Vascular plant diversity with special reference to invasion of alien species on the Doon University Campus, Dehradun, India, International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation

Abstract

The present study was conducted to assess vascular plant diversity in a modified habitat in Shivalik region. Extensive surveys were conducted to document the species in each season and identification was done with the help of regional floras. A total of 191 species comprising 181 species of angiosperms (176 genera and 76 families), 2 species of pteridophytes (2 genera and 1 family), and 8 species of gymnosperms (7 genera and 5 families) were observed. The dominant Angiosperms families include Asteraceae (18 genera and 18 species), followed by Fabaceae (16 genera and 18 species), Lamiaceae (8 genera and 9 species), Solanaceae (5 genera and 9 species), Amaranthaceae (7 genera and 8 species), Euphorbiaceae (4 genera and 8 species) and Apocynaceae (6 genera and 7 species). In Gymnosperms, 5 families were recorded which include family Pinaceae, Cycadaceae, Zamiaceae, Araucariaceae and Cupressaceae. In pteridophytes, only two species of the family Pteridaceae were recorded. The categorizations on the basis of species habit, 96 species were recorded as herbs, 23 shrubs, 48 trees, 14 climbers, 8 grasses and 2 species of ferns. On the basis of species economic importance, 111 species had medicinal value, 43 ornamental, 8 medicinal-edible, 8 fodder, 7 edible, 2 medicinal-ornamental, 2 edible-fodder, 1 medicinal-timber, 1 fuel-fodder, 1 fuel-timber-edible-ornamental, 1 medicinal-fiber, 1 medicinal-fuel-fodder-religious, 1 ornamental-fuel, 1 ornamental-religious, 1 condiment uses while rests of the 2 species have other uses. In terms of occurrence, 36.64% species were native, while 63.35% species were non-native. The study provides baseline information on a modified habitat in an important eco-region and would be helpful in monitoring the changes in future.

Full text

Vol. 9(3), pp. 56-76, March 2017
DOI: 10.5897/IJBC2016.1035
Article Number: 20A382263038
ISSN 2141-243X
Copyright © 2017
Author(s) retain the copyright of this article
http://www.academicjournals.org/IJBC
International Journal of Biodiversity and
Conservation
Full Length Research Paper
Vascular plant diversity with special reference to
invasion of alien species on the Doon University
Campus, Dehradun, India
Amit Singh1,2*, Khima Nand Balodi2,5, Suneet Naithani2 , Amber Srivastava3, Ashutosh Singh4
and E.H. Kwon-Ndung6
1G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Himachal Unit, Mohal-Kullu-
175126, Himachal Pradesh, India
2School of Environment and Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun-248001, Uttarakhand, India.
3Botanical Survey of India, Northern Circle, Dehradun-24803, Uttarakhand, India.
4Forest Survey of India, Dehradun-248006, Uttarakhand, India.
5Himalayan Institute for Sustainable Environment and Research, THDC Colony, Dehradun, Uttarakhand.
6Federal University Lafia, Nasarawa State. Nigeria
Received 23 August, 2016; Accepted 21 December, 2016
The present study was conducted to assess vascular plant diversity in a modified habitat in Shivalik
region. Extensive surveys were conducted to document the species in each season and identification
was done with the help of regional floras. A total of 191 species comprising 181 species of angiosperms
(176 genera and 76 families), 2 species of pteridophytes (2 genera and 1 family), and 8 species of
gymnosperms (7 genera and 5 families) were observed. The dominant Angiosperms families include
Asteraceae (18 genera and 18 species), followed by Fabaceae (16 genera and 18 species), Lamiaceae (8
genera and 9 species), Solanaceae (5 genera and 9 species), Amaranthaceae (7 genera and 8 species),
Euphorbiaceae (4 genera and 8 species) and Apocynaceae (6 genera and 7 species). In Gymnosperms,
5 families were recorded which include family Pinaceae, Cycadaceae, Zamiaceae, Araucariaceae and
Cupressaceae. In pteridophytes, only two species of the family Pteridaceae were recorded. The
categorizations on the basis of species habit, 96 species were recorded as herbs, 23 shrubs, 48 trees,
14 climbers, 8 grasses and 2 species of ferns. On the basis of species economic importance, 111
species had medicinal value, 43 ornamental, 8 medicinal-edible, 8 fodder, 7 edible, 2 medicinal-
ornamental, 2 edible-fodder, 1 medicinal-timber, 1 fuel-fodder, 1 fuel-timber-edible-ornamental, 1
medicinal-fiber, 1 medicinal-fuel-fodder-religious, 1 ornamental-fuel, 1 ornamental-religious, 1
condiment uses while rests of the 2 species have other uses. In terms of occurrence, 36.64% species
were native, while 63.35% species were non-native. The study provides baseline information on a
modified habitat in an important eco-region and would be helpful in monitoring the changes in future.
Key words: Doon University, vascular plants, life form, nativity, exotic.
INTRODUCTION
India is one of the 19 megabiodiverse countries of the
world and consists of 48,158 species of plants (Anonymous, 2016) and 97,514 species of animals
(Anonymous, 2016) in its ten biogeographic regions. The

Shivalik or sub-Himalayan region is the youngest and
ecologically fragile mountains have been categorized
under the Indo-Gangetic plains with unique significance
which integrates ecosystem of Indo-Malayan and
palaearctic regions (Shivkumar et al., 2010). Shivalik
Himalaya ranges over a stretch of 1500 miles long and
20 to 30 miles wide from the Indus to Brahmaputra in
Assam (Kohli, 2002). In Uttarakhand State, the Shivalik
Himalaya covers Tarai-Bhabhar, Shivalik and lesser
Himalayan zones which include the part of district Pauri,
Tehri, Dehradun and Haridwar, etc (Sharma et al., 2011).
Information on floral diversity of any region is a
fundamental requirement to understand ecosystem type,
biodiversity pattern and other ecological qualities
pertaining to natural resource management and
conservation planning at local, regional and global levels
(Rajendran et al., 2014). Several studies have been
conducted to understand vegetation diversity and pattern
of Shivalik and its adjacent areas such as Upper
Gangetic plains (Raizada, 1976), Chakrata, Dehradun
and Saharanpur (Kanjilal, 1979), Mussoorie (Raizada and
Saxena, 1984), Shimla (Collet, 1980), Garhwal Himalaya
(Gaur, 1999; Sharma, 2013), Rajaji National Park (Singh
and Anand, 2002), Dehradun (Adhikari, 2008, 2010) and
Binog Wildlife Sanctuary (Kumar et al., 2012).
Outstanding work on economically important plant
species was also done by various workers (Nadkarni,
1910; Jain, 1968; Chauhan, 1999; Prajapati et al., 2003;
Rawat and Vashistha, 2011).
Invasion of alien species has been considered a
significant threat to an ecosytem which trigger the
alteration of ecological characteristics of a habitat.
Organisms immigrating to new habitats have been
specified as alien, adventative, exotic, introduced and
non-indigenous (Mack et al., 2000; McGeoch et al.,
2010). Invasive species may occur through accidental,
import for a limited purpose and subsequently escape or
persistent introduction on a large scale (Ehrenfeld, 2003).
These species affect natural ecosystem structure and
function (Sekar et al., 2012), although have significant
ecological benefits too. Alien species differ in their
nutrient requirement, mode of resource utilization which
cause changes in soil structure and profile (Negi and
Hajra, 2007; Raizada et al., 2008). Invasion of exotic
plant species might have significant adverse changes on
the biodiversity and ecosystems functioning (Sharma and
Raghubanshi, 2011) which further affect the environment
as well as human health (Sekar, 2012). Over the years,
invasion of various alien species of diverse origin has
been increased in India and reported mainly from regions
like Doon valley (Negi and Hajra, 2007), Kashmir
Himalaya (Khuroo et al., 2007; Khuroo et al., 2010),
Uttarakhand (Tewari et al., 2010), Uttar-Pradesh (Singh
Singh et al. 57
et al., 2010), Himachal-Pradesh (Jaryan et al., 2013),
Assam (Das and Duarah, 2013), Jammu (Kaur et al.,
2014), North-Eastern Uttar Pradesh (Srivastava et al.,
2014), Karnataka (Kambhar and Kotresha, 2011),
Madya-Pradesh (Wagh and Jain, 2015), Delhi (Mishra et
al., 2015) and Haryana (Singh and Mohammed, 2015).
Over the years, as developmental activities are
continuing to modify the natural ecosystem throughout
the world, native floral and faunal species are
continuously decreasing with their diminishing habitat.
Therefore, it is important to document the current
biodiversity status (diversity, life form, habitat, use values
and phenological patterns) and monitor the changes in
vegetation pattern over the time. Considering these facts,
the present study has been conducted to assess plant
diversity within the Doon University campus which would
be important to monitor the change in near future and
implementation of suitable management plan.
Study area
The present study was conducted in the Doon University
campus, situated in the foot hills of Shivalik mountains,
lying between 30°15'60''-30°16'10'' latitudes and
78°2'36''-78°2'50'' longitudes with an altitudinal range of
600 to 630 m asl and covering an area of approximately
0.199 km2 (Patwal and Naithani, 2014) (Figure 1). It is
situated in a mosaic of various habitat types which
includes thick deciduous forest, riverine habitat,
agricultural fields and human settlements. Tectona
grandis, Shorea robusta, Terminalia alata, Anogeissus
latifolia, Mallotus phillippensis and Melia azedarach are
major tree species in the forest. The riverine habitat is
constituted by river Rispana which flows through eastern
side of the campus and further join Song River, a
tributary of the River Ganga. The average temperature
remains moderate year round ranging from 35 to 40°C in
the summers to 15 to 25°C in winter. The average annual
rainfall recorded for the area is 2073 mm and most of the
rainfall received during the month of June to September.
Due to its unique location in the vicinity of different habitat
types, the campus consist suitable environmental
conditions to supports a variety of floral and faunal
species.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Intensive plant surveys were conducted from August 2014 to
December 2015 in different seasons, floral specimens were
collected from different locations and identified with the help of
relevant floras, book chapters and published literature (Raizada,
1976; Kanjilal, 1979; Raizada and Saxena, 1984; Collet, 1980;
Gaur, 1999; Singh and Anand, 2002; Adhikari et al., 2010; Sharma
*Corresponding author. E-mail: amitchauhang1@gmail.com
Author(s) agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License 4.0 International License

