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Anatomy of the Dicotyledons.
... Weinmannioxylon was included in the Cunoniaceae because of their exclusively solitary small vessels, scalariform perforation plates, scalariform to opposite intervessel pits, vessel-ray pits similar to the intervessel pits, apotracheal parenchyma diffuse or diffuse-in-aggregates, heterocellular rays usually up to fourseriate, and fibres with bordered pits (Metcalfe and Chalk 1950, Dickison 1980, Pujana and Ruiz 2019. (Fig. 10A-N). ...
... The presence of heterocellular rays does not affect this assignment because Rhizophoraceae also have heterocellular rays. However, according to Metcalfe and Chalk (1950), Rhizophoraceae could be divided into anatomical groups and cf. Chalkoxylon sp. ...
... does not fit in any of them. In addition, all these groups of Rhizophoraceae have paratracheal axial parenchyma, except for a few exceptions in which axial parenchyma is banded (Marco 1935, Metcalfe and Chalk 1950, Van Vliet 1976, instead of the scarce and diffuse apotracheal parenchyma of cf. Chalkoxylon sp. ...
The Cerro Bororó Formation (Danian) crops out in the Bororó Hill in the centre of the Chubut Province (central Argentine Patagonia). Palaeontological studies on this formation are scarce, among them is Petriella [Estudio de maderas petrificadas del Terciario Inferior del área central de Chubut (Cerro Bororó). Revista del Museo de La Plata (Nueva Serie). Sección Paleontología 1972;4:159–254] who made the first and only descriptions of fossil woods from the Cerro Bororó Formation. We re-examined the six angiosperm fossil woods previously described by Petriella in the 1970s and analysed 10 additional samples. We studied the specimens under light and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, the angiosperm diversity, the growth rings, the mesomorphy and vulnerability indices, and the wood anatomical characteristics influenced by the environment were used to get a general idea of the conditions in which these trees would have grown. Our analyses revealed that the fossil wood assemblage includes Podocarpoxylon mazzonii and Brachyoxylon raritanense in the conifer fossiliferous level and Elaeocarpoxylon sloaneoides, Euxylophoroxylon chiquichanense, Laurinoxylon americanum comb. nov., Weinmannioxylon multiperforatum, and cf. Chalkoxylon sp. in the angiosperm fossiliferous level. These findings suggest that the region experienced a warm-temperate, humid climate, which agrees with previous studies of the Cerro Bororó Formation.
... It is agreed that the data dealing with the histological structure of the vegetative organs of flowering plants can usefully be employed for many purposes such as: the identification of fragmentary material -especially for quality control of natural drugs to determine the purity or the presence of adulterations in the drug, as an aid towards establishing the interrelationships of taxa at/ and above the species level, and also it could help in identifying some herbarium specimens [15,16,17]. Numerous researchers have emphasized the importance of leaf anatomy as a tool for plant taxonomy [18,19,20,21]. Identification of the genus and the species will be aided by the leaves' intricate anatomical characteristics. ...
... Figures (4,5,6) show an example of the epidermal tissue view for some of the species under study. Using the formula (S/E+S) X 100, where S is the number of stomata in an area and E is the number of epidermal cells in the same area, the stomatal index was determined as described by [20]. ...
... Plant anatomical characters have limited value for differentiating species or groups of species under a particular rank, according to [29,20] because the differences between them are typically quantitative rather than qualitative and frequently require statistical treatment based on more material than is commonly available. They went on to say that anatomy can occasionally be highly useful for identifying certain plant species. ...
Leaflet anatomy of fifteen Cassia L. sensu lato species from Sudan was studied including epidermal peels and sections through midrib regions in order to elucidate its importance in solving the problem of either amalgamate or segregate the genus into the three allied genera, namely: Senna Miller, Chamaecrista Moench, and Cassia L. sensu stricto. One type of cell shape (polygonal) as well as one type of stomata (paracytic) were shown from the epidermii of the leaflets of all species. Trichomes, when present, were always simple, unicellular, mostly thick-walled, with acute or rounded apices, sometimes with bulbous bases, straight or curved. The stomatal index and sections through midrib regions for the studied species did not support the segregation or amalgamation of the related genera, however, it proved to be useful in species identification.
... As a vegetative organ of the plant body, leaves are not just useful for primary taxonomic determinations, but also for identifying incomplete plants, such as sterile specimens, fragmentary fossils and drug-based plants. Leaf characteristics include the epidermis and its cuticular features, epidermal cells, shapes, types of stomatal complex and frequency, type of trichomes, as well as pattern of distribution, have always helped in determining the phylogeny and systematic position of the taxa in any family as well as species level delimitation (Metcalfe and Chalk, 1950;Saheed and Illoh, 2010). ...
... Micromorphological investigations have yielded significant information that provides support for the taxonomy of the Convolvulaceae family. Several recent studies have highlighted the significance of microscopic characteristics in taxonomy, authentication and quality control of ethnomedicinal species of interest in Convolvulaceae by: Metcalfe and Chalk (1950), Shah (1967), Inamdar (1969), Ugborogho et al. (1992), Tayade andPatil (2011), Shrestha et al. (2017), Traiperm et al. (2017), Bolarinwa et al. (2018), Ashfaq et al. (2019), Jimoh et al. (2020, Ekeke et al. (2021) and Santos et al. (2024). Our primary goal was to evaluate the taxonomic significance of epidermal traits within selected genera of the Merremieae tribe and their utility in species identification. ...
... (Tayade and Patil, 2011;Pal and Maiti, 2012;Jimoh et al., 2020;Santos et al., 2024). Metcalfe and Chalk (1950) characterized mainly paracytic, anisocytic and anomocytic stomata in Convolvulaceae. According to Tayade and Patil (2011), the genus exhibits phenotypic consistency and displays considerable diversity. ...
Research in micromorphology is essential for comprehending the taxonomy and systematic categorization of plants. Micromorphological attributes, including the characteristics of the leaf epidermis, stomatal complexes and trichome types, play a crucial role in species identification. This comprehensive microscopic examination enhances our ability to distinguish between closely related taxa and facilitates the verification of species. Although there have been advancements in classification of the family Convolvulaceae, there is still a need to investigate how some microscopic qualities can help clarify taxonomic problems within the tribe Merremieae, particularly at the generic level. This study has discovered various types of stomata in the examined species. These include paracytic, brachyparacytic, anisocytic, desmocytic, isotricytic and anisotricytic stomata. The trichome study revealed the presence of both glandular and eglandular types in different species. This provides detailed insights into the morphological diversity of stomata and trichomes within the Convolvulaceae family. The results highlight the significance of conducting a thorough micromorphological examination to enhance the accuracy of taxonomic categorizations within the Merremieae tribe and Convolvulaceae family. Single Linkage Cluster Analysis (UPGMA) enabled the establishment of strong intergeneric links, leading to a more precise understanding of evolutionary connections and affirming previous taxonomic modifications. These observations improve the precision of identifying different species and provide significant information for future studies.
... Cordia species are perennial tree species. The C. sinensis medicinal uses are diarrhea & dysentery, anthelmintic, antidiabetic activity, throat pain treatment, this plant bark making a decoction and these decoction use as a gargle for throat treatment and economic use-Cordia use as most timber yielding plant (Kirtikar & Basu, 1918;Metcalfe & Chalk, 1965;Modhvadia, 2009;Lohidas & al., 2015;Patil, 2018) [10,13,14,11,16] . Fresh leaves use as treat to jaundice and fruit jouice use as fevers treatment. ...
... Cordia species are perennial tree species. The C. sinensis medicinal uses are diarrhea & dysentery, anthelmintic, antidiabetic activity, throat pain treatment, this plant bark making a decoction and these decoction use as a gargle for throat treatment and economic use-Cordia use as most timber yielding plant (Kirtikar & Basu, 1918;Metcalfe & Chalk, 1965;Modhvadia, 2009;Lohidas & al., 2015;Patil, 2018) [10,13,14,11,16] . Fresh leaves use as treat to jaundice and fruit jouice use as fevers treatment. ...
... In Ayurvedic medicinal system both plant considered as source of Laghushleshmataka (Maundu, 1999;Khare, 2007) [12,9] . During the literature study of cordia species we observed many of anatomical variation TS of stem (Cork layer, Cortex cell layer, Pericyclic fiber cell number, Phloem cell layer, Phloem medullary layer, Xylem medullary layer, Xylem vessels), TS leaf (Epidermis, Palisade layer, Collenchyma, Number vascular bundles, and Parenchyma cell ) and TS of petiole (Epidermis, Palisade layer, Collenchyma, Number vascular bundles, and Parenchyma cell) of both the species were observed under the bright-field light compound microscope and their characters were documented (Metcalfe & Chalk, 1965;Khandelwal & Sethi, 2019) [13,8] . Both the species produces a annual ring and observed a secondary growth. ...
The genus Cordia L. (Boraginaceae) is a medicinally important taxon. Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. has been used for the treatment against fever, ulcers, dyspepsia, ringworm, etc. It has also been reported for its activities such as analgesic, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory actions. Another species, C. sinensis Lam., which is endemic to the northern Western Ghats, is a potential medicinal plant and presumed to have similar biochemical activities. Since, the species is consumed mainly in the crude form, it is difficult to establish the identity based on only leaf or stem characters. Acomparative study has been carried out to authenticate the identity of these two species based on anatomical characters. The anatomical sections of stem (TS, TLS and RLS), leaf (TS), and petiole (TS) of both the species were observed under the bright-field microscope and characters were documented. Though the diagrammatic outline of the stem and leaf sections is similar, detail anatomical characters are significantly different. The characters such as arrangement of cortical tissues, pericyclic fibres, phloem fibres andphloem rays are useful in differentiating the stem and petiole of both the species. The structure and number of the trichomes are also found to be useful characters for identification.In case of leaf, number and arrangement of vascular bundles, arrangement of collenchyma at lower epidermis, palisade cells and distribution of storage cells are the major characters to differentiate both the species. During the study we also observed the detail characters of cuticular layer, trichomes and stomatal characters. Rananculious type stomata, the presence of cystolithsin the basal cell of the trichome are the common characters observed in both the species. On the basis of preliminary study the species can be differentiated based only on anatomical characters.
