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Abstract

The Wireless Identification and Sensing Platform (WISP) is a battery-free, UHF RFID-compatible sensing and computing platform that is powered and read by commercial off-the-shelf UHF RFID readers. WISPs are being used in a variety of domains, including both sensing and security. This chapter presents the design of the WISP platform, characterization of its performance, and describes several application examples.

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... potent area of study. Current CRFIDs use UHF RFID standards, such as EPC C1G2 [5], designed to support inventory management applications with minimal computational and data transfer requirements [6], [7]. Any UHF RFID network is built around an interrogator, which provides power to tags in the vicinity, and which can both send/receive data to/from those tags. ...
... Because of this, the original BlockWrite from the host to the reader is not known to the CRFID, while the reader still considers the series as the instructed BlockWrite. A command operation of 6 Although Wisent EX is built utilizing this non-standard BlockWrite behavior, it would also work in combination with RFID readers that do issue BlockWrite as specified in the EPC C1G2 standard. BlockWrite will only be reported as successful if and only if the CRFID processes each of the individual commands in the series and replied to the reader for each of these commands. ...
... The reader reports a no tag seen(2,7) if the tag did not receive the command at all. An error is reported instead if the tag received the command but processed it incorrectly(3,5,6). Only success reports(1,4) are counted towards the OperationCountValue of individual AccessSpecs; (b) Example of a Wisent Basic communication sequence of messages constructed from a record with content :02AADD00BBCCF0. ...
... There are two design methods for digitally integrated RFID sensor tags. One is to adopt discrete electronic components, such as wireless identification and sensing platform (WISP) [75,76] and battery-less wireless sensor tag (BLWST) [77]. WISP is an RFID platform for identification and sensing, which is compatible with the ISO-180006C standard. ...
... T. Wang [114] proposed a dual-tag sensor to eliminate the common mode interference through differential backscattering signals [114]. Multi-sensory systems were also investigated in [76] for temperature and acceleration measurement. The acquisition of multi-sensing parameters avoids the uncertainty and contingency of single-parameter sensing, which is more comprehensive and robust. ...
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Structural health monitoring (SHM) plays a critical role in ensuring the safety of large-scale structures during their operational lifespan, such as pipelines, railways and buildings. In the last few years, radio frequency identification (RFID) combined with sensors has attracted increasing interest in SHM for the advantages of being low cost, passive and maintenance-free. Numerous scientific papers have demonstrated the great potential of RFID sensing technology in SHM, e.g., RFID vibration and crack sensing systems. Although considerable progress has been made in RFID-based SHM, there are still numerous scientific challenges to be addressed, for example, multi-parameters detection and the low sampling rate of RFID sensing systems. This paper aims to promote the application of SHM based on RFID from laboratory testing or modelling to large-scale realistic structures. First, based on the analysis of the fundamentals of the RFID sensing system, various topologies that transform RFID into passive wireless sensors are analyzed with their working mechanism and novel applications in SHM. Then, the technical challenges and solutions are summarized based on the in-depth analysis. Lastly, future directions about printable flexible sensor tags and structural health prognostics are suggested. The detailed discussion will be instructive to promote the application of RFID in SHM.
... Key words: animal behavior, artificial intelligence, computational ethology, 4 of 36 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 pose estimation, machine learning 84 85 14 15 Page 5 of 36 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 [8,9] 。通过该研究途径发 ...
... WISP ( Wireless Identification and Sensing Platform )是具有实时传 输 数据 功 能 的 无 线 识 别传 感平 台 , 它不 需 电 池或 连接 电源 线便 能运 作[84] 。 WISP 能够接收超高频射频识别读写器( UHF RFID reader )发出的 ...
... The reader reports a no tag seen (2,7) if the tag did not receive the command at all. An error is reported instead if the tag received the command but processed it incorrectly (3,5,6). ...
... Lemma 1: Larger WordCount does not always correspond to faster bulk transfer rates. 6 Although Wisent EX is built utilizing this non-standard BlockWrite behavior, it would also work in combination with RFID readers that do issue BlockWrite as specified in the EPC C1G2 standard. 7 Our approach follows the same method used in Intel Hex files but we are naturally aware of alternative error correction methods. ...
Article
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Computational RFID (CRFID) devices are emerging platforms that can enable perennial computation and sensing by eliminating the need for batteries. Although much research has been devoted to improving upstream (CRFID to RFID reader) communication rates, the opposite direction has so far been neglected, presumably due to the difficulty of guaranteeing fast and error-free transfer amidst frequent power interruptions of CRFID. With growing interest in the market where CRFIDs are forever-embedded in many structures, it is necessary for this void to be filled. Therefore, we propose Wisent-a robust downstream communication protocol for CRFIDs that operates on top of the legacy UHF RFID communication protocol: EPC C1G2. The novelty of Wisent is its ability to adaptively change the frame length sent by the reader, based on the length throttling mechanism, to minimize the transfer times at varying channel conditions. We present an implementation of Wisent for the WISP 5 and an off-the-shelf RFID reader. Our experiments show that Wisent allows transfer up to 16 times faster than a baseline, non-adaptive shortest frame case, i.e. single word length, at sub-meter distance. As a case study, we show how Wisent enables wireless CRFID reprogramming, demonstrating the world's first wirelessly reprogrammable (software defined) CRFID.
