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Soziologische, ökologische und pflanzengeographische Aspekte der Centaurea scabiosa – Knautia arvensis-Wiese in Telemark (Südnorwegen) aus der Sicht der mitteleuropäischen Wiesenvegetation1)1)Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Meusel on the occasion of his 80th birthday.
Abstract
With respect to the Middle European meadow vegetation Centaurea scabiosa - Knautia arvensis meadows are composed of plant species spread mainly in the following communities of plants: Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Arrhenatheretalia, Arrhenatherion, Triseto-Polygonion, Festuco-Brometea, Sedo-Scleranthetea, Origanetalia and Nardetalia. Besides the typical variant this vegetation type has two other variants: the Galium album-variant and the Potentilla erecta-variant.
... Здесь описаны сухие луга с доминированием Centaurea scabiosa и Knautia arvensis, с участием Pimpinella saxifraga, Achillea mille folium, Vicia cracca, Stellaria graminea, Leucanthemum vulgare, иногда также Potentilla argentea. Выделяются ксеромезофильный вариант с Pilosella offi cinarum, Rumex acetosella и Veronica chamaedrys, типичный мезофильный с Trifolium medium и гигромезофильный с Prunella vulgaris (Hundt, Vevle, 1990). ...
As follows from the analysis of relevés collected in the 13 key areas in European Russia, phytocoenotic behavior of many multizonal meadow species of vascular plants changes notably when passing from the boreal- and then the nemoral-forest zones to the subzone of meadow steppes. Th e constancy and cover of the 17 model species, distributed along the latitudinal zones and subzones and then the dry grassland, meadow, and steppe vegetation types, is influenced by warmth supply and climate continentality factors together with those of location within a particular river basin and regional specifics of the Quaternary history. Zonal trends of cover changes for Stellaria graminea and Bromopsis inermis in the series from dry boreal grasslands to steppes or from northern to southern Calamagrostis epigeios-dominated meadows, respectively, are proved by the Spearman rank correlations between the mean cover and the growing degree-days above 10 °C or the Konrad continentality index. Xerophytization of many species, mesic in the boreal-forest zone, is observed under the steppe conditions, the process which often results in the separation of new micro-species. The anemochorous meadow plants were subject to dispersal mainly along the watersheds but the barochors were dispersed mainly by water flow or in both ways in the course of the formation of meadow-steppe coenofloras in the Late Pleistocene and the Holocene. Both redwood-dry-grassland and floodplain-meadow coenofloras influence the steppe set of meadow species, and the latter can be grouped into the three ecological-historical “corteges” of vegetation, namely the watershed, the floodplain, and the combined ones.
Plant sociological research was carried out on meadow vegetation in the district of Hordaland and Telemark in southern Norway, enabling the following meadow communities to be determined:
The vegetation of traditionally managed species-rich hay meadows at Sverveli, Telemark, S Norway was studied applying an indirect gradient approach. The vegetation in 93 randomly placed sample plots was analysed in order to detect the main vegetational gradients. Ecological measurements were recorded from each plot. The relationships between vegetation and environment were studied by DCA and LNMDS ordinations and non-parametric correlation analysis. Both ordinations revealed the same two ecologically interpretable vegetation gradients. Soil moisture was identified as the most important environmental factor in determining the species composition, followed by soil nutrient content. The contents of P, K. and Mg in the soil were more strongly correlated with the main vegetational gradients than was soil N. Differences in management history may explain some of the observed variation in species composition that was not accounted for by the recorded environmental variables.
A chronosequence, representing a successional series, was used for the comparison of a hay meadow site managed in an old traditional way for at least a hundred years, and hay meadow sites abandoned for about 10, 20 and 30 years, respectively. Old traditional management included grazing early and late in the growing season, mowing in August and light or no fertilizing. The tree cover was the most important factor deciding the composition of vegetation. Time since abandonment was not completely correlated to tree cover, as some plots had a dense canopy and others were situated in the open. The total species number decreased with number of years since abandonment in plots > 0.001 m2and <100 m2. The highest species number in 1 m2 plots was recorded in the managed site, with 38 species of phanerogams. Fourtyeight % of the indicators of traditional management present in the managed site was recorded in the site which had been abandoned for 30 years. Frequency — log area curves made it possible to group species according to persistence in the sward. As a result, a group of functional indicators of rare hay meadows in the region was distinguished.