Nitrogen and sowing method affect radish growth and yield under arid environments of Pakistan

Abstract

The optimization of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application and planting method for root crops such as radish
(Raphanus sativus L.) is the important for root yield. Therefore, the study was carried out to optimize N dose and sowing method under arid environment. A field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture Dera Ghazi Khan. A radish cultivar Mino Early White was sown on February 3, 2009. Two sowing methods S1 and S2 (ridge and flat, respectively) were
kept in main plots while five N rates N1, N2, N3, N4 and N5 (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1, respectively) were subjected in sub plots. Therefore a split plot design was used having three replications. The results showed that between sowing method, in ridge sowing crop achieved the maximum growth and resulted in the highest yield. The application of 200 kg N ha-1 gave the maximum germination (71.3%), number of leaves per plant (14), leaves fresh and dry weight (168.8 g and 23.1g, respectively), root length (27.7 cm), root fresh and dry weight per plant (196.3 g 18.18 g, respectively) root yield (19.12 t ha-1). Similarly, the
maximum (75.6 kg root yield kg-1 N) and nitrogen use efficiency was achieved by application of 200 kg N ha-1. The treatment N4 gave the maximum ($ 1139 ha-1) net benefit in economic analysis. Therefore, in the arid environment of Pakistan, ridge sowing with 150 kg N ha-1 gave the optimum production of radish tested in this experiment.

Full text

Sci.Int.(Lahore),27(3),2245-2250,2015 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 2245
May-June
NITROGEN AND SOWING METHOD AFFECT RADISH GROWTH AND YIELD
UNDER ARID ENVIRONMENTS OF PAKISTAN
Rashid Jawad1, Shafqat Nawaz1, Hafiz Mohkum Hammad2 *, Muhammad Raza Salik 3 and Wajid Farhad4
1Ghazi University, College of Agriculture Dera Ghazi Khan-79, Punjab - Pakistan
2 Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari-61100, Pakistan
3Citrus Research Institute Sargodha, Pakistan
4Layyah Campus, Government College University Faisalabad-38000, Pakistan
*Corresponding author’s E-mail: hafizmohkum@gmail.com, Ph. 0092 333 617 7013
ABSTRACT: The optimization of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application and planting method for root crops such as radish
(Raphanus sativus L.) is the important for root yield. Therefore, the study was carried out to optimize N dose and sowing
method under arid environment. A field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture Dera Ghazi Khan. A radish
cultivar Mino Early White was sown on February 3, 2009. Two sowing methods S1 and S2 (ridge and flat, respectively) were
kept in main plots while five N rates N1, N2, N3, N4 and N5 (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1, respectively) were subjected in sub
plots. Therefore a split plot design was used having three replications. The results showed that between sowing method, in
ridge sowing crop achieved the maximum growth and resulted in the highest yield. The application of 200 kg N ha-1 gave the
maximum germination (71.3%), number of leaves per plant (14), leaves fresh and dry weight (168.8 g and 23.1g, respectively),
root length (27.7 cm), root fresh and dry weight per plant (196.3 g 18.18 g, respectively) root yield (19.12 t ha-1). Similarly, the
maximum (75.6 kg root yield kg-1 N) and nitrogen use efficiency was achieved by application of 200 kg N ha-1. The treatment
N4 gave the maximum ($ 1139 ha-1) net benefit in economic analysis. Therefore, in the arid environment of Pakistan, ridge
sowing with 150 kg N ha-1 gave the optimum production of radish tested in this experiment.
Keywords: Economic analysis, nitrogen, radish, sowing methods.
INTRODUCTION
Radish is originated in China and Indo-Pak. Radish of the
Niger variety was an imperative food in Egypt probably as
early as 2700 B.C. In the tropics radish is grown from sea
level to a height of at least 1800 m. In India it is grown as
high as 2700 m in the Himalayas, while Var. oleifera has
been found suitable for high mountain areas (2500- 3000 m)
in the Yunan Province of China. Edible part of radish is root.
