Selfie: A New Obsession

Abstract

Over a period of time, technological advancement has given us a new Addiction Disorder. Selfie is a photo of yourself that you take, typically with a Smartphone/ webcam. Smartphone has intruded in our life so much that without which we cannot survive. The appeal of Selfie comes from how easy they are to create and share and the control it give to the photographer. The term Selfie was officially named by an oxford English Dictionary in 2003. American Psychiatric Association suggests that taking so many Selfies could indicate Mental Disorder. In this research, we are trying to find out the kind of people more inclined towards taking Selfie. We conducted a survey on the population age ranging from 12-40 years. This study included variables namely Obsession, Narcissism, Self image, Perfection, Need for Affiliation, Hyperactivity and Impulsivity, and Social Support. The variables mentioned above are helpful in explaining the Selfie tendency among the youth in Indian context. The study suggests that the Selfie tendency is quite prevent in Indian youth and some variables like narcissism, hyperactivity are positively related with Selfie tendency, whereas self image has negative correlation with Selfie.

Full text

SELFIE: A New Obsession
Sanchita Singh
Manav Rachna International University
Faridabad, India
sanchitasingh9@gmail.com
K M Tripathi
Manav Rachna International University
Faridabad, India
kmtripathi.fms@mriu.edu.in
Over a period of time, technological advancement has given us a new Addiction
Disorder. Selfie is a photo of yourself that you take, typically with a Smartphone/
webcam. Smartphone has intruded in our life so much that without which we cannot
survive. The appeal of Selfie comes from how easy they are to create and share and the
control it give to the photographer. The term Selfie was officially named by an oxford
English Dictionary in 2003. American Psychiatric Association suggests that taking so
many Selfies could indicate Mental Disorder. In this research, we are trying to find out
the kind of people more inclined towards taking Selfie. We conducted a survey on the
population age ranging from 12-40 years. This study included variables namely
Obsession, Narcissism, Self image, Perfection, Need for Affiliation, Hyperactivity and
Impulsivity, and Social Support. The variables mentioned above are helpful in
explaining the Selfie tendency among the youth in Indian context.
The study suggests that the Selfie tendency is quite prevent in Indian youth and some
variables like narcissism, hyperactivity are positively related with Selfie tendency,
whereas self image has negative correlation with Selfie.
Keywords: - Selfie tendency, narcissism, hyperactivity, self image
I. INTRODUCTION
It is quite interesting to understand how
something as trivial as taking selfies can
tell so much about a person. Today, we all
might have seen people taking selfies in
places like a public park, parties, metro
stations, and famous places like the Taj
Mahal etc. It won’t be shocking if many of
us are among those people. So what drives
these people to take pictures of their own,
as if they haven’t seen enough of
themselves already? Does it imply
anything important? Or is it one of those
things which people do because they see
others doing the same. These were the
questions which came across our mind as
we used to see people taking selfies. In
fact, it is quite surprising to be aware of
the fact that the people who have low self
esteem, are self-centered or are a bit of
narcissist are most likely to be addicted to
selfies. This is a very strong statement,
however based on facts and opinions of
various psychologist and several of our
own surveys that we conducted online.
While we were going through our
research, we came to know some very
scary as well as sad facts, as one being
about how many deaths there have been
because of selfies. India has topped in the
total number of people died while taking
selfies. There have been 47 deaths all
around the world and 14 just in India since
the inception of this new picture taking
style/technique. Deaths being the worst
effect, others that follow are anxiety,
inferiority complex and displeasure.
Advancing technology (for example
Smartphones) has intruded in our daily life
so much that without which we cannot
survive. Over 1 million selfies are taken in

