correlation - -,216**
Sig. (2-tailed) ,000
N 500
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table 4 shows that there is a negative correlation between adolescents’ self-esteem and peer pressure
degrees (r= -.613, p<,01), and degrees of self-esteem is negatively affected because of self pressure levels. On the
other hand, there’s a negative correlation between adolescents’ self-esteem level and their indirect peer pressure
level (r=.396, p<,01). It is stated that when adolescents’ self-esteem level increases, their endurance towards
indirect peer pressure increases. There is a negative correlation between adolescents’ self-esteem level and their
exposure to indirect peer pressure level (r=-.216, p<,01). Adolescents who are exposed to direct peer pressure
perceive indirect peer pressure at a lower level.
4. DISCUSSION
It is found that female adolescents’ self-esteem degree is lower than male adolescents in terms of the
scores from The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). This finding is supported by the studies of Dukes and
Martinez (1994), Janet and Kristen (2001), Khanlou (2004). On the other hand, some researchers such as Ayyash-
Abdo and Alamuddin (2007), Hampton and Marshall (2000), Robins and Trzesiniewski (2002) state that self-
esteem doesn’t differ in terms of gender. Jindal and Pando (1982) found that female adolescents’ self-esteem level
is higher than male adolescents. According to the scores from Peer Pressure Scale (PPS) in terms of gender,
female adolescents have a higher level of peer pressure than male adolescents. While this finding is similar to the
study of De Rosier and Marcus (2005), there are some different points compared to the researches done by Kuik
Fast (2011), Robert Q. Valles (2007), Warden and McKinnon (2003). Female adolescents put more peer pressure
on their fellows, but male adolescents do it vice versa. In terms of indirect peer pressure level, male adolescents
put more indirect peer pressure than female adolescents.
It’s been stated that adolescents that are exposed to peer pressure are mostly males. Kampulainen et.al
(1998) found some similar results. Woods (2004) stated that male to male peer pressure and female putting
pressure on both males and females cause male adolescents to be exposed to more peer pressure. Oral pressure,
as a way of indirect peer pressure, is used more by male adolescents (Stockdale at al. 2002; Nabuzoka, 2003)
According to adolescents’ self-esteem degree score in terms of their socioeconomic level, adolescents with
high level of income have a higher degree of self-esteem than middle-income and low-income adolescents. In the
light of this information, one can consider that socioeconomic advantages provided by parents give adolescents a
sense of security. This finding correlates with the studies of Anderson and Smith (2003) and Can (1986). Also,
degree of self-esteem increases when adolescents’ level of income is higher and adolescents with middle income
level are exposed to more direct peer pressure. This finding shows parallelism with the study of Stockdale at al.
(2002) When the correlation between adolescents’ self-esteem and peer pressure is examined, it’s found that there
is a negative correlation. This finding is parallel with the studies of Ryan (2000) and De Rosier and Markus (2005).
Self-esteem degree of adolescents decreases when they are exposed to peer pressure. Kapcı (2004) states that
not only children who are exposed to peer pressure but also the children who put pressure on the others are
negatively affected by that pressure. In terms of this situation, these children perceive themselves as nervous,
lonely and with low self-esteem. Peer pressure causes problems such as anxiety, depression, eating disorder and
psychosomatic symptoms. It has been found that there is a positive correlation between adolescents’ self-esteem
level and indirect peer pressure. Indirect peer pressure has a negative effect on adolescents’ self-esteem degree.
This result has similar points with Dacey and Traver’s (1996) study.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH (IJAR)
WEB: www.jar.eu
JOURNAL ABBREVIATION: INT J ACAD RES
ISSN: 2075-4124 (print), 2075-7107 (online)
DOI: 10.7813/2075-4124.2013
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IJAR s a bmonthly nternatonal journal publshng the fnest peer-
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The nation's future success lies with science and education!
Heydar Aliyev
National Leader of Azerbaijan
DOI: 10.7813/2075-4124.2013
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Baku, Azerbaijan, 2013
PART B.
