Content uploaded by David Turnbull
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by David Turnbull on Feb 20, 2017
Content may be subject to copyright.
!"#$%&'#(()'*+%,-!-*+%&.'/01)'23'456758.'90)'7.'::)';'<'=5'
4>?@-AA?9$?$'@%"&"%-98'
'
'
PERFORMATIVITY AND COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS:
WORKING WITH MULTIPLE NARRATIVES ACROSS
KNOWLEDGE TRADITIONS
'
'
DAVID TURNBULL
'
'
ABSTRACT. "BC':D:CE'FCGC10:H'D':CEI0EJDKLGC'DMM0NOK'0I'KBC'PDQH'LO'PBLMB'
RO0P1CFSC'DOF' H:DMC'DEC'M0<:E0FNMCF'DH'BNJDOH'J0GC.'FCGC10:'H0MLD1'OCKP0ERH.'
DOF'CTKCOF'KBCLE'M0SOLKLGC':EDMKLMCH)' !NMB'DO'DMM0NOK'CODU1CH'D1KCEODKLGC' PDQH'0I'
M0OMCLGLOS'PBDK'M0NOKH'DH'RO0P1CFSC'DOF'DH'J0FCEOLKQ'K0'UC'BC1F'LO'KCOHL0O.'KBNH'
D110PLOS'KBC'CJCESCOK' SCOCEDKLGC'CIICMKH'0I'KBC' &ESCOKLOCDO':BL10H0:BCE'?OELVNC'
$NHHC1WH' M0OMC:K' 0I' XKEDOHJ0FCEOLKQW)' Y0ERLOS' PLKB' FLIICELOS' RO0P1CFSC' KEDFLKL0OH'
ECVNLECH.'DH' YD1KCE'ALSO010'ECM0JJCOFH.'KBLORLOS'ZPLKB.'DSDLOHK'DOF'UCQ0OF'KBC'
1CSDMQ'0I'YCHKCEO'C:LHKCJ010SQ)['
YBDK'LH'DK'LHHNC'LH'KBC'MD:DMLKQ'K0'J0GC'UCQ0OF'KBC':0LOK'0I'XM010OLD1'FLIICECOMCW'
CT:10ECF'UQ'ALSO010'LO'PBLMB'YCHKCEO'RO0P1CFSC'SCKH'DNKB0ELHCF'DH'NOLGCEHD1'DOF'KBC'
ECHK'SCK'M1DHHLILCF' DH' X:C0:1C'PLKB0NK'BLHK0EQW)'-O1Q' KBCO'MDO'PC'CODU1C' FLIICELOS'
RO0P1CFSC'KEDFLKL0OH'K0' P0ER'K0SCKBCE'PLKB0NK' HNU0EFLODKLOS'KBCJ'DOF' DUH0EULOS'
KBCLE'FLIICECOMCH'LO'KBC'PCHKCEO':DO0:KLM0O)'
"BLH'LH'O0K'DO'CDHQ'KDHR'HLOMC'KBC'YCHKCEO'RO0P1CFSC'KEDFLKL0O'LO'KBC'I0EJ'0I'
HMLCOMC' LH' BCSCJ0OLM.' DOF' D11' 0KBCE' KEDFLKL0OH' DEC' ECOFCECF' DH' LOM0JJCOHNEDU1C.'
UNK'K0'M0JJCOHNEDKC'KBCJ'LH' UQ' FCILOLKL0O' K0'HNU0EFLODKC'KBCJ'DOF'E0U'KBCJ' 0I'
KBCLE'MN1KNED1'H:CMLILMLKQ)'?VND11Q.'HLJ:1Q'HCCLOS'KBCJ'DH'FLIICECOK'LOKCE:ECKDKL0OH'0E'
FLIICECOK'P0E1F'GLCPH'LH'K00'PCDR'LO'KBC'HKENSS1C' I0E' DNKB0ELKQ)'"0'I10NELHB.'K0' BDGC'
DNK0O0JQ'LO'KBC'IDMC'0I'BCSCJ0OQ.'LOFLSCO0NH'RO0P1CFSC'KEDFLKL0OH'BDGC'K0'BDGC'
DO'CIICMKLGC'G0LMC'DOF'M0OHKENMK'KBCLE'0PO'LFCOKLKLCH)'YBDK'LH'0IICECF'LO'KBLH':D:CE'
LH'D':CEI0EJDKLGC'IEDJCP0ER'PBLMB' LH'HKE0OS'CO0NSB' K0'FCHKDUL1LHC'KBC'BCSCJ0OQ'
0I'PCHKCEO'C:LHKCJ010SQ'DOF'SCOCEDKLGC'CO0NSB'K0'D110P'I0E'ECD1'FLIICECOMC'DOF'KBC'
SE0PKB'0I'MN1KNED1'FLGCEHLKQ)''
'
Keywords: Performativity/performative, complex adaptive systems/complexity
theory, practices, multiple ontologies, ways of knowing, emergence
"BLH' :D:CE' LH' I0MNHCF' 0O' KBC' PDQH' LO' PBLMB' RO0P1CFSC' DOF' H:DMC' DEC''
M0<:E0FNMCF'DH'BNJDOH'J0GC.'DHHCJU1C'H0ML0<KCMBOLMD1'OCKP0ERH.'DOF'CTKCOF'KBCLE'
M0SOLKLGC.'JDKCELD1'DOF'HCJL0KLM':EDMKLMCH)'!NMB'DO'DMM0NOK'HCEGCH'K0'0:CO'N:'D1KCEODKLGC'
M0OMC:KL0OH'0I'PBDK'M0NOKH'DH'RO0P1CFSC' DOF'DH'J0FCEOLKQ' K0'UC'BC1F'LO'KCOHL0O.'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'/LMK0ELD'?M0<%OO0GDKL0O',DU'4/?%,8.'&EMBLKCMKNEC' \DMN1KQ.' #OLGCEHLKQ' 0I' AC1U0NEOC.' &NHKED1LD.'