a day (Style Caster). Many of today’s
generation smartphones are equipped with
high resolution camera, we call it the selfie
camera. Though people were fond of
taking photographs of their own and others
since many decades, with selfie camera it
has lead to an extreme effect. It is coupled
with posting the selfie photographs
(selfise) on social networking sites. Further
they keenly wait for comments of friends
and others. This has lead to chain of
reactions leading to a complex addiction
disorder which we may easily call as Selfie
addiction disorder. This is something we
should be worried about. Not only our
generation is wasting their precious time
on this, also, and we say this from own
experiences, we determine our own looks
and personality on the basis of how good
or bad the picture has come out to be.
Despite the rapid growth of Research on
social media little work has been done on
self-photography (i.e. selfie) aspect of
social media .The word selfie has been so
popular in past that the Oxford dictionary
named ‘selfie’ a 2013 Word of the Year.
The American Psychiatric Association
(APA) has confirmed taking ‘selfies’ is a
mental disorder, they have called it
‘selfitis’ as this mental disorder is an
inflammation of one’s ego. The APA has
defined it as: “obsessive compulsive desire
to take photos of one’s self and post them
on social media as a way to make up for
the lack of self-esteem and to fill a gap in
intimacy”. Doctors say that Selfitis is a
form of obsessive compulsive disorder to
take one's own pictures and post them on
social media, and is broadly divided it into
three types: Borderline (taking at least
three pictures of self in a day but not
posting them on social media), Acute
(taking at least three photos of oneself
every day and posting them on social
media) and Chronic severe (taking at least
six photos of self every day and posting
them on social media). Selfies is a kind of
addiction if a person unable to post photos
causes withdrawal symptoms. Addiction to
selfies has been seen in ages ranging from
12-40 years, but is most prevalent in
youth, especially in teenagers as in their
age they seek identity and are concerned
about their self-image. There are different
kinds of selfies, which may or may not
include other people. The researchers
examined three kinds—solo selfies; selfies
with a romantic partner; and selfies in a
group.
II. Literature Review
There is still a scope of studies to explore
more about the Selfitis. There are some
personality factors that people have who
are more inclined towards taking selfies.
After analyzing the available literature, it
have been stipulated that seven personality
factors which are Obsession, Narcissism,
Social Support, Self-Image, Need for
affiliation, Hyperactivity and Impulsivity,
and Perfection.
Those who post selfies are narcissistic
(e.g., Martino, 2014). Repeated attempts to
achieve ‘the perfect selfie’ can perpetuate
obsession and perfection; meanwhile, the
absence of feedback, specifically positive
feedback, on a selfie has been proposed as
potentially dangerous for one’s self image
and self-esteem. A 2013 study of
Facebook users found that posting photos
Selfie
Taking
Tendency
Obsession
Narcissism
Social
Support
Self-Image
Affiliation
Need
Hyperactivity
and
Impulsivity
Perfection

of oneself correlates with lower levels of
social support and high level of need for
affiliation. Too much selfie posting can be
related to hyperactivity and Impulsivity.
However, there are some positive aspect of
taking selfie as it is a kind of self-
exploration, allow to be more genuine and
can lift up once self-esteem (Rutledge,
2013). It is also a means of communication
(Wortham, 2013).
Within the popular press, narcissism and
self-esteem and hyperactivity have
frequently been proposed as important
considerations in the rise of a selfie culture
(e.g., Martino, 2014; Walker, 2013).
III. PERSONALITY FACTORS:
THE TRINITY
i. NARCISSISM
Individuals with narcissistic tendencies
may be more apt than others to post selfies
on social media. Narcissism is
characterized, in part, by a grandiose self-
presentation that is motivated by the need
to regulate self-esteem (Morf &
Rhodewalt, 2001).Narcissism is fairly
harmless, described as, “extreme
selfishness, with a grandiose view of one’s
own talents and a craving for admiration,
as characterizing a personality type.” From
a psychoanalysis point of view, it’s much
more critical: “self-centeredness arising
from failure to distinguish the self from
external objects, either in very young
babies or as a feature of mental disorder.”
Recent study indicated that self-reported
frequency of selfie posts on social
networking sites was significantly
correlated with self-reported narcissism
among adult males (Fox & Rooney, 2015).
In a study researchers examined these
different facets of narcissism to see which
ones were most correlated with selfie-
posting. Participants' total narcissism
scores, and measures of all of the
narcissism subscales vanity(concern about
appearance and a tendency to admire your
own physical appearance), leadership
(believing that you should have authority
over other people, and being willing to
exploit others if necessary), admiration
demand (exhibitionism, feeling entitled to
special status or privileges, and feeling
superior to others) except for Self-
Sufficiency (thinking you can do things on
your own and don’t need other people)
were positively correlated with selfie-
posting for men. For women, a different
picture emerged: Only the Admiration
Demand subscale predicted selfie-posting.
(Gwendolyn Seidman,2015).
Ohio State University study, men who
posted more photos of themselves online
scored higher in measures of narcissism
and psychopathy. The researchers found
that posting more photos was correlated
with both narcissism and psychopathy.
Editing photos, however, was only
associated with narcissism, and not
psychopathy. Narcissism measures inflated
self-image (often motivated by underlying
insecurity).
Though Social media narcissistic person
gets outlet to present themselves and to get
feedback from others .Narcissism is related
spending good amount of time on editing
Personality Factors- The
Trinity
Hyperactivity
and Impulsivity
Narcissism
Self Image