58 Int. J. Biodivers. Conserv.
Figure 1. Location map of Doon University. A) India B) Uttarakhand C) Location of Doon University in Dehradun D) Spatial location of
major planted and wild tree species in Doon University campus: 1: Mimusops elengi (P), 2: Ficus benjamina (P), 3: Lagerstroemia indica
(P), 4: Bambusa tuldoides (P), 5: Chukrasia tabularis (P), 6: Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (P), 7: Ceiba speciosa (P), 8: Ficus semicordata +
Bauhinia purpurea (W), 9: Acacia catechu (W), 10: Dalbergia sissoo + Acacia catechu (W), 11: Melaleuca bracteata + Grevillia robusta +
Putranjiva roxburghii+Jacaranda mimosifolia (P), 12: Dalbergia sissoo+Mallotus philippensis + Broussonetia papyrifera (W), 13: Erythrina
crista-galli +Pinus roxbhurghii (P), 14: Neolamarckia cadamba (P), 15: Ficus religiosa + Tecoma castanifolia + Grevillia robusta +
Aurocaria columnaris (P), 16: Magnolia champaca + Agathis robusta (P). W- Wild, P- planted.

Singh et al. 59
Table 1. Floristic detail of Doon University Campus.
Groups
F
G
S
T
Sh
H
Cb
G
Fn
Angiosperms
Dicots
63
148
161
39
20
89
13
--
--
Monocots
7
19
20
2
2
7
1
8
--
Gymnosperms
5
7
8
7
1
--
--
--
--
Pteridophytes
1
2
2
--
--
--
--
--
2
Total
76
176
191
48
23
96
14
8
2
F = family, G = genera, S = species, T = tree, Sh = shrub, H = herb, Cb = climber, G =
grass, Fn = fern.
et al., 2011, 2013; Rajendran et al., 2014). For each species,
information was collected on local name, altitudinal range, life form,
flowering and fruiting periods. Information on economic importance
and plant part used was collected through formal discussion with
local people working as gardner and wage labour in the campus
and from various earlier studies (Nadkarni, 1910; Prajapati et al.,
2003; Kumar et al., 2012; Subramanion et al., 2013). In addition,
information on ornamental flora was assembled from local plant
nurseries and botanical gardens in Dehradun. Additional
information such as updated nomenclature of native and exotic
plant species was generated through related websites like
international plant name index (IPNI, 2015), the plant list (2015),
encyclopedia of life (EOL, 2015), tropicos (2016) and the global
biodiversity information facility (GBIF, 2015). The nativity of the
invasive plants has been recorded from published literatures
(Champion and Seth, 1968; Negi and Hajra, 2007; Khuroo et al.,
2007; Raizada et al., 2008; Reddy, 2008; Sharma and
Raghubanshi, 2008; Weber et al., 2008; Khuroo et al., 2010; Singh
et al., 2010; Tewari et al., 2010; Kambhar and Kotresha, 2011;
Sekar et al., 2012; Sekar, 2012; Khuroo et al., 2012; Jaryan et al.,
2013; Das and Duarah, 2013; Hiremath and Sundaram, 2013; Kaur
et al., 2014; Srivastava et al., 2014; Wagh and Jain, 2015; Mishra
et al., 2015; Singh and Mohammed, 2015) and further categorized
according to their vernacular name, English name, altitudinal range,
life forms (herb, shrub, trees, grass, climber and ferns), flowering
fruiting periods, plant parts (leave, root, stems, rhizomes, bark,
flowers, fruits, seeds and pods). Plants were further categorized
according to their economic uses such as medicinal, ornamental,
edible, timber, fuel, fodder, condiments and religious. Synonyms of
plant species were not included to avoid the taxonomic inflation.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total of 191 species of vascular plants (Angiosperms,
Gymnosperms and Pteridophytes) belonging to 176
genera and 76 families were recorded within the campus.
Among these species, 181 species were angiosperms
including 161 species of dicotyledons and 20 species of
monocotyledons (63 families and 148 genera), 8
gymnosperms and 2 pteridophytes. In terms of habit
types, 48 tree species, 96 herb, 23 shrubs, 14 climbers, 8
grasses and rest of 2 species are belonging to ferns were
recorded (Table 1). Family Asteraceae (18 genera, 18
species), Fabaceae (16 genera and 18 species),
Lamiaceae (8 genera and 9 species), Solonaceae (5
genera and 9 species) were among the dominant families
and are followed by Amaranthaceae (7 genera and 8
species), Euphorbiaceae (4 genera and 8 species),
Apocynaceae (6 genera and 7 species), Araceae (5
genera and 5 species), Poaceae (5 genera and 5
species), Malvaceae (4 genera and 5 species) and
Family Caesalpiniaceae, Verbenaceae, Moraceae,
Asparagaceae (4 genera and 4 species in each families)
are among the other (Figure 2). In gymnosperms, 8
species from 5 families (Pinaceae, Cycadaceae,
Zamiaceae, Araucariaceae and Cupressaceae) were
recorded, while 2 species of fern from family pteridaceae
were recorded. Maximum flowering and fruiting period
was observed in the plants throughout the year (20
species), followed by April to September (11 species),
August to November (10 species), July to November (8
species), January to December (7 species), July to
October (6 species), April to June (5 species), etc (Figure
3).
Economic importance of the species
Out of the recorded 191 species, all species were found
to be used for various economic purpose which includes
111 (58%) medicinal, 43 (23%) ornamental, 8 (4%)
medicinal-edible, 8 (4%) fodder, 7 (4%) edible, 2 (1%)
medicinal-ornamental, 2 (1%) edible-fodder, 1 (1%)
medicinal-timber, 1 (1%) fuel-fodder, 1 (1%) fuel-timber-
edible-ornamental, 1 (1%) medicinal-fiber, 1 (1%)
medicinal-fuel-fodder-religious, 1 (1%) ornamental-fuel, 1
(1%) ornamental-religious, 1 (1%) condiment uses, while
rests of the 2 (1%) species have other uses (Figure 4). In
terms of part used for economical and ethno-botanical
value, a total of 49% species leaves are used which is
followed by root 12%, fruits 12%, bark 7%, seeds 5%,
stem 6%, flower 6%, tubers 2% and of 1% pods (Figure
5).
Species of medicinal value
Most of the plant species recorded from the study site are
highly medicinal in nature. Some important herbaceous
medicinal plants from the study site are Acyranthus
aspera L., Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Calotropis procera
(Aiton) Dryand., Dioscorea bulbifera L., Chamaesyce
hirta L., Asperagus adscendens Buch.-Ham.ex Roxb.,

