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Study of Objective Evaluation of Effect of Psychological Relaxation Using Classic Music

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Toshihide Harada
Toshihide Harada
Toshihide Harada
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Fumiko Ishizaki
Fumiko Ishizaki
Fumiko Ishizaki
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Shoji Ito
Shoji Ito
Shoji Ito
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Satomi Aoi
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Abstract and Figures

Objective: Some of classic musics make both relaxation and adequate stress. In brain cortex some classic musics make fruitful concentration and attention. Design: A clinical study. Materials and methods: The subjects were healthy young 1 man and 19 women. We did them Tomita's stress questionnaire. They enjoyed classic music CD with headphone. Accelerated plethysmography (APG) was performed using a pulsimeter with the sensor positioned on the tip of the ventral side of the index finger. Peripheral venous circulation was monitored with venous oxygenation index (VOI) and width of peripheral vein. Results: Tomita's stress questionnaire scores were significantly correlated with low frequency (LF) component powers (maximum entropy method (MEM) and fast fourier transform (FFT)). LF and LF/HF decreased after enjoying classic music. VOI was significantly positive correlated with LF/HF before enjoying classic music. Conclusions: These results suggest that APG, VOI and width of peripheral vein is useful for objective evaluation of psychological stress and relaxation. KEY WORDS classic music, music therapy, psychological relaxation, vessel width and venous oxygenation index of peripheral vein, spectral analysis of heart-rate variability
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International Medical Journal Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 31 - 33 , February 2017
PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE
Study of Objective Evaluation of Effect of Psychological
Relaxation Using Classic Music
Toshihide Harada1,*), Fumiko Ishizaki2), Shoji Ito2), Satomi Aoi1),
Marina Miyaguchi1), Hiromi Ikeda1), Yumiko Nitta3), Mikako Mibu1),
Tadayuki Iida1), Chiho Chikamura1), Noriko Tamura4), Kohsaku Nitta5)
ABSTRACT
Objective: Some of classic musics make both relaxation and adequate stress. In brain cortex some classic musics make fruit-
ful concentration and attention.
Design: A clinical study.
Materials and methods: The subjects were healthy young 1 man and 19 women. We did them Tomita’s stress questionnaire.
They enjoyed classic music CD with headphone. Accelerated plethysmography (APG) was performed using a pulsimeter with
the sensor positioned on the tip of the ventral side of the index finger. Peripheral venous circulation was monitored with venous
oxygenation index (VOI) and width of peripheral vein.
Results: Tomita's stress questionnaire scores were significantly correlated with low frequency (LF) component powers (maxi-
mum entropy method (MEM) and fast fourier transform (FFT)). LF and LF/HF decreased after enjoying classic music. VOI was
significantly positive correlated with LF/HF before enjoying classic music.
Conclusions: These results suggest that APG, VOI and width of peripheral vein is useful for objective evaluation of psycho-
logical stress and relaxation.
KEY WORDS
classic music, music therapy, psychological relaxation, vessel width and venous oxygenation index of peripheral vein, spec-
tral analysis of heart-rate variability
Received on July 10, 2015 and accepted on April 22, 2016
1) Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima
1-1, Gakuen-machi, Mihara, Hiroshima, 723-0053, Japan
2) Hiroshima Cosmopolitan University
5-13-18, Ujina-nishi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-0014, Japan
3) Suzugamine Women's College
4-6-18, Inokuchi, Nishi-ku, Hiroshima 733-8623, Japan
4) Yasuda Women’s University,
6-13-1, Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan
5) Shiraki-no-sato
230 Shiraki-cho Kogoshi, Asakita-ku, Hiroshima, 739-1412, Japan
Correspondence to: Toshihide Harada
(e-mail: hartoshi@pu-hiroshima.ac.jp)
31
INTRODUCTION
Tomita's stress questionnaire2), self-rating depression scale (SDS)
and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) have been used as evaluation
for psychological stressor4). Nevetheless these questionnaires are subjec-
tive findings of materials5). The measurement of autonomic functions is
considered to be useful as objective biomarkers of psychological stress-
or2-4,6,7). Psychological stressor decreases HF and increases LF/HF.