SK]NOLJC1U)CFN)DN'
$&/%$'"#>9(#,,'
'
'
'
76'
KBNH'D110PLOS'KBC'CJCESCOK'SCOCEDKLGC'CIICMKH'0I'KBC'&ESCOKLOLDO':BL10H0:BCE' ?OELVNC'
$NHHC1WH':E0:0HD1'XKEDOHJ0FCEOLKQW.' 0E'0I'KBC'(C1SLDO' :BL10H0:BCE'0I'HMLCOMC'%HDUC11C'
!KCOSCEHW'XCM010SLCH'0I':EDMKLMCW'DOF'XM0HJ0:01LKLMHW7'Y0ERLOS'PLKB'FLIICELOS'RO0P1CFSC'
KEDFLKL0OH' ECVNLECH.' DH' YD1KCE' ALSO010' ECM0JJCOFH.' KBLORLOS' ZPLKB.' DSDLOHK' DOF'
UCQ0OF'KBC'1CSDMQ'0I'YCHKCEO'C:LHKCJ010SQ)[5'
YBDK'LH'DK'LHHNC'LH'KBC'MD:DMLKQ'K0'J0GC'UCQ0OF'KBC':0LOK'0I'XM010OLD1'FLIICECOMCW'
CT:10ECF'UQ'ALSO010'LO'PBLMB'YCHKCEO'RO0P1CFSC'SCKH'DNKB0ELHCF'DH'NOLGCEHD1'DOF'
KBC'ECHK'SCK'M1DHHLILCF'DH'UC1LCIH'0I'X:C0:1C'PLKB0NK'BLHK0EQW)='-O1Q'KBCO'MDO'PC'CODU1C'
FLIICELOS' RO0P1CFSC' KEDFLKL0OH' K0' P0ER' K0SCKBCE' PLKB0NK' HNU0EFLODKLOS' KBCJ' DOF'
DUH0EULOS'KBCLE'FLIICECOMCH'LO'KBC'YCHKCEO':DO0:KLM0O)'
"BLH' LH' O0K' DO' CDHQ' KDHR' HLOMC.' 0O' KBC' 0OC' BDOF.' KBC' YCHKCEO' RO0P1CFSC'
KEDFLKL0O'LO'KBC'I0EJ'0I'HMLCOMC'LH'BCSCJ0OLM.'DOF'D11'0KBCE'KEDFLKL0OH'DEC'ECOFCECF'
DH'LOM0JJCOHNEDU1C.'PBL1C'K0' M0JJCOHNEDKC'KBCJ'LH'UQ'FCILOLKL0O' K0'HNU0EFLODKC'
KBCJ'DOF'E0U'KBCJ' 0I' KBCLE'MN1KNED1'H:CMLILMLKQ)'-O'KBC'0KBCE' BDOF.' HLJ:1Q'HCCLOS'
KBCJ'DH'FLIICECOK'LOKCE:ECKDKL0OH'0E'FLIICECOK'P0E1FGLCPH'LH'K00'PCDR'LO'KBC'HKENSS1C'
I0E'DNKB0ELKQ)'"0'I10NELHB.'K0'BDGC' DNK0O0JQ'LO'KBC'IDMC'0I'BCSCJ0OQ.'LOFLSCO0NH'
RO0P1CFSC'KEDFLKL0OH'BDGC'K0'BDGC'U0KB'DO'CIICMKLGC'G0LMC'DOF'M0OHKENMK'KBCLE'0PO'
LFCOKLKLCH.'PBL1HK'D1H0'BDGLOS'D'H:DMC'PLKBLO'PBLMB'LK'LH':0HHLU1C'K0':CEI0EJDKLGC1Q'
LOKCEDMK'PLKB'0KBCE'KEDFLKL0OH^'
"0'UC'HKE0OS'CO0NSB'K0'FCHKDUL1LHC'KBC'BCSCJ0OQ'0I'YCHKCEO'C:LHKCJ010SQ.'
DOF' SCOCEDKLGC' CO0NSB' K0' D110P' I0E' ECD1' FLIICECOMC' DOF' KBC' SE0PKB' 0I' MN1KNED1'
FLGCEHLKQ.'PLKBLO'DOF'UCKPCCO'RO0P1CFSC'KEDFLKL0OH'LO'HMLCOMC'DOF'0KBCE'MN1KNECH.'LK'
LH'OCMCHHDEQ'K0'J0GC'UCQ0OF'KBC'1LJLKH'0I'EC:ECHCOKDKL0OD1LHJ)2'"BC'UDHLM':ECJLHC'
0I'KBC':D:CE'LH'KBDK'DO'DNSJCOKDKL0O'0I':CEI0EJDKLGLKQ'BDH'KBCHC'MD:DMLKLCH)'(Q'PDQ'
0I' DO' CTDJ:1C' 0I' KBLH' D::E0DMB' KBC' M0OM1NHL0O' 0NK1LOCH' D' JNHCNJ<UDHCF' :E0_CMK'
KBDK'LH'FCGC10:LOS' PDQH'LO'PBLMB'JN1KL:1C' M0JJNOLKLCH'DOF'LOHKLKNKL0OH'MDO' P0ER'
PLKB'JN1KL:1C'0OK010SLCH'LO'KCOHL0O'PLKB'0OC'DO0KBCE'PLKB0NK'D'NOLGCEHD1'ODEEDKLGC'
0I'KBC':DHK.'0I'LFCOKLKQ.'0I'PBDK'M0NOKH'DH'RO0P1CFSC.'H:DMC.'KLJC'DOF'MDNHD1LKQ)`'
@BELH' !D1KCE' PELKLOS' DU0NK' :CEI0EJDOMC' DOF' KCMBO010SQ' ECMCOK1Q' M1DLJCF'
XCGCEQKBLOS'LH':CEI0EJDKLGC'O0PW)3'"BCEC'LH'H0JC'KENKB'LO'KBDK'BQ:CEU01C.'KBCEC'BDH'
UCCO' D' :1CKB0ED' 0I' U00RH' IL11LOS' KBC' HN::0HCF' KBC0EQ' SD:' 1CIK' UQ' KBC' MELKLVNCH' 0I'
EC:ECHCOKDKL0OD1LHJ'DOF'KBC'HNUHCVNCOK'FCJLHC'0I':0HKJ0FCEOLHJ.'D11':ECHCOKLOS'D'
GCEHL0O'0I':CEI0EJDKLGLKQ)'YBDK'LH'0NK1LOCF'BCEC'DEC'H0JC'0I'KBC'FLJCOHL0OH'KBDK'
M0N1F'1CDF'K0'D'SCOCED1LHCF'KBC0EQ'0I':CEI0EJDKLGLKLCH'KBDK'P0N1F'HCEGC'K0'EC1DKC.'UNK'O0K'
M0JJCOHNEDKC.'D11'RO0P1CFSC'KEDFLKL0OH'DOF'0OK010SLCH'YCHKCEO'DOF'O0O<YCHKCEO)'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
7'$NHHC1'47;;=8a'!KCOSCEH'456778a'"NEOUN11'4566=8)'
5'$C1SDF0.'>0JCE0.'CK'D1)'456668'MLKLOS'ALSO010'456668)'
='Y01I'47;b58a'ALSO010'47;;28)'
^'AM9LGCO'DOF'>NHHC11'4566b8)'
2'*LMRCELOS'47;;58a'*LMRCELOS'47;;28a'*LMRCELOS'4566;8a'*LMRCELOS'DOF'cNdLMR'4566b8a'"NEOUN11'4566=8)'
`'(0DHK.'(EDG0.'DOF'!ELOLGDHCO'456638)'
3'!D1KCE'456768':)'TTL)'
*?>\->A&"%/%"e'&9$'@-A*,?f'&$&*"%/?'!e!"?A!g'Y->h%9c'Y%"+'A#,"%*,?'i'
'
'
'77'
"BLH'LJ:1LCH'KBDK'HNMB'D'KBC0EQ'M0N1F'O0K'UC'K0KD1LHLOS.'LK'P0N1F'BDGC'K0'UC'JN1KL:1LMLK0NH.'
BCOMC':CEI0EJDKLGLKLCH' :1NED1)' !0JC' 0I' KBC' FLJCOHL0OH' 0I' :CEI0EJDKLGLKQ' KBDK' MDO'
:E0GLFC' I0E' KBDK' DLJ' BDGC' D1ECDFQ' UCCO' ILEJ1Q' CHKDU1LHBCF' LO' KBC' H0ML010SQ' 0I'
HMLCOKLILM'RO0P1CFSC'4!!h8'DOF' HMLCOMC' HKNFLCH.'CH:CMLD11Q'KBC'CJ:BDHLH'0O' :EDMKLMC.'