... The stomata, trichome characteristics, and ornamentation of epidermal cells were examined. Stomatal, cuticular nomenclature, and ornamentation terminologies followed what is reported in the literature [15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. ...
... Likewise, the trichomes displayed multiple variations (Table 3). Stomata were predominant on the lower epidermis, consistent with Metcalfe and Chalk [16] and Edeoga [36] though in different species. ...
... In the ground tissue of midribs, almost all the studied species in both genera exhibited mucilaginous canals, while in the ground tissues of petioles, every species exhibited such canals, which is consistent with mucilaginous canals being characteristic features of Sterculiaceae, Malvaceae, Tiliaceae, and Bombacaceae [16,38]. Consistent with our observation of trichomes and druses, Guven and Duman [39] and Shaheen and colleagues [40] claim that glandular peltate and capitate trichomes, trichomes with many branches, druses containing calcium oxalate, and mucilage cells are traits of the Malvaceae family. ...
Morphological, anatomical, and molecular information facilitates the identification and inference of the relatedness of plant species. In this study, the macromorphological, micromorphological, and anatomical characteristics of nine species from the Brachychiton and Sterculia genera belonging to the Malvaceae family were examined by light and a scanning electron microscope. The study recorded 66 macromorphological, micromorphological, and anatomical characteristics, thus revealing important variations between the studied species in leaf morphology and anatomy. This included variations in leaf complexity, leaf arrangement (phyllotaxy), epidermal cell walls, and their sculpture, as well as in the types of glandular and non-glandular trichomes. The studied species were mostly conserved in shedding patterns, being evergreen only in one out of nine studied species. Similarly, eight species were petiolate. Conversely, leaf arrangement and leaf complexity characteristics were highly divergent among the studied species, though only one species, Sterculia foetida, had compound leaves. The differences in the studied features and the chloroplast genes MaturaseK (MatK) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcl) were exploited to deduce the relationship between the studied species. While the morphological and anatomical features demonstrated a close relationship between the studied intrageneric species, the DNA barcoding analysis proved very efficient in distinguishing the two neighboring genera. Collectively, the different clustering analyses suggest a close relatedness between Brachychiton acerifolius and B. australis, while only DNA-based clustering demonstrates cladistic monophyly of the Sterculia species. This study, therefore, provides a detailed description of various morphological and anatomical features important for the systematic studies within the Malvaceae family and highlights the value of incorporating morphological, anatomical, and molecular approaches for inferring the evolutionary relationship between closely related plant species.
... The mucilage consists of high-molecular-weight acidic polysaccharides, which can be produced by secretory idioblasts, cavities, or ducts (Fahn 1988). It has been reported in leaves (West 1969;Metcalfe and Chalk 1950, 1979, 1983Napp-Zinn 1973;Metcalfe 1987;Mariani et al. 1988;Gregory and Baas 1989;Bakker and Gerritsen 1992b;Bakker and Baas 1993;Bredenkamp and Van Wyk 1999;Fortuna-Perez et al. 2021) and in flowers Igersheim 1997, 1999;Igersheim and Endress 1997;Merino Sutter et al. 2006;Matthews and Endress 2006;De Barros et al. 2017, De Barros et al. 2023) of different groups of plants. ...
... Although they can be found in chloroplasts and the nuclei of cells in young plant tissues (Khlestkina 2013; Babenko et al. 2019), phenolics are primarily stored in the vacuole (Pridham 1960;Wink 1997), where they may act as defense against herbivory and solar radiation (De Barros and Teixeira 2016). Mucilage and phenolic cells occur in a wide diversity of families, including Leguminosae (Metcalfe and Chalk 1950;Matthews and Endress 2006;De Barros et al. 2017;Pedersoli et al. 2023), the third-largest family of angiosperms (800 genera and 22,000 species) (LPWG 2023) and the second most important economically (LPWG 2017). Many legume lineages bear these two types of cells, and mucilage cells in particular are organized into different types of secretory structures (De Barros et al. 2023). ...
... Scale bars: 20 μm: e, l; 50 μm: c, f, h, i, k 100 μm: a, b, d, g, j were found in many genera of Leguminosae such as Dimorphandra Schott (De Barros et al. 2017), Poiretia Vent., Zornia J.F.Gmel., Adesmia D.C., Nissolia Jacq., Pterocarpus Jacq. (Fortuna-Perez et al. 2012; 2021), Piptadenia Benth., Leucaena Benth., Anadenanthera Speg., Stryphnodendron Mart.(Pedersoli et al. 2023), as well as in more than 100 families of Angiosperms(Gregory and Baas 1989) within the orders Asterales, Austrobaileyales, Canellales, Caryophyllales, Celastrales, Dilleniales, Geraniales, Laurales, Magnoliales, Malpighiales, Malvales, Myrtales, Nymphaeales, Oxilidales, Rosales, Santalales, Sapindales, Vitales, Zygophyllales(Metcalfe and Chalk 1950;Bakker and Gerritsen 1992; Plachno et al. 2017;De Barros et al. 2023). ...
Mucilage cells are secretory structures associated with energy reserve and osmotic regulation, acting as a drought resistance mechanism. They are commonly found in legume species and can also contain phenolic compounds. Since they were previously identified in the sepals of one Mimosa species, the objective of the present study was to investigate the occurrence and location of mucilage and phenolic-secreting cells in the floral and leaf organs of species of this genus. We compare vegetative and reproductive organs, providing a detailed understanding of the distribution of these secretory structures throughout the plant body and proposing putative functions for them. Samples of foliar and floral organs of 13 species of Brazilian Mimosa were processed for anatomical analysis. Mucilage cells were found in the leaflet blade, petiole, rachis, rachilla, bract, sepal, and petal of all the species studied. In addition, M. caesalpiniifolia and M. sensitiva appeared to have mucilage cells also in the anther and ovary, and M. pudica in the filament and ovary. These cells occur throughout the entire epidermis of the organ or groups of cells, but may also occur in the mesophyll or in the cortical parenchyma. In most organs and species, mucilage cells usually also include phenolic compounds. Considering the close affinity between the production and accumulation of mucilage and phenolics, these two compounds may operate synergistically for plant protection and/or reproduction in Mimosa.
... Anatomical studies with vegetative organs, such as the leaf, are important for understanding adaptive responses and taxonomy issues. The main reason is that the leaf is the organ with the most significant variability of anatomical features, capable of expressing the environmental conditions (Esau, 1976;Fahn, 1982;Cutler, 1986), with some of these variations contributing to the taxonomy of related species (Metcalfe & Chalk, 1950). ...
... Secretory cells occur in the parenchyma, around the vascular bundle, in all samples analyzed (Fig. 7H). DISCUSSION Species of Ipomoea and other members of family share several anatomical features, such as paracytic stomata, glandular trichomes, an arc-shaped bicollateral vascular bundle in the midrib, druse-containing idioblasts, and latex-producing cells (Metcalfe & Chalk, 1950;Fahn, 1979;Mauseth, 1988). All these characteristics were observed in the species studied. ...
... cavalcantei) of lateral protuberances on the abaxial surface of the midrib. The dorsiventral mesophyll observed in I. cavalcantei is considered the most common type in eudicot leaves (Metcalfe & Chalk, 1950) and also commonly found in many Ipomoea species (e.g., Procópio et al., 2003;Martins et al., 2012;Tayade & Patil, 2012;Santos & Nurit-Silva, 2015;Porwal et al., 2015;Babu, Dharishini & Austin, 2018;Prasanth, Aleykutty & Harindran, 2018;Santos et al., 2020;Ekeke, Nichodemus & Ogazie, 2021;Santos et al., 2023). On the other hand, the isobilateral mesophyll is less frequent, observed in a few species of the genus, such as I. imperati (Vahl) Griseb., I. pes-caprae (L.) R.Br. ...
Background
Accurate species identification is the first step towards establishing conservation strategies, especially regarding rare and threatened species, such as those studied here. Moreover, understanding the responses to the environment and growing conditions of endemic species is necessary for its conservation. This study compares the leaf anatomy of Ipomoea cavalcantei and I. marabaensis , which grow on the Brazilian ironstone outcrops (cangas) and exhibit morphological convergence.
Methods
Leaf anatomical characters of the species were described. Additionally, the leaf adaptive potential of I. cavalcantei was evaluated, comparing individuals grown in natural canga areas ( in situ ) and cultivated in topsoil ( ex situ) . Quantitative analysis evaluated stomatal density, polar and equatorial diameter of stomata, and thickness of the epidermis and mesophyll.
Results
Ipomoea cavalcantei and I. marabaensis can be distinguished by the mesophyll type. Ipomoea marabaensis is also characterized by the presence of lateral protuberances on the abaxial surface of the midrib. Individuals of I. cavalcantei under cultivation have lower stomatal density, although their functionality (polar/equatorial diameter) is more significant than those grown in a natural environment; these individuals also exhibit leaves with a thinner cuticle, abaxial epidermal cells with more sinuous walls, a lower occurrence of trichomes and secretory cells (laticifers), and more druse-containing idioblasts in the mesophyll. All these traits are adaptations to growing conditions that include lower light and the absence of water stress.