Along with its culinary uses, radish has several medicinal
importances. Radish is a rich source of minerals and vitamin
A and C. Average composition of the edible portion has been
reported as: energy 86.7 kJ100-1 g, water 93.5%, fiber 0.7%,
and protein 1.05% [1].
World production of radish roots is estimated at 7 million
tons per year, about 2% of the total world production of
vegetables. Average yield per hectare in Punjab is 18.87
tones [2] compared to world’s average yield 15-20 tones per
hectare [3]. In Pakistan especially in Punjab province, it is
grown on an area of 6061 ha with the total production of
113163 t, having average yield ha-1 18.67 t [4].
Enhancement in crop yield is the ultimate objective in the
horticultural research. The radish being cultivated in Pakistan
is low in yield and quality, thus lowering production income.
The best quality and high yield is dependent on appropriate
cultural practices, adequate fertilizers, soil type, sowing
method, irrigation etc. Nitrogen promotes the growth and
yield of radish [5] with optimum application rates being
about 100 kg N ha-1. At higher rate of N, such as 200 kg N ha-
1, improved root size and yield, but high rate of N
(particularly NO3‾) caused accumulation of N in crop root [6,
7] which may be considered harmful for human consumption.
It was observed that 50% of the N applied as fertilizer to
plant may not be taken up by the plants and this can result in
leaching of nitrate into underground water [8]. An excessive
amount of N fertilizer may inhibit the growth and yield of
radish [9]. Therefore, optimum N application to vegetable
crops such as radish it may be both cost-effective and
beneficial for the environment. So, proper application of N
and sowing method are the most important for crop
productivity, human health and soil environment.
Nitrogen is quite important plant nutrient for increasing plant
growth more than any other nutrient. Numerous studies have
been shown that the highest growth of plant was recorded
with the highest rates of N [10]. However, optimum dose of
N is essential to maximizing nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in
root crops [11]. The efficiency of any production system is
finally evaluated on the basis of its economic revenues.
Economic analysis is the simplest technique for determining
the highest net benefit of treatments.
The planting methods greatly affect on the germination and
growth of the plant. The flat bed result crust formation in
heavy soil which affects germination. Ridges provide better
environment for root growth and performance of cultural
practice. Keeping in view the above factors the current study
was designed with the objective to determine optimum dose
of N for growth and yield of radish by using various sowing
methods under arid environment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The proposed study was conducted during 2009, at Ghazi
University, College of Agriculture, Dera Ghazi Khan. The
experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design
with split plot arrangement having three replications. Before
the sowing of crop, soil samples were obtained from five
different locations of the field with the help of an auger at the
0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depths. These samples were packed in
a polyethylene bag, labeled and were analyzed in the
laboratory. The soil physico properties were given in table 1.
The table showed soil fertility decreased at depth of 15 ‒ 30
cm. The weather summary (daily maximum and minimum

2246 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 Sci.Int.(Lahore),27(3),2245-2250,2015
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Table 1: Results of soil physico-chemical analysis of experimental site on dry weight basis
Determination
Quantity
0 ‒ 15 cm
15 ‒ 30 cm
Sand (%)
58
59
Silt (%)
25
24
Clay (%)
17
17
Organic matter
1.03
0.79
pH of the soil
7.80
7.65
Total N (%)
0.03
0.02
Available P (ppm)
6.9
5.05
Available K (ppm)
225
202
Table 2: Effect of irrigation regimes and nitrogen rates on yield and yield components
Means with in columns sharing different letters vary significantly at P ≤ 0.05
*, ** = Significant at 5% and 1%, respectively, ns = Non-significant
S1 = Ridge sowing and S2 = Flat sowing method
N1 = 0, N2 = 50, N3 = 100, N4 = 150 and N5 = 200 kg ha-1.
