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A Model for Assessing Translation Quality
... Scholars have shown an increasing interest in TQA, leading to the proposal of a number of TQA models, including those by Reiss (1971), Nord (1991), Williams (2004), Delizée (2011), Hewson (2011), and House (1977. Each of these models have tackled the TQ differently. ...
... Each of these models have tackled the TQ differently. In some of these TQA models, quality is defined in terms of function whether as it manifests in the text types (Reiss 1971), in the interaction between the text's intra-textual and inter-textual factors (Nord 1991), or in the text's situational context (House 1977(House , 1997(House , 2015. On the other hand, in William's (2004) model, quality can be defined as transferring the ST argument into the TT based on specific criteria, whereas in Delizée's (2011) model, quality is determined by examining several translation skills (e.g. ...
... Notably, in line with the present study, some scholars (e.g. Kruger 2016; Barkhordar & Fatemi 2020) have related House's (1977House's ( , 1997House's ( , 2015 typologies of overt and covert translations to Venuti's (1995) translation typologies, namely foreignization (conforming to the ST's culture) and domestication (following the cultural norms of the target reader), with overt translation reflecting foreignization in evoking the ST and its culture, while covert translation is parallel to domestication in erasing any traces of the ST's culture in favor of its TT counterpart. In fact, the divergence in TT readers' preferences, shown through the findings of this study, highlights the ongoing debate surrounding translation tendencies of foreignization and domestication in the context of literary translation. ...
Readers' expectations of quality play a significant role in the success of a translation. However, studies assessing the translation quality of literary texts in view of Translation Quality Assessment (TQA) models have paid scant attention to these expectations. In response to this gap in knowledge, the present study empirically examined readers' preferences regarding translation quality in view of House's (2015) prescription of overt translation for works written by renowned authors and explored the reasons behind these preferences. The study initially applied House's (2015) TQA tools to determine whether two different translations of Naguib Mahfouz's Midaq Alley-one by Le Gassik (1975) and the other by Davis (2011)-showed any overt or covert translation tendencies, and then interviewed 20 American readers. The findings revealed that while some of the participants preferred overt translation, citing reasons including a desire to engage with the original culture and a need to access the authentic meaning and style of the original text, others preferred covert translation, as they expected naturalness and creativity. This study provides valuable insights for translators and translation scholars, enhancing our understanding of the relationship between translation typologies and readers' reception.
... As a result, several TQA models have been developed, including those by Reiss (1971), Nord (1991, Williams (2004), Delizée (2011), and House (1977, 1997, 2015. In each of the models, TQ is approached differently. ...
... Several scholars have applied House's models to different text types, including advertisements (Ehsani & Zohrabi, 2014), religious texts (Al-Sharafi & Khader, 2019), humorous texts (Vallès, 2014), and novels (Kargarzadeh & Paziresh, 2017;Mohammad, 2019;Naidj & Motahari, 2019;Mahmood & Fathi, 2022;Al-Aizari, 2023;Kazmi et al., 2023), to assess the quality of the translations by identifying the covert and overt translation strategies offered by House (1977House ( , 1997House ( , 2015. A problem with the previous studies focusing on novels is their attempt to apply House's (1997House's ( , 2015 TQA models without addressing one of the main genre features of these fiction works, namely the dialogue between the novels' characters. ...
... In the ST, the model identifies the linguistic realizations capturing the narrative's complex (written to be read as if spoken) medium, expressed lexically (through the special spoken language signals, vulgarism, interjections, and qualifying adverbial modals) and syntactically (through the quotation marks, using a lot of "and", anacoluthon, and personal didactic). For example, at this level, the special spoken signal "أجل" ["yes"] contributes to the ST's spokenness according to House's (1977) TQA model. Further, the narrative spokenness in the ST is syntactically realized through quotation marks, which can be considered as a spoken feature, according to Al-Rubai'i (1996). ...
Translation Quality Assessment (TQA) is a central concern for both translation practice and academic research. However, the very limited studies assessing the translation quality (TQ) of literary texts, especially fiction, have not accounted for the distinction between the narrative and the character’s dialogue in the assessment. The present study is an attempt to investigate the applicability of House’s (2015) TQA model in assessing the TQ of fiction and to propose modifications. In doing so, we scrutinized the translation quality of Midaq Alley by Naguib Mahfouz, translated from Arabic into English, utilizing House’s (2015) TQA model to capture the applicability of the model. The findings reveal that House’s (2015) TQA model accommodates the TQA of fiction. The proposed modifications have implications for both translators and trainers.
... Moreover, a translation guide can be of great use to the translator, who can use it to produce a larger volume of translations of approximately the same quality, but also as a means of reviewing the quality of existing translations (House, 1977;Nord, 1997). Guidance can also be provided on how healthcare workers should interact with the interpreter; on situations where it is strongly recommended to ask for language assistance; and, once the interpreter is present, on where to stand, who to talk to, who to make eye contact with, etc. ...
... As a result, translation guides can be developed for each genre, which can be used as a manual for translators and translation students to facilitate the translation process. Guides can also function as a tool in the assessment of translation quality and in the review of existing translations (Nord, 1997;House, 1977). With the use of this tool, translations can be produced in a high volume, while the quality of the texts can be brought to approximately the same level. ...
... Some audiovisual works produced in English are rife with swear words that may upset some target audiences, especially in conservative societies like the Arab ones. Alabbasi (2009) stated that subtitling requires the adoption of what House (1977) termed a cultural filter. A Cultural filter is a way to capture the social-cultural variations in behavioral norms and stylistic conventions between the source culture and the target culture, viewing the source text through the glasses of the target text members (House, 1977). ...
... Alabbasi (2009) stated that subtitling requires the adoption of what House (1977) termed a cultural filter. A Cultural filter is a way to capture the social-cultural variations in behavioral norms and stylistic conventions between the source culture and the target culture, viewing the source text through the glasses of the target text members (House, 1977). Consequently, it attempts to naturalize the source text to suit the features of the target cultures and texts. ...