Conclusions
Leaf anatomical traits showed to be useful to delimit Ipomoea cavalcantei and I. marabaensis in the non-reproductive stage. For individuals of I. cavalcantei cultivated in topsoil, some features, especially of the epidermis, respond to light and water supply.
... Several wood anatomical characters are informative at different taxonomic levels. Across all Gentianales families, vestured intervessel pits are always observed (e.g., Metcalfe and Chalk, 1950;Meylan and Butterfield, 1974;Jansen and Smets, 1998;Jansen et al., 2001) as is intraxylary phloem (except for Rubiaceae; Metcalfe and Chalk, 1950;Carlquist, 1984;Lens et al., 2008Lens et al., , 2009Dalvi et al., 2014;Beckers et al., 2022). Within Apocynaceae, major groups can be recognized by a number of wood anatomical traits (Table 1; Metcalfe and Chalk, 1950;Lens et al., 2008Lens et al., , 2009Beckers et al., 2022). ...
... Several wood anatomical characters are informative at different taxonomic levels. Across all Gentianales families, vestured intervessel pits are always observed (e.g., Metcalfe and Chalk, 1950;Meylan and Butterfield, 1974;Jansen and Smets, 1998;Jansen et al., 2001) as is intraxylary phloem (except for Rubiaceae; Metcalfe and Chalk, 1950;Carlquist, 1984;Lens et al., 2008Lens et al., , 2009Dalvi et al., 2014;Beckers et al., 2022). Within Apocynaceae, major groups can be recognized by a number of wood anatomical traits (Table 1; Metcalfe and Chalk, 1950;Lens et al., 2008Lens et al., , 2009Beckers et al., 2022). ...
... Across all Gentianales families, vestured intervessel pits are always observed (e.g., Metcalfe and Chalk, 1950;Meylan and Butterfield, 1974;Jansen and Smets, 1998;Jansen et al., 2001) as is intraxylary phloem (except for Rubiaceae; Metcalfe and Chalk, 1950;Carlquist, 1984;Lens et al., 2008Lens et al., , 2009Dalvi et al., 2014;Beckers et al., 2022). Within Apocynaceae, major groups can be recognized by a number of wood anatomical traits (Table 1; Metcalfe and Chalk, 1950;Lens et al., 2008Lens et al., , 2009Beckers et al., 2022). For example, the rauvolfioids are typically identified by extensive radial vessel multiples in erect species ( Figure 2B) and solitary vessels in climbers (Figure 2A). ...
Premise
This paper provides an overview of the wood anatomy of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), reconstructs wood anatomical trait evolution, and links this evolution with woody growth‐form transitions and floral and seed trait innovations across the family.
Methods
Over 200 published wood anatomical descriptions were revised, and original light microscopic sections were made and described for another 50 species. Changes in wood anatomical characters through time were visualized with ancestral state reconstructions. Tests for correlated evolution were performed using a combined data set of anatomical and key floral and seed traits to identify potential synnovations and traits associated with growth‐form adaptations.
Results
There was a shift toward a suite of wood anatomical traits that separate the rauvolfioids and early‐branching apocynoids from the core apocynoids, including an increased presence of vessel multiples, vessel dimorphism, laticifers, vascular (cambial) variants, and paratracheal axial parenchyma. The presence of this trait suite, which continues in Periplocoideae, Secamonoideae, and Asclepiadoideae, coincides with a progression of floral morphological innovations that evolved on consecutive nodes in the family, and also relates to more frequent transitions toward the climbing and herbaceous habits. In addition, a considerable shortening of vessel elements and fibers along the phylogenetic backbone of the family is correlated with a general reduction in plant size.
Conclusions
There are clear evolutionary transitions in the wood anatomy of Apocynaceae representing structural adaptations across the family that are associated with a quick succession of evolutionary changes of the floral bauplan.
... Stomata in the study were hypostomatic for V. conferta and amphistomatic for V. colorata which is considered a character of unification and distinctive feature for these sets of Vernonia. Another study distinguished Waltheria indica from other species using the presence of paracytic stomata which was diagnostic [22]. Stomata was variable in the study on 14 species; Vernonia amygdalina, Vernonia calvoana, Vernonia camporum, V. glabra var. ...
... The longest and widest areole was found in V. colorata adaxial surface as 166.09 ± 3.13 µm and 144.37 ± 7.99 µm, while the least was recorded in V. conferta adaxial surface with 45.38 ± 1.59 µm and 38.12 ± 0.55 µm. The appearance and characterictics of the areoles are termed areolation [22]. Foliar venation has been used to provide insight into relationship within the subfamilies and tribes [22]. ...
... The appearance and characterictics of the areoles are termed areolation [22]. Foliar venation has been used to provide insight into relationship within the subfamilies and tribes [22]. ...
Aims: The study determines various taxonomic, pharmacognostic and phytochemical standards helpful to ensure the identity, purity, safety and efficacy of Vernonia colorata and Vernonia conferta. Study Design: To study these two species of Vernonia for their epidermal cell shapes, stomatal types and distribution, trichome types, chemomicroscopic and fluorescence characters, flow properties, ash values, extractive solvents and phytoconstituents of dichlormethane fractions using GC-MS. Place and Duration: This study was conducted at the Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo from June 2023 to December 2023. Methodology: The pharmacognostic characterization was determined following the guidelines given by the World Health Organization (WHO). Parameters determined included microscopy, powder microscopy, chemomicroscopy, micromeritic properties, ash values, extractive values, fluorescence analysis while phytochemical analysis was done using Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometer. Results: Epidermal cell shapes were both irregular with undulate and sinuous anticlinal wall pattern for both V. colorata and C. conferta respectively. Stomatal distribution was hypostomatic with paracytic stomata on the abaxial surface for C. conferta while amphistomatic with anomocytic stomata in V. colorata. Stomatal index was highest in V. conferta with 27.31% and least in V. colorata 21.52%. Unicellular trichomes were observed in V. colorata and V. conferta epidermal surfaces. The chemomicroscopic study revealed the presence of lignin, starch, cellulose, oils, calcium oxalate crystals, mucilage and protein for both leaf and stem respectively. The fluorescence characteristics showed the presence of different colours supporting the presence of various phytoconstituents for both leaf and stem. The quantitative epidermal studies, chemomicroscopic and fluorescence characteristics revealed characteristic features for the drug. The flow properties for both leaf and stem were poor. The total ash values for both leaf and stem ranges between (2.40 – 9.30 and 10.60 – 11.06), acid-insoluble ash values were low, moisture contents were between 8 - 14%w/w, water and methanol extracted more constituents. In total, 12 chemical constituents each were recorded for the leaves of V. colorata and V. conferta, respectively, while 10 and 12 were also recorded for the dichloromethane stem extracts of V. colorata and V. conferta, respectively. Conclusion: This study is useful in pharmacognostic standardization of Vernonia colorata and Vernonia conferta.
... Lamiaceae üyeleri başta gövde, yaprak ve kaliks olmak üzere genelde yoğun örtü ve salgı tüyüne sahiptirler. Salgı tüyleri de kapitat ve peltat olmak üzere iki tipten meydana gelmişitir [6]. Kapitat salgı tüyleri genelde sap ve baş hücresinden oluşur ve salgılama şekline göre 3'e ayrılırlar [6,7]. ...
... Salgı tüyleri de kapitat ve peltat olmak üzere iki tipten meydana gelmişitir [6]. Kapitat salgı tüyleri genelde sap ve baş hücresinden oluşur ve salgılama şekline göre 3'e ayrılırlar [6,7]. ...
... Baş salgı hücreleri tek ya da iki daire üzerinde dizilim gösterirler. Bu tüylerde salgı, kutikulanın altındaki boşlukta birikir ve kutikulanın mekanik bir darbeyle parçalanmasıyla dışarıya verilir [6,7]. ...
Amaç: Lamiaceae familyası hem dünya da hem de ülkemizde zengin bir tür çeşitliliğine sahiptir. Familya üyeleri taşıdıkları uçucu yağlardan dolayı tıbbi ve ekonomik açıdan son derece önemli olup, bitkilerin gövde, yaprak, kaliks gibi çeşitli organlarında farklı tüy tiplerine rastlanmaktadır. Bitkilerin taksonomik olarak ayrımında da kullanılan tüy yapılarının derlenmesi bu çalışmanın amacını oluşturmuştur. Sonuç ve Tartışma: Lamiaceae familyasında yer alan bitkilerin tüy morfolojileri çok sayıda kaynaktan yararlanılarak incelenmiştir. Elde ettiğimiz veriler ışığında familyanın tüyleri; örtü tüyleri, salgı tüyleri ve karışık tüyler olmak üzere 3 ana gruba ayrılmaktadır. Bunlarda kendi aralarında basit, dallanmış, kısa ve uzun örtü tüyleri, kapitat ve peltat salgı tüyleri ile dallanmış ve yıldız tipi karışık tüyler olmak üzere alt gruplara ayrılabilirler. Çalışmamızın sonucunda Lamiaceae familyası bitkilerinin 39 farklı tüy tipi belirlenmiş ve tüy tipleri kaynaklardan elde edilen çizim, ışık mikroskobu ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) görüntüleriyle desteklenmiştir. Familyadaki tüy morfolojilerinin özellikle bitkilerin taksonomisinde kullanılan önemli bir karakter olduğu görülmüştür.
