The role of sodium in the body

Abstract

Is a metallic element with a symbol Na , the same group with Li, K, Rb, Cs is widespread in nature in the form of salts (nitrates, carbonates, chlorides), atomic number 11 and atomic weight 22,9898 . It,s a soft metal, reactive and with a low melting point , with a relative density of 0,97 at 200C (680 F). From the commercial point of view, sodium is the most important of all the alkaline metals. Elemental sodium was first isolated by Humpry Davy in 1807 by passing an electric current through molten sodium hydroxide. Elemental sodium does not occur naturally on earth, because it quickly oxidizes in air and is violently reactive with water, so it must be stored in a non-oxidizing medium, such as liquid hydrocarbon . The free metal is used for some chemical synthesis, analysis, and heat transfer applications .

Full text

Balneo-Research Journal Vol.2, Nr.1, 2011
The role of sodium in the body
stantin1, Iliuţã Alexandru2
1Institutul National de Rec
SC BIOSAFETY SRL-D
Is a metallic element with a sym
e same group with Li, K, Rb, Cs is
ides
Munteanu Con
uperare, Medicina Fizica si Balneoclimatologie
2
bol Na ,
th
w pread in nature in the form of salts
(nitrates, carbonates, chlorides), atomic number
11 and atomic weight 22,9898 . It,s a soft
metal, reactive and with a low melting point ,
with a relative density of 0,97 at 200C (680 F).
From the commercial point of view, sodium is
the most important of all the alkaline metals.
Elemental sodium was first isolated by Humpry
Davy in 1807 by passing an electric current
through molten sodium hydroxide. Elemental
sodium does not occur naturally on earth,
because it quickly oxidizes in air and is
violently reactive with water, so it must be
stored in a non-oxidizing medium, such as
liquid hydrocarbon . The free metal is used for
some chemical synthesis, analysis, and heat
transfer applications .
(source:http://www.easywaterblog.com/)
Sodium doesn,t react with nitrogen, not
even at very high temperatures, but it can react
with
important compound found everywhere in the
for n
ammonia to form sodium amide. Sodium
and hydrogen react above 2000C (3900) to
form sodium hydride, react with carbon, but it
does react with halogens. It also reacts with
varios metallic halides to form the metal and
sodium chloride. The reaction of sodium with
alcohols is similar to the reaction of sodium
with water, but slower. Sodium in its metallic
form is very important in making esters and in
the manufacture of organic compounds, is also
living environment. Other uses are: to improve
the structure of certain alloys; in soap, in
combination with fatty acids, in sodium vapor
lamps, to descal metals, to purify molten
metals.
Sodium is the sixth most abundant
element in The Eart,s crust ,which contains
2,83% of sodium in all its forms. Na is , after
chloride , the second most abundant element
disso
a component of sodium chloride (NaCl) a very
lved in seawater. The most important
sodium salts found in nature are sodium
chloride (halite or rock salt), sodium carbonate
(trona or soda) sodium borate (borax) , sodium
nitrate and sodium sulfate. Sodium salts are
found in seawater (1,05%), salty lakes, alkaline
lakes and mineral spring water. Is an essential
element for all animal life (including human)
and for some plant species .
In animals, sodium ions are used in
opposition to potassium ions, to allow the
organism to build up an electrostatic charge on
cell membranes and thus allow transmission of
nerve impulse when the charge is allowed to
dissipate by a moving wave of voltage change.
Sodium is thus classified as a ”dietary
inorganic macro-mineral” for animals.
Healt effects of sodium
Sodium is a compound of many
foodstuff, for instance of common salt, its is
necessary for humans to maintain the balance
of th , is also required e physical fluids system
erve and muscle functioning. Too much
sodium can damage our kidneys and increase
the chances of high blood pressure. The
amount of sodium a person consumes each day
varies from individual to individual and from
culture to culture , some people get as little as
2g\day, some as much as 20 grame. Sodium
essential, but controversely surrounds the
amount required.
Contact of sodium with water , including
perspiration causes the formation of sodium

Balneo-Research Journal Vol.2, Nr.2, 2011
hydroxide fumes , wich are highly irritating to
skin , eyes , nose and throat. This may cause
sneezing and coughing, very severe exposures
may results in difficult breathing coughing and
chemical bronchitis.
(sourcehttp://www.au.dksa)
Contact to the skin may cause itching
,tingling , thermal and caustic burns and
perm es may
result in permanent damage and loss of sight .
e limit
(TLM
soil ,
possi
ctrolyte
and m
ldosterone, which is made by
the ad
when you sweat .
anent damage . Contact with ey
Environmental effects of sodium
Sodium,s powered from is highly
explosive in water and a poison combined and
uncombined with many other elements.