60 Int. J. Biodivers. Conserv.
Figure 2. Distribution of vascular plants families in Doon University Campus.
Figure 3. Phenological data on vascular plants in Doon University Campus.
Artemisia nilagrica (C.B.Clarke) Pamp., Acmella ciliata
(Kunth) cass., Malvestrum coromendelianum (L.) Garcke,
Cissampelos pereira L., Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.)
Miers, Boerhavia diffusa L., Plumbago zeylanica L.,
Oxalis latifolia Kunth, Murraya koenigii L. Sprengel,
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. and Hellenia speciosa
(J. Koenig) Govaerts. Among the woody plant species
Ficus religiosa L., Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC.,
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Acanthaceae
Amaranthaceae
Anacardiaceae
Annonaceae
Apiaceae
Apocynaceae
Araceae
Asclepiadaceae
Asparagaceae
Asteraceae
Balsaminaceae
Bignoniaceae
Bombaceae
Boraginaceae
Brassicaceae
Caesalpiniaceae
Cannabinaceae
Chenopodiaceae
Commelinaceae
Convolvulaceae
Crassulaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cyperaceae
Dioscoreaceae
Elaeocarpaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Fabaceae
Geraniaceae
Lamiaceae
Leguminosae
Liliaceae
Lythraceae
Magnoliaceae
Malvaceae
Meliaceae
Menispermaceae
Mimosaceae
Moraceae
Moringaceae
Myrtaceae
Nyctaginaceae
Oleaceae
Oxalidaceae
Passifloraceae
Pepaveraceae
Piperaceae
Pittosporaceae
Plumbaginaceae
Poaceae
Polygonaceae
Proteaceae
Putranjivaceae
Rhamnaceae
Rosaceae
Rubiaceae
Rutaceae
Sapindaceae
Sapotaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Solonaceae
Urticaceae
Verbenaceae
Zingiberaceae
Total number of species present in a
family
Families
.
0
5
10
15
20
25
Apr- Oct
Apr-Aug
Apr-Dec
Apr-Jul
Apr-Jun
Apr-May
Apr-Nov
Apr-Oct
Apr-Sep
Aug-Dec
Aug-Feb
Aug-Mar
Aug-Nov
Aug-Oct
Dec-Aug
Dec-Feb
Dec-Mar
Dec-May
Feb-Apr
Feb-Aug
Feb-Jun
Feb-May
Feb-Oct
Jan-Apr
Jan-Dec
Jan-Jul
Jan-Mar
Jan-May
Jul-Aug
Jul-Dec
Jul-Jan
Jul-Nov
Jul-Oct
Jul-Sep
June-Aug
June-Oct
June-Sep
June-Sep
Jun-Nov
Jun-Sep
Mar-Aug
Mar-Dec
Mar-Jul
Mar-Jun
Mar-May
Mar-Oct
Mar-Sept
May-Aug
May-Jul
May-June
May-Nov
May-Oct
May-Sep
Nov-Dec
Nov-Feb
Nov-Jul
Nov-Mar
Sep-Dec
Sep-Mar
Sep-Nov
Sept-Jan
Sept-Oct
Troughout year
Number of species
Flowering period in months

Singh et al. 61
Figure 4. Distribution of different life from the aspect of use value.
Figure 5. Number of plants species on the basis of use of plant parts.
Erythrina suberosa Roxb., Ficus palmata Forssk.,
Moringa oleifera Lam., Mimusops elengi L., Nyctanthes
arbor-tristis L., Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss., Mangifera
indica L., Cassia fistula L., Phyllanthus emblica L.,
Elaeocarpus ganitrus (Roxb.) and Bauhinia purpurea (L.)
Benth. are important medicinal plants.
Nativity
Among the 191 recorded species, 70 (36.64%) are
native, while 121 (63.35%) are non-natives or exotic
species. Thus, the study reveals that the floristic diversity
is dominated with exotic species and most of them are
planted for ornamental purposes in the campus.
Native plant species
The native species diversity within the University campus
are comparatively low. Among these species, Barleria
cristata L., Cryptolepis dubia (Burm.f.) M.R. Almeida,
Cynoglossum glochidiatum Wall. ex Benth., Bauhinia
purpurea (L.) Benth., Cassia fistula L., Cycas rumphii
Miq, Cyperus rotundus L., Phyllanthus emblica L.,
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC., Desmodium concinnum
DC., Erythrina suberosa Roxb., Crotalaria spectabilis
Roth., Alysicarpus pubescens Y.W Law, Elaeocarpus
serratus L., Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng.,
Anisomeles indica (Linnaeus) Kuntze, Ajuga bracteosa
Wall ex Benth., Perilla frutescens (L.), Asparagus
adscendens Buch.-Ham.ex Roxb., Chukrasia tabularis
A.Juss., Ficus palmata Forssk., Ficus religiosa L., Ficus
sarmentosa Buch.-Ham. ex Sm., Moringa oleifera Lam.,
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.,
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf., Putranjiva roxbhurghii
Wall., Murraya Koenigii L. Sprengel, Mimusops elengi L.,
Clerodendrum infortunatum L. and Hellenia speciosa (J.
Koenig) Govaerts are major native plants.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Leaves Roots Fruit Bark Flower Stem Seeds Tubers Pods
Number of species
Life form
.