This study adopts a corpus-assisted approach to explore the translation strategies that Netflix subtitlers opted for in rendering 1564 English swear words into Arabic. It uses a 699,229-word English-Arabic parallel corpus consisting of the English transcriptions of forty English movies, drama, action, science fiction (sci-fi), and biography and their Arabic subtitles. Using the wordlist tool in SketchEngine, the researchers identified some frequent swear words, namely fuck, shit, damn, ass, bitch, bastard, asshole, dick, cunt, and pussy. Moreover, using the parallel concordance tool in SketchEngine revealed that three translation strategies were observed in the corpus, namely, omission, softening, and swear-to-non-swear. The omission strategy accounted for the lion's share in the investigated data, with 66% for drama, 61% for action, 52% for biography, and 40% for sci-fi. On the other hand, the swear-to-non-swear strategy was the least adopted one, accounting for 21% in sci-fi, 16% in biography, 14% in drama, and 11% in action. In addition, the softening strategy got the second-highest frequency across the different movie genres, with 39% for sci-fi, 32% for biography, 28% for action, and 20% for drama. Since swear words have connotative functions, omitting or euphemizing them could cause a slight change in the representation of meaning and characters. The study recommends more corpus-assisted studies on different AVT modes, including dubbing, voiceover, and free commentaries.
... The translation guides are always prepared by the students, the classes' genre experts, based on their extensive genre analysis from the previous semester's Written Genres in Health Sciences course. The guides can also function as a tool for the teacher to assess students' translations (Nord, 1997;House, 1977). ...
... As a result, translation guides can be developed for each genre to be used as a guide for translators to facilitate the translation process. Guides can also function as a tool in the assessment of translation quality and in the review of existing translations (Nord, 1997;House, 1977). With the use of this tool, translations can be produced in high volume, while the quality of the texts can be brought to approximately the same level as the original. ...
As conscious language users and mediators, translators should understand that every text belongs to a certain genre and that every genre has its own rules and conventions. Otherwise, the result can be a text the target audience finds odd. To raise medical translators' awareness of this problem, genre studies should be included in their training. However, as there are numerous genres of medical document, Semmelweis University's medical translator training aims to develop students' genre awareness and text analysis skills by providing them with a typology that allows them to discover the characteristics of any genre in a systematic way and make appropriate decisions in the process of translation. In this practitioner research, I present courses and tasks that contribute to trainee translators' genre awareness building in medical translation. More specifically, I propose a genre typology based on a translation-oriented text analysis that helps trainees map genre characteristics and formulate adequate translation strategies. A translation guide is also put forward, which comes from the idea of the translation brief, that may serve as both a manual during the translation process and as a tool for measuring translation quality.
... Given its multimodal nature, subtitling challenges conventional approaches to assessing translation quality, predominantly concentrating on the linguistic dimension. Consequently, interlingual SDH subtitling, as a multisemiotic process, complicates the application of quality assessment models like House's (1977House's ( , 2014. ...
There is a lack of quality assessment models designed specifically for
interlingual pre-recorded subtitles for the deaf and hard-of-hearing (SDH), as existing models focus primarily on live subtitling and intralingual respeaking, highlighting the need to address the diverse linguistic, visual, and technical quality expectations of SDH viewers. This study aims to develop and validate a quality assessment model explicitly tailored for interlingual pre-recorded SDH by proposing the Linguistic, Orthotypographic, and Technical (LOT) model and empirically testing it against established assessment frameworks using a sample of 900 Arabic-English subtitles across diverse genres through quantitative comparative analysis examining intercoder reliability, average quality scores, and correlations between models. The findings demonstrate that the specialized LOT model designed for pre-recorded SDH yields markedly higher intercoder reliability and average quality scores compared to general subtitle assessment models, suggesting strong alignment with the multidimensional quality needs of the target SDH audience; the development and validation of this model represents a pivotal advancement toward comprehensive quality evaluation tailored to interlingual pre-recorded SDH, where adoption in professional subtitling and training practices may enhance accessibility, inclusion, and overall viewing experience for deaf and hard-of-hearing media consumers.
Keywords: translator training, subtitles for the deaf/hard-of-hearing (SDH), quality
assessment model, interlingual pre-recorded subtitling, accessibility
... Given its multimodal nature, subtitling challenges conventional approaches to assessing translation quality, predominantly concentrating on the linguistic dimension. Consequently, interlingual SDH subtitling, as a multisemiotic process, complicates the application of quality assessment models like House's (1977House's ( , 2014. ...
There is a lack of quality assessment models designed specifically for interlingual pre-recorded subtitles for the deaf and hard-of-hearing (SDH), as existing models focus primarily on live subtitling and intralingual respeaking, highlighting the need to address the diverse linguistic, visual, and technical quality expectations of SDH viewers. This study aims to develop and validate a quality assessment model explicitly tailored for interlingual pre-recorded SDH by proposing the Linguistic, Orthotypographic, and Technical (LOT) model and empirically testing it against established assessment frameworks using a sample of 900 Arabic-English subtitles across diverse genres through quantitative comparative analysis examining intercoder reliability, average quality scores, and correlations between models. The findings demonstrate that the specialized LOT model designed for pre-recorded SDH yields markedly higher intercoder reliability and average quality scores compared to general subtitle assessment models, suggesting strong alignment with the multidimensional quality needs of the target SDH audience; the development and validation of this model represents a pivotal advancement toward comprehensive quality evaluation tailored to interlingual pre-recorded SDH, where adoption in professional subtitling and training practices may enhance accessibility, inclusion, and overall viewing experience for deaf and hard-of-hearing media consumers.
... Respecto a la tipología de la clasificación de los errores de traducción, mencionamos las aportaciones de la estilística comparada (Vinay & Drabelnet, 1977), el enfoque lingüístico -errores de lengua y errores de traducción (Delisle, 1993;Hurtado Albir, 1995)-, los errores de sentido (Dancette, 1989;Gile, 1992), el error desde un enfoque funcionalista (House, 1977;Kupsch-Losereit, 1985;Nord, 1996), los errores binarios y no binarios (Pym, 1992), el error desde un enfoque comunicativo (Kussmaul, 1995;Hatim & Mason, 1997). ...
Este artículo aborda el concepto de la traducción pedagógica y las dificultades de la traducción periodística español-árabe y su estrecha relación con los errorescometidos por los estudiantes. Se utiliza el método descriptivo para analizar los errores más comunes de los estudiantes del segundo curso matriculados en laasignatura Traducción Periodística Español-Árabe en la Universidad de Ain Shams. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que hay un predominio de los errores de expresión. Entre los factores que afectan estos errores se destacan la falta de dedicación, su desconocimiento de los recursos necesarios (enciclopedias, diccionarios, etc.).Por lo cual, los estudiantes necesitan mejorar sus competencias traductoras, sobre todo, la competencia lingüística. Finalmente, esperamos ofrecer algunos resultados que podrían servir para la formación de traductores en las clases de traducción del español al árabe, porque este proceso todavía afronta diferentes retos.