... The classification was done following Metcalfe andChalk (1983) andAnonymous (1984). They classified fibres below 1.60 mm as short while those above 1.60 mm in length as long. ...
... The classification was done following Metcalfe andChalk (1983) andAnonymous (1984). They classified fibres below 1.60 mm as short while those above 1.60 mm in length as long. ...
To find a lasting solution to the problem of suitable fibre for pulp and papermaking in Nigeria, fibre suitability indices of nineteen wood species native to the rainforest zone of Nigeria were evaluated. Matured stems of the species were sourced and prepared for maceration. The fibre characteristics of the wood were carried out following ASTM D-1030-95 and ASTM D-1413-61. The fibres obtained were observed with the aid of a microscope and measurements of their morphology were done. A minimum of 25 fibres were measured for each species for accuracy. Selected morphological indices such as Runkel Ratio (RR), Flexibility Coefficient (FC), Slenderness Ratio (SR) as well as Rigidity Coefficient (RC) of the wood fibres were estimated. The results showed that the fibres lenght fall under short (1.05–1.36), medium-long (1.52–1.75), and long (2.0 mm) fibres criteria. All derived morphological indices showed significant variations from species to species. All fibres are not rigid and exhibited good SR with moderate rigidity and good felting power. They were all elastic; R. heudolotii and P. macrocarpa exhibited high elastic nature. They all have FC ≥ 50 and pass the RR ≤ 1, acceptable value for paper-making fibre except P. biglobosa and M. excelsa. The flexibility coefficients are in the range of 0.50 and 0.81. All the species pass the SR >33 acceptable value for paper-making fibres. The species if harnessed as fibre blends in pulp and paper making furnish will help to solve the problem of inadequate long fibres for paper production in Nigerian pulp mills.
... Em secção transversal, a raiz, em crescimento secundário, mostra forma circular (Figura 1A) e periderme apresentando felema, com 1-2 camadas de células suberizadas ( Metcalfe & Chalk (1979), a presença de folhas anfiestomáticas é uma característica comum da família Lamiaceae. Estômatos diacíticos são comumente descritos na família Lamiaceae (Metcalfe & Chalk, 1950). ...
... Tricomas glandulares peltados (Figura 5E) são observados em toda a lâmina foliar. Segundo Metcalfe & Chalk (1979), é comum, entre as espécies da família Lamiaceae, a presença de vários tipos de tricomas na lâmina foliar, sendo essa característica considerada como de grande valor para a identificação taxonômica, como foi observado em estudos realizados com espécies de Mentha L. (Deschamps et al., 2006) e Cunila Royenex L. (Xifreda & Mallo, 2006 Os testes para taninos e tripertenos e esteroides foram negativos para testes de histoquímica; testes fitoquímicos indicam a presença de triterpenos, terpenos e esteróides (Menezes et al., 1999). ...
Marsypianthes chamaedrys (Vahl) Kuntze, conhecida popularmente como alecrim, alfavaca-de-cheiro, coração-de-frade, dentre outras, é utilizada na medicina popular para inibir edema causado pela peçonha de serpentes, diarreia, estimulante e antiespasmódica. Desse modo, estudo objetivou a caracterização anatômica dos órgãos vegetativos e histoquímica das lâminas foliares de M. chamaedrys. Foram confeccionadas lâminas semipermanentes contendo secções transversais da raiz, do caule, do pecíolo e lâmina foliar e secções paradérmicas da lâmina foliar de M. chamaedrys, e analisadas em microscópio óptico de luz e luz polarizada. Lâminas semipermanentes contendo secções transversais da folha fresca da espécie e diferentes reagentes foram utilizados para o estudo histoquímico. A avaliação microscópica possibilitou a identificação de caracteres anatômicos dos órgãos vegetativos, podendo-se destacar a descrição anatômica da raiz; caule com formato quadrangular e tricomas glandulares presentes também no pecíolo e lâmina foliar; e nervura central com colênquima angular na face adaxial e abaxial e presença de cristais do tipo drusa no mesofilo. Por meio da histoquímica foi evidenciado a presença de alcaloides, amido, compostos lipofílicos, compostos fenólicos, e lignina e cristais de natureza de oxalato de cálcio. O estudo contribui com a padronização farmacobotânica e dados sobre a anatomia e a histoquímica dos órgãos vegetativos de M. chamaedrys.
... Glandular trichomes are important taxonomic features in the Lamiaceae family (Xiang et al., 2010). Trichomes are considered relevant in comparative systematic investigations and in morpho-diagnosis (Metcalfe & Chalk, 1950;1988). Peltate glandular trichomes with essential oil are localized on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. ...
... The lower epidermis has many glandular and non-glandular trichomes and stomata. Trichomes are considered relevant in comparative systematic investigations and morpho-diagnosis (Metcalfe Chalk, 1988). The upper epidermis presents one layer of 9.86-13.78 ...
Bucharest. Bradford, M. M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding.. Preliminary results regarding the testing of treatments with light emitting diode (LED) on the seed germination of Artemisia dracunculus L.
... Our observations confirmed the presence of paracytic stomata, as already recorded in Plumeria species by Metcalfe and Chalk [25] and Toma et al. [26]. Solitary stomata, that have been previously observed in other genus belonging to the Apocynaceae family such as Vinca minor e V. major [27], were found. ...
... The P. rubra leaves showed a dorso-ventral mesophyll and a bi-collateral vascular bundle, which are common features in members of the Apocynaceae family [25]. In particular, a bi-collateral vascular bundle arranged in an open arc was present both in the leaf and petiole. ...
Plumeria rubra L. is an ornamental Caribbean plant widely known for its ethnobotanical uses and pharmacological activities. The ‘Tonda Palermitana’ cultivar, on which no data are to date available, is commonly cultivated in Sicily. The aim of our study was to characterize the micro-morphological features of leaves and flowers of this cultivar by light and Scanning Electron Microscopy and to investigate the phytochemical profile and the biological properties of their food-grade extracts (LE and FE, respectively) by LC-DAD-ESI-MS analysis and different in vitro assays. Numerous branched laticifers were observed, and their secretion contained alkaloids and lipophilic compounds as confirmed by histological analyses. Phytochemical analyses showed the presence of alkaloids (9%), terpenoids (13%) and fatty acids (6%), together with a very abundant presence of iridoids (28%) and polyphenols (39%). The most notable biological activity of both extracts appears to be the antioxidant one, showing half-inhibitory concentrations (IC50) about 5 times lower than those detected in anti-inflammatory assays (383.74 ± 5.65 and 232.05 ± 2.87 vs. 1981.23 ± 12.82 and 1215.13 ± 10.15, for FE and LE, respectively), with LE showing the best, and statistically significant (p < 0.001), biological activity. These results allow us to speculate promising nutraceutical and cosmeceutical applications for this old Sicilian cultivar.
... The foliar epidermal features of the epidermis have played an important role in taxonomy and for a plant systematist. The epidermis possesses several important diagnostic characteristics that offer valuable clues for taxonomic identification, such as size, shape, distribution of stomata (Oznur and Tugha 2006;Ajuru and Okoli 2012;Bassey et al. 2016), guard and subsidiary cells, as well as presence or absence of trichome and their different types and lengths (Metcalfe and Chalk 1979). The presence or absence of foliar appendages is significant in the delimitation of taxa, especially at the generic and specific levels. ...
Ibiye AI, Green BO, Ajuru MG. 2023. Comparative foliar epidermal study of some species of pteridophytes in Rivers State University, Nigeria. Cell Biol Dev 7: 51-55. Pteridophytes show many forms and are cosmopolitan in distribution, from sea level to high mountains. They are about 13,500 species of fern and allies distributed throughout the world. Some are edible, while some are ornamental. They are economically important to humans in food, medicine, ornaments, fibers, and cultural usages. Ferns generally are an understudied group of plants, and no work on the foliar epidermal study of the three species in the South-South part of Nigeria has been done. The study aimed to investigating the foliar anatomy of three species of pteridophytes at Rivers State University, Nigeria, to elucidate their taxonomic knowledge using this line of evidence. The standard method for foliar epidermal analysis was employed. Fresh mature leaves were soaked in sodium hypochlorite (5%) for 3-5 minutes to soften the tissues, and the adaxial surface was scraped off with a sharp razor blade until the abaxial surface was reached; equally, the abaxial surface was scraped off to reveal the adaxial surface. The species include: Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott, Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm.F.) Pic. Serm., and Microgramma mauritiana (Wild.) Tardieu. Results of the foliar epidermal anatomical study revealed that the presence of uniseriate non-glandular trichomes on both the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of N. biserrata and absent in P. scolopendria and M. mauritiana is diagnostic of this species. The presence of diacytic stomata in addition to anomocytic type in the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of N. biserrata also separates it from P. scolopendria which had amphidiacytic stomata on the abaxial surface and M. mauritiana lacked stomata on this surface. All three species possessed numerous crystal sand on both surfaces, which is also diagnostic. These characters have been reported to be diagnostic and considered highly significant for solving taxonomic disputes through identification and delimiting among the species, thus broadening the scope of their taxonomic knowledge.
... The exo-morphological variables in this study such as alternate leaf arrangement, short and abrupt acuminate leaf apex with rigid downward acumen; reticulate pinnate and brochidodromous venation, lanceolate stipule, fissured bark in the old stem; reddish-brown slash; short spines on branches; rust-coloured matted hairs on young shoots and petioles, fasciculate clusters of flowers (axillary and monoecious) have diagnostic values as these can be used to spot the taxon in the field and the descriptions were in agreement with those of Metcalfe and Chalk (1979), Keay (1989), Kolawole and Olayemi (2003), Taiwo et al. (2012), Adesina and Akomolafe (2014). The presence of brochidodromous, fasciculate inflorescences and absence of bi-ovulated ovary, latex, caruncle in seeds, explosive dehiscent fruits differentiated B. ferruginea (Phyllanthaceae) morphologically from Euphrobiaceae Senso stricto. ...