Peripheral vein width decreases after psychological stressor1,4,8).
Peripheral vein width negative correlated with LF/HF after psychologi-
cal stressor. Psychological stressor decreases parasympathitic nervous
function and activates sympathetic nervous function. These results sug-
gest that APG, VOI and width of peripheral vein prove useful in objec-
tive observing psychological stressor. In this study we check the psy-
chological relaxation effect of classic music on autonomic nervous sys-
tem function using APG, VOI and width of peripheral vein.
SUBJECTS AND METHOD
The subjects were healthy young 1 man and 19 women. Mean age at
C 2017 Japan Health Sciences University
& Japan International Cultural Exchange Foundation
Harada T. et al.
32
examination was 21.8 ± 0.4 years. The study content and method were
sufficiently explained to all subjects, and written consent was obtained
before the study. This study was conducted in accordance with the
Declaration of Helsinki.
They were given Tomita's stress questionnaire. They were measured
APG, VOI and width of peripheral vein before enjoying classic music.
They enjoyed classic music CD with head phone. Classic music was
Chopan: Nocturne, Op. 9-1, Remo Giazotto (Albinoni): Adagio and
Vivaldi: four seasons-spring Allegro. They enjoyed classic music for 2
min and 40 sec. They were measured APG, VOI and width of peripheral
vein last 2 min and 20 sec. APG was performed using a pulsimeter
(Artett C, U-Medica, Osaka, Japan) with the sensor positioned on the tip
of the ventral side of the right index finger2-4,6,7). Heart-rate variability
(HRV) was determined in all subjects using the spectral analysis2-4,6,7).
MEM and FFT LF and HF component powers and LF/HF ratio were
determined. VOI and peripheral vein width were estimated using
near-infrared spectrophotoscopy of Sysmex Astrim SU with the sensor
positioned on the left middle finger2-6). In this study, we investigated
under a controlled physical condition and living environment. The room
temperature and humidity were 26℃ and 65%. Probability values of 0.5
or lower were regarded as statistically significant in all tests. Statistical
analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Science
(SPSS) 18.0J software (SPSS Japan Inc., Tokyo, Japan).
RESULTS
Different spectral analysis, MEM and FFT were signifficantly cor-
related, before enjoying classic music, LF; r = 0.991, p < 0.001, HF; r =
0.999, p < 0.001, LF/HF; r = 0.985, p < 0.001, after enjoying classic
music, LF; r = 0.983, p < 0.001, HF; r = 1.000, p < 0.001, LF/HF; r =
0.988, p < 0.001, respectively. HF was negatively correlated with LF/
HF before enjoying classic music (r = -0.582, p = 0.007) and after
enjoying classic music (r = -0.542, p = 0.014). VOI and width of periph-
eral vein, LF, HF and LF/HF were signifficantly correlated before
enjoying classic music (p < 0.001) and after enjoying classic music (p =
0.22).
VOI and width of peripheral vein, HF increased after enjoying clas-
sic music. LF and LF/HF signifficantly decreased after enjoying classic
music (1536 ± 1054 → 741 ± 414 ms2 (p < 0.001), 2.463 ± 2.15 →
1.139 ± 1.11 (p < 0.001), respectively) (Fig. 1). Tomita's stress ques-
tionnaire scores were significantly correlated with LF (r = 0.469, p =
0.037) (Fig. 2). VOI was significantly positive correlated with LF/HF
before enjoying classic music (r = 0.555, p = 0.011) (Fig. 3). VOI was
significantly negative correlated with HF before enjoying classic music
(r = -0.595, p = 0.006).