... Schematic of WISPs analog frontend, that includes voltage multiplier, harvester, and demodulator (adapted from[SS13]). then charges an input capacitor in the power management unit. In the PMU, a regulator generates the constant 1.8 V supply voltage for the MCU. ...
Thesis
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This dissertation investigates batteryless sensor nodes embedded in metal structures, focusing on acoustic backscatter, active communication, and wireless power transfer. In particular, it analyzes the nonlinear through-metal channel, derives channel models, and proposes in situ channel estimation techniques. Several methods are demonstrated to increase data rates despite reverberation and to improve power-transfer efficiency. In addition to simulation, custom prototypes are designed to verify the method's practical applicability.
... However, we also need to consider that the calculation itself is a large energy-consumption process, which makes it difficult for us to trade-off between the system complexity and performance. • Challenge 3: The CRFID tag has a larger storage space, more powerful computing ability and sensing ability than traditional passive tags [15]. The amount of data that the tag needs to transmit is much larger than the ordinary RFID, so it has to separate the data transmission when performing read storage task of a large amount of data. ...
Article
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Compared with traditional radio frequency identification (RFID), computational RFID (CRFID) tag has more powerful computing capability, but it shows poor performance when it follows EPC Class‐1 Generation‐2 protocol especially transmitting large amounts of data. In fact, the operation of the CRFID tag entirely depends on the state of energy. For this point, this study proposes an optimised protocol called LILAC. LILAC allows tags to select the communication time slot according to their current voltage value measured by using an analogue‐to‐digital converter rather than randomly selecting, the authors proposed a more reasonable time slot mapping algorithm for LILAC that increases the success rate of tag responding. In addition, they design a data transmission format that can be retransmitted to improve the uplink throughput. Finally, they implemented LILAC on a CRFID platform and practically measured several parameters to compare with the existing well‐known protocol. The results of experiments show that LILAC increases the maximum communication distance by more than half in the access phase and doubles the goodput of the backscatter link in both the inventory and access phase.
... Le projet WISP (wireless identification and sensing platforms)[7] est parmi les projets des laboratoires Intel afin de développer des plates-formes d'identification et de détection sans fil[1]. Les WISPs sont alimentés et lus par des lecteurs RFID standards, qui récoltent l'énergie à partir du lecteur. ...
... To insure safety [9 , 26], The Federal Communication Commission(FCC) in the United States limits the power trans- mitted in the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) radio band (902 MHz-928 MHz) to 4 W (EIRP) [8]. UHF-RFID is one of the best options for wireless communication inside of the human body due to its extremely low transmission power requirements. ...
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Bi-directional Brain–Computer Interfacing (BBCI) faces major challenges due to, in part, the difficulty of transmission of Electro-corticographical (ECoG) signals from the brain to external devices. For human subjects, safety and convenience would be greatly increased if we could replace the wired interface between the electrodes and the extra-cutaneous receiver with a wireless interface. All the technology that we have today using wires to connect the transmitter which setting on top of the electrodes with a reader located on the scalp which can create brain infection due to scar tissue and that might lead to serious brain injury. We have eliminated this risk by using passive transmitter setting on the electrode and transmit wirelessly to a reader sitting on the scalp using a back-scatter technique which shows a great potential in BCI Applications. This paper investigates the feasibility of passive Ultra High Frequency Radio Frequency Identification (UHF–RFID) for wireless communication between multiple transmitters inside the brain that collect vital data continuously and transmit them to an external controller located on the scalp outside the brain in order to design wireless communication channel inside the human brain considering network lifetime and minimize power consumption. Also, we emphasize the effect of increasing number of transmitters to maximize the throughput. Extensive literature survey shows that there is exists no model has been made for invasive BBCI applications based on UHF passive RFID. Results are presented with calculated Received Signal Strength (RSSI), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Channel Capacity, Maximum number of the electrode, and Path Loss. These analyses are essential for building a brain–computer interface application. We showcase theoretical and experimental results based on a phantom model of the human brain using passive RFID as the implantable transmitter operating in UHF range. Based on these values we have concluded that UHF–RFID is a viable technology with multiple transmitters to a depth of 4 cm.