This research aims to examine and make available the morphological and anatomical features inherent in Bridelia ferruginea, which will serve as taxonomic tools for its delineation. The stem, leaves, flowers and fruits were investigated in the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Leaves were plucked from freshly collected twigs and anatomical slides were prepared using standard procedures (i.e. clearing method) and observed by light microscopy. Bridelia ferruginea has twisted, rough and fissured bole; the branches are low and armed with short spines. The leaves are simple, alternate, petiolate with reticulate, pinnate and brochidodromous venation. The inflorescence is a fasciculate cluster, monoecious and axillary. The calyx and corolla are pentamerous. Staminate flowers are sub-sessile and puberulent with polyandrous stamens, while pistillate flowers are sessile with 2-locular ovary. The fruit is a drupe with fleshy pericarp, greenish when unripe and purplish-black when ripe. Leaf anatomy revealed an “O”-shaped vascular bundle and the presence of rosette crystals. The leaf epidermal cells showed that the distribution of the stomata, which are numerous and anomocytic, is hypostomatic. A transverse section of the wood revealed indistinct growth rings, diffuse porosity with solitary and radial pore multiples. Vessel pores were pitted. In the tangential longitudinal section, axial parenchyma is apotracheal and diffuse, while the ray parenchyma was non-storied; heterocellular and predominantly biseriate. Upright/square ray cells were predominant in the radial longitudinal section with most of the cells containing crystals. Fibres were non-septate, libriform and thin to thick-walled. The pollen shape is oblate spheroidal and tricoporate with reticulate exine sculpture. In conclusion, this study presents exo-and endo-morphology which would serve as a baseline in the delineation of Bridelia ferruginea Benth.
... Species and genus classifications can be accomplished using the trichome (Carpenter 2005;Da Silva et al. 2015;Abul-Soad et al. 2018;Pérez et al. 2021). Many researchers have found investigations of trichomes at the specific level to be useful (Metcalfe 1979;Adedeji et al. 2007;Adedeji and Jewoola 2008) suggesting that a particular type of trichome can often be used to distinguish between species, genera, or even families. The taxa studied in this research contain both glandular and non-glandular trichomes. ...
Arecaceae is considered a majestic family for its medicinal and commercial properties. Anatomical characteristics are significant for taxonomists to identify and classify plant species correctly. The foliar micro-morphologies of 15 Arecaceae plant species were studied and compared using a Light microscope (LM), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and different statistical tools. Various quantitative characteristics; i.e., length and width of epidermis cells, stomata, guard cells, subsidiary cells, trichomes, and qualitative foliar epidermal characteristics of abaxial and adaxial surfaces including epidermal cell shape, types of stomata, the shape of guard cells, types of trichomes and the shape of silica bodies were investigated. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, and standard error) and four statistical tools (heat-map analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, correlation analysis, and principal component Analysis) were applied to the data to highlight the distinctions and similarities among the species. The shape of epidermal cells is found to be polygonal (Borassus flabellifer L., Hyophorbe lagenicaulis L.H.Bailey)H.E.Moore, Archontophoenix alexandrae (F.Muell.) H.Wendl & Drude, Livistonia chinensis Jacq.) R.Br. ex Mart. and Chamaedorea cataractrum Mart.) and Oblique hexangular (Dypsis decaryi (Jum.) Beentje & J.Dransf. and Dypsis lutescens(H.Wendl.) Beentje & J.Dransf. Anomocytic stomata are only found in two species (Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman and Raphis excelsa (Thunb.) A.Henry, while the remaining species are found to have paracytic or tetracytic stomata. Three types of trichomes were reported for the Arecaceae taxa; i.e., elongated, tubular, and non-glandular. Hierarchical cluster analysis shows a close relationship of the investigated species. The anatomical features demonstrate adequate variation and statistical analysis showed distinctions and delimitations among investigated Areceaea taxa for their correct identification.
... The results provide insights into the classification of species based on multiple traits and highlight key species for further research and conservation efforts. The approach can significantly contribute to the discovery of new medicinal plants and the sustainable management of herbal resources [6]. ...
This study investigates the pharmacognostic and phytochemical properties of Anisomeles malabarica, a medicinal plant from the Lamiaceae family. A comprehensive analysis was performed, encompassing macroscopic, microscopic, and numerical taxonomic studies. The anatomical observations revealed distinctive traits such as unicellular trichomes, collenchymatous and parenchymatous ground tissue, and vascular bundles with concentric arrangements. Quantitative microscopy parameters, including stomatal index and vein islet number, were documented. Physiochemical analyses showed values within Ayurvedic pharmacopeia standards, ensuring the plant's purity and quality. The presence of essential inorganic elements like calcium, potassium, and iron was confirmed, with no detection of toxic heavy metals, underscoring its safety for medicinal use. DNA barcoding validated the species identity, enhancing its taxonomic classification. These findings highlight A. malabarica's potential for therapeutic applications and its importance in pharmacognostic standardization.
... Three basic types of stomata were encountered in this study namely: anisocytic in B. ferruginea, anomocytic and paracytic in H. crepitans and anomocytic and anisocytic in R. heudelotii. These findings were in agreement with those of Metcalfe & Chalk (1950), who reported the presence of anomocytic (i.e. Ranunculaceous type) and paracytic (i.e. ...
... The stomatal index was calculated using the formula from Dilcher (1974). The terminology used follows Metcalfe and Chalk (1979). ...
Heliotropium curassavicum L., 1753 belongs to the Boraginaceae family, and it was recorded for the first time to the Flora of Iraq in Basrah Province, Iraq. Its morphological characteristics have been described with photos; as well as a taxonomical key has been suggested to separate it from other species of Heliotropium that grow in Basrah Province. The geographical distribution of the species was determined, and the results showed that it was grown in five different locations along the southern parts of Shatt Al-Arab. Pollen morphology and anatomy of leaves were studied by using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which showed that the species has psilate and hexa-heterocolpate pollen grains, and the leaves were glabrous with anomocytic and hemiparacytic stomata.
... All the species of genus Pterocarpus studied are somewhat uniform in their wood structure; they share characters such as porosity (diffuse porous), simple perforation plate, non-septate fibre with bordered pits, paratracheal axial parenchyma, and the presence of prismatic crystals in parenchyma cells. The shared wood anatomical features are typical of the members of the family Fabaceae (Metcalfe and Chalk, 1950;Stepanova et al., 2013;Oskolskii et al., 2004;Ramanantsialonina et al., 2022). Specifically, the presence of prismatic crystals in parenchyma cells and bordered pits in the fibres may be common to the tribe Dalbergieae, as they are also found in Dalbergia species from Madagascar (Ramanantsialonina et al., 2022). ...
The wood structure of five species of Pterocarpus from Nigeria, distributed in tropical Africa, was studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. This was done to explore the usefulness of wood anatomical characters in distinguishing the species and investigate the influence of climatic factors in wet and dry tropical Africa on anatomical traits and distribution of Pterocarpus species. To investigate the ecological patterns of the wood anatomical features of the species, quantitative data from the wood traits and climatic variables from the species distribution were compiled and analyzed for Principal Component Analysis (PCA) using R. The Pterocarpus species studied can be distinguished by ray cell number and height. The ray cells are exclusively uniseriate in P. erinaceous, uniseriate with a few biseriate in P. osun and P. santalinoides and mostly multiseriate in P. lucens. Large ray height (>1 mm) is only found in P. lucens. The Pterocarpus species found in the dry tropical biome (P. erinaceous and P. lucens) have shorter vessel elements, higher vessel frequency, higher vessel grouping, and narrower vessels. These wood traits play a significant role in the vulnerability of wood xylem to cavitation and water conductance efficiency. The positive correlation observed between the percentage of solitary vessels and climatic factors means that as the environment gives way to higher rainfall and a more stable climate, there will be an increase in the number of solitary vessels in the species.
... The stomatal index was calculated by, I = S/E+S, 'S' is the number of stomata per unit area, 'E' is the number of epidermal cells in the same area (Metcalfe & Chalk, 1979). ...
Studies on the leaf epidermal morphological characteristics were conducted on the three varieties of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) belonging to the family Solanaceae. The varieties used in the study were Bhavani Gold, Purple Round and Haritha. Fresh mature brinjal leaves were randomly selected from the three experimental genotypes, and the foliar epidermal features were studied by using light microscopy and SEM imaging. Measurements were taken with an ocular and stage micrometer using 10X and 40X magnifications. The photographs were taken from mounted slides. The stomatal count and each measurement represent the average of ten readings. The upper and lower epidermal surfaces of leaf were studied for stomatal features including, stomatal distribution, stomatal type, stomatal index, stomatal pore length, stomatal pore width, guard cell length, guard cell width, subsidiary cell length and width, epidermal cell type, epidermal cell length and width, trichome type, trichome length and width. Amphistomatous, anisocytic, and with more stomata on the lower epidermal surface than the upper epidermal surface were present in all leaf varieties. On the leaves, the abaxial stomatal index ranged from 68.19 mm-2 (Bhavani Gold) to 56.67 mm-2 (Purple Round) to 58.8 mm-2 (Haritha). While on the adaxial surface, it varied from 59.67 mm-2 (Bhavani Gold), 53.46 mm-2 (Purple Round) and 56.67 mm-2 (Haritha). The three varieties of this study exhibited similarities in the pattern of epidermal cell on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces and were irregular in shape. Among the three varieties epidermal cell become irregular in outline and trichomes were present on both leaf surfaces. It becomes stellate, non-glandular, glandular and 8-12 in number. The highest trichome length was obtained in Bhavani Gold (63 μm) followed by Haritha (57.5 μm) and Purple Round (43 μm) on the upper epidermis. On the lower epidermal region maximum length was obtained in Bhavani Gold (65.5 μm) followed by Haritha (53 μm) and Purple Round (44 μm).