SOCIAL
SCIENCES AND
HUMANITIES
INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL OF
ACADEMIC
RESEARCH
Vol. 5. No. 3
May, 201 3
Member of
Member of

12.06.2019 Internatonal Journal of Academc Research
web.archve.org/web/20130930215920/http://jar.lt.az/en.php?go=may2013 1/7
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Internaonal Journal
of Academic Research...
Welcome to "Internatonal Journal of
Academc Research" (IJAR-Azerbajan),
the bmonthly (January, March, May, July,
September, November) multdscplnary
journal of scence!
DOI: 10.7813/2075-4124.2013
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Vol. 5. No. 3. May, 2013
DOI: 10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3
PART A. APPLIED AND NATURAL SCIENCES
1. T. El Haf, M. Benhamou, K. Elhasnaou, H. Kad
Fluctuaton spectra of supported membranes va long-flexble polymers
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.1
2. Manuel Alberto M. Ferrera, José Antóno Flpe, Marna Andrade
A note on partal dervatves equatons and utlty functons (revsted)
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.2
3. Abdulkadr Tuna
The nfluence of the 5E model on the elmnaton of msconceptons on the subject of trgonometry
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.3
4. A.V. Smolenc, E. Tatulescu, V.G. Gatan
Developng an RFID devce drver module for a data acquston system
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.4
5. Caner Gocer
Evaluaton of the problem ponts that form the thermal brdge n renforced concrete prefabrcated buldngs n terms
of heatng energy cost
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.5
6. Fars M. Al-Athar, Khaled K. Jaber
Bayesan estmaton for the symmetrc double Pareto dstrbuton wth mult-parameter Jeffreys pror nformaton
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.6
7. Sedat Kurugol, Cgdem Tekn
Wastes to be used ın manufacturıng of buıldıng materıals
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.7
8. A.Z.M. Badee, A.T. El-Akel, E.A. Moghazy, Abass I. Shereen
Effect of some treatments and dfferent dryng methods on the qualty and shelf-lfe of whole bolt fsh
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.8
9. Meltem Erol Duzbastılar
The usage frequency of the rhythm patterns ın Kreutzer's vıolın method
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.9
10. Iraky Khalfa, Amal Elsayed Aboutabl, Gamal S. Abdel Azz Barakat
An effcent contour based shape descrptor for santaton network ppes dgtal mages
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.10
11. Savas Guner, Necp Guven, Mehmet Ata Gokalp, Abdurrahm Gozen, Seyyd Serf Unsal
Fracture n long bones stablzed by Ender nals n patents wth “Osteogeness Imperfecta”
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.11
12. Ncoleta Crstna Gatan
Defnng the vertcal ntegraton of data acqured for ll-defned protocols
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.12
13. Mert Aydogmus, Omer Senel, Erkal Arslanoglu, N. Atalay Guzel, Gul Baltac
Effect of varous ntensty loadngs upon proprocepton n elte badmnton players
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.13
14. Mudhafar M. Al-Jarrah
A mult-factor authentcaton scheme usng keystroke dynamcs and two-part passwords

12.06.2019 Internatonal Journal of Academc Research
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DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.14
15. Erkan Aydntan, Burcu E. Zyrek
The effects of llusve focus surfaces on user crculaton
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.15
16. Omama M. Ashry, Maha G. Solman, Neveen H. Mahmoud, Manar A. Ebrahm
Immunostmulatory role of Panax gnseng n rradated bone marrow transplanted rats
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.16
17. Alper Cenk Gurkan
A comparatve study of statc and dynamc balance n hearng-mpared natonal basketball and taekwondo
sportsmen
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.17
18. Roxana Oana Darabont
Duplex ultrasound scannng n the evaluaton of renal artery stenoss: sgnfcance of extrarenal versus ntrarenal
flow parameters
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.18
19. Erkut Tutkun, Sevg Canbaz, Hayrettn Gumusdag, Resul Cekn, Yldz Peksen, Brol Gulman
A retrospectve study of foot problems among hgh school students n Turkey
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.19
20. Kelech M.N. Onugbo, D.C. Idonboyeobu
Effectve lghtnng protecton scheme employng attractve dstance method
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.20
