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Radiation and Energy Balance of Sprinkler and Trickle Irrigated Fields1
Agronomy Journal
Abstract
Water conservation claims in favor of trickle irrigation are poorly documented. The radiation and energy balance of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Arava S-5’) grown on sand dune soil and on bare soil irrigated by sprinkling and trickling were compared. Under trickle irrigation, the average ratio of five energy balance measurements of evapotranspiration over evaporation pan (Class A) was 0.3, compared with 0.60 obtained under sprinkler irrigation. The comparison of radiation balance over the trickle and sprinkler irrigated plots indicates that the increased radiant heat loss and albedo from the dry portion of the trickle irrigated plot decreases the available evaporative energy at ground level. The smaller radiant heat load combines with the resistance of the dry soil to water flux to reduce the evaporation of the trickle irrigated plot.
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... trickle irrigation has found rapid acceptance in high-valued and/or perennial crops (Ben-Asher et al., 1976;Bresler, 1977;Turner and Evans, 1980;Hall, 1974;Tsipori and Shimski, 1979). Some inherent disadvantages for use with lower-valued crops and annual crops include the high initial cost of installation and subsequent removal of the tubing. ...
... Tomato shows a marked sensitivity to water stress, with irrigation increasing yields substantially (Vittus et al., 1962;Waister and Hudson, 1970;Williams and Sistrunk, 1979). Trickle irrigation has increased tomato yield when compared to sprinkler (Ben-Asher et al., 1976;Garnat et al., 1973;Rudich et al., Received for publication 14 Dec. 1988. Paper no. 11,939 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh. ...
... Furthermore, placement of the water on top of the bed resulted in greater production of red fruit, total fruit, and dry matter as fruit per unit of water used than switching water placement to the furrow at first ripe fruit appearance (data not shown). Our results show a substantial increase in water use efficiency with trickle irrigation, similar to earlier reports (Ben-Asher et al., 1976;Garnat, 1973). The reduction in system cost and increased ease of equipment handling make large-scale use of the traveling trickle system practical. ...
Field studies were conducted on a Typic Xerorthents Entiosols soil (Hanford sandy loam) to determine the response of two cultivars of processing tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to trickle irrigation applied at three percentages of evapotranspiration (ET) to either the top of the plant row or between the beds using a traveling irrigation system. Irrigation was terminated when fruits were either 30% or 70% red (14 or 7 days before harvest). Yields of red tomatoes and total tomatoes increased with increasing trickle irrigation water. The concentrations of soluble solids (SSC) and total solids (TS) and pH decreased with increasing trickle irrigation rates, while color, fruit size, and acidity increased, as did the yield of SSC and TS per hectare. Placement of trickle irrigation on the plant row was more favorable than placement in the furrow between the beds for yield and quality characteristics. Trickle irrigation to 70% ET terminated 7 days before harvest produced responses similar to conventional furrow irrigation. Although statistically these treatments could not be compared directly to conventional furrow, all traveling trickle irrigation rates were superior in water use efficiency to that of the conventional furrow irrigation. Trickle irrigation rates of 35% ET, 70% ET, and 105% ET did not differ in water use efficiency. Chemical names used: 2( a -naphthoxy)- N , N -diethyl propionamide (napropamide); S -propyl butylethiocarbamate (pebulate).
... The model presented by JIID (1990) assumes that for drip irrigation, moisture is extracted from the entire crop field through evapotranspiration but from a depth much smaller than for sprinkler irrigation. The model presented by Ben Asher et al (1978) suggest that relative evapotranspiration on a drip field is smaller than from a sprinkler field for the same crop. This suggests that only the wetted portions under drip irrigation contribute to evapotranspiration as opposed to sprinkler irrigation where the entire field is irrigated. ...
... The findings in Ben Asher et al (1978) lead to the concept that evapotranspiration under drip and sprinkler irrigation, are dissimilar. The presence of dry portions of the soil in the drip field is the main reason for this difference and is peculiar to arid and semiarid regions or places that experience long periods of no rainfall as exists in several areas of Ghana. ...
The purpose of the tank irrigation system is to provide a mechanism for making better and sustainable use of the scarce and infrequent rainfall resource occurring in arid and semiarid regions for agricultural production. Three models which attempt to explain the mode of evapotranspiration under drip irrigated agriculture in these regions are applied in the simulation to determine their impact on tank irrigation performance. Three agro-ecological regions in Ghana are used in these simulations, and results from a 5000m2-citrus, tomato and maize fields with a 16.2%, 44.0% and 65.0% rainfall-runoff coefficient during a 12-22 year period are compared. The assumption is that evapotranspiration under semiarid conditions are significantly different from that from humid regions because of the relatively lower soil moisture regime as well as the smaller fraction of land exposed to moisture under drip irrigation. The results obtained from the simulations agree with this assumption and present a case for further study and validation in the evapotranspiration pattern under drip irrigation in arid and semiarid regions.
... If soil surface wetting could have been reduced by using subsurface drip, the ET from drip irrigation might well have been lower than that under furrow irrigation. When drip and sprinkler irrigations were both daily on a sandy soil, net radiation and ET were larger for sprinkler irrigation compared to drip irrigation of tomatoes (Ben-Asher et al., 1978). Bordovsky et al. (1998) compared LEPA and SDI irrigation of cotton at application rates of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 inches per day. ...