photos of themselves and selection of
photograph which are physically attractive
((Kapidzic, 2013). Scoring high on
narcissism tend to post a higher quantity
(Bergman et al., 2011) and more revealing
(DeWall, Buffardi, Bonser, & Campbell,
2011) photos of themselves.
Interestingly, Buffardi and Campbell
(2008) reported that narcissism was not
related to posting self-promoting or
provocative pictures in general
Narcissism related to posting profile
picture which is self-promoting consistent
with this line of research, similar
association has been seen posts of selfies
which are inherently self-focused.
ii. SELF IMAGE / SELF
ESTEEM
SELF ESTEEM self-esteem is
conceptualized as one’s positive and
negative evaluations of himself or herself
and, relatedly, one’s approval or
disapproval of the self (Coopersmith,
1967; Rosenberg, 1965). It is believed that
social media could enhance self-esteem, as
individuals self-select how they present
themselves and because they may receive
social support or positive social feedback
which they want. On the other hand, social
media may foster low self-esteem through
the inherent opportunity to compare
oneself to others and the possibility that
one may receive negative, or no, social
feedback. Specific to posting pictures on
social media, Tazghini and Siedlecki
(2013) report that individual with lower
self-esteem are more likely to remove
unflattering pictures of them and are less
likely to report sharing photos on
Facebook as a positive feature than those
with higher self-esteem.
Current research illustrates that the link
between self-esteem and social media
behavior is unclear. However, posting
selfies may be reflective of low self-esteem
or may enhance self-esteem; as such
photos typically emphasize one’s ideal,
controlled image.
The habit of constantly taking pictures of
yourself and posting them online could be
a sign of low self-esteem and lack of
confidence, a psychologist said.
Growing up in the ‘i-generation’, many
adolescents and young adults have fallen
into the pattern of taking dozens of selfies
every day and posting them on social
media sites such as Facebook and
Instagram with the expectation of
receiving praising comments and a high
number of likes.
“More control equals more confidence and
higher [self-] esteem. This sense of control
can be seen in pictures where the person
smiles more, and then posts the best
version of themselves to the social
platform.
According to new research from personal
care brand Dove, one in four girls in the
UK have deleted a photo if it did not get
enough likes and eight out of 10 women
encounter negativity on social media that
impacts their self-esteem.
he approval, recognition and appreciation
that people get from posting pictures and
getting ‘likes’ on their selfies can feed into
a person being more self-absorbed. Some
tend to derive their self-esteem from the
recognition and validation they get from
their online network.
iii. Hyperactivity and
Impulsivity
Hyperactivity refers to excessive motor
activity, may manifest as inner feelings of
extreme restlessness and wearing others
out with their activity.
Impulsivity: Individuals with impulsive
tendencies can be reckless and appear

impatient, and are often disinherited in
social situations. They may find it difficult
to wait their turn, intruding on or
interrupting others’ activities or blurting
out answers to a question before it has
been completed.
Individual who often interrupt and intrude
face trouble waiting to upload one’s selfie.
Who takes selfie excessively with high
level of anxiety and restlessness .Research
suggest that person with high level of
hyperactivity and impulsivity are more
incline towards taking selfie.
IV. Current study and
hypothesis
The purpose of the present study is to offer
initial empirical examination of personality
factors which are more inclined towards
taking selfie. In this study, an effort is
made to explore how the tendency of
taking selfies is related to other
personality factors. . It was hypothesized
that the number of selfies posted, the
proportion of total posts that were
selfies, and the frequency of selfie taken
would be positively correlated with
dimensions of narcissism, hyperactivity
and impulsivity . It will be negatively
correlated with self-image.
V. METHOD
Participants
Participants were 50 students from a
government school of Haryana (22male,
28 females) who ranged in age 12 to 18(
M= 14.66 , SD= 6.49), Regarding
educational qualification, 50 participants
were matric pass , all of them belong to
urban area . To participate, individuals
were required to have interest in taking
selfies. Participants were randomly
selected. Students from any academic
stream were allowed to participate.
Measures
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale
(RSES;Rosenberg, 1965).
The RSES is a widely used 10-item scale
assessing global self-esteem(e.g.,
“Overall, I am satisfied with myself”).
Responses are made on a 4-point scale
from strongly disagree to strongly agree.
A 10-item scale that measures global self-
worth by measuring both positive and
negative feelings about the self. The scale
is believed to be uni-dimensional. All
items are answered using a 5-point Likert
scale format ranging from strongly agree
to strongly disagree. The items of the scale
were blended in terms of selfie .
Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI;
Raskin& Terry, 1988).
The NPI is a 40-item forced choice
inventory that assesses non pathological
narcissism (Miller & Campbell, 2012
Assessing achievement, affiliation, and
power motives all at once: The Multi-
Motive Grid (MMG)( H.-D. Schmalt, K.
Sokolowski& T. Langens)
Reliability data show that the internal
consistency and retest reliability of the
MMG scales satisfy traditional standards.
External validity of the MMG has been
established in all 3 motive domains
The Affiliative Tendency (or Affiliation,
Sociability) Test & Software
The Affiliative Tendency Scale is a
measure of individual differences in
affiliation, friendliness, or sociability. The
version being used (Mehrabian, 1994b)
was developed by Mehrabian (1976). It
contains 26 items and subjects report the
degree of their agreement or disagreement