Table: 3. Economic analysis of different nitrogen application rates in radish
Detail
N1
N2
N3
N4
N5
Remarks
Total grain yield
16.42
17.85
18.75
19.98
19.12
ton ha-1
Adjusted yield
14.78
16.07
16.88
17.98
17.21
To bring at farmer’s level
(10% decrease)
Gross income
1043
1134
1191
1269
1215
Price of 1 t root yield $ 70.59
Cost of N1
0
−−
−−
−−
−−
Price of one bag urea (23 kg
N) 20 $
Cost of N2
−−
43.5
−−
−−
−−
‒ do ‒
Cost of N3
−−
−−
87
−−
−−
‒ do ‒
Cost of N4
−−
−−
−−
130.5
−−
‒ do ‒
Cost of N5
−−
−−
−−
−−
174
‒ do ‒
Cost that vary
0
43.5
87
130.5
174
$ ha-1
Net benefits
1043
1091
1104
1139
1041
$ ha-1
All prices of input and output considered according to local market during 2009
N1 = 0, N2 = 50, N3 = 100, N4 = 150 and N5 = 200 kg ha-1
Treatment
Seed
germi-
nation (%)
Number
of leaves
plant-1
Fresh weight
of leaves
plant-1 (g)
Dry weight
of leaves
plant-1 (g)
Root length
plant-1 (cm)
Fresh weight
of root plant-1
(g)
Dry weight
of root
plant-1 (g)
Root yield
(t ha-1)
Nitrogen use
efficiency
S1
77.8 a
14 a
164.4 b
22.3 a
23.8 a
196.1 a
17.5 a
20.37 a
40.2
S2
57.3 b
9 b
144.7 a
18.3 b
18.7 b
169.7 b
13.1 b
16.48 b
47.1
LSD 5%
4.1
1.4
10.2
2.8
1.1
21.3
2.9
1.8
37.4
Sign.
P< 0.01
P< 0.01
P< 0.05
P< 0.05
P< 0.01
P< 0.05
P< 0.05
P< 0.01
ns
N1
61.2 c
7 c
139.7 e
16.3 d
15.8 e
168.5 d
10.7 d
16.42 b
--
N2
64.5 b
10 b
147.7 d
18.0 c
18.0 d
175.6 c
13.6 c
17.85 ab
28.0 c
N3
69.8 a
11 b
153.8 c
21.2 b
20.6 c
182.9 b
15.8 b
18.75 ab
46.1 bc
N4
70.8 a
13 a
163.0 b
23.1 a
20.1 b
191.1 a
17.6 a
19.98 a
68.5 ab
N5
71.3 a
14 a
168.8 a
22.9 a
27.7 a
196.3 a
18.8 a
19.12 a
75.6 a
LSD 5%
1.760
1.66
5.10
0.91
1.64
5.60
1.24
2.33
23.6
Sign.
P < 0.001
P<0.001
P <0.0001
P <0.0001
P<0.0001
P < 0.0001
P<0.0001
P<0.001
P <0.0001
I × N
P < 0.01
P ˃ 0.05
P ˃ 0.05
P ˃ 0.05
P ˃ 0.05
P ˃ 0.05
P ˃ 0.05
P ˃ 0.05
P ˃ 0.05
Linear
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
Quadratic
**
ns
ns
**
*
*
*
ns
*
Cubic
ns
ns
ns
**
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns

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Date
Feb Mar Apr May
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Temperature ( oC )
0
10
20
30
40
50 (2009)
Daily rainfall
Daily maximum temperature Daily minimum temperature
Rainfall (mm)
Fig. 1: Daily metrological data of experimental site during growing seasons in 2009
temperature and rainfall) of experimental site was shown in
Fig. 1
Two sowing methods; ridge (S1) and flat (S2) were kept in
main plots while five N rates; N1, N2, N3, N4 and N5 (0, 50,
100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1, respectively) were kept in sub
plots. A radish cultivar Mino Early White was sown on
February 3, 2009. The plot size was maintained 3 × 1.5 m.