KBC'FLHH01NKL0O'0I' KBC' HNU_CMK' 0U_CMK' FLHKLOMKL0O.' KBC' O0KL0O' 0I'M0<:E0FNMKL0O.'DOF'
ECM0SOLKL0O'0I'HMLCOMCWH'BCKCE0SCOCLKQ'LO'JCKB0F'DOF'0OK010SQ)b'"BC'DLJ'0I'CODU1LOS'
FLH:DEDKC'RO0P1CFSC'KEDFLKL0OH' K0'P0ER'K0SCKBCE'DOF' D110PLOS'KBC'CJCESCOMC'0I'OCP.'
NODOKLML:DKCF.'RO0P1CFSC.'ECVNLECH'KP0'INEKBCE'FLJCOHL0OH)'"BCHC'KP0'FLJCOHL0OH'
DEC'1LORCF'KBE0NSB'KBCLE'M0OMCEO'PLKB':E0MCHHCH'0I'UCM0JLOS.'0I'UCLOS'0ESDOLHJH'LO'
M0OHKDOK'FQODJLM'LOKCEDMKL0O'PLKB'KBC'JDKCELD1'P0E1F)'-OC'LH'KBC'H:DKLD11Q' CJU0FLCF'
D::E0DMB'UDHCF'LO'BNJDO' J0GCJCOK'HNSSCHKCF'UQ'"LJ' %OS01F.',CH1CQ'cECCO'DOF'
0KBCEH);'"BC'0KBCE.'ILEHK'DFGDOMCF'UQ'+NJUCEK0'ADKNEDOD'DOF'\EDOMLHM0'/DEC1D'DH'
DNK0:0CHLH.'LH'KBDK'0I' HC1I<0ESDOLHLOS'HQHKCJH.'0E'M0J:1CT' DFD:KLGC'HQHKCJH)76'"DRLOS'
D11'KBCHC'FLJCOHL0OH'K0SCKBCE'D110PH'FLIICELOS'KEDFLKL0OH' K0' :CEI0EJ' K0SCKBCE' MECDKLOS'
OCP'KBCDKECH'0I'RO0P1CFSC)77''
YBL1C'KBCEC'DEC'PLFC1Q'FLIICELOS'NOFCEHKDOFLOSH'0I':CEI0EJDKLGLKQ.'KBC'RCQ'
0OK010SLMD1'DOF'C:LHKCJ010SLMD1'M1DLJH'DEC'KBDK'KBCEC'LH'O0'SECDK'FLGLFC'UCKPCCO'LOKCEL0E'
JCOKD1'0E'M0SOLKLGC'HKDKCH'0I'JLOF.'DOF'DO'CTKCEL0E'JDKCELD1'ECD1LKQ'H0JCB0P'JCFLDKCF'
UQ'0E'EC:ECHCOKCF'KBE0NSB'HQJU01LM'HQHKCJH.'DOF'BCOMC'O0'FLGLFC'UCKPCCO':ELJDEQ'
DOF'HCM0OFDEQ'VND1LKLCH'0E'UCKPCCO'BNJDOH'DOF'KBLOSH'LO'KCEJH'0I'DSCOMQ)'>DKBCE.'
PDQH'0I'RO0PLOS'KBC'P0E1F'DEC'M0<:E0FNMCF'PLKB'0NE':EDMKLMCH.'0NE'PDQH'0I'UCLOS'
LO.' J0GLOS' KBE0NSB' DOF' LOKCEDMKLOS' PLKB' KBC' P0E1F)' "BLH' 1LOR' UCKPCCO' EC1DKL0OD1'
:EDMKLMCH'DOF'XF0LOSW'0E':CEI0EJLOS'KBC'P0E1F'LH'H:C1K'0NK'LO'j0BO',DPWH'CT:0HLKL0O'
0I'CODMKLOS'KBC'H0MLD1)'
"0'HKNFQ':EDMKLMCH'LH'KBCECI0EC'K0'NOFCEKDRC'KBC'DOD1QKLMD1'DOF'CJ:LELMD1'KDHR'0I'
CT:10ELOS':0HHLU1C':DKKCEOH'0I'EC1DKL0OH.'DOF'B0P'LK'LH'KBDK'KBCHC' SCK'DHHCJU1CF'LO'
:DEKLMN1DE'10MDKL0OH)'%K'LH'K0'KECDK'KBC'ECD1'DH'PBDKCGCE'LK'LH'KBDK'LH'UCLOS'DHHCJU1CF.'
JDKCELD11Q'DOF'HCJL0KLMD11Q'LO'D'HMCOC'0I'DOD1QKLMD1'LOKCECHK)'>CD1LKLCH.'0U_CMKH.'HNU_CMKH.'
JDKCELD1H'DOF'JCDOLOSH.'PBDKCGCE'I0EJ'KBCQ'KDRC'KBCHC'DEC'D11'CT:10ECF'DH'DO'CIICMK'
0I'KBC'EC1DKL0OH'KBDK'DEC'DHHCJU1LOS'DOF'F0LOS'KBCJ)'*EDMKLMCH'KBCO.'DEC'DHHCJU1DSCH'0I'
EC1DKL0OH)'"B0HC' DHHCJU1DSCH'F0'ECD1LKLCH)'>CD1LKLCH.'LOM1NFLOS'KBC'LOMLFCOKD1' M011DKCED1'
ECD1LKLCH.'DEC'LOHC:DEDU1C'IE0J'KBC':DKKCEOLOS'_NTKD:0HLKL0OH'0I':EDMKLMCH)75'
*CEI0EJDKLGLKQ'DOF':EDMKLMCH'M0JC'K0SCKBCE'PLKB'M0J:1CT'DFD:KLGC'HQHKCJH'
LO'HBDELOS'D'M0:E0FNMKLGC'M0OHKENMKLGLHK'DMM0NOK'0I'ECD1LKQ'LO'KCEJH'0I'DSCOMQ.'DMKL0OH.'
CODMKJCOKH.'DOF':E0MCHHCH'LO'LOKCEDMKL0O'PLKB0NK'LOG0RLOS':1DOH.'EN1CH.'LOHKENMKL0OH.'