62 Int. J. Biodivers. Conserv.
Invasive plants
Major exotic invasive species include Lantana camara L.,
Parthenium hysterophorus L., Ageratum conyzoides L.,
and Ricinus communis L. and are dominant throughout
the campus. Species like Chenopodium album L., Bidens
pilosa L., Amaranthus spinosus L., Synedrella nodiflora
(L.) Gaertn., Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Sigesbeckia
orientalis L., Tridax procumbens L., Xanthium strumarium
L., Sonchus asper (L.) Hill., Argemone maxicana L.,
Impatiens balsamina L., Senna tora (L.) Roxb., Ipomoea
quamoclit L., Cyperus iria L., Euphorbia heterophylla L.,
Chamaesyce hirta L., Mimosa pudica L., Mucuna
pruriens (L.) DC., Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight.,
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit., Saccharum spontaneum L.,
Solanum nigrum L., Solanum viarum Dunal., Solanum
torvum Sw., Vitex negundo L. were among the other
naturally grown exotic species.
Exotic ornamental species
Among the recorded species, 63.35% species are non-
natives or exotic. Some of these species are critical to
native biodiversity and its ecological and socio-economic
framework. Despite the fact, non-native or exotic species
generally considered as noxious. However, they also play
a significant role in ecological restoration, soil
conservation and generating new socio-economic
prospects. The field investigation revealed that exotic
plants like Grevillea robusta A.Cunn. ex R.Br is used for
its fuel wood and aesthetic value. Some other species
like Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb.,
Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight, Pennisetum
setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov and Trifolium resupinatum L.
are used as fodder species. Tree species like Polyalthia
longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites, Plumeria obtusa L., Plumeria
alba L., Hyophorbe lagenicaulis (L. H. Bailey) H. E.
Moore., Agathis robusta (C. Mooreex F. Muell.) F. M.
Bailey., Araucaria columnaris (G. Forst.) Hook.,
Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don., Tecoma castanifolia (D.
Don) Melch., Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.,
Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco., Pongamia pinnata (L.)
Pierre., Magnolia grandiflora L., Chukrasia tabularis A.
Juss., Ficus benjamina L., Melaleuca bracteata F. Muell.
and Zamia furfuracea L. F. in Aiton contributed to the
aesthetic artistry of the university campus.
Origin of invasive species
A total of 11 geographic provinces were recorded in
terms of species origin or nativity for the present study.
The Tropical America contributed to the maximum
percentage of species 61 (31.94%) followed by Asia
(excluding Indian sub-continent) 20 (10.47%), Tropical
Africa 12 (6.28%), Europe 10 (5.24%), Australia 7
(3.66%), Madagascar 5 (2.62), Eurasia 4 (2.09%),
Mediteranean 2 (1.05%), Mascarene Islands 1 (0.52%),
New Caledonia 1 (0.52%) and the West Indies 1 (0.52%).
American continents have also contributed to majority of
invasive species in other parts of India like Doon Valley
and Uttarakhand (Negi and Hajra, 2007; Sekar et al.,
2012), Indian Himalayan region (Sekar, 2012), Uttar
Pradesh (Singh et al., 2010; Srivastava et al., 2014),
Himachal Pradesh (Jaryan et al., 2013), Karnataka
(Kambhar and Kotresha, 2011), Madhya Pradesh (Wagh
and Jain, 2015), South Western Ghats (Aravindhan and
Rajendran, 2014), Darjiling Himalaya (Moktan and Das,
2013), Tamil Nadu (Narasimhan and Arisdason, 2009).
The findings from literature and discussions with local
inhabitants indicate that several invasive species are also
used for various other purposes. For example, leaves of
A. spinosus are edible and used as fodder while leaves
and stem of G. parviflora are used for medicinal (anti-itch)
as well as fodder purposes while Tagetes erecta is
considered and used as religious plant species. A total of
67 species were reported to use for medicinal purposes
by the local inhabitants and 42 exotic species planted for
ornamental purposes within the campus. The economic
uses of 3 species namely Barbarea vulgaris R.Br.,
Ipomoea triloba L. and Pteris vittata L. are not known
(Table 2).
The vegetation pattern is crucial for the existence of
various faunal species in any habitat. The unique floral
diversity within the University campus provides suitable
habitat to a number of wild faunal species including
mammals (7), avifauna (138), reptiles (8), lepidopteron
(41) and other insects (Balodi et al., unpublished). With
the modification on the riverine habitat, nesting of species
like Red-wattled lapwing Vanellus indicus has been
affected and cutting of natural stand of Acacia catechue
(L. f.) Willd. has affected nesting of Baya weaver Ploceus
philippininus. However, one single A. catechue (L. f.)
Willd tree holds one of the larget nesting colony (more
than 150 nests from last two years) within the Doon
Valley (Balodi et al., unpublished). The ornamental plant
species like Hyophorbe lagenicaulis, Jacaranda
mimosifolia D.Don., Bauhinia purpurea (L.) Benth..,
Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.., Vachellia nilotica (L.)
P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb. Lagerstroemia indica (L.) Pers.,
Bombax ceiba L. Ceiba speciosa (A.St.-Hil.) Ravenna.,
Magnolia gradiflora L.., Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex
R.Br.., Putranjiva roxbhurghii Wall., Neolamarckia
cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser., Mimusops elengi L. and Zamia
furfuracea L.F. in Aiton provide suitable nesting sites to
various aviafaunal species like crows, Asian-pied sterling,
kites and some other birds. Ornamental plant like P.
orientalis (L.) Franco., is observed to be preferred by
scaly-breasted munia Lonchura puctulata for its nesting.
Various frugivorus birds’ species can be observed on
many ornamental plant species during the fruiting season
(Balodi et al., unpublished).
Bird community structure play vital roles in seed
dispersal in human-altered landscapes

Singh et al. 63
Table 2. List of vascular plants in Doon University campus.
Family/Taxa
Vern./Eng.
names
Altitudinal
range (m)
LF
Blooming
period
N/NN
Nativity
Part used
Major uses/effects
Acanthaceae
Barleria cristata L.
Bajradanti
300-2600
H
Nov-Feb
N
S.Asia
Rt, Sd
Md (Bronchitis, pneumonia, antidote to snake bite)
Justicia procumbens L.
Karambal
700-2500
H
Dec-Mar
NN
Trop. Amer.
Lv, Rt, Sd
Md (Asthama, Cough, Backache, skin)
Dicliptera paniculata
(Forssk.) I.Darbysh.
Atrilal
500-2000
H
Jul-Sep
NN
Trop. Afr.
Lv
Md (Hemorrhage)
Amaranthaceae
Achyranthes aspera L.
Chirchira
300-2200
H
Mar-Dec
N
S.Asia
Rt, Lv
Md (Antimalarial, Dropsy, Bronchitis)
Alternanthera sessilis (L.)
R.br ex DC.
Ghandugli
250-1300
H
Feb-Oct
NN
Trop. Amer.
Lv, St
Md (Eye complaints, Diarrhea Vegetables)
Bassia scoparia (L.)
A.J.Scoot
Burning
bush
100-2600
H
June-Oct
NN
Europe
--
Orn
Celosia argentea L.
Lal-murga
200-1500
H
Nov-Dec
NN
Trop. Amer.
--
Orn
Amaranthus viridis L.
Jungli
chaulai
450-1200
H
Jan-Dec
NN
S.Amer
St, Lv
Md (Gastro intestinal disorders, Dermatological and
topical diseases)
Amaranthus spinosus L.
Kantili
chaulai
400-1200
H
July- Oct
NN
Trop. Amer.
Lv
Ed, Fd
Gomphrena globosa L.
Gul-e-
makhmal
900-1500
H
June-Sep
NN
Trop. Amer.
--
Orn
Aerva sanguinolenta (L.)
Blume
Safed fulia
400-1500
H
Apr- Oct
NN
Trop. Afr.
Rt , Lv
Md (dysentery)
Anacardiaceae
angifera indica L.
Aam
300-1000
T
Mar-Jul
N
S.Asia
Fr, Lv, Bk
Md, Ed
Annonaceae
Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.)
Thwaites
Aashupal
500-1500
T
Mar-May
N
S.Asia
--
Orn
Apiaceae
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.
Brahmibooti
500-2500
H
Apr-Nov
N
S.Asia
Lv
Md (Brain tonic, Sedative, antibacterial , diuretic and
galactogogic activities)
Apocynaceae
Carissa spinarum L.
Karaunda
300-1600
Sh
Apr-Jun
N
S.Asia
Fr, Rt, Lv
Ed, Fd
Cryptolepis dubia (Burm.f.)
M.R.Almeida
Medasinghi
250-1500
Cb
Mar-July
N
S.Asia
Lv, Stem,
Rt
Md, Fb

64 Int. J. Biodivers. Conserv.
Table 2. Contd.
Tabernaemontana divaricata
R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.
Tagar
300-800
Sh
May-Oct
N
S.Asia
Flw, Rt
Md (Tooth ache)
Plumeria obtusa L.
Gulchin
400-1400
T
May-Aug
NN
Trop. Amer.
--
Orn
Plumeria alba L.
Gulchin
400-1400
T
Mar-Jul
NN
Trop. Amer.
--
Orn
Catharanthus roseus (L.)
G.Don
Sadabahar
150-1500
H
Throughout
year
NN
Madagasca
r
Lv, Flw
Md (Leukemia , Cancer, muscle pain, dipression)
Allamanda cathartica L.
Peeli ghanti
0-1000
Cb
May-Aug
NN
Trop. Amer.
--
Orn
Araceae
Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.)
Schott
Bagh-mungri
500-1500
H
Jun-Oct
N
S.Asia
Tb
Md (inflammation)
Colocasia esculenta (L.)
Schott
Arbi
200-2200
H
May-Oct
N
S.Asia
Tb, Lv
Ed
Xanthosoma violaceum
Schott
Mankand
100-6000
H
May-Nov
NN
Trop. Amer.
Tb, Lv
Ed
Monstera deliciosa Liebm.
Split leaf
50-1500
H
--
NN
Trop. Amer.
--
Orn
Hyophorbe lagenicaulis (L.H
Bailey) H.E. Moore
Bottel palm
50-800
T
Mar-Aug
NN
Mascarene
Islands
--
Orn
Rhapis excelsa (Thunb.)
Henry
Lady palm
500-2500
Sh
Apr-Sep
NN
N.E.Asia
--
Orn
Araucariaceae
Agathis robusta (C.Moore ex
F.Muell.) F.M.Bailey
Kauri pine
400-1900
T
--
NN
Austr.
--
Orn
Araucaria columnaris
(G.Forst.) Hook.
Cook's pine
100-1500
T
--
NN
New
Caledonia
--
Orn
Asclepiadaceae
Calotropis procera (Aiton)
Dryand.
Aak
300-1400
Sh
Dec-May
NN
Trop. Afr.
Bk, Rt, Lv
Md (Cold, Cough and Asthama)
Asparagaceae
Ophiopogon jaburan
(Siebold) Lodd.
White lily turf
100-1800
H
May-Jul
NN
N.E. Asia
--
Orn
Sansevieria trifasciata Prain
Naagdaman
100-1200
H
Apr-Sep
NN
Trop. Afr.
--
Orn
Agave vivipara L.
Rambans
200-1000
Sh
Jul-Dec
NN
N.Amer.
--
Orn
Dracaena reflexa Lam.
Song of
India
100-1500
T
June-Aug
NN
Madagasca
r
--
Orn