... As referências para coloração do tronco dos cajueiros foram determinadas de acordo com o proposto por Lima (2023), sendo ambos, cajueiro vermelho e cajueiro roxo, indicados localmente no tratamento de inflamações (LIMA, 2023). A associação do cajueiro à medicina tradicional é frequente com diversas indicações, como inflamações, cicatrizes, gastrite, diabetes, micoses, diarreia, doenças respiratórias, entre outros (LAGES et al., 2022;SOUZA et al., 2022;MESQUITA e TAVARES-MARTINS, 2018). ...
Anacardium occidentale L., conhecida como cajueiro, devido à produção do seu fruto, o caju, além de sua importância para a fruticultura e outros fins comerciais, é também utilizado para fins medicinais, principalmente pela população tradicional. Dentro da espécie, são classificadas três etnoespécies, o cajueiro comum, o cajueiro vermelho e o cajueiro roxo sendo que, na literatura, observa-se que apenas os dois últimos são utilizados como medicinais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características anatômicas de folhas e casca do tronco do cajueiro comum, vermelho e roxo, bem como verificar compostos químicos presentes que possam proporcionar tal diferenciação. Os resultados apresentaram poucas diferenças em relação à estrutura anatômica, mas a presença de substâncias foi diferenciada entre as três etnoespécies. Com isso, novos estudos farmacológicos, devem ser realizados com a intenção de indicar se uma etnoespécie teria uma maior eficiência medicinal que a outra.
... Se sabe que la estructura interna como externa de las hojas de Solanaceae es altamente diversa, con un mesófilo heterogéneo. En efecto, la presencia de varios tipos de estomas en una misma hoja es un carácter común en la familia (Ávila et al., 2007;Bessis y Guyot, 1979;Karatela y Gill, 1986;Liscovsky y Cosa, 2005;Metcalfe y Chalk, 1950). De acuerdo a ello, sería esperable observar una morfología diversa de silicofitolitos, sin embargo, en las especies estudiadas se observaron formas globulares lisas y equinadas que promedian los 10 micrones. ...
Las plantas silvestres han tenido gran importancia en la subsistencia de las poblaciones arqueológicas que ocuparon el Delta del Paraná en momentos previos a la conquista española. Esto fue desconocido hasta hace pocos años, ya que en un comienzo se estudiaba su dieta a través de los recursos obtenidos mediante la caza y la pesca, ignorando la importancia que el mundo vegetal tenía en la vida cotidiana de estas personas. Debido a esto, el presente trabajo busca ser un aporte en el inicio de la confección de una colección de referencia de plantas locales que podrían haber tenido diversos usos por parte de los habitantes de la región, con el fin de reducir los sesgos, y empezar a identificar especies que no han sido contempladas hasta el momento. Se realizaron análisis de microrrestos biosilíceos en orden de identificar los silicofitolitos diagnósticos de las especies Solanum glaucophyllum Desf., Solanum pseudocapsicum L. y, Salpichroa origanifolia (Lam.) Baill. De acuerdo al registro etnográfico estas especies son de interés económico porque forman parte del amplio listado de especies comestibles de la familia Solanaceae.
... Stomata were classified on the basis of number and arrangement of subsidiary cells (Metcalfe & Chalk, 1950). 2. Anisocytic stomata: The stomata is surrounded by three subsidiary cells. ...
This chapter covers all the production practices of field crops. It has been carefully drafted, with utmost care regarding the figures and data used, and it’s made sure they’re nationally and internationally recognized. Crop production depends on the successful execution of land, water, and nutrient management practices from the time of sowing to the time of harvesting. This chapter introduces readers to the concept of Kharif, Rabi, and Zaid crops along with the production practices of these crops under various headings and subheadings.
... Stomata were classified on the basis of number and arrangement of subsidiary cells (Metcalfe & Chalk, 1950). 2. Anisocytic stomata: The stomata is surrounded by three subsidiary cells. ...
Climate change has become one of the major concerns of man in recent decades all over the world. The floods, drought, and desertification seriously threaten the livelihood of farmers and our food supply as well. As the climate continues to change, farm communities around the world will be increasingly challenged. Halfway through the chapter we get to know about the impacts of climate change like greenhouse effect, global warming, nonavailability of water, ozone depletion, etc. Toward the end, the chapter provides apt ways to mitigate climate change and how one can canvass for it, ultimately reversing it.
... Stomata were classified on the basis of number and arrangement of subsidiary cells (Metcalfe & Chalk, 1950). 2. Anisocytic stomata: The stomata is surrounded by three subsidiary cells. ...
Agronomy is the science and practice of crop production and field management. It is an amalgamation of many sciences and views the agriculture from an integrated and holistic perspective. It combines the knowledge and technology from the fields of botany, ecology, chemistry, genetics, pest management, water management, weed science, and soil science in order to improve and manage the major food crops of the world. It studies various aspects of crop production like soil properties and how they affect the crop growth, which nutrients are needed by crops, how to control the pests, diseases, and weeds. This chapter introduces you to agronomy and gives details of the history, development, and scope of agriculture. Various agroclimatic zones of India and concept of tillage are also discussed.
... Stomata were classified on the basis of number and arrangement of subsidiary cells (Metcalfe & Chalk, 1950). 2. Anisocytic stomata: The stomata is surrounded by three subsidiary cells. ...
This chapter introduces the concept of precision agriculture (PA). PA is a concept of using new technologies and information collected from the fields to optimize the field-level management with regard to crops, environmental protection, and economy. The underlying principle of PA is doing the right thing, in the right place, at the right time. This chapter explores the need, requirement, aim, and processes of precision agriculture along with its merits and demerits. Toward the end of the chapter, there is a shift of focus toward more modern form of precision agriculture with reference to modern-day tools and technologies.
... Stomata were classified on the basis of number and arrangement of subsidiary cells (Metcalfe & Chalk, 1950). 2. Anisocytic stomata: The stomata is surrounded by three subsidiary cells. ...
... Stomata were classified on the basis of number and arrangement of subsidiary cells (Metcalfe & Chalk, 1950). 2. Anisocytic stomata: The stomata is surrounded by three subsidiary cells. ...
In recent years, organic farming is gaining increasing popularity due to growing health and environmental awareness among people. Indirectly, it has proved to be a boon for Indian agricultural scenario; therefore, due attention has been given to it in the introductory sections of this chapter. Organic foods are preferred by people because they are grown without any use of synthetic inputs and hence pose no risk to one’s health, whatsoever. This chapter throws light on the scope and objectives of organic farming, farming systems, and cropping patterns. A section about sustainable agriculture has also been given toward the very end of chapter with topics of higher gravity like HEIA, LEIA, LIESA and IFS, discussed in detail.
... The root anatomy consists of epiblema cells, on which are unicellular trichomes in E. heterophylla and E. hirta, the stele region composed of the xylem and phloem, and the fundamental or ground system represented by the cortex and pith. The pith lies to the inside of the stele and as in other Euphorbiaceae species [27]. The medullary rays alternate with the bundles linking up with the cortex instead of forming a continuous cylinder. ...
This study has documented the root anatomical variability of some species of Euphorbiaceae in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, as a means of providing information for quality assessment of herbal industry. Family Euphorbiaceae is also called spurge family consisting of about 322 genera and 7,700 species. Species are predominantly cosmopolitan with strongest representation in the humid tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. Plants belonging to Euphorbiaceae family are widely used in Nigeria for various medicinal purposes. Based on this, seven species were selected for study from four genera which includes: genus Acalypha – A. hispidia and A. wilkesiana, genus Euphorbia – E. heterophylla and E. hirta, genus Jatropha – J. curcas and J. gossipifolia and the genus Manihot – M. esculenta. Transverse sections of the roots were obtained by free hand sectioning and submitted to double staining with methylene blue and safranin process for the anatomical study. Anatomical results of the roots revealed much variability among the species. Root characters such as the nature of the epiblema, cortex and vascular tissues are of high taxonomic significance. The secondary root has peridermis, parenchymatic cortex, collateral vascular system surrounded by sclerenchyma. The anatomical features are useful for differentiation among the species. This study will be helpful in correct identification and standardization of the plant material which is of medicinal importance.
... The taxonomic significance of foliar trichomes has been studied for many groups of taxa (Metcalfe & Chalk, 1950;Abu-Assab & Cantino, 1987;Cantino, 1990;Navarro & Oualidi, 2000;Khokhar, 2009;Khokhar, Rajput & Tahir, 2012), although environmental conditions and the adaptation mechanisms of the plants often affect the degree of hairiness (Cantino, 1990;Ayodele & Olowokudejo, 2006). In a particular group of the taxa, the structure and density of trichomes can be diverse, and sometimes too variable for taxonomic use (Guerin, 2005). ...