... Therefore, a reasonable definition for energy cost in RFID systems is the difference between consumed energy for processing and harvested energy. Fig. 6 presents the block diagram for a passive/semi-passive RFID tag [9]. The antenna front-end is directly connected to an impedance matching circuit that is controlled by backscattering modulator. ...
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Minimum energy (ME) source coding is an effective technique for efficient communication with energy-constrained devices, such as sensor network nodes. In this paper, the principles of generalized ME source coding is developed that is broadly applicable. Two scenarios - fixed and variable length codewords - are analyzed. The application of this technique to RFID systems where ME source coding is particularly advantageous due to the asymmetric nature of data communications is demonstrated, a first to the best of our knowledge.
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Chapter
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Chapter
This article describes the history of the Wireless Identification and Sensing Platform (WISP) program. It describes the research motivating the creation of the WISP, its development process, the decision to open source its design, and the creation of the WISP Challenge, a program to make WISPs available to univer-sity researchers. The article then surveys WISP-related research performed by the author’s group, by collaborators, and by others who received WISPs through the WISP Challenge or via other channels.
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We demonstrate a simple RFID sensor network com-prised of an Intel WISP and a commodity UHF RFID reader. WISPs are devices that gather their operating energy from RFID reader transmissions, in the manner of standard RFID tags, and further include sensors, e.g., accelerometers, and provide a very small-scale comput-ing platform. We believe that this makes them an attrac-tive alternative to motes for many of the original smart dust applications that require very small or long-lived sensors. The Intel WISP that we demonstrate has an ultra-low-power microcontroller, 32K of program space, 8K of flash, and accelerometer and temperature sensors. It harvests power from and communicates sensor data to standard (EPC Class 1 Gen 2) UHF RFID readers with a range of roughly 10 feet. This combination of RFID technology and sensor networks raises many re-search challenges, such as how to function with intermit-tent power and how to modify RFID protocols to support sensor queries.
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This paper presents the wireless identification and sensing platform (WISP), which is a programmable battery-free sensing and computational platform designed to explore sensor-enhanced radio frequency identification (RFID) applications. WISP uses a 16-bit ultralow-power microcontroller to perform sensing and computation while exclusively operating from harvested RF energy. Sensors that have successfully been integrated into the WISP platform to date include temperature, ambient light, rectified voltage, and orientation. The microcontroller encodes measurements into an electronic product code (EPC) Class 1 Generation 1 compliant ID and dynamically computes the required 16-bit cyclical redundancy checking (CRC). Finally, WISP emulates the EPC protocol to communicate the ID to the RFID reader. To the authors' knowledge, WISP is the first fully programmable computing platform that can operate using power transmitted from a long-range (UHF) RFID reader and communicate arbitrary multibit data in a single response packet.
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We present WISP, a wireless, battery-free platform for sensing and computation that is powered and read by a standards compliant Ultra-High Fre- quency (UHF) RFID reader. To the reader, the WISP appears to be an ordinary RFID tag. The WISP platform includes a general-purpose programmable flash microcontroller and implements the bi-directional communication primitives re- quired by the Electronic Product Code (EPC) RFID standard, which allows it to communicate arbitrary sensor data via an EPC RFID reader by dynamically changing the ID it presents to the reader. For each 64 bit "packet," the WISP's microcontroller dynamically computes the 16-bit CRC that the EPC standard re- quires of valid packets. Because the WISP device can control all bits of the pre- sented ID, 64 bits of sensor data can be communicated with a single RFID read event. As an example of the system in operation, we present 13 hours of con- tinuous-valued light-level data measured by the device. All the measurements were made using power harvested from the RFID reader. No battery, and no wired connections (for either power or data) were used. As far as we are aware, this paper reports the first fully programmable computing platform that can oper- ate using power transmitted from a long-range (UHF) RFID reader and commu- nicate arbitrary, multi-bit data in response to a single RFID reader poll event.
Conference Paper
Full-text available
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Conference Paper
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We present the WISP passive data logger (PDL), an RFID sensor data logging platform that relies on a new, wirelessly-charged power model. A PDL has no battery yet (unlike a passive sensor tag) is able to collect data while away from an RFID reader. A PDL senses and logs data using energy stored in a capacitor; the capacitor can be wirelessly recharged (unlike active tags), and data can be uploaded whenever the PDL is near a reader. Standard EPC generation 2 readers are used for WISP-PDL charging, ID-reading, and sensor data transfer. This allows WISP-PDLs to operate using commercial RFID readers as the only support infrastructure (for both data and power), and allows WISP-PDLs to co-exist with standard RFID tags. We describe the design and implementation of a prototype WISP-PDL, and report results from a short demonstration study that shows it can monitor the temperature and fullness of a milk carton as it is used over the course of a day.
Maximalist cryptography and computation on the WISP UHF RFID tag
  • H.-J Chae
  • D J Yeager
  • J R Smith
  • K Fu