with each item using a 9-point agreement-
disagreement scale.
YALE-BROWN OBSESSIVE
COMPULSIVE SCALE (Y-BOCS)
(by Wayne K. Goodman )
This self-rating scale is designed to assess
the severity and type of symptoms in
patients with OCD
Perfectionistic Self-Presentation
Scale(Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., Sherry,
S. B., Habke, M., Parkin, M., et al.
(2003))
A measure of the interpersonal expression
of perfectionist behavior including
perfectionist self-promotion, no display of
imperfection, and nondisclosure of
imperfection.
Selfie coding.( M=14.66,SD=6.49) Ratings
on self-report measures participants were
asked about:
S.NO.
STATEMENTS
1-
Do you have smart phone
2-
How many times in a day you
take selfie
3-
Do you post selfie after taking it
4-
How much time you spend a day
taking selfie
5-
How much time you spend per
selfie
7-
You prefer taking selfie in group
, solo, or with partner
8-
Last week how many selfie have
you taken
9-
week how many selfie you
posted
The questionnaire was conducted on 50
students of a government school.
Students were selected randomly they
were initially asked about their liking for
selfie. Participants completed
questionnaire offline and online via the
secure survey website .In the questionnaire
participants were asked about their
demographic details.
There were 10 questions related to selfie .6
statements of obsession , 5 statements of
Narcissism , 6 statements of self-image, 6
statements of perfection , 2 statements of
hoading , 5 statements of hyperactivity and
impulsivity , 4 statements for need for
affiliation. Responses are made on a 5-
point scale ranging from strongly agree
to strongly disagree to asses if they have
selfie tendency .6 statements of social
support were also asked to measure the
perception and actuality that one is cared
for, has assistance available from other
people.
VI. RESULT
Table 1 Descriptive statistics for main
variable of interest.
Sr
No.
Variable
Mean
SD
1
Selfie
14.6
6.49
2
Need for
Affiliation
11.6
3.28
3
Hyperactive
13.3
4.51
4
Self Image
16.3
2.2
5
Perfection
21.1
4.7
6
Obsession
17.2
4.4
7
Hoarding
6.1
2.24
8
Narcissism
14.1
4.24
9
Networking
2.6
1.5
10
Social Support
25.3
8.03
We have represented our numerical data
graphically with the help of
histogram. Probability distribution of
continuous (quantitative variable). As we
can see the graph of selfie, narcissism and
hyperactivity is positively skewed
indicating over- evaluation, social support
is negatively skewed (India being a
collectivistic country even then people
have less social support) whereas
affiliation, self-image, perfection,

obsession and hoading are normally
distributed.
In table 3 statistics, the Pearson product-
moment correlation coefficient
(sometimes referred to as the PPMCC or
PCC or Pearson's r) is a measure of the
linear correlation between two variables X
and Y.** correlation is significant at the
0.01 level (2 tailed ) and * correlation is
significant at the 0.05 level ( 2 tailed ). If
we look at table 3 hyperactivity and
narcissism are positively correlated with
selfie at 0.01 level.
Selfie
Affi
Hyperactive
Self
Image
Perfection
Obs
Selfie
1
Affi
0.13
1
Hyperactive
0.41**
0.32*
1
Self Image
-0.006
0.37*
0.40**
1
Perfection
0.17
-0.04
0.10
0.22
1
Obs
0.12
0.21
0.25
0.24
0.43**
1
Hoading
0.24
0.44**
0.16
0.37*
0.17
0.14
Nar
0.48**
0.44**
0.31*
0.35*
0.26
0.20
Networking
0.21
0.62**
0.19
0.28*
0.02
0.10
Social
Support
0.09
0.25
0.06
0.003
-0.07
0.13
** Indicates significance at 0.01 Level
* indicates significance at 0.5 Level
Descriptive statistics for the main study
variables are shown in Table 4.From this
table we can see that model 1 is a predictor
of narcissism, model 2 is a predictor of 2
variables that is narcissism and
hyperactivity, model 3 is a predictor of
narcissism, hyperactivity and self-image.
Independent variable is narcissism,
hyperactivity, self –image whereas
dependent variable is selfie. For ANOVA
the estimate of numerator is larger than the
denominator that is why the F ratio is
much larger than 1.00.The null hypothesis
of equality of population mean is rejected
in these 3 model because the calculated
value of F is larger than the expected
though random sampling if the hypothesis
is true. As F exceeds the critical value of
F, we can conclude that these 3 variables
have significant effect on selfie tendency.
Hoarding