DISCUSSION
An autoregressive approach to spectral analysis of HRV provides
non-invasive indices of the sympathetic and parasympathetic func-
tions1,2,8). LF/HF is employed as a measure of sympathetic activity1,7,8). In
our study HF significantly negative correlated with LF/HF. Our finding
agrees that HF is parasympathitic function and LF/HF is sympathitic
function. HF decreases and LF/HF increases after psychological stress-
or. Pulsimeter can determine both MEM and FFT. In this our study there
was good correlation between MEM and FFT. Then we can analysis
autonomic function with either method.
Width of peripheral vein, VOI, LF/HF and LF/HF were significantl-
ly correlated in our study. These results suggest that APG, VOI and
width of peripheral vein is useful for objective evaluation of psycholog-
ical stress and relaxation.
Mean values of width of peripheral vein, VOI and HF and LF/HF
after enjoying classic music increased in our study. These results sug-
gest that parasympathetic activities increase width of peripheral vein
and VOI after enjoying classic music.
LF and LF/HF significantlly decreased after enjoying classic music
in our study. These results suggest that sympathetic activities decreased
after enjoying classic music. After enjoying classic music psychological
stress decreases and makes relaxation effect. In next study, effect of
classic music therapy should be examined.
Tomita's stress questionnaire is the self questionnaire of 40 ques-
tions of last 2 weeks. Life stress stages are scored by the counts of "yes"
answers. Score 0 is no stress and score over 35 is illness with stress.
Figure 1. LF and LF/HF after enjoying classic music
LF and LF/HF significantly decreased after enjoying classic music
(1536 ± 1054 → 741 ± 414 ms2 (p < 0.001), 2.463 ± 2.15 → 1.139 ±
1.11 (p < 0.001), respectively).
Figure 2. Tomita's stress questionnaires scores and
LF
Tomita's stress questionnaires scores were significant-
ly correlated with LF (r = 0.469, p = 0.037).
Figure 3. VOI and LF/HF before enjoying classic music.
VOI was significantly positive correlated with LF/HF before enjoying
classic music (r = 0.555, p = 0.011).
Objective Evaluation of Relaxation Using Classic Music 33
Tomita's stress questionnaire scores were significantly correlated with
LF. LF is used mainly as a measure of sympathetic activities6-8). Then
our results suggest that chronic psychological stress shows sympathetic
activities. And our results suggest LF is useful for objective evaluation
of chronic psychological stress.
VOI was significantly negative correlated with HF before enjoying
classic music. VOI was significantly positive correlated with LF/HF
before enjoying classic music. Our results suggest that VOI increases
with sympathetic activities and decreases with parasympathetic activi-
ties. And our results suggest sympathetic activities make activities of
peripferal venous ciculation and increase of oxygen metabolism.
These results suggest that APG, VOI and width of peripheral vein
are useful for objective evaluation of psychological stress and relax-
ation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We express our deep gratitude to all people who cooperated in this
survey. This research was partially supported by Grant-in-Aid for
Scientists (C, 21500673) from the Japanese Ministry of Education,
Science and culture.
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... Coffee drinkers, tea drinkers, and tobacco smokers are at a reduced risk. The use of ibuprofen and a decreased risk of Parkinson's development 2,24,[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46] . We dramatically succeed to treat lumbago with additional Neurotropin treatment in the advanced stage of elderly PD woman 2,[47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56] . ...
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... Listening to music as a cost-effective and non-invasive method has become one of the most frequent models of care delivery for reducing psychological responses to the stressors in healthy and unhealthy individuals. 27 However, different studies are still controversial about the effectiveness of music and its different kinds on relaxation in different situations. As our results showed, although listening to Pop, Western Classical, Persian Traditional genres, increased relaxation, they had no extra effect on relaxation compared with each other and even with Silence. ...
... In line with our results, Harada et al. reported that compared with prerecorded verbal relaxation exercise group, receiving live music had no greater effect on the physical and cognitive tensions of healthy adults. 27 In contrast with our results, in some studies, music has reduced patients' anxiety compared with the control group (not listening to music). 10,17 In addition, in Khan and Ajmal study, listening to Classical Turkish Music was more effective than listening to Western Music or natural sounds in decreasing anxiety. ...