Clematis, one of the largest genera of the family Ranunculaceae, has a wide array of morphological variation and is considered the most difficult group of taxa in terms of infrageneric discrimination. This study assessed the leaf micromorphological features of 19 Clematis taxa (16 species and three varieties) found in Korea. The leaf surface features were studied under scanning electron microscopy, and the stomatal counting and measurement were carried out under light microscopy. Clematis are hypostomatic, meaning the stomata are only found on the abaxial surface of the leaf. Observed taxa showed near uniformity in the epidermal cell type, structure, and morphology on both surfaces of the leaf. Differences were observed in the presence and absence and/or abundance of trichomes on both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces, the epidermal cell boundary, and the periclinal and anticlinal wall of the cells. Differences were also observed in the number of the epidermal cells connected with the stomata on the abaxial surface, with small differences noted in epidermal cell shapes. The ANOVA showed a significant variation in the stomata density in the studied taxa (P < 0.0001). The cluster analysis based on 13 leaf micromorphological features generated four major clusters. These results indicated similarities in certain key leaf micromorphological features among taxa from the Tubulosae, Clematis, and Virona sections. In the genus Clematis, as with other morphological characteristics, using leaf micromorphological characters alone, which possess limited taxonomic value, proves inadequate for resolving infrageneric relationships. However, incorporating certain features with other morphological characteristics offers a possible alternative means of determining the infrageneric relationships within the genus.
... The subsequent chemical analysis of D. tortuosa showed that the plant containing tannins. These results were in harmony with [21] who reported dark cells in the cortical and pith parenchyma of Nitraria [22,23] and identified these contents are tannins. ...
... Descriptive anatomy presents two approaches: macroscopic and microscopic. The first evaluates sensory and anatomical characteristics that require little magnification, being widely used in the identification and inspection of commercial wood (Mainieri & Chimelo 1989;Coradin et al. 2010;Botosso 2011); while the second characterizes attributes of the tissue and cells that make up the wood, allowing safer identifications (Record e Hess 1943;Metcalfe & Chalk 1950;Détienne & Jacquet 1983;Wheeler et al. 1989;Richter et al. 2004;Ruffinatto et al. 2015). The category of ecological anatomy (Carlquist 1977(Carlquist , 1989 seeks to understand the relationship between anatomical characters and the various environmental factors, allowing the observation of trends in structural variation. ...
Wood is considered one of the natural resources most used by human cultures. Investigations on the wood species used by human societies throughout history arise separately in different research institutions and different areas of scientific knowledge globally. This work aims to establish and substantiate the concept of historical anatomy as a branch of wood anatomy, focusing on investigations into the cultural use of wood from a historical temporal perspective, with wood anatomy as its main analytical tool. Historical anatomy’s interdisciplinary nature contributes to the convergence of multiple perspectives in studies of the cultural use of wood. This category presents four approaches: heritage, technological, environmental, and conservationist, which engage in dialogue with each other and deepen the understanding of the relationship established between human societies and the historical use of wood in their cultural systems.
Adesmia incana var. incana es una especie herbácea, perenne, endémica de Sudamérica, que crece entre 0-1800 m snm. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron describir la morfoanatomía foliar, analizar la meiosis y caracterizar el marcador molecular ITS2. Se aplicaron técnicas convencionales para estudios citogenéticos y moleculares. Las hojas son compuestas, paripinnadas con venación pinnada, camptódroma, broquidódroma, anfistomática; con estomas anomocíticos, hemibraquiparacíticos y braquiparacíticos; pubescencia en ambas epidermis con tricomas eglandulares y glandulares; mesofilo homogéneo y haces vasculares colaterales. El pecíolo es subcircular en sección transversal con 5 a 7 haces vasculares colaterales abiertos y tubos fenólicos próximos a éstos. El número cromosómico es n = 4x = 20II. La secuencia ITS2 de A. incana var. incana (ser. Bicolores) muestra mayor similitud con la de A. grandiflora (ser. Microphyllae). Los elementos de valor diagnóstico para la identificación de la variedad incana son: tipos de estomas y tricomas en la lámina, tubos fenólicos en el pecíolo y número cromosómico tetraploide. El presente trabajo da a conocer la morfoanatomía foliar, la secuencia del marcador ITS2 y la estructura secundaria para A. incana var. incana. Además, se reporta por primera vez este taxón en la provincia de Tucumán, Argentina.
Most aromatic herbs belong to plants within the onion subfamily (Allioideae Herb.), the mint family (Lamiaceae Martinov), the parsley family (Apiaceae Lindl.) and the tarragon family (Asteraceae Bercht. & J.Presl), many of which are native to the Mediterranean. The culinary use of herbs has been textually documented in the eastern Mediterranean for over 3000 years. However, due to the nature of the archaeological record, where most macroscopic plant assemblages are preserved through charring, and the physiological characteristics of the plants themselves, herbs are largely underrepresented and have seldom been considered when assessing prehistoric culinary practices. Here, we present the results of a pilot modern phytolith reference collection of Mediterranean herbs to assess the potential of phytoliths in revealing ‘invisible’ plant ingredients in archaeological narratives. Phytoliths were observed in 48 of the 62 analysed reference samples. Although herbs are relatively poor phytolith producers, certain taxa produce distinctive morphotypes at different taxonomic levels that can potentially be used to identify the culinary uses of Mediterranean herbs in the archaeological record related to food preparation (e.g., residue analyses from food-processing artefacts, cooking vessels, charred food remains, etc.). In particular, anatomically connected silicified cells (silica skeletons) with potential taxonomic value were observed in species of the genus Mentha L. Moreover, species from the Apiaceae family, such as Daucus carota subsp. carota L. and Foeniculum vulgare Mill., produced massive multiseriate and pin-cushion trichomes with large multicellular stalks that could potentially hold taxonomic value.
A well-preserved fossil tree trunk was discovered in Valle del Cauca, Colombia. The radiocarbon date indicated that the tree lived during the Late Holocene, Meghalayan (4255 - 4083 cal BP). This finding is significant because the tree retains much of its original tissue. Based on wood anatomical comparisons, we suggest that this non-mineralized wood belongs to the family Lecythidaceae, a pantropical group of trees. This family includes around 12 recognized fossil genera based on fossil wood. The fossil probably belongs to the Bertholletia clade, which includes slow-growing, shadetolerant species often found in tropical dry forests. This suggests that dry forests dominated the Valle del Cauca region before agricultural lands largely replaced them over the past decades.
Heracleum kurdicum Fırat, sp. nov. (Apiaceae), a new species is described from Hakkari province, Turkey. From a morphological point of view, the new species appears to be similar to Heracleum raw-ianum C.C.Towns., from which it differs in several morphological features including plant height, leaves and leaflets size and shape, rays number and length, number, size, indumentum of bracts and bracteoles, flowers number, indumentum of fruit, cross sections of mericarp, dorsal and commissural vittae number etc. A comprehensive description of the newly described species is provided, including detailed photographs, geographical distribution map, habitat and ecology, vernacular name and IUCN conservation status.
Brassicaceae is taxonomically diverse and economically important plant lineage. Species identification and taxa relationship in this group often poses taxonomic problems particularly in temperate geographic regions. The present work was aimed at testing the evolutionary and systematic potential of leaf epidermal microscopic characters in Brassicaceae of Swat Pakistan. Epidermal preparations and microscopy are based on specimens of Brassicaceae collected from wild populations of the plants from different areas of the district. In total 27 species in 21 genera of the family were subjected to epidermal preparations. Ordinary epidermal cells ranged from polygonal (often), to pentagonal, hexagonal and tubular in shape (rare). Size of ordinary epidermal cells ranged from 40 _ 373.5 µm. Three different types of stomata were examined in the studied species i-e anomocytic, staurocytic and anisocytic. Anomocytic stomata were observed only in Euclidium syriacum. Staurocytic type of stomata were found only on the adaxial surface of Nasturtium officinale. Size of stomata ranged from 15 _ 40 µm. Size of stomatal pore ranges form (2-5) µm. Size of stomatal complex ranged between (40-200 µm). Only non-glandular trichomes were observed i-e stellate, unicellular, branched, T-shaped and Y-shaped. In 7 species unicellular non-glandular trichomes and in 6 species branched trichomes were present. In 4 speciesY-shaped trichomes were seen. Stellate trichomes were found in (Capsella bursa-pastoris and Alyssum desertorum). T-shaped trichomes were present in (Savignya parviflora). Size of trichomes ranged from (62.5-700) µm. In conclusion the micromorphologic features of leaf epidermis were sufficiently significant to distinguish closely related species.
Cannabis sativa L. has been an important medicinal and recreational plant since ancient times due to the presence of cannabinoids. Recently, there has been resurgence in cannabis research on account of phytochemical cannabidiol (CBD) oweing to its immense medicinal properties. This study reports the morphological, anatomical, phytochemical and molecular characterization of C. sativa collected from different regions in North India for diversity analysis and high-CBD accessions. The plant height, stem diameter, leaf length, and number of primary branches significantly differed (p < 0.05) among the accessions. There is considerable diversity in the size, shape and surface ornamentation of C. sativa seeds. However, the shape, size and annulus diameter of the pollen grains exhibited a narrow range in subtropical climates. The collenchymatous tissue revealed diversity among the accessions, producing wavy stems in most male accessions. The northern Indian cannabis populations are dominated by intermediate chemotypes, where both CBD and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are present. CBD-rich fibre-type accessions are rarely found in nature. We found one CBD-rich accession with 0.19% THC and 1.36% CBD content, which could be a potential parental line for future breeding programmes. Dendrogram clustering and population structure analysis grouped the accessions into two major subpopulations irrespective of chemotype and sex. Overall, this comprehensive study provides valuable insights into the diversity of Indian C. sativa accessions, laying a foundation for further breeding and conservation efforts for CBD-rich Indian Cannabis germplasms.