Loss of water from the soil profile through evaporation from the soil surface is an important contributor to inefficiency in irrigated crop production. Residue management systems may reduce this evaporative loss, but cannot be used in all cropping systems. Choice of the irrigation system and its management also can reduce evaporative loss. In particular, subsurface drip irrigation limits soil surface wetting and can lead to an overall reduction in evapotranspiration (crop water use) of as much as 10%. The example presented shows that most of the water savings occur early in the season when crop cover is not yet complete. Because evaporation from the soil surface has a cooling effect on the soil in the root zone, irrigation methods that limit evaporation will result in smaller fluctuations in soil temperature and warmer soil temperatures overall. For some crops such as cotton, this has beneficial effects that include earlier root growth, better plant development and larger yields.
... If soil surface wetting could have been reduced by using subsurface drip, the ET from drip irrigation might well have been lower than that under furrow irrigation. On a sandy soil, net radiation and ET were higher for sprinkler irrigation compared to drip irrigation of tomatoes when irrigations were daily (Ben-Asher et al., 1978). ...
Drip irrigation using buried emitters has the potential to save irrigation water by reducing soil surface wetting and thus reducing evaporation (E). However, measur ement of evapotranspiration (ET) for different combinations of emitter depth and cropping systems can become onerous. We modified a mechanistic ET model, ENWATBAL, to simulate irrigation with drip emitters at any depth and modeled energy and water balance components for corn (Zea mays L., cv. PIO 3245) grown on the Pullman clay loam soil at Bushland, TX using emitters at the su rface and at 0.15- and 0.30-m depths. Irrigation was daily and was scheduled to replace crop water use as measured in the field by neutron scattering. Modeled transpiration was essentially equal for all emitter depths (428 mm over 114 days from emergence to well past maximum leaf area index (LAI)) but evaporation was 51 mm and 81 mm less for 15- and 30-cm deep emitters compared with surface emitters. Predicted drainage was slight (6-, 8- and 12-mm for su rface, and 0.15- and 0.30-m deep emitters, respectively), but comparisons of predicted and measured soil water profiles at season's end showed that deep drainage of over 150 mm of water may have occurred. There were minor differences in soil heat flux between the treatments because soil heat flux was a relatively minor component of the energy balance. For surface emitters, net radiation was much greater and sensible heat flux was smaller than for subsurface emitters until LAI increased past 4.2 midway through the season. Thus, almost all of the differences in ET occurred during the period of partial canopy cover. Differences in energy balance components between treatments were minor after day of year 220. The study showed that water savings of up to 10% of seasonal precipitation plus irrigation could be achieved using 30-cm deep emitters. KEYWORDS. Buried emitter, Evaporation, Transpiration, Corn, Model, Energy Balance, Water Balance.
Evapotranspiration (ET) is a vital process involving the transfer of water from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere through soil evaporation and plant transpiration. Accurate estimation of ET is important for a variety of applications, including irrigation management and water resource planning. The two-source energy balance (TSEB) model is a commonly used method for estimating ET using remotely sensed data. This study used the TSEB model and high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery to estimate sorghum ET under four different irrigation regimes over two growing seasons in 2020 and 2021. The study also validated net radiation (Rn) flux through hand-held radiometer measurements and compared the estimated ET with a soil water balance model. The study outcomes revealed that that the TSEB model capably estimated Rn values, aligning well with ground-based Rn measurements for all irrigation treatments (RMSE = 32.9–39.8 W m⁻² and MAE = 28.1–35.2 W m⁻²). However, the TSEB model demonstrated robust performance in estimating ET for fully irrigated conditions (S1), while its performance diminished with increasing water stress (S2, S3, and S4). The R2, RMSE, and MAE values range from 0.64 to 0.06, 10.94 to 17.04 mm, and 7.09 to 11.43 mm, respectively, across the four irrigation treatments over a 10-day span. These findings not only suggest the potential of UAVs for ET mapping at high-resolution over large areas under various water stress conditions, but also highlight the need for further research on ET estimation under water stress conditions.
Water potential, osmotic potential, turgor potential, and stomatal resistance were measured on leaves of a drought-sensitive (Ponca) and a drought-resistant (KanKing) cultivar of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) treated with foliar applications of NaCl to determine the effect of salt on the water status of two cultivars varying in drought resistance. Plants were grown under controlled conditions in soil, which was watered or allowed to dry. Water potential of the soil was determined. Given an ample water supply, water potential and osmotic potential of leaves of both cultivars with NaCl were lower, and stomatal resistance was higher, than without NaCl. The combination of salt and drought killed both cultivars, but the turgor potential of the drought-sensitive cultivar with the two stresses reached zero before that of the drought-resistant cultivar. Under limited water supply, both cultivars with foliar applications of salt extracted more water from soil than they did with no salt, and the drought-resistant cultivar took up more water than did the drought-sensitive cultivar. The drought-resistant cultivar with foliar NaCl maintained a higher turgor potential and extracted more water from the drying soil than did the drought-sensitive cultivar with foliar NaCl, suggesting that the drought-resistant cultivar was also more salt tolerant.
Tomato plants on Sinai sand dunes were irrigated daily by drip irrigation. The irrigation was supplied during daytime hours for one field and a short time after sunset for the second. Results showed that daytime irrigation of soil with low water holding capacity increased the yield significantly and improved plant water potential as well as water use efficiency. The dominant component of water balance under these conditions was found to be deep percolation, which accounted for more than 70% of the water budget. Controlling this component rather than soil water status requires measurements of flux as input for managing the quantity of water to be applied. It is concluded that during hours of high net radiation flux, transpiration rate can best compete with deep percolation rate. Based on this conclusion, the use of net radiation flux as input is recommended for the best irrigation timing.
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