1DPH.'0E'CTKCEOD1'H:DMC'0E'KLJC.'CGCEQKBLOS'LH'K0'UC'NOFCEHK00F'DH'DO'CJCESCOK'CIICMK'0I'
HQHKCJLMD11Q' M0OOCMKCF' LOKCEDMKL0OH.' PBCEC' KBC' HQHKCJ' DOF' KBC' DSCOKH' M0:E0FNMC'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
b'cD1LH0O'DOF'!KNJ:'47;;`8a',DK0NE'47;;=8a',DP'4566^8a'A01'456658a'$LCUOCE'4566`8)'
;'%OS01F'456668a'%OS01F'456778a'cECCO'4566;8)'
76'ADKNEDOD'DOF'/DEC1D'47;b38)'
77'"NEOUN11'456658a'"NEOUN11'456638)'
75',DP'4566;8)'
$&/%$'"#>9(#,,'
'
'
'
75'
CDMB'0KBCE)'%O'DFFLKL0O'JNMB'0I'PBDK'OCCFH'K0'UC'LOM0E:0EDKCF'LO':CEI0EJDKLGLKQ'BDH'
NOKL1'O0P'UCCO'CTM1NFCF'DH'EC:ECHCOKDKL0OD1.'I0E'CTDJ:1C'1DOSNDSC'DOF'ODEEDKLGC'LKHC1I'k'
D'FLHMNEHLGC'EC:ECHCOKDKL0OD1':EDMKLMC'KBDK'LH.'%'DESNC.'MCOKED1'K0'KBC'FCGC10:JCOK'0I'
OCKP0ERH'DOF'J0GCJCOK)7='
%K' LH' LO' KBC' H0ML010SQ' 0I' HMLCOKLILM'RO0P1CFSC'DOF'LKH'FCHKDUL1LHDKL0O'0I'
0EKB0F0T'O0KL0OH'0I'RO0P1CFSC'DOF'EC:ECHCOKDKL0O'KBDK':CEI0EJDKLGLKQ'BDH'BDF'LKH'J0HK'
ECG01NKL0ODEQ' LJ:DMK)' (NK' LK' S0K' LKH' ILEHK' DOF' J0HK' LJ:0EKDOK.' KB0NSB' HCCJLOS1Q'
LOO0MN0NH'I0EJN1DKL0O.'LO'1LOSNLHKLM':BL10H0:BQ'UQ'j),)'&NHKLO'PB0'DHKNKC1Q'FCILOCF'D'
:CEI0EJDKLGC'DH'XD'F0LOS'KBDK'M0OHKLKNKCH' D' UCLOSW.' DO' DMKLGLKQ'KBDK'MECDKCH'PBDK'LK'
FCHMELUCH)7^'
"BC'M1DHHLM'CTDJ:1CH'DEC'HKDKCJCOKH'HNMB'DH'X%':E0O0NOMC'Q0N'JDO'DOF'PLICW.'
0E'X%'D:010SLHCW)'(NK' D' J0EC'KC11LOS'M010OLD1'CTDJ:1C'0I' D':CEI0EJDKLGC'NKKCEDOMClDMK'
PDH'KBDK'0I'@D:KDLO' jDJCH' @00R)'$NELOS'BLH'ILEHK'G0QDSC'0I' XFLHM0GCEQW' BC'HDL1CF'N:'
KBC'?DHK'M0DHK'0I'&NHKED1LD.'JDFC'BLH'ILEHK'1DOFLOS'DK'(0KDOQ'(DQ.'DOF'KBCO'J0GLOS'
K0'PBDK'LH'O0P'!QFOCQ'+DEU0NE)'-O'ECDMBLOS'KBC'KL:'0I'mNCCOH1DOF.'BC'ODJCF'DOF'
1DOFCF'0O'*0HHCHHL0O'%H1DOF.'_NHK'UCI0EC'HNOHCK'0O'YCFOCHFDQ'55'&NSNHK'7336.'DOF'
:CEI0EJDKLGC1Q'FCM1DELOS'KBC'M0DHK'D'(ELKLHB':0HHCHHL0O)'%O'BLH'_0NEOD1'BC'O0KCFg'
90KPLKBHKDOFnLOSo'%'BDF' LO' KBC'9DJC'0I'+LH' AD_CHKQ'KDRCO':0HHCHHL0O'0I' HCGCED1'
:1DMCH'N:0O'KBLH'M0DHK.'%'O0P'0OMC'J0EC'B0LHKCF'?OS1LHB'@010NEH'DOF'LO'KBC'9DJC'
0I'+LH'AD_CHKQ'hLOS'cC0ESC'KBC'"BLEF'K00R':0HHCHHL0O'0I'KBC'PB01C'?DHKCEO'@0DHK'
UQ'KBC'ODJC'9CP'!0NKB'YD1CH.'K0SCKBCE'PLKB'D11'KBC'(DQH.'+DEU0NEH.'>LGCEH.'DOF'
%H1DOFH'HLKNDKC'N:0O'KBC'HDLF' M0DHK.'DIKCE'PBLMB' PC'ILECF'KBECC'/011CQH'0I' HJD11'&EJH'
PBLMB'PCEC'&OHPCECF'UQ'KBC'1LRC'ONJUCE'IE0J'KBC'!BL:)'
%E0OLMD11Q.'KBC' &NHKED1LDO' S0GCEOJCOK' LO' 5667' ECPE0KC' KBC' ALSEDKL0O' &MK'
ECFCILOLOS'PBDK'M0NOKH'DH'&NHKED1LD'I0E'KBC':NE:0HCH'0I'JLSEDKL0O'UQ'CTMLHLOS'JNMB'
KCEELK0EQ'LOM1NFLOS'*0HHCHHL0O'%H1DOF)'"BCO.'LO'QCK'DO0KBCE':CEI0EJDOMC'0O'&NS'5='566b'
D'SE0N:'0I'hDNEDECS'&U0ELSLOCH'1DOFCF.'EDLHCF'KBCLE'I1DS.'DOF'HNMMCHHIN11Q'EC:0HHCHHCF'
KBC'LH1DOF'NOFCE'KBC'9DKLGC'"LK1C'&MK)'
!LOMC'&NHKLO'LK'BDH' UCM0JC' M1CDE'KBDK':CEI0EJDKLGLKQ'LH'O0K' ECHKELMKCF'K0'D'
H:CMLD1'MDKCS0EQ'0I'1LOSNLHKLM'NKKCEDOMCH)'&11'HKDKCJCOKH.':E0:0HLKL0OH.'HCOKCOMCH.'PELKKCO'
0E'H:0RCO'DEC':CEI0EJDKLGC'DK'1CDHK'LO'KBC'HCOHC'KBDK'KBCQ'0O1Q'BDGC'JCDOLOS'LO'KBC'
M0OKCTK'0I'0KBCE'P0EFH.'ODEEDKLGCH'DOF'M1DLJH'LO' KBC' 1DOSNDSC)' "0' NOFCEHKDOF' KBC'
JCDOLOS'0I'DOQ'NKKCEDOMC'LH'HLJN1KDOC0NH1Q'K0'SLGC'JCDOLOS'UQ'JDRLOS'M0OOCMKL0OH.'