Singh et al. 65
Table 2. Contd.
Asteraceae
Cosmos sulphureus Cav.
Yello
cosmos
300-1350
H
Jul-Oct
NN
N.Amer.
--
Orn
Synedrella nodiflora (L.)
Gaertn.
Pig grass
500-2000
H
Apr-Sep
NN
West Indies
Lv
Md (Crushed Leaves used in rheumatism)
Cirsium wallichii DC.
Kandara
500-3000
H
Jul-Nov
N
S.Asia
Lv, Rt, Flw
Md ( Dysentry, thrist. Flower extract- Spasmolytic and
antiviral )
Acmella ciliata (Kunth) cass.
Beeri
500-1500
H
Aug-Dec
NN
Amer.
Lv , Flw
Md (Toothache and Oral Infections)
Ageratum conyzoides L.
Pudina
ghass
900-2500
H
Jan-Dec
NN
Trop. Amer.
Lv
Md (Cancer, Nematicide, Insecticide)
Artemisia nilagirica
(C.B.Clarke) Pamp.
Kujja
1500-2400
H
Jul-Dec
N
S.Asia
Lv
Md (Antimicrobial, Antifungal, Asthama, Larvicidal)
Bidens pilosa L. .
Kumar
400-1900
H
Mar-Aug
NN
Trop. Amer.
Lv
Md (Cough, Bronchitis)
Parthenium hysterophorus
L.
Gajarghass
300-2000
H
Throughout
year
NN
Trop. N.
Amer.
Lv
Md (Cause skin allergies)
Galinsoga parviflora Cav.
Maalya
600-1900
H
Apr-Oct
NN
Trop. Amer.
Lv, St
Md (Anti-itch), Fd
Inula cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex
D.Don.) DC.
Atthu
100-2500
H
Aug-Feb
N
S.Asia
Rt
Md (supperessed Urination)
Sigesbeckia orientalis L.
Lichkurra
400-2700
H
Jul-Nov
NN
S.E As.
Lv, Flw
Md (Anti-inflammatory, anti cancerous, rheumatic
arthritis)
Tagetes erecta L.
Genda
800-2000
H
Throughout
year
NN
S. Amer.
Flw, Lv
Md (Antiseptic , Ear pain), Orn
Tridax procumbens L.
Khalmurya
250-1500
H
Jan-Dec
NN
Trop. Amer.
Lv, St
Md (Wound healing, Antiseptic, Hemorrhage from cuts,
Bruises and Wound ), Ed
Xanthium strumarium L.
Golkurra
250-1600
H
Jul-Dec
NN
Europe
Lv
Md (Headache caused by wind cold ,Arthritis, Sinusitis)
Taraxacum officinale F.H.
Wigg.
Dhudhi
650-2000
H
Feb-Oct
NN
Eurasia
Rt, Lv
Md (Migrane , Salads, Lv used as a vegetable, Liver
detoxicant)
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill
Peeli dhudhi
300-3000
H
Mar-Sept
NN
Mediterane
an
Lv, St
Md (Blood purifier, Wound and cut healing)
Sphagneticola trilobata (L.)
Pruski
Cripend
daisy
200-1000
H
Throughout
year
NN
Trop. Amer.
--
Orn
Silybum marianum (L.)
Gaertn.
Dudhpatra
300-1600
H
Mar-Aug
NN
Europe
Rt, Lv
Md (Liver complaints)
Balsaminaceae
Impatiens balsamina L.
Gulmehandi
300-1100
H
Jul-Oct
NN
Trop. Amer.
Lv, Sd
Condiment
Brassicaceae
Barbarea vulgaris R.Br.
Bitter cress
100-1600
H
Apr-June
NN
Europe
--
--

66 Int. J. Biodivers. Conserv.
Table 2. Contd.
Capsella bursa-pastoris
(L.)Medik.
Botlya
600-3500
H
Feb-Oct
NN
Europe
Lv
Md (Anti-haemorrhagic , anti-urtic)
Bignoniaceae
Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.)
Bertero ex DC.
Rosy
trumpet tree
100-1200
T
Mar-Oct
NN
N.Amer.
--
Orn
Jacaranda mimosifolia
D.Don
Neeli
gulmohar
400-1200
T
Apr-May
NN
S. Amer.
--
Orn
Tecoma castanifolia (D.Don)
Melch.
Tecoma
100-2200
T
Throughout
year
NN
S.Amer.
--
Orn
Boraginaceae
Cynoglossum glochidiatum
Wall. ex Benth.
Lichkurra
700-2000
H
Jul-Nov
NN
E. As.
Rt, Lv, Flw
Md (Dispepsia , digestive disorders)
Caesalpiniaceae
Bauhinia purpurea (L.)
Benth.
Griwal,
Kaniyar
400-1200
T
Sep-Mar
N
S.Asia,
N.E.Asia
Bk, Lv, Flw
Md (Wounds, stomach, flower buds used for making
vegetables and Pickels)
Cassia fistula L.
Amartas
600-1400
T
Feb-Apr
N
S.Asia
Lv , Fr
Md (Blood purifier, cough, epilepsy, dysuria, toothache)
Delonix regia (Bojer ex
Hook.) Raf.
Gulmohar
450-1400
T
Apr-Dec
NN
Madagasca
r
--
Orn
Senna tora (L.) Roxb.
Panwar
500-1500
H
Apr-Sep
NN
Trop. S.
Amer.
Lv, Sd
Md (Jaundice, skin disease, bone fracture, wounds,
eczema)
Cannabinaceae
Cannabis sativa L.
Bhaang
600-3000
H
May-Oct
NN
C. As.
Lv, Bk
Md (Astringent, tonic, aphrodisiac, intoxicating,
stomachic, analgesic, inflammation, haemorrhoides
and abortifacient)
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium album L.
Bathua
300-4200
H
Jan-Dec
NN
Europe
Lv
Md (Oleaginous, digestive, carminative, laxative,
anthelmintic, diuretic, aphrodisiac, tonic and seminal
weakness)
Commelinaceae
Commelina benghalensis L.
Kansura
300-2000
H
Jul-Nov
N
S.Asia
Lv, Rt
Md (Liver complaints, Wounds, dysentary, Swellings)
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea quamoclit L.
Kaamlata
300-1200
Cb
Jul-Nov
NN
Trop. Amer.
Lv, Flw
Md (Bleeding piles, Ulcers)