Ecotoxicity: Median toleranc
) for the mosquito fish , 125 ppm\96hr (
fresh water); Median tolerance limit (TML) for
the bluegill , 88 mg\48hr ( tap water ).
Environmental fate : this chemical is nor
mobile in solid form although it absorbs
moisture very easily . Once liquid , sodium
hydroxide leaches rapidly into the
bly contaminating water sources .
Is found in blood and other fluids in the
interstitial compartment andendocelular,
sodium dedifuzie runing processes. A sodium
test checks how much sodium (an ele
ineral) is in the blood, sodium is both an
electrolyte and mineral, it helps keeps the water
(the amount of fluid inside and outside the
body,s cells) and electrolyte balance of the
body and is also important in how nerves and
muscles work.
Most of the sodium in the body (about
85%) is found in blood and lymp fluid, sodium
levels in the body are partly controlled by a
hormone called a
renal glands.
Aldosterone levels tell the kidneys when
to hold sodium in the body instead of passing it
in the urine Small amounts of sodium are also
lost through the skin
(source;http://nileherb.blogspot.com)
Na+ balance between the three spaces by
separating membranes is by diffusion together
with ot o
acids and active processes with differentspeeds.
Interstitil balance and the intracellular
ainly
assoc
enzym
mining the concentration of
sodiu
ated and is achieved by
biolo
chem
, skin and adipose
tissue
OSMO-regulatory processes.
her substances that. water, K, amin
radioactive water is obtained in 120 min for Na
in 24 hours and for K in 25 min showing that
regulation of Na is independent of thewater.
These general types of balance are dependent
on the balance between intake and elimination
of a polynomial cation described above.
Sodium has an important role of
monovalent cation is best represented vital
blood is associated with metabolic and
enzymatic processes as cell activator, is m
iated cell membrane function, occurs.
- In the genesis and transmission of action
potentials in acetilocolinergic synaptic
transmission.
- activation of protein function in
atic reactions.
- In the blood clotting process.
By deter
m dosage form follows its assets and
balancewith form-rel
gical methods, chemical, physico –
ical and physical.
The amount of sodium in the body is
3500-4500 mEq and found in two forms:
- Osmotic inactive in connective tissue
500 mEq , cartilage, bone
1400-1900 mEq
- Osmotic active, involved in stress-
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Balneo-Research Journal Vol.2, Nr.2, 2011
This demonstrates the active pattern of
fixed Na, Na inactive circulating osmotic and
interstitial fluids andblood. This distribution
show
contr
achie
connective tissue,
bone,
amage higher. Heart failure
gets
in
the extracellular space. Acts as an activator of
prote
erotonin
(5HT
e have:
is involved in interactions with
ther
becomes:
chemical
tivi
te the Na activity.
Deter l activity
of N
emical bonds between Na
and
ssed
by changes in the interaction potential.
sthat outside factors Na metabolic
andosmotic rheologici have a special
ibution and physico-chemical factors that
richanionic groups that interact with Na.
Sodium is found in blood in two forms,
bound in ionic state, giving sodium levels
withwell-defined values: 136mEq
(hyponatremia) and 160 mEq
(Hypernatraemia).Maintaining these valuesis
). Interaction is done with different
energies according to the equation.
Na + heparin (H) → H-Na, the interaction
energy E1 =
5HT + H → H-5HT, the interaction
energy E2
Initially, E1> E2 and mixture w
ved by neuroumorale and
physicochemical Mechanism. In
Hypernatraemia Na + passing the interstitium
and is stored in bone and connectivetissue
disorders, and hyponatremia, Na + is mobilized
from storage and move intotissues . Many
medicines and other products also have sodium
in them , including laxatives , aspirin ,
mouthwash ,and toothpaste.
Of sodium homeostasis is maintained
sanghina complex biological mechanisms
andphysicochemical neuroumorale . The
capillary membrane did not pass the excess is
stored in the interstitium and
o
ac
skin, and fat.
Too much sodium in the diet may raise
blood pressure in some people .for those who
have high blood pressure , eating foods with lot
of sodium makes their chance of heart disease
stroke, and kidney d
worse when too much sodium is eaten. It
increase the amount of water the body holds in
and this causes swelling of thelegs and hands.
Some people have problems when they eat
more than 4 miligrams (mg) of sodium per day.
Low sodium levels are uncommon and
most often occur as a side effect of tacking
medicines that make you urinate more, such as
diuretics, severe diarrhea or vomiting or heavy
sweating may also cause low sodium levels .
Role of sodium
Na+ is a cellular activator, plays a
decisive role in cell excitability processes in the
genesisand transmission of action potentials .