K0'ECH:0OF'LH' K0':CEI0EJ'DH'JCJUCE'0I' KBDK'1LOSNLHKLM'M0JJNOLKQ)'jNFLKB'(NK1CE' SDGC'
LJ:0EKDOK' CTKCOHL0O' K0' KBC' :0PCE' 0I' :CEI0EJDKLGLKQ' LO' CT:1DLOLOS' SCOFCE' E01CH.' D'
P0JDO.'I0E'CTDJ:1C.'LH'O0K'DO'LOHKDOMC'0I'DO'CHHCOKLD1'MDKCS0EQ.'HBC'U0KB':CEI0EJH'
DOF'LH':CEI0EJCF'DH'D'P0JDO'LO'D'H0MLCKQ'KBDK'MECDKCH'KBC'MDKCS0EQ)72'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
7='!0JCEH'47;;^8a'ADEHBD11'456778)'
7^'&NHKLO'47;`58)'
72'(NK1CE'47;;38)'
*?>\->A&"%/%"e'&9$'@-A*,?f'&$&*"%/?'!e!"?A!g'Y->h%9c'Y%"+'A#,"%*,?'i'
'
'
'7='
&O0KBCE'CVND11Q'LJ:0EKDOK'JCDOLOS'0I':CEI0EJDKLGC'M0JCH'IE0J'KBC'ECM0SOLKL0O'
KBDK'KBCEC'LH'D':E0I0NOF1Q'LJ:0EKDOK'I0EJ'0I'RO0PLOS'KBDK'LH'O0K'1LOSNLHKLM.'F0CH'O0K'
M0JC'LO'KBC'I0EJ'0I'HKDKCJCOKH.':E0:0HLKL0OH.'1DPH'0E'I0EJN1DC.'LK'LH'KDMLK.'1CDEOCF'
CJU0FLCF' HRL11H' DOF' :EDMKLMCH)' ALMBDC1' *01DOQLWH' HCCJLOS1Q' HKEDLSBKI0EPDEF.' UNK'
:E0I0NOF':0LOK.'LH'KBDK'D11'RO0P1CFSC'LH'KDMLK'0E'E00KCF'LO'KDMLK'RO0P1CFSC'DOF'MDO'
0O1Q'UC'J0GCF.'KEDOHJLKKCF'DOF'EC:E0FNMCF.'UQ'F0LOS.'UQ'UCLOS'HB0PO.'UQ':EDMKLMLOS)7`'
!MLCOMC'LH'O0K'INOFDJCOKD11Q'D'U0FQ'0I'KBC0EQ.'UNK'DO'LOKCEEC1DKCF'ILC1F'0I':EDMKLMCH'
KBDK'K0SCKBCE'M0OHKLKNKC'XI0EJH'0I'1LICW'0E'XKCMBO0HMLCOKLILM'P0E1FHW)73'
%K'LH'KBC' KNEO'K0':EDMKLMC'KBDK'UELOSH':CEI0EJDKLGLKQ'UDMR'K0'1DOSNDSC)'"B0NSB'
&NHKLO'MDJC'K0'ECM0SOLHC'D11'HKDKCJCOKH'DEC':CEI0EJDKLGC.'I0E'BLJ'1DOSNDSC'DH'D'PB01C'
PDH' M0OHKLKNKLGC.' LK' BDF' I0EJ' HKENMKNEC.' SEDJJDE' DOF' HQOKDT' KBDK' :EC<CTLHKCF' DOQ'
O0EJD1'NKKCEDOMCH)'(NK'I0E'ALSO010'0OC'0I'KBC' 0ELSLODEQ':0LOKH'0I'M010OLD1'FLIICECOMC'
PDH' KBC' I0EJD1LHDKL0O' 0I' 1DOSNDSC' UQ' KBC' M010OLHLOS' :0PCEH' LOK0' DO' 0U_CMK' PLKB'
SEDJJDE'DOF'HQOKDT)7b'\0E'CTDJ:1C'XKBC'(ELKLHB.'DH',C1QGC1F':0LOKH'0NK.'ZFCGC10:CF'
IE0J'KBCLE'HKNFQ'0I' %OFLDO'1DOSNDSCH'O0K'0O1Q':EDMKLMD1' DFGDOKDSC'UNK'DO'LFC010SQ'0I'
1DOSNDSCH'DH'HC:DEDKC.'DNK0O0J0NH'0U_CMKH'LO'KBC'P0E1F.'KBLOSH'KBDK'M0N1F'UC'M1DHHLILCF.'
DEEDOSCF.' DOF' FC:10QCF' DH' JCFLD' 0I' CTMBDOSC[W)7; ALSO010' ILOFH' D' ECH01NKL0O' LO'
ADKNEDOD'DOF'/DEC1DWH':EDMKLMC<UDHCF'O0KL0O'0I'X1DOSNDSLOSW)'X,DOSNDSC'LH'O0K'DO'
0U_CMK'0E'MD:DMLKQ.'H0JCKBLOS'KBDK'BNJDO'UCLOSH'BDGC.'UNK'DO'0OS0LOS':E0MCHH'KBDK'
0O1Q'CTLHKH'LO'1DOSNDSLOSW)'X,DOSNDSLOS'10MDKCH'LOKCEDMKL0O'DJ0OS'LOFLGLFND1H.'DJ0OS'
BNJDO'UCLOSH.'LOHKCDF'0I'LO':EC<CTLHKLOS'LFCDHW)56'"BLH':CEI0EJDKLGC'NOFCEHKDOFLOS'
D1H0'NOFCE:LOH'KBCLE'I0NOFDKL0OD1'O0KL0O'0I'DNK0:0CHLH'PBLMB'PL11'M0JC'N:'DSDLO'LO'
KBC'FLHMNHHL0O'0I'M0J:1CT'DFD:KLGC'HQHKCJH)'
"BC'1LOSNLHK'&1LHKDLE' *COOQM00R' LO' BLH' ECMCOK' U00R' Language as a Local
Practice'FCGC10:H'D':CEI0EJDKLGC'D::E0DMB.'DESNLOS'KBDK'1DOSNDSCH'DEC'O0K'HQHKCJH'
0I'M0JJNOLMDKL0O'KBDK':EC<CTLHK'0NKHLFC'KBCLE'CODMKJCOK'LO'D':DEKLMN1DE':1DMC)57'+C'
FLH:1DMCH' XKBC' O0KL0O' 0I' 1DOSNDSC' DH' D' HQHKCJW' KBDK' BDGC' XKBCLE' 0PO' HN:CEGCOLOS'
10SLM'0E'EN1CHW.'PLKB'XD'GLCP'0I'1DOSNDSC'DH'F0LOSW.'XD':E0FNMK'0I'KBC'FCC:1Q'H0MLD1'DOF'
MN1KNED1'DMKLGLKLCH'LO'PBLMB':C0:1C'COSDSC)W55'&'GLCP'M0OILEJCF'UQ'ECMCOK'ECHCDEMB'
HB0PLOS'KBDK'KBCEC'DEC'O0' 1LOSNLHKLM'NOLGCEHD1H'S0GCEOLOS'P0EF'0EFCE.'CLKBCE'LO'D' FCC:'
SEDJJDE'D1D'@B0JHRQ' 0E'LO'D' 1DOSNDSC':E0MCHHLOS'MCOKCE'D1D'cECCOUCES)'"BC'ECHN1KH'
HNSSCHK'XKBDK'MN1KNED1'CG01NKL0O'BDH'JNMB'J0EC'LOI1NCOMC'0O'1DOSNDSC'FCGC10:JCOK'
KBDO'NOLGCEHD1'IDMK0EH)',DOSNDSC'HKENMKNEC'LH'D::DECOK1Q'O0K'H0' JNMB' UL010SLMD11Q'
FCKCEJLOCF'DH'LK'LH'HBD:CF'UQ'LKH'DOMCHKEQW)5='\0E'*COOQM00R'X:EDMKLMCH'DEC'O0K'_NHK'
KBLOSH'PC' F0.' UNK' EDKBCE' UNOF1CH' 0I' DMKLGLKLCH' KBDK' DEC' KBC' MCOKED1' 0ESDOLHDKL0O' 0I'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
7`'*01DOQL'47;2b8)'
73'>0NHC'47;b38;'"NEOUN11'4566=8)'
7b'$C1SDF0.'>0JCE0.'CK'D1)'456668)'
7;',C1QIC1F'47;;=8':)'7;^'MLKCF'LO'*COOQM00R'4566^8':2<`)'
56'ALSO010'456668':)'52=a'ADKNEDOD'DOF'/DEC1D'47;b38':)'576)'
57'*COOQM00R'456768)'!CC'D1H0'>0ULOH0O'4566=8)'
55'*COOQM00R'456768.'::)'7.'5'p'7=)'
5=',CGLOH0O'456778;'$NOO.'cECCOBL11.',CGLOH0O.'DOF'cEDQ'456778)'
$&/%$'"#>9(#,,'
'
'
'
7^'
H0MLD1'1LIC)W5^'(NK'J0HK'LJ:0EKDOK1Q'BC':0LOKH'0NK'KBDK'1DOSNDSCH'DEC'10MD1.' H:DKLD1.'