... Egy fordítási útmutató mindenképpen nagy hasznára lehet a fordítóknak, akik így nagyobb mennyiségű, megközelítőleg azonos minőségű fordítást is el tudnak készíteni; emellett a már meglévő fordítások minőségének felülvizsgálatát is lehetővé teszi (House, 1977;Nord, 1997). Protokoll készülhet arról is, hogy az egészségügyi dolgozók hogyan tudnak együttműködni a tolmáccsal, melyek azok a helyzetek, amikor kifejezetten ajánlott tolmács segítségét kérni, illetve ha már ott van a tolmács, akkor például hova álljanak a tolmácsolás résztvevői, ki kihez beszéljen, kivel tartson szemkontaktust . ...
Patient safety and effective communication in multicultural and multilingual healthcare settings. Possibilities of adapting international good practices in Hungary
Several studies have reported communication difficulties in cases where a patient has used health services in a foreign country. As there is a high risk of misunderstanding, misinterpretation and loss of information in such a multicultural and multilingual environment, foreign patients are at increased risk of some form of health damage. In order to avoid this, clear oral and written communication is necessary for the patient. The aim of the study is to describe the wide range of adverse events resulting from cultural and linguistic barriers and to propose solutions to prevent and reduce their prevalence. In addition, it aims to explore how WHO member countries overcome language barriers so that linguistic minorities or patients who do not speak the local language receive safe and quality care just like the majority patient population. By presenting international experiences, the study highlights good strategies that can be usefully transferred to Hungarian practice to avoid similar difficulties. The countries presented in the study were mapped in a previous research based on a predefined set of criteria and, in some cases, on personal interviews. The situation analysis in Hungary was supplemented by a questionnaire survey.
... Conviene recordar también que en el ámbito de la localización web el concepto de calidad es relativo y, por lo tanto, el revisor debe contar con criterios previamente establecidos antes de iniciar el proceso de control de calidad. Conscientes de ello, en este estudio hemos adoptado un criterio funcional de calidad, vale decir, la calidad de la localización web está determinada por el grado de consecución de la finalidad del sitio web meta (House, 1977). Además, cabe señalar que la localización web y su revisión y control de calidad en el ámbito profesional están sujetos a restricciones temporales y económicas y, por lo tanto, se reconoce que podría existir un margen de error. ...
En este artículo se presentan aciertos, errores y técnicas de traducción en la localización web del inglés al español de Chile. esta investigación se enmarca en los estudios Descriptivos de la Traducción (Toury, 2004) y en la teoría funcional (nord, 1997/2005). el estudio abarcó una submuestra de 14 sitios web originales y localizados de organizaciones asociadas a AmCHAm Chile (Directorio 2006). Para el análisis contrastivo, se procedió a identificar y clasificar los aciertos, errores, y las diferentes técnicas de traducción utilizadas (préstamo, amplificación, adaptación, entre otras). En el caso de los errores, se propone una traducción funcionalmente adecuada. Con esta investigación se pretende contribuir al análisis descriptivo crítico de la localización de sitios web con el fin de optimizar la formación de localizadores.
... House's TQA model (1977) is considered the most methodical model for quality assessment (Munday 2016) and has been widely applied. House (1977) revises her original TQA model in 1997, and again recently in 2015 when basing it on the Hallidayan (1985) functional system of register (field, tenor and mode) and applying it to a comparative English-German corpus analysis of 52 children's books. Over the forty years of TQA's complex development, it has been effectively applied to a wide variety of genres, confirming its reliability. ...
The global growth of geotourism has increased the demand and quality for geotourism interpretation. However, in its pioneer stage, geotourism interpretation has much ineffective interpretation, which hinders the informative purpose of geotourism. Moreover, geotourism interpretation lacks a systematic quality evaluation model. Such a model is essential to the future of reliable interpretation and the minimising of ineffective interpretation. This paper exams whether the currently proposed SSC model (Semantic, Style and Cultural Equivalence) for translation benchmarking purposes can effectively ensure the quality of geotourism interpretation. The SSC model is built on the three geotourism categories (ABC-Abiotic, Biotic and Culture), the unique principles of geotourism interpretation (which are determined by its objectives) and the theory of Eco-translatology. To enhance corpus research, the digital auxiliary tools, Tmxmall (2014) and Sketch Engine (2003), were used. The detailed SSC model was shaped through corpus-based contrastive analysis. The model contains a total of eight criteria that the interpreter should follow, including four for semantic equivalence: linguistic accuracy, scientific accuracy of terminology, reader acceptability of terminology, and semantic completeness of geo-information; and three for style equivalence: logical syntax, concise syntax and appropriate voice syntax. The final criterion is an accurate connotation in cultural elements. The main research findings were that the SSC model can minimise ineffective interpretation of Chinese to English geodata and guarantee accurate transmission of data for geotourism in Chinese UNESCO Global Geoparks.
... Shuttleworth (1997) described functional meaning as "a term used to indicate to the type of equivalence reflected in a TT that strives to adjust the original's function to meet the specific context in and for which it was produced." Similarly (p.62), according to House (1977), a translated text "should not only match its ST in function, but also employ equivalent situation-dimensional procedures to attain that function." If TT is to be functionally equal to ST, there must be a high level of matching between ST and TT in the dimensions that are particularly important to the text in question (p.103). ...
This study aims to investigate the translation methods and strategies used in the Arabic subtitling of English sitcoms. The study's corpus was chosen from the popular TV show Friends. In the U.S. English version, humorous instances are discovered, identified, and divided into three categories according to Debra and Raphaelson-West's (1989) humour taxonomy. The eight strategies for translating cultural jokes outlined by Tomaszkiewicz (1993) and cited in Díaz-Cintas (2009), were adopted for the framework of the study to analyse the strategies applied in rendering humorous expressions in Arabic subtitling for English sitcoms. The findings revealed that universal jokes are easily transferred into different languages; however, linguistic and cultural jokes are difficult to translate due to language and cultural differences. Based on this study’s findings, formal translation was found to be the most utilized strategy in subtitling from English into Arabic. Besides formal translation, a functional strategy was also used in many cases. This study also implies that to successfully translate cultural jokes, it is preferable to develop humour in accordance with the visual setting of the film and then domesticate the translation.