In the table 5, label the standardized
regression coefficients as "Beta" while the
unstandardized coefficients are labeled
"B".The beta coefficients can be negative
or positive, and have a t-value and
significance of that t-value associated with
it. The “beta”(Standardized coefficients)
and “B” ( Unstandardized coefficient )
have negative value for self-image which
means the independent variable (self-
image ) and dependent variable (selfie
tendency) are negatively correlated and
other variables like hyperactivity and
narcissism are positively associated . The
value of t has been calculated where value
of t obtained falls in the region of
rejection. It is so different from the value
stated in null hypothesis that we conclude
that it have low probability of occurring by
chance if null hypothesis is true. Thus,
they rejected null hypothesis. The research
conclusion is that narcissism, hyperactivity
and self-image personality factors have
significant effect on Selfie tendency.
TABLE 5-Coefficientsa
Model
Unstandardized Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
B
Std. Error
Beta
1
(Constant)
4.125
2.853
Nar
.744
.193
.486
2
(Constant)
.517
3.166
Nar
.608
.195
.397
Hyperactive
.416
.183
.289
3
(Constant)
12.633
5.498
Nar
.737
.190
.481
Hyperactive
.578
.184
.401
S_I
-.987
.376
-.340
In the table 6 Model Summary is shown
where Model 1 indicating narcissism with
22% significance, Model 2 indicating
narcissism and hyperactivity with 28.2%
significance, Model3 indicating
narcissism, hyperactivity and self-image
with 36.2% significance .In all of these 3
models the results are significant at 0.00
level, model 3 indicating the best results as
it is combining 3 variable together .
TABLE 4 -ANOVAd
Model
Sum of Squares
Df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
1
Regression
488.582
1
488.582
14.837
.000a
Residual
1580.638
48
32.930
Total
2069.220
49
2
Regression
644.577
2
322.288
10.633
.000b
Residual
1424.643
47
30.312
Total
2069.220
49
3
Regression
830.017
3
276.672
10.270
.000c
Residual
1239.203
46
26.939
Total
2069.220
49
a. Predictors: (Constant), Nar
b. Predictors: (Constant), Nar, Hyperactive
c. Predictors: (Constant), Nar, Hyperactive, S_I
d. Dependent Variable: Selfie

TABLE 6-Model Summary
Model
R
R Square
Adjusted R Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1
.486a
.236
.220
5.73846
2
.558b
.312
.282
5.50559
3
.633c
.401
.362
5.19030
a. Predictors: (Constant), Nar
b. Predictors: (Constant), Nar, Hyperactive
c. Predictors: (Constant), Nar, Hyperactive, S_I
VII. DISCUSSION
The present study represented empirical
investigation of the association between
the different personality factors and their
association with selfie tendency. First, the
results indicate that, despite individual
variability posting selfies was a fairly
common occurrence. Second, the
personality factors like Obsession,
Perfection, Need for Affiliation, Social
Support lack association with overall selfie
tendency but other construct are predictive
of this specific, and relatively new,
behavior such as narcissism, hyperactivity
and impulsivity, self-image. Vulnerable
narcissism was correlated with posting
selfies. That is, a relatively high
proportion were oriented towards
highlighting their grandiose self that is
motivated by the need to regulate self-
esteem. Posting selfies may be reflective of
low self-esteem or may enhance self-
esteem; as such photos typically
emphasize one’s ideal, controlled image.
Taking selfie excessively with high level
of anxiety and restlessness suggesting that
person with high level of hyperactivity and
impulsivity are more incline towards
taking selfie. Demographic factors, such as
age, are also likely factors in social media
behavior because of generational
differences in experience with, and
exposure to, social media. Given the focus
on school students in this study,
generational differences in posts of selfies
could not be adequately explored.
Moreover, the roles of gender,
race/ethnicity, and culture in social media
behavior, including the display of selfies,
should be considered in more diverse
samples.
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