21. Hayrettn Gumusdag, Csem Unlu, Guner Ccek, Alpaslan Kartal, Fath Evl
The Yo-Yo ntermttent recovery test as an assessesment of aerobc-anaerobc ftness and game-related endurance
n soccer
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.21
22. Z. Ngad, M. Benhamou, A. Salek, M.R. Kabr
Relablty approach to multple corrosons: comparson to experment
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.22
23. Esn Gullu, Abdullah Gullu, Guner Ccek, Faruk Yamaner, Osman Imamoglu, Hayrettn Gumusdag
The effects of aerobc exercses on cardovascular rsk factors of sedentary women
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.23
24. Serag A. Farag Zaed, Lamyaa EL. EL-Sdeek, Mohamed M. Deabes, Dalal H.M. Alkhalfah, Mohamed H. Elgammal
Comparng effect of Egyptan, Saud Araban coffee cup preparatons on Ochratoxn A and Acrylamde content
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.24
25. D. Turkan Kejanl, Aysel Ylmaz
A culture from rural area to Dyarbakr: the tandoor and ts urban ntegraton
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.25
26. Medhat Mostafa Abozd, Mohsen M.S. Asker
Chemcal composton, antoxdant and antmcrobal actvty of the essental ol of the thyme and rosemary
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.26
27. Erkut Tutkun
Melatonn admnstraton n rats wth acute swmmng exercse prevents lpd peroxdaton n muscle tssue
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.27
28. Sam A. Metwally, M. Abou-Ellal, B.H. Abo-Lela, K.A. Aboud
Effect of laser radaton on the growth, anatomcal and bochemcal genetc markers of Celosa argentea plants
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.28
29. Aydn Senturk
The effect of dfferent warm-up ntenstes on wngate anaerobc power and capacty scores
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.29
30. M. Blal Bagbanc
Investgaton of nstallaton systems and structural falures of Ottoman publc baths n Bursa, Turkey
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.30
31. M.H. Shagal, D. Kubmarawa, W.A. Mshela
Producton of medcated soap usng Sclerocarya brrea plant extract
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.31
32. Alpaslan Kartal
Bomechancal analyss of female basketball players wth ankle nstablty
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.32

12.06.2019 Internatonal Journal of Academc Research
web.archve.org/web/20130930215920/http://jar.lt.az/en.php?go=may2013 3/7
33. Blgehan Baydl
The effect of acute maxmal aerobc exercse on humoral mmune parameters on healthy young males
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.33
34. Obneche C.N. Ndukwe, Promse Nkwocha, Okechukwu Onyelucheya
Crude palm kernel ol bleachng wth Ohya clay: complcatons of lnearzed second order knetc model
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.34
35. Gokalp Oner, Mustafa Tas, Burcu Kasap, Mahmut Tuncay Ozgun
Pernatal and neonatal outcomes of cgarette smokng n pregnancy
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.35
36. Altay Colak
Physcal assessment of urban transformaton projects: a case study of Adana Aksantas TOKI Housng
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.36
37. Yakup Akf Afyon, Abdurrahman Boyac
Investgaton of the effects by compostely edted core-plyometrc exercses n sedentary man on some physcal
and motorc parameters
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.37
38. Turgay Ozgur, Bahar Odabas Ozgur, Sahn Ozen
Dversty of anaerobc and respratory threshold determnaton methods
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.38
39. Muteber Erbay
Effect of use of color on percepton: example of entrance area n healthcare buldngs
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.39
40. Turgay Ozgur
The effects of eıght weeks of aerobıc exercıse on MaxVO2 and ısokınetıc muscle strength ın obese women
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.40
41. Zuhal Turktas, Busra Karakaya
Method of producton and some characterstcs of the felt skkes produced n Konya
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/A.41
PART B. HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
1. Donald Elder, Zhmng Lu, Robn A. Wells, Mchael F. Shaughnessy
Current educatonal concerns n 2013 and beyond
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.1
2. Abdulkadr Tuna
The examnaton of the sklls of Turksh prospecve mathematcs teachers to model fractonal operatons
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.2
3. Ahmet Atalay, A. Serdar Yucel
“CEO“ applcatons n modern sports management