... The proposal of this model has attracted extensive attention in translation academic circles both at home and abroad. From the perspective of epistemology, House's (1977) translation quality evaluation model is based on the understanding of the definition of translation. Her concept of "functional equivalence" in translation quality is derived from the concept of "equivalence" in translation, and "equivalence" here is regarded as an approximate value rather than an accurate number. ...
Juliane House, Katherina Reiss, Malcolm Williams, Xinxiang Wu, Hong’an Li, Xianzhu Si and Sanning He have been recognized as the most renowned scholars who’ve done profound and systematic researches on translation quality assessment. Through the interpretive study of these six evaluation models, we can grasp the advancement and effectiveness of the researches of translation quality evaluation at home and abroad, and bring some inspiration and suggestions to the future human-centered as well as computer-centered translation quality evaluation researches on the basis of the apprehension of the limitations of the researches in existence.
... Devising models and methods for translation quality assessment is not new. Julianne House published an article based on her doctoral thesis introducing her model for translation quality assessment (House, 1977) and subsequently published a book on that same topic (House, 1981). Eleven translation quality assessment models were analysed by O'Brien (2012) in which the author concluded that most models are based on error typology. ...
Quality control of subtitles is a relatively unresearched field, even though it has a significant influence on the overall quality, and thus viewers’ experience of subtitles. It is carried out in different ways: various language service providers and broadcasters have different procedures, for instance, it sometimes solely involves proofreading. An online questionnaire has been distributed among professionals involved in the production chain of subtitles: broadcasters, streaming and video-on-demand services, vendors also known as language service providers, subtitlers, quality controllers and proofreaders.The hope is that this report will enable professionals involved in quality control of subtitles to further enhance their quality control procedures. The results of this research could also be used in experimental investigation of viewers’ perception of quality in subtitling by using the same research methods applied in this study. Lay Summary We do not know much about the quality control of subtitles on which many viewers depend to be able to follow TV content in foreign languages, or because they are deaf or hard-of-hearing. I conducted research by means of an online questionnaire among professionals and organisations involved in the production of subtitles to check how and whether they ensure viewers get subtitles of the highest possible quality. One of the main findings of the survey is that all professionals involved in the subtitling process think that the quality of subtitles is important, and that freelance subtitlers largely don’t think their clients pay enough attention to subtitling quality. The questionnaire was sent to TV and streaming broadcasters, agencies that work as intermediaries between broadcasters and subtitlers, quality controllers and proofreaders. Based on the findings of this survey, I have recommended several steps that can be taken to ensure better quality subtitles.
... Assessing translation quality has always been one of the key issues that has interested researchers, practitioners, and institutions alike. Numerous approaches to evaluating translations (Benhaddou 1991;Al-Qinai 2000;Bowker 2001;Williams 2004;Didaoui 2007;House 2015;Bittner 2020) have been developed since the emergence of Juliane House's assessment model in 1977. However, most of these approaches may be regarded as general models, often considered by practitioners to be "too complex for applicability" (Prieto Ramos 2015, 15) or even "impractical in the real world" (Drugan 2013, 190). ...
Journal of Translation Studies 翻譯學報
Book Review of Institutional Translation and Interpreting: Assessing Practices and
Managing for Quality. Edited by Fernando Prieto Ramos. New York and
London: Routledge, 2021. 230 pages. ISBN 9780367210236.
... That is to say, the quality of the translation is mainly measured by the degree of similarity between the translation and the original. In other words, the higher degree of similarity between the translation and the original, i.e. the translated text is closer to the original, the better the quality of the translation [4]; 2) target text oriented evaluation model. It pay attention to whether the translation conforms to the cultural norms of the target language. ...
... While up until the 1960s, translation was exclusively regarded as the act of creating equivalence between the source text and the target text with respect to content, since the 1980s translation invariance has become less and less important for the benefit of the skopos of a translation (Reiß/Vermeer 1984;see Horn-Helf 1999: 43). While in the 1960s and 1970s different viewpoints on equivalence were still considered to be the most important focus of Translation Studies (see Nida 1964;Koller 1979Koller /2011, later on translation strategies gained more importance (see House 1977;Nord 1989). With Holz-Mänttäri's Theory of Translatorial Action (1984), the translator is probably for the first time regarded as a fully professional and individual actor within the translation process. ...
Many research strands have a focal interest in writing as an object. Still, many representatives of these strands are not aware of the others’ existence, let alone their common ground. This paper shall serve to unveil some of the overlaps between two of the afore-mentioned research strands–or rather disciplines: Writing Research and Specialized Communication Studies. The authors outline some of the most prominent aspects concerning the evolution, the paradigms, the principles of modelling and main research lines of the disciplines, respectively, and compare them with each other. While Writing Research has been an acknowledged discipline for decades, this does not apply for Specialized Communication Studies: with its roots in LSP Studies and Translation Studies, from which it has evolved slowly but steadily, it has meanwhile become an own sphere of research, situated within the wider scope of Applied Linguistics. Today, one can claim that there is indeed the need for one independent discipline dealing with specialized communication in all its manifestations. On the basis of the afore-mentioned contrasting juxtaposition, the authors discuss what the common ground of Writing Research and Specialized Communication Studies is, where the disciplines differ, which approaches–if so–combine the two disciplines and how they may benefit from each other.
The article focuses on how we can use contrastive analysis for translation purposes, i.e. search for and identify cross-linguistic correspondences, variants in translation. To find cross-linguistic variants, we used parallel texts matched in subject domain and text type. The cross-linguistic correspondences are viewed as functionally complete units that are natural and idiomatic for each language. These units were analysed by the theoretical language-independent model of the lexico-semantic set, both in the paradigmatic and syntagmatic dimensions. Cross-linguistically, they were compared across the semantic, language-independent categories. The results of the contrastive analysis were used as possible translation choices to achieve functional equivalence. To mark the difference between the polar types of translation equivalence, we used machine-based translation and functional translation. Contrastive analysis provides a wide range of idiomatic and natural language choices for translation.
