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Abstract

Particulate matter (PM) is both a major driver of climate change and a source of toxicity for health. In the upper atmosphere, particulate matter modifies the earth radiation budget, cloud formation and acts as a reaction center for air pollutants. In the lower atmosphere, particulate matter changes atmospheric visibility and alters biogeochemical cycles and meteorology. Most critical effects are observed in ambient air, where particulate matter degrades human health. Here we review the sources, spatial and temporal variability, and toxicity of PM10, the particulate matter having particle sizes 10 micrometers or less in diameter, in world regions. For that we analyzed information from the world wide web and databases from government organizations after the year 2000. Findings show that PM10 is a major risk in both developed and developing countries. This risk is more severe in Asian countries compared to Europe and USA, where decreasing trends are recorded during the last two decades. Meteorological factors modify particulate matter variations at local and regional levels. PM2.5/PM10 ratio provides information of particulate matter sources under different environment conditions. Crustal matter, road traffic and combustion of fuels are major sources of particulate matter pollution. Health studies indicate that long-term exposure to particulate matter has multiple health effects in people from all age groups. Identification of possible sources and their control with regular epidemiological monitoring could decrease the impact of particulate matter pollution.
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... Short-term exposure to elevated levels of PM can lead to immediate symptoms such as irritation of the airways, coughing, difficulty breathing, and shortness of breath. It has also been associated with an increased number of hospital admissions, emergency room visits, and the exacerbation of chronic respiratory diseases like asthma and bronchitis [3,4,55,56]. In addition to respiratory issues, PM exposure has been linked to cardiovascular problems, including heart attacks and stroke, as well as premature mortality [2,5]. ...
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... Particulate matter (PM), including PM10, PM2.5, and PM0.1, is used worldwide as a key indicator of air quality due to its association with serious health issues, such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases [4,5]. ...
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... Atmospheric particulates, commonly known as particulate matter (PM), are a significant component of air pollution (Popoola et al. 2018;Li et al. 2017;Fuzzi et al. 2015). These particles are categorized based on their size, with PM₁₀.₀ (diameter of 10 μm or less), PM₂.₅ (< 2.5 μm) and PM₁.₀ (< 1.0 μm) being the most commonly monitored due to their ability to penetrate the respiratory system and cause adverse health effects (Pal and Sharma 2024;Rovelli et al. 2017;Mukherjee and Agrawal 2017). The presence and concentration of particulate matter in the atmosphere are largely influenced by various precursors, including sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), ammonia (NH₃), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as these precursors undergo complex chemical reactions in the atmosphere, leading to the formation of secondary particulate matter (Omokpariola et al. 2024a). ...
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... PM can be found in various forms in our surroundings, such as mist, smog, dust, and fumes [39], accompanied by combustion or heating processes and dust generated from producing, transporting, and handling processes of powdered materials, like in cement production companies [40]. A great part of PM existing in the air comes from natural sources, including the ground; however, there are artificial PM sources in urban areas [41]. PM is divided into three categories according to the size of the particles: ultrafine particles (PM0.1) are smaller than 0.1 µm, fine particles (PM2.5) are between 2.5 and 0.1 µm, and coarse particles (PM10) are between 10 and 2.5 µm [42]. ...
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