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... Then, listening to music would be a mediator, involved with other processes such as the working memory (Blais-Rochette & Miranda, 2016) or the interacting with context. Other factor could be the attention that is called to explain the relaxing musical effect by several authors (Harada, Ishizaki, Ito, Aoi, et al., 2017). On the other hand, the emotional response to music model, by Juslin and Västfjäll (2008) may give a satisfactory explanation about how people evaluate a piece of music as pleasant. ...
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... If the original music tracks were less than 15 min, they were repeated to cover the 15-min intervention. The duration of music was chosen as a mean duration in some previous studies in this field which had chosen shorter and longer length for their music tracks [19,27,28]. Songs from four different musical genres were selected for this study: Three of a Kind by Kenny (1986) for pop [29], Orion by Metallica (1986) for rock [30], Symphony No. 35 Haffner Symphony by Mozart (1782) for western classical [31], and Vanooshe by Hamid Motebassem (1990) for Persian Traditional [32]. ...
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  • Apr 2014
  • INT MED J
ABSTRACT Objective: To compare changes in physical characteristics, peripheral venous circulation, and arteriosclerosis among women in different age groups. Design: An observational study. Materials and Methods: This study involved 91 women. Of these, 28 were designated as young (21.1±0.8, years old) and the other 63 were designated as middle aged and elderly (63.7±7.1, years old). Physical characteristics included height, weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse pressure, percentage of body fat mass (%FM), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and basal metabolic rate (BMR). Arteriosclerosis was studied using brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). Peripheral venous circulation was monitored using venous oxygenation index (VOI) and width of peripheral veins. Results: Physical characteristics were different among the groups. Specifically, baPWV of all young women was less than 14.0 m/s compared with that of 38 (60.3%) middle aged and elderly women, which was greater than 14.0m/s. This was an indication of arteriosclerosis due to aging. VOI of middle aged and elderly women tended to be lower than that of younger women (p = 0.095). Width of peripheral veins was not significantly different in each group. Conclusions: In this study, baPWV proved to be a better marker of age-related arteriosclerosis than VOI or width of peripheral veins among women of different ages.
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Changes in bone mineral density and metabolism in women: Evaluation of bodily characteristics, bone metabolic markers and bone mineral density
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2013
  • Hiroshima J Med Sci
The relationship of bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolic markers in women is an interesting field of research. In this study, we aimed to clarify the relationship of body weight, bone metabolic markers and BMD. The subjects were 72 women. The levels of serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), serum type I collagen-cross-linked peptide (s-NTx) and urinary deoxypyridinoline (u-DPD) were measured. The associations between dependent variables (BMD changes/1 or 4 years in the lumbar spine and femoral neck) and explanatory variables (body weight changes/1 or 4 years, the levels of BAP, s-NTx, u-DPD) were evaluated using multiple regression analysis. Changes in the lumbar spine BMD were significantly correlated with changes in height over a year, and those of the femoral neck were significantly correlated with changes in weight over a year. Changes in the lumbar spine BMD over 4 years were significantly correlated with age, BAP and the changes of weight over 4 years. Changes in the femoral neck BMD over 4 years were significantly correlated with the changes in weight for 4 years. These results suggest that BMD changes of different bones correlate with different explanatory variables and that, to predict BMD changes from bone metabolic markers in women, it is necessary to measure BAP levels.
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Influence of music stimulation on heartbeat fluctuation
  • Jan 2009
  • 48-54
  • T Aoki
  • Y Adachi
Aoki T, Adachi Y. Influence of music stimulation on heartbeat fluctuation. Journal of International Society Life Information Science 2009; 27: 48-54.
Study of objective evaluation of response to a psychological stressor using peripheral circulation monitoring devices
  • Jan 2012
  • 1333-1338
  • R Koide
  • T Harada
  • S Aoi
Koide R, Harada T, Aoi S, et al. Study of objective evaluation of response to a psychological stressor using peripheral circulation monitoring devices (in Japanese). Medical Consultation New Remedies 2012; 49: 1333-1338.