The mărțișor, an ancient Romanian symbol of spring and renewal, is a decorative object fashioned from two intertwined threads, one white and one red. It symbolizes vitality, luck, purity, and joy. However, translating this term into English and other languages presents considerable difficulty. No direct equivalent exists that fully encapsulates the cultural significance and complexity of the mărțișor. Proposed translations, such as ,,March thread” or ,,March luck charm” in English, and ,,Alice Amulette de Mars” and ,,Talisman de mars” in French, fail to capture its full meaning. Consequently, translators frequently employ supplementary explanations and detailed descriptions to convey the cultural meaning and symbolism inherent in the mărțișor. In 2017, UNESCO formally recognized the mărțișor by including it in its List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. This inclusion increased international awareness; however, the challenges inherent in translation persist, underscoring the complexity and richness of this Romanian tradition. Scholarly examination of the mărțișor explores the concepts of equivalence and adaptation in translation. A review of pertinent literature suggests that cultural adaptation and further explanation are necessary to faithfully convey the meaning of mărțișor. An analysis of twenty-two sources featuring English translations of texts referencing the mărțișor reveals a diversity of translation strategies and emphasizes the importance of respecting cultural nuances. Ultimately, the study concludes that adapting translations is essential for effective and authentic intercultural communication.
The research and teaching of language and politics has mainly been carried out in the fields of critical discourse analysis and sociolinguistics. This groundbreaking book provides a concise introduction to the field from the perspective of cross-cultural pragmatics. It introduces a strictly language-based, bottom-up and comprehensive model for analysing political data, which allows the reader to examine political and socio-political data without pre-held convictions and prejudices, avoiding many pitfalls that have lurked for a long time in the study of political language use. It is illustrated with a wealth of data and case studies drawn from many linguacultures, including Anglophone ones, China, Japan, Germany and the former Yugoslavia, and from different contexts of political language use, such as diplomacy, activism, public communication and news articles. It includes handy further reading lists, discussion points and a comprehensive glossary, making it ideal for anyone keen to know how language interacts with politics.
Bu kitap bölümünde çoklu zeka kuramı aracılığıyla Fransızca yabancı dil sınıflarında deyimlerin nasıl öğretilebileceğinin gösterilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
This book chapter was aimed to demonstrated how the idioms can be taught in French as a foreign language classes through the theory of multiple intelligences.
Audio-visual translation is one of the most dynamic types of translation. As this form of translation deals with culture as well as language media is often altered to remove sensitive elements. This is common in the Arab world where censor boards filter media before its rerelease. The strategies employed in censorship have been influenced by advancements in technology and mass media narratives. This paper therefore examines the subtitling strategies employed in film censorship by examining three American films, namely, The Hangover, Bridesmaids, and What Women Want. The research adopts Pederson’s taxonomy (2017) as a theoretical framework in addition to the three strategies proposed in this study ‘tone down,’ ‘upgrading,’ and ‘normalizing’. The results indicated that censorship is common in the Arab world in the forms of omission and euphemism. Moreover, it was found that subtitles employ high register language when rendering the low register language of the source text despite the availability of low register language choices. The study recommends that dialectical and non-standard Arabic be used for the rendering of sensitive elements. Future studies may build on these findings to improve the understanding of censorship trends and unconventional movements.
The cultural turn makes translation shift from word – text to cultural register. According to the view of cultural translation, culture serves as the translational unit. The lacunarity phenomenon, which is a linguistic and cultural occurrence when two languages are compared, has grown into a significant issue that translators must resolve. Therefore, the urgency of this research has changed to how to eliminate cultural conflict and fill up lexical lacunas. In this paper, we first clarify the similarities and differences of terms related to the lacunarity phenomenon from the perspective of their relevance. Then, aiming at the compensation of linguistic lacunas (semantic and pragmatic) in literary works, we adopt inductive, deductive, and modeling research methods according to the adequacy principle of translation, and put forward for the first time the concept of constructing the lacuna’s translation model in modern linguistics (novelty), with the purpose of building a complete set of systematic solutions to the translation problem of this phenomenon, so as to make the translation harmonious and unified in three aspects: aesthetic value, text equivalence, and functional correspondence. We can draw this conclusion from the meta-theoretical analysis of the lacuna’s translation model in modern linguistics and its use in the translation of the book “Tales of Hulan River” by Chinese author Xiao Hong: The model is a systematic innovation and endeavor in the field of translation based on linguistic research, and it has practical methodological importance. It can provide a set of formulaic reference standards for translators to interpret lexical lacunas. The following are the justifications for the conclusion: First, the model’s foundation is linguistic research on the concept of “lacuna”, including the examination of the relationships between terms such as “reality”, “non-equivalent words”, and “lacuna”, as well as the investigation of their definition, nature, classification, and semantic range; Second, the model adheres to the “adequacy” principle of translation, which comprises acceptability, similarity, and transmissibility while taking into account both the reader-translator and original-author orientations. This approach is robust and universal exactly because it takes into account every side involved in the translation process; Third, the model’s three theories work well together. L. S. Barchudarov developed 6 levels of semantic equivalence for language translation units, which focused more on the text’s equivalent in translation and disregarded the text’s communicative and aesthetic purposes. As a pragmatic addition to the equivalency theory of the former, the 7 functional dimensions outlined by Juliane House in the idea of functional correspondence of text can be applied. Meanwhile, by using the 6 organization principles of Gestalt psychology, the lacuna’s translation model in modern linguistics incorporates the translation form and subjective feelings into the reference mechanism from the needs of the reader as the subject of aesthetic meaning. It can be said that the triple theory offers a variety of reference indicators for translators, and they are free to combine suitable reference indicators in the filling of lexical lacunas represented by material culture, behavioral culture, institutional culture, and conceptual culture. According to the different types of lacunas, they can use translation methods such as transformational, interlinear, pragmatic translation, as well as by combining transcription, transliteration, replacement, omission, amplification, reconstructing, permutations, explanations in the text and other translation techniques, which reflects the flexibility of the translation model. However, the lexical lacunas themselves can be interpreted as a defective vocabulary in the target language, and the primary goal of the translator should be to compensate for or fill this defect, to let the reader understand “what does this mean”, then the functional correspondence of the lacuna's translation becomes more important. In other words, the lacuna’s translation model in modern linguistics requires the translator to pay more attention to pragmatic function and aesthetic effect; when necessary, translators must abandon low-level semantic equivalence and strive for high-level equivalence.