Singh et al. 67
Table 2. Contd.
Ipomoea carnae Jacq.
Besharam
250-1000
Sh
Throughout
year
NN
N. Amer.
Lv
Md (Cut and Wounds)
Ipomoea triloba L.
Little-bell
100-750
Cb
July- Oct
NN
Trop. Amer.
Lv
--
Crassulaceae
Bryophyllum pinnatum
(Lam.) Oken.
Dardmar
250-1000
H
Nov-Mar
NN
Madagasca
r
Lv
Md (Swelling, Cuts, Wounds)
Cucurbitaceae
Bryonia laciniosa L.
Shivlingi
200-1500
Cb
Aug-Oct
N
S.Asia
Fr
Md (Tonic)
Cucumis melo L.
Kachri
250-1000
Cb
Jun-Nov
NN
As.
Fr
Ed
Trichosanthes cucumarina
L.
Jungli
chachinda
500-1000
Cb
Jul- Oct
NN
Trop. Austr.
Rt, Fr
Md (Maleria, Fever, Jaundice, Stomach problem)
Cupressaceae
Platycladus orientalis (L.)
Franco
Morpankhi
300-3000
T
Mar-Oct
NN
E. As.
--
Orn, Rel
Juniperus communis L.
Jhora
2500-3100
Sh
Sept-Oct
NN
S.E.
Europe
--
Orn
Cycadaceae
Cycas revoluta Thunb.
Kanghi palm
200-1000
T
--
NN
S. Japan
--
Orn
Cycas rumphii Miq
Sago-palm
T
--
N
S.Asia
--
Orn
Cyperaceae
Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb.
Nirvishi
300-1500
G
Aug-Nov
NN
Afr.,
Madagasca
r
Rt
Md (Cold, bronchitis, malaria, intestinal problems)
Cyperus iria L.
Agarmotha
250-1500
G
Sep-Dec
NN
Trop. Amer.
Rt
Md (Rheumatism)
Cyperus rotundus L.
Motha
300-2400
G
July-Dec
N
S.Asia
Lv, Rt
Md (Diaphoretic, astringent)
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea bulbifera L.
Genthi
300-2200
Cb
Jul-Nov
N
S.Asia
Tb
Md (Rheumatism, Asthama, Stomach pain, Body
muscle mass, Cough)
Euphorbiaceae
Phyllanthus emblica L.
Aamla
150-1400
T
Mar-May
N
S.Asia
Fr
Md (Anti aging, cold, diabetes, anti-inflammatory,
blood-purifier)
Euphorbia prostrata Aiton
Dhudhi
400-1300
H
Jan-Dec
NN
Trop. Amer.
Lv
Md (Constipation, dysentery)
Euphorbia heterophylla L.
Dhudhi
750-1200
H
Feb-Aug
NN
Trop. Amer.
Lv
Md (Constipation, body pain, fish poison)
Chamaesyce hirta L.
Dhudhi
300-2000
H
Jan-Dec
NN
Trop. Amer.
Lv
Md (Asthama, Lactification, Warts)

68 Int. J. Biodivers. Conserv.
Table 2. Contd.
Euphorbia milii Des Moul.
Crown of
thorns
200-1800
Sh
Throughout
year
NN
Madagasca
r
--
Orn
Ricinus communis L.
Arandi
300-2500
Sh
Mar-Dec
NN
Trop. Afr.
Sd, Lv and
Rt
Md (Skin disease, Constipation, Headache, Burns,
Purgative)
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.)
Müll.Arg.
Kamala,
Raini
300-1800
T
Sep-Nov
N
S.Asia
Fr, Sd, Rt
Md (Rhumatism, Boils , dysentery, Vermifuge,
Constipation)
Phyllanthus ninuri L.
Bhoomi
amlaki
250-800
H
July-Sep
NN
E. As.
Lv
Md (Hypoglycemi, hypotensive, diuretic, antioxidative,
and anti-inflammatory, Jaundice, Kidney ailments )
Fabaceae
Crotalaria medicaginea Lam.
Van methi
500-1000
H
Apr-Aug
NN
As.
Lv
Md (Scabies, urticaria)
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex
DC.
Shisham
400-1500
T
Mar-Jun
N
S.Asia
Lv, St
Md (Leprosy and skin diseases),Fd
Desmodium concinnum DC.
Saakina
900-2200
H
Aug-Nov
N
S.Asia
Lv, St
Fl, Fd
Mimosa pudica L.
Laajwanti
400-1200
H
Jul-Jan
NN
S.Amer.
Lv
Md (Fever, headache, epilepsy, kidney diseases)
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre
Karanj
Upto 1000
T
Apr-May
NN
As.
--
Orn
Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H.
Hurter & Mabb.
Kikar
100-2000
T
Jun-Sep
NN
Austr.
Lv
Fd
Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd.
Khair
200-1400
T
May-Aug
N
S.Asia
Lv, Wd, Bk
Md, Fl, Fd, Rel
Erythrina suberosa Roxb.
Madaru
300-1500
T
Mar-Sept
N
S.Asia
Bk, Lv, St
Md (Gonorrhoea)
Desmodium triflorum (L.)
DC.
Motha,
Kudaliya
600-2300
H
Jul-Sep
NN
Trop. Amer.
Lv
Md (Body pain, Breast pain, toothache)
Crotalaria spectabilis Roth.
San
200-1200
H
Sep-Mar
N
S.Asia
Lv
Fd
Alysicarpus pubescens Y.W
Law
Durangi
20-1200
H
Mar-Aug
N
S.Asia
Lv
Fd
Indigofera astragalina DC.
Ran-methi
800-1500
H
Aug-Nov
NN
Trop. Amer.
Lv , Rt
Md (Skin diseases, insect repellent)
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.
Lobhia
300-1500
Cb
Apr-Aug
NN
Europe
Pods, Sd
Ed
Canavalia ensiformis (L.)
DC.
Badi sem
400-1200
Cb
Apr-Oct
NN
S.E. As.
Pods, Sd
Ed
Cicer arietinum L.
Chana
150-1300
H
Feb-Apr
N
S.Asia
Fr, Lv
Md (Use in constipation and nervous disorders)
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.
Gauchii
150-1200
Cb
Jul-Nov
N
S.Asia
Lv
Fd
Trifolium resupinatum L.
--
500-2500
H
Mar-May
NN
Eur., As.
Lv
Fd
Melilotus indicus (L.) All.
Banmethi
500-2000
H
Jan-May
NN
Eurasia
Sd , Lv
Md (Bowl complaints and Infentile diarrhoea, also use
as insect repellent)
Elaeocarpaceae
Elaeocarpus ganitrus
(Roxb.)
Rudraksha
400-1300
T
Aug-Nov
N
S.Asia
Bk , Lv, Sd
Md (Antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antifungal,
antihypertensive, antioxidant, anxiolytic, analgesic and
anti-inflammatory)

Singh et al. 69
Table 2. Contd.
Leguminosae
Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.)
W.Wight
Dencha
300-1000
H
Sept-Jan
NN
Trop. Amer.
Lv
Fd
Geraniaceae
Geranium rotundifolium L.
Ratan jot
900-1400
H
Feb-Jun
NN
Europ, As.
bor.
Lv
Fd
Leucas cephalotes (Roth)
Spreng.
Bishkapru
250-1700
H
Throughout
year
N
S.Asia
Lv
Md (Diarrhoea, wounds, sking problems, malaria, cold,
cough, infections)
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.
Jungli tulas
500-2000
H
Aug-Feb
NN
Trop. Amer.
Lv
Md (Anthelmintic)
Anisomeles indica
(Linnaeus) Kuntze
Kala-branga
300-2200
H
Aug-Nov
N
S.Asia,
S.E. Asia
Lv
Md (Blood purifier, Muscular pain, fever, cuts and
wounds)
Mentha arvensis L.
Vilayati
pudina
700-2000
H
Apr-June
NN
Europ, As.
bor.
Lv
Md (Treating vomiting and digestion)
Ocimum basilicum L.
Marua
250-1500
H
Jul-Dec
N
S.Asia
Lv , St
Md (Cold, Fever, headache, incecticidal, Kidney
stones)
Ajuga bracteosa Wall ex
Benth.
Neelkanthi
700-1200
H
Apr-Sep
N
S.Asia
Lv
Md (Tonic, astringent , febrifuge , Leaf extract used in
malaria)
Ocimum americanum L.
Tulsi
300-2000
H
Throughout
year
NN
Trop. Afr.
Lv
Md (Insecticidal properties)
Perilla frutescens (L.)
Bhangjeer
300-3000
H
Jul-Oct
N
S.Asia
Lv , Sd
Md (Flavoring agents, rheumatic arthritis, cough,
asthama)
Salvia splendens Sellow ex
Schult.
Morokli
300-1800
H
Apr-Sep
NN
S. Amer.
--
Orn
Liliaceae
Aloe vera (L.)
Ghritkumari
700-1400
H
Sep-Mar
NN
Mediterane
an
Lv
Md (Fresh Leaves is use for Wounds and Sores, Plant
extract is use for stomachic, purgative, anthelmintic)
Asparagus adscendens
Buch.-Ham.ex Roxb.
Shatawar
300-2000
H
Aug-Nov
N
S.Asia
Rt
Md (Aphrodiasic, glactogauge, Dysentry, laxative,
diarrhoea, laprosy)
Lythraceae
Cuphea hissisifolia Kunth
Maxican
heather
300-2000
Sh
Apr-Sep
NN
Trop. Amer.
--
Orn
Lagerstroemia indica (L.)
Pers.
Saawni
1000-1500
T
May-Aug
N
N.E.Asia
Sd, Bk Rt,
Fr
Md (Febrifuge, Narcotic, Stimulant and purgative)
Bombaceae
Bombax ceiba L.
Semal
400-1600
T
Jan-Mar
N
S.Asia
Flw
Md (Chiken pox, leprosy, anaemia, asthama, digestive
disorders)