DOF'KCJ:0ED1.':EDMKLMCH'M0OHKENMKLOS'10MD1LKQ'DOF'KLJC)'"BLH' FCHKDUL1LdDKL0O'0I'DO0KBCE'
:0LOK' 0I' M010OLD1' FLIICECOMC.' D110PH' I0E' XJN1KL:1C.' BCKCE0SCOC0NH.' DOF' NOCGCO.'
KCJ:0ED1LKLCH'DOF'BLHK0ELCH.'KBDK'KBC' F0JLODOK' BLHK0ELMD1'ODEEDKLGC'0IKCO':ECHCOKLOS'
LKHC1I' DH' HLOSN1DE' DOF' 1LOCDE.' HN::ECHHCH)W52'+LHK0ELMLHLOS'1LOSNLHKLM':EDMKLMC'DOF'
LFC010SQ'LO'KBLH'PDQ.':E0GLFCH'I0E'D':CEI0EJDKLGC'NOFCEHKDOFLOS.'JDRLOS'KBCJ'HLKCH'
PBCEC'H0MLD1'DOF':01LKLMD1':E0MCHHCH'DEC'CODMKCF'DOF'XBLHK0EQ'DOF'KCJ:0ED1LKQ'DEC'
KBC'MCOKCE'0I'M0OKCHKDKL0OW)5`'
"BC'KBLEF'HCOHC' 0I':CEI0EJDKLGLKQ'M0JCH'LO':DEK'IE0J':HQMB010SQ' DOF'LO':DEK'
IE0J':ECBLHK0EQ'DOF'DOKBE0:010SQ.' D11' 0I'PBLMB'DEC'M0OMCEOCF'PLKB'KBC' 0ELSLOH' 0I'
:CEMC:KL0O.'M0SOLKL0O'DOF'1DOSNDSC)' ADOQ'0I'KBCJ'ECM0SOLHC'KBDK' KBCEC'LH'D'M0JJ0O'
:E0U1CJ.'B0P'K0'CT:1DLO':CEMC:KL0O.'M0SOLKL0O'DOF'1DOSNDSC.' PLKB0NK':EC<CJ:KLOS'
KBC'CT:1DODKL0O'UQ'DHHNJLOS'D':EC<PLECF'MD:DMLKQ'0E'D' :EC<CTLHKCOK' HKENMKNEC)' &Ha'
I0E'CTDJ:1C'$DGLF',CPLH<YL11LDJH'F0CH'LO'CT:1DLOLOS'KBC'0ELSLOH'0I'EC:ECHCOKDKL0O'LO'
E0MR'DEK'PBCO'BC'M1DLJHg'X"BCEC'JNHK'BDGC'UCCO'D'H0MLD11Q'DMMC:KCF'HCK'0I'd00J0E:BLM'
JCOKD1'LJDSCH'UCI0EC':C0:1C'UCSDO'K0'JDRC'EC:ECHCOKDKL0OD1'LJDSCH'0I'KBCJW)53''
"BC' :HQMB010SLHK' jDJCH' cLUH0O' PDH' 0OC' 0I' KBC' ILEHK' K0' HNSSCHK' KBDK' KBC'
UEDLO'LH'O0K'D'EC:ECHCOKDKL0OD1'JDMBLOC.'EDKBCE'PC'1CDEO'K0':CEMCLGC'DOF'EC:ECHCOK'LO'KBC'
:E0MCHH'0I'J0GLOS'DE0NOF'DOF':E0ULOS' 0NE' COGLE0OJCOK.' LO'HRL11CF'U0FL1Q'DMKL0O)'
"BLH':CEI0EJDKLGC'NOFCEHKDOFLOS'0I'HCCLOS'DOF'RO0PLOS'BDH'UCCO'CT:DOFLOS'DME0HH'
KBC'H0MLD1'HMLCOMCHa'UQ'"LJ'%OS01F'DH'D'XFPC11LOS':CEH:CMKLGCW'LO'DOKBE0:010SQ.'DOF'DH'
KBC'XCODMKLGC'KBC0EQW'0I':CEMC:KL0O'DOF'M0SOLKL0O'LO':HQMB010SQ'DOF'LO'HMLCOMC'HKNFLCH)5b'
%O'DEMBDC010SQ',DJUE0H'AD1DI0NELH' BDH':E0:0HCF'D'KBC0EQ'0I' XJDKCELD1' COSDSCJCOKW'
LO'PBLMB'XHCCLOS'DOF':CEMCLGLOS'DEC'I0EJH'0I'XHRL11IN1'LOKCEDMKLGC'COSDSCJCOKW.'I0EJH'
0I'DMKLOS'LO'KBC'P0E1F.'EDKBCE'KBDO'I0EJH'0I'EC:ECHCOKLOS'KBC'P0E1FW)5;'
"BLH':CEH:CMKLGC'DSDLO'0:COH'N:'JN1KL:1LMLK0NH'0OK010SLCH'LO'PBLMBg''
KBLOSH'BDGC'D'M0SOLKLGC'1LIC' UCMDNHC'JLOFH'BDGC'D'JDKCELD1' 1LIC)'"BNH.'GCEQ'0IKCO.'
PBDK'PC'MD11'DO'X0U_CMKW'LH':DEK'0I'PBDK'PC'MD11'D'XHNU_CMKW)'%O'HB0EK.'KBLOSH'DEC'NH'
0E'MDO'UCM0JC'NH)'"BLOSH'BDGC'D'M0SOLKLGC'1LIC'UCMDNHC'LOKC11LSCOMC'CTLHKH':ELJDEL1Q'DH'
DO'CODMKLGC'EC1DKL0O'UCKPCCO'DOF'DJ0OS':C0:1C'DOF'KBLOSH.'O0K'DH'D'PLKBLO<LOKEDMEDOLD1'
EC:ECHCOKDKL0O)=6'
"0'KBCHC'UDHLM'NOFCEHKDOFLOSH'0I'ECD1LKQ'DH'CODMKCF':EDMKLMCH'DOF':CEI0EJDOMCH.'
BDH'K0'UC'DFFCF'KBC'ECM0SOLKL0O'KBDK.'PBL1C'D11'RO0P1CFSCH.':CEMC:KL0OH.'JCDOLOSH.'
