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Criticism of active nature protection approaches on nature strictly protected areas (category 1-a IUCN) / Критика регуляционных мероприятий на территориях строгого природоохранного режима (категория 1-А МСОП/IUCN)
Abstract
The book is devoted to criticism of various regulatory (regime) measures – active nature protection approaches in the objects of strict nature protection regime 1a
IUCN / IUCN – nature reserves, strictly protected areas of national and regional landscape parks, biosphere reserves and small strict protected tracts of Ukraine. We are talking about sanitary felling, cleaning the forest of litter, hayfields, grazing, "regulation" of the number of wild animals, animals breeding in protected areas, forest plantations, protection of certain species of flora and fauna, fight against introductions and "pests", "optimization" of the hydrological regime, the organization of apiaries, the "restoration" of the indigenous ecosystems, extinguishing natural fires, mowing reeds, meadows or steeps restoration, meliorative fishing, recreational cave equipment and others.
Книга посвящена критике различных регуляционных (режимных) мероприятий в объектах строгого природоохранного режима I-А МСОП/IUCN — заповедниках, заповедных зонах национальных и региональных ландшафтных парков, биосферных заповедниках и заповедных урочищах. Речь идет о санитарных рубках, очистке леса от захламленности, сенокосах, выпасе, «регуляции» численности диких животных, био технии, лесопосадках, покровительстве отдельным видам флоры и фауны, борьбе с интродуцентами и «вредителями», «оптимизации» гидрологического режима, организации пасек, «восстановлении» коренных природных экосистем, тушении природных пожаров, кошении тростника, зацелинивании (залужении), мелиоративном лове рыбы, рекреационном оборудовании пещер.
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The Catalogue is focussed on the collection and verification of the data about, and the listing of all the species of animals found in Białowieża Primeval Forest. The data from the literature and all other accessible data (e.g. museum collections or private collections) was taken into account up to year 2001. Particular systematic groups were elaborated by 101 specialists in the field. The Catalogue lists 11 564 species of animals dwelling in Białowieża Forest, which makes approximately 39% of Polish fauna.
Epiphytic lichen biota on Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris in Estonia was studied. Twenty-one spruce and 21 pine sample plots were located in old forests with long forest continuity, and 12 spruce and 12 pine sample plots in young first-generation forests (<100 years). Altogether 103 lichen species were recorded on the 330 sampled trees. Lichen species richness per plot was significantly higher in old forests in case of both tree species; 31 lichen species, including red-listed and protected species, were found only in old forests. Tree age had a positive effect on lichen species richness on tree stem in old and young spruce forests and in young pine forests. Tree age also had an effect on the presence of several species. Both tree age and forest continuity affected lichen species composition. Arthonia leucopellaea, Chrysothrix spp. and Lecanactis abietina were found in at least every third old spruce or pine forest and in no young forests, and can be regarded as good indicators of old coniferous forests with long continuity in Estonia.
Alfred Runte argues that national parks were created not for ecological or preservationist reasons, but as a result of social and cultural forces. The absence of monuments, such as castles and abbeys, led early writers to promote the natural wonders as America's cultural inheritance and seek their preservation for the nation. Protecting only the immediate surrounds of Yosemite Valley in 1864, the State of California emphasised its concern to preserve scenic novelties rather than ecological or natural systems; and even this was only achieved by demonstrating that the land was commercially useless. Later realisation that national park tourism could keep Americans at home, reducing the outflow of hard-earned dollars, made unlikely bed-fellows of preservationists, railroad companies and hotel operators. Similarly, the first appreciation of ecological unity was not brought about by principles of conservation but by a desire to protect the migratory route of the hunters' prey. -P.E.Taylor
Epiphytic lichen biomass accumulates slowly in forest canopies. We eval- uated three alternative hypotheses for the slow accumulation of epiphytic lichens, using two experiments in tree crowns from 15 Douglas-fir forest stands representing three age classes: old growth, young, and recent clearcuts. The first experiment evaluated whether forest age, bark roughness, or dispersal rate limits the establishment of the dominant old- growth-associated lichen, Lobaria oregana. Surface-sterilized branches with either rough or smooth bark were repeatedly inoculated with propagules and compared 1 yr after the last inoculation. Dispersal affected rates of establishment: inoculated branches had 27 more newly established thalli than controls. Establishment on smooth bark was highest in clearcuts, intermediate in young forests, and lowest in old growth. There was as much or more establishment of sown propagules on smooth-barked branches as on rough-barked branches in all age classes. In the second, transplant-performance experiment, Lobaria oregana grew as rapidly in young forests as in old growth but lost biomass and suffered more injuries in clearcuts. In contrast, L. pulmonaria performed at least as well in clearcuts as in young forests and old growth. Poor dispersal and establishment limit the development of L. oregana populations in Douglas-fir forests. Particular substrates and microenviron- ments found only in old growth are not essential for Lobaria establishment and growth. Maximizing the number and dispersion of remnant trees in cutting units should maximize the rate of accumulation of L. oregana biomass in the regenerating forest. The single most important action promoting the accumulation of old-growth-associated epiphytes will be the retention of propagule sources in and near all cutting units.