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.3
4. Cetn Ozdlek
Examnaton of prmary and secondary school students attendance to sport events and ther depresson level
accordng to several varables
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.4
5. Aytekn Alpullu, Guven Erdl, Burcn Olcucu
Determnaton of mage percepton of the vstors travelng for watchng sports games
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.5
6. Máro Da Slva Costa, Amlcar Selores Ramos, Sofa Portela
The nfluence of the thrd sector organzatons n socal and envronmental responsblty of the Polo Industral De
Manaus’s companes
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.6
7. Osman Dalaman
A comparatve study to nvestgate the pre-servce classroom teachers’ patterns of makng use of ther lesure tme
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.7
8. Omer Beyhan
Product portfolo and content knowledge levels of prospectve teachers: a study for need assessment
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.8
9. Ilker Ozmutlu, A.Haktan Svrkaya, Alper Cenk Gurkan, Mehmet Dalklc
An nvestgaton nto secondary school students’ atttudes towards physcal educaton and sports lessons (the

12.06.2019 Internatonal Journal of Academc Research
web.archve.org/web/20130930215920/http://jar.lt.az/en.php?go=may2013 4/7
example of Kars provnce)
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.9
10. Bandar Khalaf Alharthey, Amran Rasl, Rosman Md. Yusoff, Basheer M. Al-Ghazal
Impact of nnovaton culture on human resources management practces
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.10
11. Zeynep Akkus, Kursad Sertbas, Selman Cutuk
Mult-varable analyss of physcal educaton and college students’ shyness levels (example of Sakarya unversty)
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.11
12. Ata Atun
Armenan populaton n Eastern Anatola around 1915: a bref hstory of Armenan hoaxes
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.12
13. Murat Sentuna
The level of awareness of the Turksh coaches about Modern Olympc Games
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.13
14. Chong Shyue Chuan, Lm Chee Seong, Sa Bk Ka
Assessng elderly fnancal satsfacton: evdence from urban Malaysans
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.14
15. Aysun Dogutas
School volence n Amercan schools: teachers perceptons
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.15
16. Zeha Yakar, Blge Can, Hatce Besler
Does the teachng program effect on pre-servce teachers’ self-regulaton?
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.16
17. Burcn Olcucu
The effect of physcal educaton wth coordnaton on the development of certan motor characterstcs of 5-6 years
old chldren
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.17
18. Mohammad Abd alrahman Al -Thnebat
An analytcal evaluatve study of the Islamc culture questons artcle n ntermedate unversty degree (dploma) for
the years 2005 to 2011 n the Hashemte Kngdom of Jordan
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.18
19. Mustafa Uslu
Relatonshp between degrees of self-esteem and peer pressure n hgh school adolescents
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.19
Abstract: Ths study examnes the relatonshp between adolescents’ self-esteem and peer pressure degrees accordng to ther
gender and socoeconomc status. The data were obtaned from 500 hgh school students usng the Self-effcacy Expectaton
Scale, developed by Rosenberg (1965) and adapted by Cuhadaroglu (1986) and Kıran-Esen (2006), and the “Peer Pressure
Scale (PPS), developed by Kıran (2002). Fndngs show that when adolescents’ peer pressure degree s vewed accordng to
ther level of ncome, ther self-esteem degree s hgher wth mddle ncome level and vce versa wth hgher ncome level.
Another fndng s that adolescents wth lower ncome level are exposed to further peer pressure than mddle and hgh ncome
level. Self-esteem degree s negatvely affected by peer pressure. However, there s a postve correlaton between ther self-
esteem degree and ndrect peer pressure and further analyss shows that there’s a negatve correlaton between ther status of
beng exposed to drect or ndrect peer pressure. Adolescents wth drect peer pressure perceve that ndrect pressure s less
than the others.
Keywords: Self Esteem, Peer Pressure, Adolescence
Pages: 119-124
Cte ths artcle:
M. Uslu. Relatonshp between degrees of self-esteem and peer pressure n hgh school adolescents. Internatonal Journal of
Academc Research Part B; 2013; 5(3), 119-124.