70 Int. J. Biodivers. Conserv.
Table 2. Contd.
Ceiba speciosa (A.St.-Hil.)
Ravenna
Resham rui
400-1600
T
Feb-May
NN
N.Amer.
--
Orn
Magnoliaceae
Magnolia gradiflora L.
Him-champa
60-700
T
May-July
NN
N.Amer.
--
Orn
Malvaceae
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.
Mandar,
Gurhal
400-700
H
Throughout
year
NN
N.E.Asia
Bk, Flw
Md (Emolient, antifertility, kidney problems, menstrual,
fever)
Malvastrum
coromandelianum (L.)
Garcke
Kharenti
300-1500
H
Throughout
year
NN
Trop. Amer.
St, Lv
Md (Dysentery , wounds)
Urena lobata L.
Unga
400-1600
H
Aug-Nov
NN
Trop. Afr.
Lv, Flw,
Rt, Bk
Md (Rheumatism, Diarrhoea)
Hibiscus mutabilis L.
Gul-e-ajaib
200-1200
Sh
Aug-Oct
NN
N.E.Asia
--
Orn
Abelmoschus esculentus
(L.) Moench
Bhindi
200-1900
H
Jun-Nov
NN
Trop. Afr.
Fr, Sd
Md (Dysentery, fever), Ed
Menispermaceae
Cissampelos pereira L.
Gindaru
600-3000
Cb
Apr-Sep
N
S. Amer.
Rt, Lv
Md (Cough, dysentery, piles)
Tinospora cardifolia (Thunb.)
Miers
Giiloe
600-1600
Cb
Mar-June
N
S.Asia,
N.E.Asia
St, Lv
Md (Urinary problems, fever, blood purifier, anti
malarial)
Meliaceae
Toona ciliata M.Roem.
Toon
300-1000
T
Mar-Jul
NN
Austr.
Flw,Bk,
Wd
Md (Astringent, tonic,antiperiodic), Tim
Chukrasia tabularis A.Juss.
Chikrasi
400-900
T
N
S.Asia
--
Orn
Mimosaceae
Calliandra haematocephala
Hassk.
Red powder
puff
250-1100
T
Apr-Jul
NN
Trop. Amer.
--
Orn
Urticaceae
Broussonetia papyrifera (L.)
L'Hér. ex Vent.
Jungli toot
250-1000
T
Mar-Jun
NN
N.E.Asia
Lv
Md (Liver kidney tonic,blood purifier, impotency,
eczema, gonorrhea)
Moraceae
Ficus benjamina L.
Pukar ped
250-1400
T
Apr-Aug
NN
N.E.Asia
--
Orn
Ficus palmata Forssk.
Bedu
600-2300
T
May-Jun
N
S.Asia
St, Fr
Md (Stomach complaints, sores, constipation)

Singh et al. 71
Table 2. Contd.
Ficus religiosa L.
Peepal
500-1800
T
Apr-Sep
N
S.Asia
Fr, St , Bk
Md (Mouth wash , curing tootache, weak gums, blood
purifier, cough, urine problems)
Ficus sarmentosa Buch.-
Ham. ex Sm.
Beduli
400-1400
Sh
Feb-May
N
S.Asia,
N.E.Asia
Fr,Lv
Md (Fractrue of bones , Lactation)
Moringaceae
Moringa oleifera Lam.
Senjna
150-1100
T
Jan-Apr
N
S.Asia
Lv, Flw, Fr
Md (Rheumatism and circulatory disorders), Ed
Myrtaceae
Melaleuca bracteataF.Muell.
Golden
bottel brush
300-750
T
Apr-Sep
NN
Austr.
--
Orn
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels
Jaamun
400-1000
T
Mar-Jul
N
S.Asia
Lv, Fr, Lv,
Bk
Md (Digestive problems, cough, dysentery, blood
purfier, asthama)
Psidium guajava L.
Amrud
400-1200
T
Apr-June
NN
Trop. Amer.
Fr, Lv
Md (Heart and brain tonic, illusions, abdominal pain,
fatigue)
Oleaceae
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.
Harchringar
300-1500
T
Aug-Mar
N
S.Asia
Lv, Bk, Fr
Md (Skin disease, sores, cough, wounds, blood purifier,
ulcers)
Nyctaginaceae
Boerhavia diffusa L.
Punarnarva
600-2000
H
Aug-Dec
N
S.Asia
Rt, Lv
Md (Asthama, high blood pressure, eye ailments,
snake bite, Jaundice, urinary disorders), Ed
Mirabilis jalapa L.
Gulabans
460-1800
H
Aug-Dec
NN
S.Amer.
Rt , Lv
Md (Diuretic, purgative, anti-inflammatatory)
Bougainvillea spectabilis
Willd.
Bauganvillia
150-2500
Sh
Throughout
year
NN
S. Amer.
--
Orn
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis latifolia Kunth
Khattmeethi
600-2000
H
May-Jul
NN
N.Amer.
Lv
Md (Urinary tract infection, kidney problems, cuts, skin
infection , and digestive disorders)
Oxalis corniculata L.
Khattibooti
300-2900
H
Throughout
year
NN
Europe
Lv
Md (Insect bites, appetite, diarrhea, piles, fever, skin
diseases, stomachache), Ed
Passifloraceae
Passiflora foetida L.
Gharibel
100-1200
H
Mar-June
NN
S.Amer.
Lv, Sd
Md (cold, cough)
Pepaveraceae
Argemone maxicana L.
Satyanaashi
300-1700
H
Apr-Oct
NN
S. Amer.
Sd
Md (Malaria)

72 Int. J. Biodivers. Conserv.
Table 2. Contd.
Piperaceae
Peperomia pellucida (L.)
Kunth
Toyakand
200-2000
H
Sep-Dec
NN
Trop.
S.Amer.
Lv
Md (Headache, fever, eczema, abdominal pain and
convulsions)
Pinaceae
Pinus roxburghii Sarg.
Cheer
1100-2500
T
Mar-Jun
N
S.Asia
Lv,Wd
Fl, Tim, Ed, Orn
Pittosporaceae
Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.)
W.T. Aiton
Piittosporum
-
Sh
Apr-June
NN
N.E.Asia
--
Orn
Plumbaginaceae
Plumbago zeylanica L.
Chitrak
500-2500
H
Mar-Dec
N
S.Asia
Rt
Md (Skin diseases, wounds, anti fertility, eczema)
Poaceae
Bambusa tuldoides Munro
Buddha's-
belly
Upto 1400
G
--
NN
N.E.Asia
--
Orn
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Drub
200 - 2600
G
Jan-Dec
N
S.Asia
Lv
Md (Plant believes as religious, Root juice is taken in
fever and internal injury)
Saccharum spontaneum L.
Kaans
200-1700
G
Aug-Nov
N
W. As
Lv, Rt
Md (Astringent, emollient, diuretic, purgative,
dyspepsia, burning sensations, respiratory, Tropubles)
Pennisetum setaceum
(Forssk.) Chiov.
Fountain-
grass
300-2700
G
Aug-Nov
NN
E. Afr.
--
Fd
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.)
Stapf.
Lemon-
grass
550-2100
G
Jul-Sep
N
S.Asia,
N.E.Asia
Lv
Md (carminative, depressant, antibacterial, antifungal,
analgesic, stimulant)
Polygonaceae
Persicaria capitata (Buch.-
Ham. ex D.Don.)
Kaaflia
600-2500
H
Jan-Jul
NN
As.
Rt
Md (Boils , Dysentery)
Proteaceae
Grevillea robustaA.Cunn. ex
R.Br.
Silver-Oak
760-2000
T
Nov-Dec
NN
Austr.
--
Orn, Fl
Pteridaceae
Adiantum caudatum L.
Mayur
shikha
400-2000
Fn
--
N
S. As.
Lv
Md (Skin ailments, asthama, fever, bronchitis)
Pteris vittata L.
--
500-2600
Fn
--
N
S. As.
Lv
--