The subfamily Gentianinae includes approximately 425 species, with many belonging to the extensively studied genus Gentiana. These species are predominantly distributed across the Eurasian continent. The Gentianaceae family is notable for its biologically active compounds and is utilized in traditional medicine for its antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, digestive, antidepressant, and antianemic properties. Purpose of the study – Almaty region, Ilе district, Kazakhstan village, south-western edge of Kungey Alatau, pasture of Il river, north-eastern slope and Almaty region, Karasay district Kaskelen gorge in 2023-2024 to determine the anatomical features of vegetative organs of two collected species. Materials and Methods: Sections of the roots, stems, and leaves of Gentiana olivieri Griseb. and Gentiana tianschanica were prepared using a sliding microtome and analyzed under a light microscope. Results: The comparative anatomical analysis of the vegetative organs of G. olivieri and G. tianschanicarevealed both similarities and differences. The significant anatomical feature observed was that the cells of the upper epidermis in the leaves of both species were smaller than those of the lower epidermis. Notably, the upper epidermis of the leaves lacked stomata. The vegetative organs of both species exhibited xeromesophytic characteristics in G. olivieri and mesophytic features in G. tianschanica. These anatomical features align with existing knowledge on Gentianaceae anatomy. Conclusion: The roots of G. olivieri displayed intraxillary phloem, a distinguishing trait of the Gentianoideae and Menyanthoideae subfamilies.
Brassicaceae can be found on almost the entire earth’s land surface, except in Antarctica and some areas in the tropics, i.e., northeastern Brazil, the Congo basin, Maritime Southeast Asia, and tropical Australasia. The location of origin of the family is possibly the Irano-Turanian Region, where approximately 900 species occur in 150 different genera. About 530 of those 900 species are endemic. Next in abundance comes the Mediterranean Region, with around 630 species (290 of which are endemic) in 113 genera. The family is less prominent in the Saharo-Arabian Region, with 65 genera and 180 species, of which 62 are endemic, and in North America (comprising the North American Atlantic Region and the Rocky Mountain Floristic Region), 99 genera and 780 species, of which 600 are endemic. South America has 40 genera containing 340 native species, Southern Africa has 15 genera with over 100 species, and Australia and New Zealand have 19 genera with 114 species [1].
The present research comprised a comparative systematic study of
the genera and species belonging to the family Crassulaceae DC. in
Kurdistan region of Iraq, which includes a comprehensive survey for the
species in different geographical districts: Amadiya (MAM), Rowanduz
(MRO), Sulaimaniya (MSU), Persian Foothills (FPF), Kirkuk (FKI), Erbil
(FAR), Ninevah (FNI) and Upper Jazira (FUJ) districts, throughout the
field trips, large number of samples were collected and new regions were
fixed. All the specimens which preserved in number of Iraqi herbaria were
surveyed comprehensively.
A detail comparative study was conducted on the Gross and Micromorphological
characters starting from the plant roots up to the flowering
and fruiting parts; in addition to the pollen grains characters. The important
taxonomic characteristics are pointed out for all the species and particular
attention has been given in Rosularia (DC.) Staft species to the
inflorescence position, rosettes spreading, and resting rosettes presence or
absence; while in Sedum L. species to the sepals number and connation,
stamens number, and follicles spreading; where of Umbilicus DC. species
to stem nature, inflorescence type, corolla shape and its spreading. The
work is supported by graphs, tables, and photographs.
Anatomical study of the vegetative and reproductive organs are done
by paraffin method; in addition to the investigation of some phenolic
compounds by using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Liquid
Chromatography & following Mass Spectroscopy (LC/MS) method.
Furthermore, the environment and geographical distribution of the species
have been studied, and maps are placed for this purpose.
The species have been treated numerically depending on number of
characters which were selected from the different studies for knowing the
VI
similarity and dissimilarity among the different taxa, and this reinforced by
diagrams.
The study found three new records for Iraq, and these are:
1- Rosularia elymaitica (Boiss. et Hausskn.) Berger, 2- Sedum tetramerum
Trautv., and 3- Umbilicus rupestris (Salisb.) Dandy, as well as the variety
S.hispanicum var. semiglabrum Froder.
As well as, the present study determined the real number of the
species of Crassulaceae family within the studied area which are 13 species
belonging to 5 genera as followed:
Crassula alata (Viv.) A. Berger (records for the first time in Kurdistan);
Rosularia elymaitica, R.libanotica (Labill) Muirhead, R.radiciflora Boriss
(has three subspecies: R. radiciflora subsp. radiciflora, R. radiciflora
subsp. kurdica (Bornm.) D. F. Chamb. & Muirhead and R. radiciflora
subsp. glabra (Boiss.) D. F. Chamb. & Muirhead), R.rechingeri Janson (its
presence confirms for the first time in Iraq); Sedum caespitosum (Cav.)
DC., S.hispanicum L. (has two varieties: S.hispanicum var. hispanicum and
S.hispanicum var. semiglabrum), S.tenellum M. Bieb., S.tetramerum;
Telmissa microcarpa (Sm.) Boiss.; Umbilicus horizontalis (Guss.) DC. (has
two varieties: U.horizontalis var. horizontalis and U.horizontalis var.
intermedius (Boiss.) Chamberlain), U.rupestris, and U.tropaeolifolius
Boiss.
Finally the species have been treated taxonomically and the keys
were placed for separation all the taxa.
This chapter of the book focuses on various aspects of crop physiology, that is, the study of functions and vital processes occurring in a plant. It is an integrative science applying knowledge from various disciplines for crop management problems and has an important role to play in increasing yield that will be needed to feed the burgeoning world population. It caters to all the basic processes, which occur in a within the plants. Topics covered in the chapter include water absorption, mineral nutrition, respiration, photosynthesis, photorespiration, evapotranspiration, and many others.
The stomatal features of plant species have capacity to release water vapour into the atmosphere. Therefore, the correlation between the stomatal features and transpiration rate in six vegetable species: Amaranthus cruentus, Capsicum annuum, Celosia argentia, Corchorus olitorius, Solanum lycopersicum and Talinum fruticosum were examined for their atmospheric humidification and purification. The leaf epidermal layers were isolated using nail polish; and were observed under the light microscope to examine their stomatal features. The transpiration rate was carried out using the cobalt chloride method. Results obtained reveal that all the six species are amphistomatic. The stomatal complex types observed are anisocytic, paratetracytic, staurocytic, brachyparatetracytic, anomotetracytic and anomocytic. The stomatal density ranged from 52.63 to 153.22 mm-2 on both leaf surfaces. The stomatal index ranged from 31.34 to 71.42% on both leaf surfaces. This investigation showed that stomatal features such as amphistomatic leaf nature, stomatal complex types (i.e. anomocytic, anomotetracytic, brachyparatetracytic, staurocytic, paratetracytic and anisocytic) with many subsidiary cells, high stomatal density and high stomatal index were responsible for the high transpiration rate of the studied species. Hence, Capsicum annuum humidifies the atmosphere most (8.85 × 10-6), followed by Solanum lycopersicum (8.83 × 10-6), Celosia argentia (7.29 × 10-6), Amaranthus cruentus (6.85 × 10-6), Talinum fruticosum (5.42 × 10-6), and the least was Corchorus olitorius (5.11 × 10-6 mol. M-2s -1 ). Conclusively, the stomatal traits showed positive correlations with transpiration rates, thereby enhancing atmospheric humidification and climate change mitigation (i.e. atmospheric purification).
This study aimed to investigate trichome diversity in alpine flora from the Hindukush Mountain range of Pakistan, and the possible taxonomic potential of trichome diversity in the identification of plant species. Plant specimens were collected from the alpine regions of Swat Pakistan. The present study explain micromorphological features of foliar epidermal trichomes of 70 species in 52 genera belonging to 25 families of dicots. Using nitric acid protocol both abaxial and adaxial surfaces were studied under light microscope. Two types of trichomes were observed during microscopy; i.e., non-glandular and glandular. Non-glandular trichomes were mostly unicellular, cylindrical, or conical while glandular trichomes were mostly capitate. Furthermore, trichome shapes ranged from unicellular short to unicellular cylindrical which were very long, and from bicellular to multicellular, multiseriate, falcate, conical, stellate, dendritic, peltate, capitate. A total of 27 different types of trichomes were observed indicating the enormous variation in trichomes morphology and their physiological roles. This diverse array of trichomes provides sufficient information of systematic and evolutionary significance. The results of qualitative and quantitative micromorphological features have been described and tabulated. In addition, for easy and fast identification diagnostic key was constructed based on studied traits. From this study, it is concluded that alpine plants growing in hostile habitats have developed various kinds of trichomes to cope with harsh climates and predators, which also provide considerable taxonomic data for species identification, diagnosis, and circumscription.
A petrified wood related to the family Datiscaceae was collected from the Deccan Intertrappean Series of India. The present wood found well preserved in the barad, Mahurzari near Nagpur, Maharashtra State, India. Wood is diffuse porous, tylosed, vessels solitary and in multiples of two to four, perforation plate simple, intervascular pit pairs alternate and bordered, xylem parenchyma paratracheal vasicentric, wood rays biseriate and homogenous, fibres non-septate and non-storied. Comparison is made with the modern families like: - Passifloracea, Onagraceae, Combretaceae, Oxalidaceae and Datiscaceae. It shows great affinities with the family Datsicaceae and hence named as Datiscaceoxylon baradii gen.et sp.nov. The generic name has been assigned on the basis of its affinities with the family and the specific name is after the locality.
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