Even if translation competence is not restricted to the knowledge of the two languages in contact, it is obvious that the quality of a translated text depends to a great extent on the appropriate use of the target language lexical items and combinations of items as imposed by the communicative context, on the one hand, and on the correct application of the rules specific to the grammatical system of that language, on the other. Considering both theoretical and research evidence, the authors of this paper discuss the problems that advanced students in English encounter when trying to achieve lexical and grammatical equivalence in the case of various types of texts translated from English into Romanian.
This study seeks to explore the major errors that frequently emerge when novice translators translate technical texts, namely legal documents released by the Department of Lands and Survey in Jordan. The goal behind this investigation is to improve legal translation training, develop students’ drafts based on the types of their mistakes, and deliver a message to curricula designers in the field of legal translation. To this end, 20 Jordanian novice translators (MA students) are chosen from two private universities to translate three legal documents from Arabic into English. The main findings revealed that different problems emerged, namely the participants’ inability to translate near-synonym technical terms, grammatical problems, and stylistic problems at both lexical level and sentence level. These findings are hoped to be insightful for both learners and teachers. A number of pedagogical recommendations are proposed by the researchers to develop learners’ competence and reach a professional level and open the venue for trainers to achieve advances in the quality of the target text and in the translation teaching–learning process.
Clear communication is essential to ensure patient safety and quality care, and written communication and translated documents play a crucial role in their provision. Therefore, it is critical to create a list of vital documents and to ensure that they are language accessible for patients who do not speak the local language. The purpose of this study is to identify documents created within the Hungarian health sector, which contain health or legal information that may have important implications for patients’ health, and are also essential for the provision of safe and high-quality health care, and which would also need to be made accessible to foreign patients. The study involved seven health professionals and a medical lawyer. Data was collected using qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews and an online questionnaire. The data obtained was subjected to basic thematic and frequency analysis. The results show that health professionals consider six documents to be vital for Hungarian health care. In addition to this, a few other non-treatment related documents were identified, whose translation would greatly contribute to effective communication with foreign patients. This study provides a solid basis for the creation of an official list of vital documents for the Hungarian healthcare system and can serve as a guide for other linguistic environments as well.
Clear communication is essential to ensure patient safety and quality care, and written communication and translated documents play a crucial role in their provision. Therefore, it is critical to create a list of vital documents and to ensure that they are language accessible for patients who do not speak the local language. The purpose of this study is to identify documents created within the Hungarian health sector, which contain health or legal information that may have important implications for patients' health, and are also essential for the provision of safe and high-quality health care, and which would also need to be made accessible to foreign patients. The study involved seven health professionals and a medical lawyer. Data was collected using qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews and an online questionnaire. The data obtained was subjected to basic thematic and frequency analysis. The results show that health professionals consider six documents to be vital for Hungarian health care. In addition to this, a few other non-treatment related documents were identified, whose translation would greatly contribute to effective communication with foreign patients. This study provides a solid basis for the creation of an official list of vital documents for the Hungarian healthcare system and can serve as a guide for other linguistic environments as well.
This study seeks to shed light on the analysis of translation errors occurring in the abstracts of research papers by MA students in the College of Languages and Translation at Imam Mohamed Ben Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The papers were translated from English into Arabic. A sample consisting of forty abstracts has been collected for this end. Liao’s (2010) model of analysis has been used to classify and analyze the errors made in the translations. The final results of this study show that the most occurring errors made by students when translating their abstracts from English into Arabic are mainly language ones. The study puts forward a number of suggestions, which may be very helpful to future students to avoid making translation errors in such abstracts.
Este artículo se basa en el concepto de norma enunciado por Jiří Levý y trata de los diversos métodos para analizar grandes corpus de textos literarios. Explora los métodos propuestos por destacados traductólogos de países “occidentales”, así como checos, eslovacos y rusos, buscando el modo óptimo de realizar el análisis traductológico de traducciones literarias extensas, en función de sus objetivos. No se pasa por alto el punto de vista de la crítica de la traducción ni la norma de la traducción en tanto que aspectos cruciales en análisis de este tipo. Además, presentamos como ejemplo práctico la metodología del análisis de las traducciones al ruso de la obra del escritor checo Bohumil Hrabal, cuyo corpus cuenta 2000 páginas. El principal resultado práctico de este artículo es un modelo, universal al tiempo que concreto, del análisis propuesto para grandes corpus de traducciones literarias.
Few studies have investigated translation of euphemism in the Holy Quran. Hence, the aim of this paper is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of strategies used by translators when translating euphemistic expressions found in the Holy Quran. This study has analyzed and classified strategies proposed by Sahih International, Yusuf Ali, Shakir, Mohsin Khan, Pickthall, Muhammad Sarwar and Arberry when translating Quranic euphemism. To perform this analysis, all euphemized Quranic verses related to the selected topics-blindness, mutism, deafness, and vitiligo-have been collected and then run through the Quranic Arabic Corpus (corpus.quran.com) to determine the incongruities of the translations. The study has revealed that strategies used can be categorized into four types: 1) literal translation, 2) substitution, 3) plain language, and 4) a combination of two strategies. It has been found that Quranic euphemism was not accurately rendered in the English language, as the most used strategy was plain language, and this was followed by literal translation in most cases.
This paper explores the difficulties of translating Chinese expressions frequently used in communicating governmental policies to the public. In particular, we focus on the expression wenming 文明, a term with manifold meanings and uses, which often ends up being translated into English simply as ‘civilised’. This translational convention is problematic because wenming in Chinese tends to be used in many collocations where the English civilised sounds distinctly alien. In order to systematically investigate this translational problem, we propose a bottom-up tri-partite approach to the study of Chinese policy expressions in general and wenming in particular. This novel mixed-method approach not only allows us to go beyond essentialist generalisations about expressions frequented in Chinese political discourse, but more importantly it allows us to unearth and label practical difficulties faced by translators.