The fertilizer such as P2O5 and K2O were applied equally in
all treatments at the rate of 80 and 60 kg ha-1, respectively
during seed bed preparation. The N was applied according to
treatments in three splits. First dose of N applied at the time
of sowing, second with the second irrigation and third at the
time of root development. All the agronomic practices were
kept normal for all the treatments.
Near maturity period roots diameter were measured daily.
Harvesting of crop took place when roots attained the
maximum diameter and its value and did not increase within
a 2-3 day period. Therefore, based on this principle, the crop
was harvested at 81 days after sowing. Ten plants were
selected randomly from each sub plot. The numbers of
leaves, fresh and dry weight of leaves for the selected plants
were measured and average was computed. Similarly, ratio
diameter, length, fresh and dry weight were measured from
the same selected plants. For dry weight the samples were
oven dry up to constant weight at 70 ˚C. At the maturity 3 m
area from each plot were harvested and root yield of each plot
was converted into t ha-1.
Nitrogen use efficiency of the crop was calculated for each
N treatment with a standard procedure [12].
(1)
where Y is root yield (kg ha-1) by applied N (kg) and Y˚ is
root yield (kg ha-1) without N, and F is the amount of N
fertilizer (kg ha-1) applied.
Economic analysis was conducted using input and output
prices. Net benefit was calculated by standard formula [13]:
(2)
Where gross income is the income without expenditures and
variable cost is that differs in treatments.
The results were subjected to analysis of variance and means
were compared at 5% probability by the least significant
difference (LSD) test with aid of the SAS [14]. Response of
variables to N rates was analyzed by using polynomial
contrasts (linear, quadratic and cubic) within the analysis of
variance structures.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The sowing method significantly influenced germination of
the crop (Table 2). The maximum (77.8%) seed germination
occurred in ridge sowing it might be due to optimum
moisture and presence of shallow soil for seed. Nitrogen rates
significantly affected seed germination and effect of N was
quadratic. The maximum (71.3%) seed germination occurred
by application of treatment N4 (200 kg N ha-1) however, it
was statistically similar with treatments N2 and N3 (100 and
150 kg N ha-1, respectively) while the minimum was
observed in treatment N1 (0 kg N ha-1, control). The results
were supported by the finding of [15] who concluded that N
fertilizer significantly influenced seed germination.
Number of leaves per plant was significantly affected by
sowing method (Table 2). The maximum (14) number of
leaves per plant was observed in ridge sowing. The nitrogen
rates showed highly significant effect on number of leaves
per plant. There was linear increased by application of N up
to 200 kg N ha-1. The maximum (14) number of leaves per
plant was achieved in treatment N5 and it was statistically
similar with treatments N4. Radishes need less N fertilizers
to grow than many other vegetable. However, applying an
appropriate quantity of N can increase germination and
growth of the radish plant [16].
Fresh and dry weights of leaves were significantly affected
by sowing method (Table 2). The maximum fresh and dry
weights of leaves (164.4 g and 2.3 g, respectively) were
achieved in ridge sowing. Nitrogen rates showed significant
effect on fresh and dry weights and the effect of N was linear
and cubic in fresh and dry weight, respectively. The
maximum fresh weight of

2248 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 Sci.Int.(Lahore),27(3),2245-2250,2015
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(a)
Seed germination (%)
45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Root yield (t ha-1)
14
16
18
20
22 y = 0.22x + 3.56
R² = 0.94
n = 10
(b)
Number of leaves per plant (g)
6 9 12 15
y = 0.72x + 10.82
R² = 0.91
n = 10
(c)
Fresh weight of leaves per plant (g)
130 140 150 160 170
Root yield (t ha-1)
14
16
18
20
22 y = 0.17x - 7.74
R² = 0.92
n = 10
(d)
Dry weight of leaves per plant (g)
14 16 18 20 22 24 26
y = 0.67x + 5.06
R² = 0.84
n = 10
(e)
Root length (cm)
12 15 18 21 24 27
Root yield (t ha-1)
14
16
18
20
22 y = 0.42x + 9.71
R² = 0.75
n = 10
(f)
Fresh weight of root per plant (g)
152 160 168 176 184 192 200
y = 0.15x - 9.06
R² = 0.97
n = 10
Fig. 2: Relationship of crop root yield with seed germination (a), number of leaves per plant (b), fresh weight of leaves per plant (c), dry
weight of leaves per plant (d), root length (e) and fresh weight of root per plant during the study
leaves (168.8 g) was achieved in treatment N5 while the
maximum dry weights (23.1 g) was obtained in treatment N4
however, it was statistically similar with treatment N5. The
results were supported by the finding of El-Desuki [17] who
concluded leaves fresh and dry weights increased by
increasing N rates in radish.