NOFCEHKDOFLOSH'DOF':EDMKLMCH'DEC'CJU0FLCF.' UDHCF.'LO'DMKL0OH.'LO'KBC'J0GCJCOK'0I'
0NE'U0FLCH.'O0K'D11'MN1KNECH':CEMCLGC.'NOFCEHKDOF.'0E'M00EFLODKC'0NE'U0FL1Q'J0GCJCOKH'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
5^'*COOQM00R'456768.':)'3)'
52'%O0NC'4566^8a'*COOQM00R'456768.':3^a'ALSO010'456668.':)'562)'
5`'%O0NC'4566^8.':)'^)a'*COOQM00R'4566^8)'
53',CPLH<YL11LDJH'4566=8.':)'5``a'!CC'D1H0'AD1DI0NELH'456638a'"B0JDH'47;;b8)'
5b'%OS01F'456668a'90C'4566^8a'(CEKB0d'456668a'@NHHLOH'4566=8a'@BCJCE0'4566;8a',DP'DOF'#EEQ'456768)'
5;'AD1DI0NELH'456638.':)'5;=)'
=6'AD1DI0NELH'DOF'>COIECP'456768.':)'^)'
*?>\->A&"%/%"e'&9$'@-A*,?f'&$&*"%/?'!e!"?A!g'Y->h%9c'Y%"+'A#,"%*,?'i'
'
'
'72'
LO'KBC'HDJC'PDQ)'YCHKCEO'J0FCH'0I'NOFCEHKDOFLOS'BDGC'0GCE'KLJC'UCM0JC':E0I0NOF1Q'
KL1KCF'K0PDEFH':ELGL1CSLOS'KBC'GLHND1'k'XHCCLOS'LH'UC1LCGLOSW'DOF'BCOMC'KBC'KCOFCOMQ'K0'
EC:ECHCOKDKL0OD1LHJ)=7'-KBCE'MN1KNECH'SLGC'F0JLODOMC'K0'0KBCE'HCOH0EQ'J0FD1LKLCH)'
"BC'-OSCC'0O'KBC'&OFDJDO'%H1DOFH.'I0E'CTDJ:1C.' :CEI0EJ'DOF'NOFCEHKDOF' H:DKLD1LKQ.'
M0JJNOLKQ'DOF'LFCOKLKQ'k'DO'COKLEC'0OK010SQ.'KBE0NSB'HJC11.'J0GCJCOK'DOF'FECDJH)'
\0E'KBC'-OSCC'HJC11'LH' KBC' INOFDJCOKD1'M0HJ010SLMD1':ELOML:1C)'-F0NE'LH'KBC'
H0NEMC'0I':CEH0OD1'LFCOKLKQ'DOF'KBC'ECDH0O' I0E'1LGLOS'LO'H0MLCKQ.'D' HQHKCJ'0I'JCFLMLOC'
DOF'D'HQHKCJ'0I'M0JJNOLMDKL0Oa'LK'FCKCEJLOCH'KCJ:0ED1'DOF'H:DKLD1'J0GCJCOKH.'LK'
:E0FNMCH'1LIC'DOF'MDNHCH'FCDKB)'(Q'M0OKE011LOS'0F0NE.'KBC'-OSCC'M0OKE01'KBCLE'M0HJ0H)=5'
"BC'hD1N1L.'LO'KBC'FCOHC'KE0:LMD1'EDLOI0ECHK'0I'*D:ND'9CP'cNLOCD.'JD:.'RO0P'
DOF'J0GC'LO'KBCLE'1DOFHMD:C'KBE0NSB'KBC'H0NOFH'0I'KBC'I0ECHK)'"BC'MD11H'0I'H0JC'7=6'
H:CMLCH' 0I' ULEFH.' H0NOFH'0I' IE0SH.' MLMDFDH.' LOHCMKH.' HKECDJH.' DOF' PDKCEID11H'DEC' XBCDEF'
LOFCTLMD11Q'DH'KLJC'0I'FDQ.'HCDH0OH'0I'KBC'QCDE.'GCSCKDKL0O'MQM1CH.'JLSEDK0EQ' :DKKCEOH.'
BCLSBKH.' DOF' JDOQ' 0KBCE' JDERCEH' 0I' :1DMC.' DH' D' INHCF' BNJDO' 10MNH' 0I' KLJC' DOF'
H:DMC)W'X*1DMC.'HDMECF'DOF'HCOHLU1C.'LH'LJDSLODKLGC1Q'M0FCF'LO'D'MDEK0SED:BQ'0I'H0OSH'DOF'
1DJCOKDKL0OH)W' "BC' hD1N1L.' LO' !KC:BCO' \C1FWH' KCEJH.' BDGC' DO' DM0NHKCJ010SQ' k' D'
U1COF'0I'DM0NHKLMH'DOF'C:LHKCJ010SQ.'JCDOLOS'D'M0OMCEO'I0E'D'M0J:1CKC1Q'FLIICECOK'
ECD1LKQ' k' 0OC' LO' PBLMB' :1DMC.' H0NOF.' DOF' RO0P1CFSC.' K0SCKBCE' CT:ECHH' D' X:0CKLM'
MDEK0SED:BQW.'D'H0NOFHMD:C)=='
"BC'&O10<?PC'LO'cBDOD'D1H0'UDHC'KBCLE'0OK010SQ'LO'U0FL1Q'J0GCJCOK.'UNK'
DEKLMN1DKC'LK'DH'D'HLTKB'HCOHC'KBDK':E0GLFCH'NOFCEHKDOFLOS'DOF'SLGCH'J0ED1'FLJCOHL0O'K0'
KBC'P0E1F)'%KWH'KBC'HCOHC'0I':E0:EL0MC:KL0O.'RLOCHKBCHLD.'0I' UD1DOMC.' D' HCOHC' KBDK' S0CH'
1DESC1Q'NOECM0SOLHCF'DOF'NODMRO0P1CFSCF'LO'KBC'YCHK)'n\0E'KBC'&O10o'XKBC'U0FQWH'
PDQH'0I'RO0PLOS'CTKCOFH'K0'MN1KNED11Q'EC1DKLGC'PDQH'0I'J0GLOS'DOF'PDRLOS.'H0'KBDK'
KBC' EC:CEK0LEC' 0I' J0EC' KBDO' ILIKQ' XPDQH' K0' PD1RW.' I0E' LOHKDOMC.' 1LKCED11Q' CJU0FLCH'
H0MLD1LHDKL0O'DOF'LFCOKLKQ.'HKDKNH'DOF'PC11<UCLOS)=^'
!0'IDE'KBC'I0MNH'BDH' UCCO' 0O'KP0'YCHKCEO'HMLCOKLILM'FLHML:1LOCH'KBDK' BDGC'
HCCJCF':E0I0NOF1Q'HKENMKNED1LHK'DOF' LJ:CEGL0NH' K0'D':CEI0EJDKLGC'NOFCEHKDOFLOSk'
M0SOLKLGC'OCNE0HMLCOMC'DOF'1LOSNLHKLMH)'"BLH'HCMKL0O'100RH'UELCI1Q'DK'KBC'HMLCOMC'0I'
SCOCKLMH'LO'KBC'1LSBK'0I':CEI0EJDKLGLKQ'UCMDNHC'SCOCKLMH'BDH'UCM0JC'D'JDHKCE'ODEEDKLGC.'