Le phénomène « mafia » fait l’objet d’un traitement législatif différent d’un côté et de l’autre des Alpes : non-reconnue officiellement en France, la mafia est définie précisément par le Code pénal italien dès 1982. Par ailleurs, elle est l’objet de mythes et de fantasmes, tant dans la littérature qu’au cinéma, à l’origine d’une diffusion de stéréotypes inspirés du réel. Cette thèse montre en quoi l’asymétrie de traitement du phénomène « mafia » entre France et Italie est symptôme et cause d’une différence de perception collective entre ces deux pays, qui se manifeste sous le prisme de la terminologie juridique, nuisant à la traduction de cet objet. Elle analyse les manières de traduire des textes législatifs italiens dits « antimafia », c’est-à-dire créés pour lutter contre la mafia, phénomène très largement associé à la seule réalité italienne. Toute la difficulté provient du fait que traduire une loi revient à rendre en une autre langue un discours émanant d’un pouvoir législatif spécifique, pensé pour une réalité localement définie. Afin de saisir les spécificités des lois italiennes antimafia, une approche anthropologique et historique permet d’approfondir le cadre au sein duquel les prémices de ce dispositif législatif ont vu le jour, puis ont évolué, de l’unité italienne, en 1861, jusqu’à nos jours. Cette observation éclaire quant à la manière dont la spécificité de ce contexte conduit à l’intraduisibilité. Une enquête menée auprès de traducteurs juridiques professionnels relève et analyse alors les différentes techniques qui peuvent contourner cette intraduisibilité liée à une asymétrie, tant juridique que culturelle, entre France et Italie.
This paper examines a number of proverbs in English and Persian to shed light on certain pragmatic issues involved in translation. By analyzing three sets of data within the pragmatic framework, we found that the translatability of proverbs should be characterized as a continuum, rather a clear-cut dichotomy. Depending on the universality or culture-specificity of background cultural information associated with proverbs, three main categories, namely translatables, semi-translatables, and untranslatables are proposed. These categories fall along different points on a postulated continuum of translatability. Our study also shows that implicatures and presuppositions, when applicable to translatability, influence it in an incontrovertible manner. On top of this, the indubitable role of metaphor in the conceptualization of proverbs, and as a result, on the translatability of them is acknowledged.
L’adaptation espagnole de L’analyse du discours comme méthode de traduction, de J. Delisle, avec pour langues de travail le français et l’espagnol, conduit à trois hypothèses de recherche : l’adaptation est une re-création, elle est une nécessité et elle se démarque parfois de la traduction. L’étude s’insère dans le cadre théorique de la traduction vue comme un acte de communication selon le modèle inférentiel (D. Sperber & D. Wilson) et comme un acte d’intelligence selon les postulats de J. Piaget et D. Seleskovitch & M. Lederer. La notion d’adaptation est examinée, tous genres confondus, afin d’en extraire les modalités, les conditions et les contraintes. Ce qui mène à la distinction entre adaptation ponctuelle (tactique et facultative) et adaptation globale (stratégique et nécessaire). Les hypothèses sont alors discutées et démontrées à l’aide de nombreux exemples du corpus, limite aux ouvrages pédagogiques incluant une part significative de métalangage plurilinguistique. Il en ressort que l’adaptation est un processus d’expression d’un sens général visant à rétablir l’équilibre communicationnel rompu par la simple traduction. L’adaptation va donc au-delà du vouloir-dire pour transmettre la visée, soit l’objectif global, de l’auteur.
Substitution is a discoursal grammatical cohesion; it replaces an element with a substitute with the same structural function as the substituted element. This paper ,investigates the language norms and translation norms of substitution in the literary text; it describes the occurrence of substitution and its structural effect in translation. The investigation is done on two novels, Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert and Strait is the Gate by André Gide. This study follows Halliday and Hasan’s theory (1976) of cohesion and Catford’s (1965) theory of translation shifts. First, the whole text is read; then, data are identified, categorized, and analyzed. The investigation reveals that English uses substitution in cases where French uses other cohesive ties like reference, ellipsis, and repetition. The shift category used to achieve substitution cohesiveness is a class shift determined by language peculiarity norms of the source and target languages. The research, therefore, reveals that the translator’s invisibility and the inviolability of language norms enhance the literariness and acceptability of the target text
Translating Taboo words/expressions is one of the challenges that translators face during the process of translation due to various reasons whether they are cultural, religious, and/or the functions and types of the taboo words/expressions used. This study aims to analyze Alnabhan’s (2019) Arabic translation (
) of Manson’s (2016) The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck to identify the translation strategies used for translating taboo words/expressions. Accordingly, data have been collected from both ST (English) and TT (Arabic). Almijrab’s (2020) classification of the appropriate translation strategies that translators are advised to use for translating English taboos into Arabic is adopted in this study. These strategies are omission or censorship, substitution, taboo for taboo and application of euphemism. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches are used for data analysis. The purpose of the quantitative analysis was to find out the frequency use and percentage of the translation strategies adopted by the translator. The qualitative analysis aimed to see how those strategies are used. Throughout the analysis, it has been found out that there are 136 taboo words and expressions in the ST to be analyzed. The analysis has shown that the translator used various strategies to transfer English taboo words/expressions into Arabic. The findings agree with Almijrab's (2020) classification that applying euphemism is the widely used strategy in dealing with taboos as the current study has proven that euphemism is the most frequently used strategy in translating English taboo words/expressions into Arabic. The findings have also shown that the second frequently used strategy is translating taboo for taboo, which is attributed to the nature of the ST as using many taboo words/expressions in the ST is intended by the writer. The significance of this study, therefore, lies in the fact that it helps readers identify and understand taboos, their translatability, the challenges they cause for translators, and the strategies used in translating English taboos into Arabic.KeywordsEuphemismOmissionSubstitutionTabooTranslation strategies
Translating a movie subtitle from Indonesian into English should be done carefully because Indonesian and English have some differences which may lead to ineffective communication, such as the changing of structures, the difference of meanings, and also dissimilarity of corresponding cultures. This phenomenon might be a concern since many Indonesian movies have entered international audiences and won some international awards, such as the Gundala movie that is directed by Joko Anwar. This study focused on analyzing the cultural filter implemented in Indonesian – English audio-visual translation of Gundala movie subtitles. The analysis utilizes the cultural filter theory proposed by House (2015). The data analysis focused in this study includes the characters’ utterances in Indonesian and its English subtitle provided in the Gundala movie. The subject is the Indonesian transcription from verbal dialogues produced by the movie characters in Gundala movie and its English subtitles shown on the screen. The object of the study is words, phrases, and sentences produced by the characters in the Gundala movie. Most translations applied cultural filter achieves functional equivalence. Theoretically, the cultural filter can help the translator to achieve functional equivalence. Practically, for the next translation project, it could be a good challenge for the next researcher to explore the translation studies using this theory. Pedagogically, the reader should be more familiar with the cultural differences between Indonesian and English.