Influneteaza accumulation of amino acids
in fraction in enzymatic reactions.
Intervenes in synaptic transmission through
acetilcholinergic channels, clouds form in the
interstitial space pericelulari electropositive
potentialrole in the genesis of action .
Na chemical activity in the blood is
determined by the interaction of the local
compenentii is mostly transported bound. In
this method it is anionic sites of heparin
interaction with Na cations and s
5HT + Na + H → Na H-5 HT
If Na
substances will drop to E1 E1 <E2 and
the equation
5HT + Na + H → Na + H-5HT.
In this case Na has higher
ty. So the chemical activity of the serum
is about 5 HT interaction with H which is the
reference to estima
minations show that the chemica
a is lower than the reference value. It is
compatible with normal neural excitability.
Increased chemical activity is accompanied by
increased neuromuscular excitability:
convulsions in rats by audiogene
hipermotricitate and behavioral disorders in
humans with type constitutional amend EEG
abnormalities, disorders of attention focused,
hemodynamic disorders . Interaction between
Na and protein in the blood is an energy barrier
in the path of movement due to lower Na
chemical activity.
Interaction of Na - blood proteins has
important role in regulating physical and
chemical cation transport and mass transfer to
the space endocelular excitable structures.
Nature of ch
possible protein was presented in the
previous chapter. Intensity variation is
dependent on chemical bonds of molecular
substances and graduate parameters expre
National Ligandarea depends primarily anionic
and cationic composition of the solution, not
only concetratia a ligand. Ligandare capacity
depends among other factors extraproteice
substances and molecular factors and protein
density and reactive nature of anionic and
cationic sites, conformation, hydration. Water,
structured by hydrogen bonds is fixed at the
side radicals and polarized covalent link,
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Balneo-Research Journal Vol.2, Nr.2, 2011
stabilizes the protein molecule. Breaking
hydrogen bonds of water and protein loss
distortion Na train.
Na, protein conformational changes
induced nepolarizabil increases the field
strength of anionic sites and interact with water
diapolul. intensity of this influence is
diminished in the presence of other anions in
soluti
tein affinity decreases
inters
s
sanghine or anionic groups can interact with
Natio agnetic,
which
on and depends on the cationic field
strength of hydrated Na, loss of water
molecules and thus shortens the ionic radius
increases the interaction energy. Energy is so
variable decreases asymptotically intercatie to
0 from center to periphery defining ion as a
series of crystalline ion beams. Pregnancy
induce Na ion energy of proteins and anionic
sites nearby field reduces the interaction of
cation radius. Not interact but any type of
anions in the blood. The degree of interaction
depends on their polarizabilitatea. Na
interaction with anionic sites of proteins results
in decreased activity of chemical and its ability
to react with other anions. Proteins are
substances but the most important for Na
transport, they are amphoteric substances have
high plasticity and thereby accommodate a
variety of other ligands. Their transport
capacity depends on their nativitatea.
Interacting with the metal changes its electron
charge transfer from metal. Anionic sites of
protein interaction intensity with cations and
other factors that depend on the coordination
number, compzitia in amino acids, amino
groups polarizabilitatea. Job strength is
influenced by neighboring internal groups with
variable polarity that interacts with strong
intensity-dependent induction square of the
distance between them.
Protein activity depends on the
dissociation of anionic sites as mutiple balance
theory: polypeptide chain length increases with
solution pH and electrostatic forces with
intensity. Denaturing pro
and coordination number of radicals
involving amino groups prototropice aspartic,
glutamic, hidistina, teronina, cysteine, argnina.
Charge density of proteins may influence the
interaction with cations. Decrease, decreasing
the affinity for cations. Charge density of
anionic sites induces a cationic cloud around
them and cause an uneven distribution of
cations in the vicinity. Monovalent cations the
selection depends on the density of anionic
charge of electrostatic field and their degree of
hydration. The charge density on protein
activity inversely affects sodium in solution.
The central issue is deciphering
the mechanisms of Na transport in the blood.
The data presented so far does not suggest an
individualized transportation but generally
shows a process involving many protein
Na. Type of connection also is not identified,
the interactions that were discussed at length.