20. Mehmet Dalklc, Hudaverd Mamak, Alper Cenk Gurkan, Izzet Ucan, Ilker Ozmutlu
Elementary students' partıcıpatıon ın sports actıvıtıes that are effectıve at the level of the socıo-cultural factors and
communıcatıon skılls
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.20
21. Hamt Ozen, Suleyman Karatas
An aplcaton of chaos theory to educatonal admnstrator’s behavor: Overwhelmng the cheatng crss on an
exam
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.21
22. Arumugam Seetharaman, Swat Bajaj, John Ruddolph Raj, A.S. Saravanan
A consumers’ percepton of Wal-Mart n Inda
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.22

12.06.2019 Internatonal Journal of Academc Research
web.archve.org/web/20130930215920/http://jar.lt.az/en.php?go=may2013 5/7
23. Zekerya Bngol
The formaton strategy of toursm development n Medterranean Regon
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.23
24. Atla Yldrm, Al Unal, Abdullah Surucu
Incvl behavours at school: scale development
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.24
25. Enver Sar, Levent Yayc
The effect of the soluton-focused decson-makng tranng program on the vglant decson-makng of unversty
students
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.25
26. Wojcech Majka
A crtque of scentfc objectvsm
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.26
27. Hatce Srn, Erkan Faruk Srn
Research on the organzatonal commtment of the nstructors n terms of job satsfacton, and organzatonal
alenaton: school of physcal educaton and sports sample
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.27
28. Hamt Yokus
The relatonshp between the fear of negatve evaluaton and the achevement n specal apttude test n musc of
prospectve musc teacher canddates
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.28
29. Hayrettn Gumusdag
The nfluence of trat and state compettve anxety on aggresson: a study on professonal football players
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.29
30. Funda Kurak Acc
Hstorcal settlement of Trabzon nner castle
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.30
31. Kadr Blen
Effects of the hstory of scence course on preservce teachers’ knowledge and opnons about the nature of
scence
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.31
32. R. Ferudun Dorak, Murat Ozsaker, Nlgun Vurgun
Identfcaton levels and motves: a case of among Turksh soccer spectators and fans
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.32
33. Mustafa Durmusceleb
Examnng canddate teachers’ learnng styles by some varables
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.33
34. Mustafa Toprak, Ahmet Cezm Savas
Effectve classroom management and faces: a search for relatonshp
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.34
35. Yasn Ozkara
The profle of pre-servce teachers’ tendences towards lkng of chldren
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.35
36. Salm Al Idrus
Entrepreneurshp course n State Islamc Hgher Educatons (SIHEs) of East Java: a learnng strategy perspectve
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.36
37. Ahmet Hakan Hancer
The correlaton between the scentfc process and creatve thnkng sklls of the preservce teachers
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.37
38. Ahmet Cezm Savas, Izzet Dos
A new school paradgm: “learnng school” from teachers perspectve
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.38
39. Rafał Kasperowcz
Energy consumpton, electrcty prces and ndustral producton n Poland
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.39
40. Denz Ayse Yazıcıoglu
Increasng the level of relablty of the lvng room cost-estmatng software used n the feasablty stage
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.40
41. Edwn Agus Bunarto
The nfluence of local fnancal performance, economc growth and nvestment growth toward the welfare of socety

12.06.2019 Internatonal Journal of Academc Research
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DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.41
42. Mahmut Sagr, Izzet Dos
Perceptons of prospectve teachers who have taken professonal teachng knowledge courses about supervson
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.42
43. Pnar Guzel, Selhan Ozbey
Promoton of olympc values based on olympc soldarty programs
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.43
44. Al Mohammad Farhan Abdul Azz Al Zoub
Consoldaton of debt as consequence of jont and several lablty n the relatonshp between jont debtors and the
credtor “A comparatve study between the Jordanan law and the French law”
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.44
45. Coskun Arslan
An examnaton of the mpacts of group gudance based on communcatve sklls on conflct communcaton
approaches
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.45
46. Łukasz Nawrot
Research gap n toursm economcs – RES nvestments and nnovatons
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.46
47. Ilker Ozmutlu
Examnaton of communcaton sklls levels of students attendng to schools of physcal educaton and sports
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.47
48. Johna Horne, Mchael F. Shaughnessy
The response to nterventon program and gfted students: how can t facltate and expedte educatonal excellence
for ffted students n the regular educaton settng?