In this research, two Persian translations of Coelho’s ALCHEMIST were studied in the light of Julian House’s (2015) theoretical TQA model and Venuti's (1995) theory of domestication and foreignization. The focus was on comparing differences between the original text and the translated texts, namely, between the English text of ALCHEMIST and its two Persian translations by Hejazi and Jafari, in terms of covert errors and overt errors. To this end, one hundred examples, in the forms of phrases or sentences were examined and compared with their equivalent translations. The inductive method and comparative strategy were employed as the methodology to examine the hypothesis of this research. The results revealed that two Persian translations of ALCHEMIST had a roughly close percentage of errors. Namely, Hejazi's translation comprised 66.35 percent covert and domesticated, and Jafari incorporated52.82 percent. Also, the overt errors in Hejazi’s translation comprised 14.72 percent overt and foreignized and Jafari incorporated 32.5 percent. One of the errors observed in both translations was incorrect translation. As a result, Hejazi's translation is reported of better quality than Jafari's translation.
The present article deals with the peculiarities of translating accounting texts and the challenges translators are frequently faced with. The study is of theoretical and practical importance. The challenges while translating accounting texts are presented in the form of examples analyzing both grammatical and lexical peculiarities of such texts. The examples of both the source (SL) and target (TL) languages are extracted from IFRSs (International Financial Reporting Standards).
There has been much debate historically on the subject of translators’ action: whether translated texts should read as originals, or whether it should be clear to readers that the text is ‘foreign’ – whether the translation should be ‘covert’ or ‘overt’. Such discussions, germinating in the literary and religious fields, have been fertile in general translation studies. There has been far less focus, however, on to what extent translators’ action is or should be visible in the field of legal translation.
This chapter suggests that levels of (c)overtness for different legal genres and different textual purposes could be mapped, forming part of a comprehensive translation brief, whilst emphasizing how the translator’s status as an authoritative professional who can interact with their client and determine their client’s requirements, along with unencumbered agency, impact upon effective performance of translation in the specialist domain of the law. Some practical examples are provided to illustrate levels of (c)overtness in different genres and subgenres, in legislative, judicial, and corporate legal texts, and how translators’ intervention might be commissioned most effectively, particularly where translation takes place outside institutions.
En el presente trabajo se presenta un estudio empírico con el que se pretende determinar hasta qué punto los traductores en formación se sienten legitimados para cuestionar la capacidad del experto. Se planteó la revisión de cuatro traducciones al español de un contrato de distribución comercial en inglés realizadas por especialistas en Comercio a 18 alumnos españoles de Traducción Jurídico-Económica divididos en dos grupos: uno que conocía la experiencia del autor del texto y otro que la ignoraba. Los datos se clasificaron y analizaron cuantitativa y cualitativamente en función de la tipología de errores identificados, las estrategias de revisión empleadas para subsanarlos y las motivaciones que llevaron a los estudiantes a realizar mejoras. El análisis llevado a cabo confirma tendencias distintas en función del (des)conocimiento del perfil de experto del traductor.
This paper works on the notion of transgenre (Monzó-Nebot 2001a, 2002a, b), its uses and possibilities in the study of translation as mediating intercultural cooperation. Transgenres are discursive patterns that develop in recurring intercultural situations and are recognized and used by a community. Based on the reiteration of communicative purposes and individuals’ roles in translated situations, interactions are conventionalized to streamline cooperation between cultural and social groups, thereby engendering a distinctive set of taken-for-granted assumptions and meaning-making mechanisms and signs which are particular to a translated event. The paper will first argue how this concept takes a step beyond the existing proposals from cultural, social, and linguistic approaches, especially the third space, the models of norms and laws of translation, and universals and the language of translation (translationese), by focusing on the situatedness of textual, interactional, and cultural patterns and providing a means to model and measure the development of translation as a discursive practice, as such influenced by historical, cultural, social, cognitive, ideologic, and linguistic issues. Then existing applications of the concept and new possibilities will be identified and discussed. The results of existing studies show translations build a third space of intercultural discursive practices showing tensions with both source and target systems. The legal translator is at home in this third space, resulting from their own cultural practices, which are linked to translators’ specific function in a broader multicultural system.
This study is carried out within the scope of the academic discipline of Translation Studies interfacing with Systemic Functional Linguistics. Different from comparative studies among different translations synchronically, this article adopts a diachronic perspective to compare two Chinese translations in the late nineteenth century and late twentieth century of Conan Doyle’s nine detective stories, with a view to identifying mismatches of verbal clauses in terms of three contextual parameters, i.e., field, tenor and mode. Drawing upon House’s scheme for translation quality assessment (1977; 1997) and the concept of instantiation in systemic functional linguistics, this article forms a model to investigate mismatches of verbal clauses in nine parallel texts and expand to the cline of subsystem based on the findings of the present corpus.
Introduction: While back translation has been widely used in medical research surveying linguistically diverse populations, research literature
often fails to document this complex translation process. Our study examines inadequacies in the use of back translation, suggests improvements, as well as suggesting where other translation strategies may be more appropriate.
Areas covered: This paper cites numerous metastudies showing how back translation is often uncritically adopted in validation of research instruments, pointing to potential methodological failings, before examining the back translation processes in an Australian study of non-English speaking cancer patients. Our study of back translation applied to patient self-report questionnaires demonstrates that appropriate renditions of items is critically dependent upon both translator and researcher awareness of item purpose, overall project specifications and identification of linguistic ambiguities in source test items. The poor implementation and documentation of back translation processes in many studies indicates alternatives to back translation may be appropriate.
Expert opinion: Where translations are used in research, translation processes need to be made explicit in research protocols and reports, and translation experts need to be part of the research team, with translation guidance and advice integrated into all stages of research design.
This paper will illustrate how discourse analysis had been incorporated in Translation Studies. Discourse Analysis originated in Applied Linguistics and refers to the investigation of language in use. Depending on whether the term ‘discourse’ is understood in a narrower or a wider sense, discourse analysis aims at examining the structure and the function of language in various contexts and/or at revealing patterns of belief and habitual action, as well as social roles and power relations (Critical Discourse Analysis). Since translation can be characterised as an act of communication across linguistic and cultural boundaries, with source text and target text representing language in use, concepts and methods of discourse analysis have been found useful for Translation Studies. The paper will provide some examples of such research.
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