Questions: What factors limit the distribution of epiphytic lichens and bryophytes at plot and tree level in beech forests? At what ages do epiphytic species, and species of conservation concern in particular, occur along a chronosequence of beech?
Location: South-west Sweden.
Method: Five hundred and seventy-one age-determined trees from 37 plots distributed among 29 beech-dominated stands were surveyed along with a number of environmental (16) and substrate (seven) variables in a landscape of ca. 550 ha. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) and indicator species analysis (ISA) were used for data analysis.
Results: Plots containing old trees, confined to the base of slopes and with low impacts of recent forestry (thinning), generally had a high richness of species of conservation concern. Richness of common species and red-listed bryophytes were mostly related to the surveyed bark area. At tree level, primary factors explaining both species richness and composition were age, diameter at breast height and moss cover. There was a gradual replacement of tree age ranges for 58 lichens and 37 bryophytes along the chronosequence of beech. Red-listed lichens favoured damaged beech trees (≥180 years), whereas red-listed bryophytes were found on old and young stems in dense stands.
Conclusions: Tree age exerts a profound influence on epiphytic lichens and bryophytes growing on beech. Many of the habitat specialists were found mainly on old beech because they inhabit specific substrates that occur on older trees. The association to high tree age commonly excludes red-listed lichens from conventionally managed beech forests with a 100- to 140-year rotation period.
Mark-recapture techniques applied to individual orchid plants and to their populations can further our understanding of the
factors affecting establishment and survival. Studies need not be limited only to species at risk of extinction. Common or
even introduced species may be tracked to determine which variables most impact behaviour and to develop effective conservation
management techniques. Only long tracking periods are likely to intercept critical stochastic events. A 20-year study (1985–2004)
of the introduced orchid,Epipactis helleborine, in Gatineau Park, Québec, Canada, has provided insight into the behaviour of this weedy species. We have marked 1591 plants
over this period, 62% of which emerged only once. High late-season rainfall had a positive effect on emergence patterns whereas
spring drought had a negative impact. The annual emergent population declined from a maximum of 315 plants in 1987 to 23 plants
in 2001 following a severe drought in 1991. Twenty-seven plants, all but one of which grow in the vicinity of a large tree,
re-emerged after prolonged absences of 7 to 18 years. A group of 15 plants that have shown complex patterns of re-appearance
over the last 10 years also encircle this tree while 8 other plants with similar patterns of re-appearance but have not been
seen since 1994 were distributed elsewhere in the site. We postulate that the ecological effect of large trees may be critical
to the persistence of mycorrhizal associates of both the trees and the orchids and hence contribute to the extended hypogeal
survival of the orchid.
During storms in 2005, a number of beech trees fell over at Biskopstorp, SW Sweden, offering the opportunity to study epiphytes
along entire stems. In total 16 beech trees in four beech stands representing three different age classes were included. For
each tree, 2m segments from the base to the top were surveyed. In total 115 species were found (76 lichens, 39 bryophytes),
of which 30 were considered to be of conservation concern (22 lichens, 8 bryophytes). For lichens significantly more species
were recorded above 2m in height, whereas more bryophytes were recorded below 2m in height. Certain red-listed lichens were
recorded only above 2m in height on old trees. In a second data set from the same area 140 age-determined beech trees were
surveyed for species of conservation concern at the heights 0–2 and 2–5m, respectively. These species were found almost exclusively
on old beech trees, and presence at 2–5m was recorded, with one exception, only on those trees which also had species of
conservation concern at 0–2m. Records of these species correlated significantly to microhabitat variables, i.e. the presence
of rough bark and moss cover higher up the stems on the old trees. This study indicates that surveying only the base in really
old beech forests can underestimate both the number of species of conservation concern and their population sizes. However,
surveys restricted to the base in rather even-aged beech stands catch a large proportion of the trees with species of conservation
concern.