Singh et al. 73
Table 2. Contd.
Putranjivaceae
Putranjiva roxbhurghii Wall.
Putrjeev
400-1500
T
Mar-Aug
N
S.Asia
Bk, Lv, Fr
Md (Rheumatism)
Rosaceae
Prunus persica (L.)
Aaru
500-2100
T
May-Jul
NN
N.E.Asia
Fr, Bk, Lv
Ed , Md (urinary troubles, cough and cold)
Rosa indica (Linn.)
Gulab
500-3000
Sh
Apr-Sep
N
N.E.Asia
Flw
Orn, Md ( Blood purifier, antimicrobial)
Rhamnaceae
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.
Ber
300-1300
Sh
Dec-Feb
N
S.Asia
Fr, Bk, Lv
Md (Fever, Abdominal pain and pulmonary ailments)
Rubiaceae
Neolamarckia cadamba
(Roxb.) Bosser
Kadamb
500-1100
T
May-June
N
S.Asia
--
Orn
Rutaceae
Murraya Koenigii L.
Sprengel
Karipatta
300-1600
Sh
Mar-Oct
N
S.Asia
Lv , Rt
Md (Malarial fever, stomach pain, Insecticide), Ed
Sapindaceae
Cardiospermum
halicacabum L.
Kanfudi
400-1500
Cb
Jul-Nov
N
S.Afr.
Rt, Lv, Sd
Md (Antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory,
anxiolytic, antipyretic, repiratory disorders ,urinogential
problems)
Sapotaceae
Mimusops elengi L.
Maulserri
Upto 1200
T
Dec-Aug
N
S.Asia
--
Orn
Scrophulariaceae
Mazus pumilus Burm.f.
Mastyar
250-2000
H
Aug-Nov
N
S.Asia
Lv
Md (Burn and Stomach Pains aperients,
Emmenagouge, febrifuge and tonic for jaundice)
Verbascum chinensis
(Linneaus). Santapau
Gaderi
tambaku
100-1300
H
Throughout
year
NN
N.E.Asia
Lv
Md (Cuts , wounds, diarrhoea)
Solanaceae
Solanum nigrum L.
Mokoe
400-1800
H
Throughout
year
NN
Trop. Afr.
Lv
Md (Diarrhoea, fever, piles)
Solanum viarum Dunal
Egg-plant
500-2800
H
Throughout
year
NN
Trop. Amer.
Lv, Fr, Sd
Md (Mensural disorders, Contraseptive)
Solanum torvum Sw.
Bankatia
300-1600
Sh
Nov-Jul
NN
C. Amer,
S.Amer
Lv, Fr
Md (Antifungal, Antibacterial, antiulcer, antidiabetic,
analgesic)

74 Int. J. Biodivers. Conserv.
Table 2. Contd.
Solanum surattense Burm.
Kateli,
Kandara
400-1600
H
Throughout
year
N
S. As.
Fr, Lv
Md (Cough, cold, asthma, eye ailments, fish poison)
Datura metel L.
Dhatura
300-2000
Sh
Jul-Dec
N
S.Asia
Lv
Md (Asthma, cough, tuberculosis)
Datura stramonium L.
Dhatura
200-2200
H
May-Sep
NN
C. Amer.
Sd, Lv
Md (Insecticial properties , hair loss)
Lycopersicon esculentum
Mill.
Tamatar
250-2000
H
Throughout
year
NN
S. Amer.
Fr
Ed
Physalis angulata Linn.
Popati
300-1700
H
May-Jul
NN
Trop. Amer.
Lv, Rt
Md (Anticancer, antibacterial, diabetes, malaria,
anemia)
Solanum melongena L.
Baingan
400-1800
H
Jul-Sep
N
S.E. As.
Fr
Ed
Verbenaceae
Clerodendrum infortunatum
L
Bhaant
Upto 1500
Sh
Dec-Feb
N
S.Asia
Lv, Rt
Md ( Headache, nausea, skin diseases)
Vitex negundo L.
Nirgundi/Sim
alu
100-3200
Sh
Mar-Oct
N
S.Asia
St, Lv, Rt,
Fr
Md (Antibacterial, anti-feedant, anti-filarial, anti-viral,
anti-larval, insecticidal, anti-malarial)
Duranta erecta L.
Pegion berry
200-1600
Sh
Throughout
year
NN
N.Amer.
--
Orn
Lantana camara L.
Laaltain
ghass
250-2000
Sh
Throughout
year
NN
Trop. Amer.
Lv
Md (Skin diseases, Yellow fever, dysentery, malaria,
rheumatism, bilious fever, eczema)
Zingiberaceae
Hellenia speciosa (J.
Koenig) Govaerts
Keon
300-1500
H
Aug-Oct
N
S.Asia,
S.E. Asia
Lv, Rt
Md (Purgative, astringent bronchitis, cough,
constipation, cholera, headache, jaundice. Stimulant)
Zamiaceae
Zamia furfuracea L.F. in
Aiton
Cardboard
palm
Upto 1500
T
--
NN
N.Amer.
--
Orn
Nativity = Afr: Africa, Amer: America, Amphig: Amphigaea, As: Asia, Austr: Australia, Geront: Gerontia, Reg Himal: Himalayan region, Ind: Indian, Madag: Madagascar,Cosmop: Cosmopolitan,Or/
Orient: Oriental, Sub Trop: Sub Tropical, Trop: Tropical, Eur: Europe, Ind: Indian, Mex: Mexico, S: South, SE: South East,Eur: Europe, Arct: Arctic,NW: North West, Bor: boreal, Temp: temperate, N:
native NN: Non-natives, et: and,-- = unknown. Uses= Orn: ornamental, Md: medicinal, Fl: fuel, Fd: fodder, Ed: edible. Plant parts = Bk: bark, Lt: latex, Flw: flower, St: stem, Rt: roots, Lv: leaves, Flw:
flowers Fr: Fruits, Sd: seeds, St: stems, Tb: tubers, Wd: wood. Life forms = H: herb, Sh: shrub, T: tree, G: grass, Fn: fern, Cb: climber.
(Pejchar et al., 2008) as birds are considered best
dipersal agents. At a time when natural
regeneration of native plant species experience
challenges from climate change, land-use change,
introduction of invasive species, birds play a vital
role in dispersing seeds to suitable sites for
regeneration (Gosper et al., 2005; Ruxton and
Schaefer, 2012). However, seed dispersal of
invasive species through avian communities in the
important eco-regions like Shivalik could have
adverse ecological consequences on the native
flora.
Conclusions
The study provides baseline information on
floristic diversity of a modified habitat from riverine
and agricultural to concrete jungle and plantation
in Shivalik landscape. These finding would be

important in monitoring the changes in vegetation pattern
in the near future. At present, the exotic floras dominate
the native flora and are important in terms of influencing
local environmental condition of the habitat. The flowering
period of plants species of different origin would help in
prediction of climate change over the years and role of
interaction between local environmental conditions as
well as their native behavior. Regular monitoring of
vegetation and scientific inputs are crucial to promote
native species and proper management of floristic
diversity is crucial as they provide unique habitat to more
than 138 bird species (used for perching, foraging,
nesting, breeding, etc) and about 41 lepidopteron
species. Further studies on their beneficial uses through
phyto-chemical investigation would be important to
conserve the important gene flow in a managed
landscape to validate and sustain their ethno-medicinal
importance.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are highly thankful to the Vice Chancellor and Head
of Department School of Environment and Natural
Resources, Doon University for providing facilities and
encouragement to complete this study. We are also
thankful to various scientists and experts from G.B. Pant
National Institute of Himalayan Environment and
Sustainable Development (Himachal Unit), Himachal
Pradesh, Botanical Survey of India (Northern Circle)
Dehradun and faculties from Doon University for their
support during the study.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest
regarding the publication of this paper.
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