Sowing method showed highly significant effect on root
length and fresh weight of root per plant (Table 2). The plant
obtained the highest root length and root fresh weight per
plant (38.8 cm and 196.1 g, respectively) in ridge sowing.
The ridge sown radish roots were statistically longer resulted
in early study that was conducted by Shri, [18]. Nitrogen
rates applied significantly influenced root length and fresh
weight of root per plant. The effect of N was quadratic in
both variables. The maximum root length and fresh weight of
root per plant (196.3 cm and 18.8 g, respectively) was
achieved in treatment N5 it was statistically similar with
treatment N4. The lowest root length and fresh weight of root
per plant were resulted in control treatment (N1). The results
were supported by the finding of Pervez [19] who reported
that root length of radish increased significantly by increasing
N rate up to 200 kg ha-1.
The data (Table 2) showed that root yield was significantly
affected by sowing methods. The maximum (20.37 t ha-1)
root yield was achieved in ridge sowing. In ridge sowing
method performance of all yield components was better than
flat sowing method. Therefore, it was resulted the high root
yield. The results were supported by the finding of Pandey
and Joshua [20] who reported ridge sowing gave maximum
radish root yield as compare other sowing method. The N rate
showed highly significant effect on root yield. The effect of
N was linear. Statistically maximum (19.98 t ha-1) root yield
was obtained by application of N up to 150 kg N ha-1 and
beyond this level there was no significant increase observed
in root yield. Similar trend was observed in seed germination,
number of leaves per plant, dry weight of leaves per plant and
fresh & dry weight of root. Moreover, positive and highly
significant correlation of root yield was observed with seed
germination (R2 = 0.94 Fig 2a) number of leaves per plant (R2
= 0.91 Fig 2b) fresh weight of leaves per plant (R2 = 0.92 Fig
2c) dry weight of per plant (R2 = 0.84 Fig 2d) root length (R2
= 0.75 Fig 2e) and fresh weight of root per plant (R2 = 0.97
Fig 2f). Most of researchers [6, 21, 22] reported that radish
root yield responds positively to N up to 200 kg N ha-1

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however, some researcher [23] concluded 150 kg N ha-1
optimum dose for radish crop.
Sowing method and nitrogen rates significantly affected
nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Ridge sowing method was
resulted maximum (47.1 kg root yield kg-1 N) NUE. Nitrogen
rates showed highly significant effect on NUE. There was
quadratic effect of N on NUE. The maximum (75.6 kg root
yield kg-1 N) NUE was achieved in treatment N5 and it was
statistically at par with treatment N4. The results were
supported by the finding of [24] who reported that optimum
fertilizer increased fertilizer use efficiency. Nitrogen rates
affected net benefit of crop (Table 3). The net benefit
increased by increasing N rates up to 150 kg N ha-1 (treatment
N4). Beyond this rate of N, reduction in the net benefit was
observed. The highest net benefit ($1139 ha-1) was achieved
by treatment N4.
CONCLUSION
Ridge sowing is the best method for high radish growth and
yield. Nitrogen fertilizer increased the growth and yield of
radish up to 150 kg ha-1. The maximum net benefit ($1139 ha-
1) was achieved by application of nitrogen fertilizer input at
the rate of 150 kg ha-1. Our findings suggest that farmers of
arid region should use ridge sowing method by applying
nitrogen at the rate of 150 kg ha-1.
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