These are weak interactions that influence
mainly by their number, by type and less by
their strength. Therefore the balance between
the three compartments cation gradient depends
not only on distribution but also anionic groups
between compartments. On the other hand, the
links oligoenergetice (weaker than that of 5HT
and heparin, taken as a referential value for
establishing and using our method in this
research) illustrates the physical and chemical
properties of Na-protein interaction. Complex
interactions involved in various National, is in
equilibrium with the free form, active
chemical, the method demonstrated by
competition and conflict with the workings of
excitable tissue. Increased chemical activity in
humans and rats is accompanied by cerebral
hyperexcitability, no data are available that
explain, among other things, the mechanism of
transfer of Na in the excitable membranes and
those obtained by using ion channel blocking
toxins. Determination of mental skills, in cents,
corroborated with serum Na activity suggests
that influence the intrinsic excitability last has
on the brain, the socio-intellectual performance
and adjustable. Attention was paid to the
importance of focused and distribution
processes, immediate auditory memory for
words, psycho-nevroteice trends, type
questionnaire for general image setting suitable
for the child population of Romania.
Correlation of serum Na activity show the state
mental skills consistent with
neuropsychological examination.
Determination of plasma sodium
Na interest has stimulated the
development of a large number of quantitative
methods in fluids where the dominant cation
excitable structures reflecting mental position.
nal dosage is difficult, it is diam
includes compounds are less colorful.
Add to this biologic heterogeneity of the
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Balneo-Research Journal Vol.2, Nr.2, 2011
environment: high in electrolytes, anfotere
substances, macromolecular, ETC. More total
content determination is irrelevant to
deciphering the physiological role . For this
purpose it is necessary to determine the active
Na and balance chemical forms related to the
active form including membrane environment.
So interested in continutultotal in Na, active
free form concentration, interaction strength
and nature-related forms of transport. Classic
dosing methods are biological, chemical,
physical, chemical and physical .
Biological methods
They follow the chemical state of Na.
Sodium in red blood cells, which change
slowly with medium suspension. In muscle
there is a sequestered fraction of Na as in
amphibian oocytes. In humans, using the
princ
ter precipitation and
centr a estimate (86.244).
expressing depedendenta radiation absorption
and
tensity is
proportional to atomic concentration. emission
lines
active
sample radiate thermal neutron
radia
h
, dialysis. Chromatographs was
origin
eded monovalent and
dival
iple of Gerbrandy to determine
electrolytes fraction bound to the 6-10% of Na
cnclus plasmtic is bound. This very small
fraction is explained by the fact that venous
stasis which involves the principle mentioned
is accompanied by accumulation of H to deploy
Na interactions with proteins. Other results
show that activity in the presence of Na and K
decreased alpha and beta proteins as in the
presence of fibrinogen.
Chemical methods
Their use requires a cation preseparare
compounds in solution interact with Na.
Chemical methods are suitable for determining
total Na sanghini af
ifugation. Titrmetric
Physical Methods
a) absorption spectrophotometry and
fluorimetric interaction are based on metal and
compounds containing it with electromagnetic
radiation, according to Lambert-Beer law
linear concentration of the substance.
Fluorometric methods consists in principle of
linear dependence between the number of
excited molecules and light emission during the
return to ground state According to our law of
Stokes. But require chelating compounds with
aromatic organic compounds preferably
fluorescent compounds formation. Chelating is
used in absorption spectroscopy. Methods
require a prior separation is the most common
separation methods Chromatographs.
b) eimisie spectroscopy: atomic emission
Flamfotometria is the method in which the
atom is excited by the flame and the in
are Na D lines of wavelengths 5890 and
5896 A. The method is applied to total dosages
of cationic (Na and K), organic substances are
completely destroyed by combustion has
special value for the clinic. flamatomica
spectrometry. Biological product is atomized
and excitation occurs with a cathode lamp
adjustable for specific wavelengths . Activation
using atomic spectrometry X-ray and X register
c) Electroanalytical methods with
potentiometric ion selective eletrozi-galvanic
cell potential measured against the reference
potential "0"-The principle potential from the
electrode is proportional to the
concentration refernta chemically active
species, selected ion-selective electrode similar
electrodes H in determining the pH. The
method is used in the determination of
electrolytes in whole blood, undiluted plasma
and other fluids. Method ion - selective active
ionized form of adding value to Na and K (mM
/ l) lower than values obtained flamfotometric
or due to Na binding protein or the formation
of ion pairs. Accuracy increases with the
dilution method is the maximum condition:
infinite dilution. Ion-selective Electrodele can
be used in vivo cell culture. This allows the
study report Na / K during cell function.
Voltametry anodic also uses selective
electrodes to the reference electrode of
mercury.
d) The methods include methods of
isotopic analysis by isotope dilution
e) nuclear activation method. In this
method
tion emits β, α, y which can be
determined.
f) methods also require presepararea
Chromatographs cations with different
methods: electrop oresis, precipitation,
ultrafiltration
ally used to separate the organic species
and then to metal ions.
Adapting these methods for inorganic
analysis was done by modifying the two
phases, stationary and mobile simultaneously
or successively, as ne
ent cations of interest for.
74