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.48
49. Zelha Tras, Coskun Arslan, Erdal Hamarta
An examnaton of reslence n unversty students n terms of self-esteem and socal self-effcacy
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.49
50. Agneszka Jagoda
Deskllng as the dark sde of the work specalzaton
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.50
51. Hamt Yokus
The pano and ts educaton: comparson of lesson content of musc preceptorshp program and pano and ts
educaton
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.51
52. Jeanne Pnkney, Mchael F. Shaughnessy
Teachng crtcal thnkng sklls: a modern mandate
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.52
53. Murat Pektas, Bahattn Denz Altunoglu, Cgdem Eks
An nvestgaton of envronmental lteracy concepts n Turksh elementary scence textbooks
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.53
54. Justyna Tanaś
Dfferentaton of suburbanzaton processes n Poznan agglomeraton
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.54
55. Gurbuz Ocak, Hasan Kzlkaya, Serkan Boyraz
Evaluaton of 6th grade Englsh currculum n terms of speakng sklls and dentfyng causes of speakng problems
students face
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.55
56. Katarzyna Anna Nawrot
EU-Chna economc relatons at the begnnng of the 5th generaton of the Chnese leaders
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.56
57. Semra Guven
Determnng vocatonal educaton undergraduate students’ educatonal needs for entrepreneurshp
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.57
58. Adam Plachcak
The basc deas of the Brtsh Thrd Way
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.58
59. Nese Ozkal
The relatonshp between achevement goal orentatons and self regulated learnng strateges of secondary school
students n socal studes courses

12.06.2019 Internatonal Journal of Academc Research
web.archve.org/web/20130930215920/http://jar.lt.az/en.php?go=may2013 7/7
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.59
60. Sona Huderek-Glapska, Radosław Trojanek
The mpact of arcraft nose on house prces
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.60
61. Selhan Ozbey
The ffth attempt to host the Olympad; Istanbul's bd for 2020 Summer Games
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.61
62. Anetta Zelnska
Sustanable development and eco-development versus natural valuable areas
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.62
63. Maja Prudzenca
A case study of factors of the publc-socal partnershp based on a non-proft organsaton CDI Europe
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.63
64. Cagla Pnar Utkutug, Aybge Demrc
Effects of cgarette packng warnngs on ntentons to qut cgarette: an expermental research on Turksh warnngs
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.64
65. Amneh Zakarah Al-sarayreh
The assessment estmatons for teachers of naton and socal educaton for the basc ffth grade n Al Karak
provnce
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.65
66. Mustafa Ozturk
Geography student teachers’ atttudes towards the EU and Europeans n Turkey
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.66
67. Agneszka Becla, Stansław Czaja
Problems of quanttatve dentfcaton of the term nformaton socety and knowledge-based economy (on the bass
of Poland)
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.67
68. Ismet Ergn
Secondary educaton 11th grade pyhscs lesson’s new currculum mplementaton’s effect n academc success
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.68
69. Agneszka Becla
Informatve determnants for the development of small and medum-szed enterprses n Poland after jonng
European Unon 2004-2012
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.69
70. Recep Ozkan, Mevlut Pala
The nvestgaton of the ablty classroom applcaton at prmary schools n terms of dfferent varables
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.70
71. Slávka Hlásna, Maran Horváth, Onur Köksal
Selected legslatve components of legal guarantees appled to approprate qualty of lfe n the Slovak Republc
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.71
72. Zartasha Aamr, Saqb Gulzar, Fatma Uzma, Saqlan Aslam Khan
Factors affectng the captal structure n energy sector of Pakstan
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.72
73. Elf Anda, Semra Güven
Hgh school teachers’ vews on the effects of etwnnng projects as a learnng envronment
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.73
74. Elżbeta Babula, Urszula Mrzygłód
Economc determnants of happness among European natons
DOI: dx.do.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.74
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Beynəlxalq Elmi Araşdırmalar Jurnalı (BEAJ)
ISSN: 2075-4124 | DOI: 10.7813/2075-4124.2013
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DEAR AUTHORS AND READERS!
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moved to : www.eu-print.org
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