HBDELOS'PLKB'OCNE0HMLCOMC'DOF'1LOSNLHKLMH'D'INOMKL0OD1LHK'JCKD:BQHLMH'KBDK'M0OMCD1H'
U0KB'KBC'LODFCVNDMQ'0I'KBCLE'CT:1DODK0EQ'HKENMKNECH'NOFCE'KBC'SNLHC'0I'LOI0EJDKL0O'
KBC0EQ.'DOF'KBC'DKKDMBCF':ECHNJ:KL0O'0I'I0EJ'0E':1DO)''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
=7'jDQ'47;bb8a'@EDEQ'47;;68a'@EDEQ'456668)'
=5'@1DHHCO'47;;=8':)'75`)'
X\0E' KBC' -OSCCH.' J0GCJCOK' D10OC' FCILOCH' DOF' M0OHKENMKH' H:DMCa' H:DMC' F0CH' O0K' FCILOC' DOF'
M0OHKENMK'J0GCJCOKW.'*DOFQD'47;;68':)'3;=)'
-OSCC' MECDKC' LFCOKLKQ' DOF' M0JJNOLKQ' KBE0NSB' M0JJNOD1' LOKCE:ECKDKL0OH' 0I' FECDJH' UDHCF' 0O'
HJC11'UNK'KBCLE'MD:DMLKQ'I0E'PBDK'KBCQ'M0OMCLGC'DH'PCDGLOS'D'M011CMKLGC'H:LFCEWH'PCU'BDH'FLJLOLHBCF'
PLKB'MBDOSCF'H:DKLD1'DEEDOSCJCOK'0I'KBCLE'B0NHCH'DOF'PLKB'FLIICELOS' CJ:10QJCOK)'"BCQ'HDQ'KBC' PCUH'
KBCQ'O0P'PCDGC'DEC'OCGCE'M0J:1CKC)'*DOFQD'456628)'
=='\C1F.'!)'47;;`8)'
=^'cCNEKH'456658)'
$&/%$'"#>9(#,,'
'
'
'
7`'
YC' BDGC' D11' UCM0JC' LJUNCF' PLKB' LFCD' KBDK' 0NE' SCOCH' MDO' UC' ECDF' DOF'
FCM0FCF.'DOF'KBDK'KBCQ'DEC'KBC'NOLKH'0I'LOBCELKDOMC'PBLMB'HBD:C'0NE'FCHKLOLCH)'&K'KBC'
BCDEK'0I'KBLH'F0JLODOK'ODEEDKLGC'LH'KBC' LFCD'KBDK'SCOCH'DEC':DEMC1H'0I'LOI0EJDKL0O.'
LOI0EJDKL0O'KBDK'PC'MDO'NO:DMR'UQ'FCKCEJLOLOS'KBCLE'INOMKL0O)'"BLH'LH'K0':NK'KBC'
CT:1DODK0EQ'MDEK'UCI0EC'KBC'B0EHC.'UCMDNHC'LK'LH'CHHCOKLD11Q'M1DLJLOS'KBDK'KBC'JCDOLOS'0I'
KBC'SCOCKLM'M0FC':EC<CTLHKH.'0E'LH'H0JCB0P'CTKCEOD1'K0'SCOCH)=2'"BC'FCC:1Q':E0U1CJDKLM'
ODKNEC'0I'KBLH'GLCP'LH'M0OMCD1CF'U0KB'UQ'KBC'KCMBOLMD1'IDML1LKQ'PC'BDGC'FCGC10:CF'LO'
KBC'1DU'I0E'FCKCEJLOLOS'SCOC'INOMKL0O.'DOF'D1H0'UQ'KBC'1DMR'0I'DO'D1KCEODKLGC'M0OMC:KL0O'
0I'KBC':E0MCHHND1'MBDEDMKCE'0I'KBC'HQHKCJ)''
\DLE1Q' HKEDLSBK' I0EPDEF1Q.' KBC' INOMKL0OD1LHK' DMM0NOK' BDH' DFGDOMCF' K0' KBC'
:0LOK'PBCEC'LK'LH'O0'10OSCE'GD1LF)'cCOCH'DEC'O0K'HLJ:1C'NOLKH'0I'LOBCELKDOMC.'EDKBCE'
M0J:1CT'LOKCEDMKLOS'HCVNCOMCH'0I'SCOCH'DEC)'-E' DH' ?GD' jDU10ORD' DESNCH';%K'LH'KBC'
OCKP0ER' 0I' FCGC10:JCOKD1' LOKCEDMKL0OH.' EDKBCE' KBDO' KBC' SCOC.' KBDK' LH' KBC' I0MNH' 0I'
HC1CMKL0OW)=`'!LJ:1C'SCOCKLMH'BDH'O0P'UCCO'DUH0EUCF'LOK0'C:LSCOCKLMH'PBCEC'SCOCH'
DEC'KDRCO'K0'0:CEDKC'LO'D'M0J:1CT'0I'LOKCEDMKL0O'0I'SCOCH.':E0KCLOH.'DOF'COGLE0OJCOKD1'
IDMK0EH' KBDK' LOM1NFC' MN1KNED1.' H0MLD1'DOF' :01LKLMD1' FLJCOHL0OH)' YBL1C' DK' KBC' HDJC' KLJC'
KBC'UDHC'JCKD:B0E'0I'D'FCGC10:JCOKD1'KECC'0E'DEU0ECHMCOK'GCEKLMD1'1LOCDSC'BDH'UCCO'
FLH:1DMCF'UQ'KBC'CJCESCOMC'0I'0KBCE'JCMBDOLHJH'0I'SCOCKLM'LOBCELKDOMC'DOF'MBDOSC'
KBDK'DEC'O0'10OSCE'_NHK'B0ELd0OKD1'DH'PC11'DH'GCEKLMD1)'cCOC'CT:ECHHL0O'JDQ'O0P'UC'
DIICMKCF'UQ'IECC'I10DKLOS'HCMKL0OH'0I'JLME0'>9&'0NE'I00F)=3'"BC'UDHC'JCKD:B0E'LH'
O0P'UCM0JLOS'KBDK'0I'KBC'EBLd0JC.'KBC'OCKP0ER'DOF'KBC'M0J:1CT'DFD:KLGC'HQHKCJ)=b'
YLKB'KBCHC'MBDOSCH.'DO'D1KCEODKLGC'0OK010SQ'LH'HKDEKLOS'K0'CJCESCa'0OC'LO'
PBLMB'SCOCH'DEC'O0K'_NHK':DMRCKH'0I'LOI0EJDKL0O'0E'LOHKENMKL0OH.'UNK'DEC'DMKLGC'DSCOKH'LO'
M0J:1CT1Q'1DQCECF.'HMD1C' FC:COFCOK.'M0<:E0FNMKLGC.'OCKP0ERH'0I' LOKCEDMKL0OH'IE0J'KBC'
MC11'K0'KBC'0ESDOLHJ'K0'KBC'COGLE0OJCOK'DOF'UDMR)=;'\0E'CTDJ:1C'H0<MD11CF'MBE0J0H0JC'
:DLOKLOS'HB0PH'KBDK'SCOCH'J0GC'LO'KBC'ONM1CNH'0I'KBC'MC11'DOF'UCM0JC'INOMKL0OD1'DH'
KBCQ':0HLKL0O'KBCJHC1GCH'DK' KBC' MCOKEC)'X"BC':0HLKL0O'0I'KBC'SCOC' LH' HC1I<FCKCEJLOCFW.'
XCOKLEC1Q'FELGCO'UQ'KBC'DMKLGLKQ'0I'KBC'SCOC'LKHC1I)W'!0'SCOC'INOMKL0OH'DEC'FLECMK1Q'
EC1DKCF'K0':0HLKL0O'DOF'J0GCJCOK'DOF'BDGC'K0'UC'CT:1DLOCF'DH'XHC1I<0ESDOLHLOSW.'UNK'
HC1I<0ESDOLHLOS'LO'LOKCEDMKL0O'PLKB'0KBCE'J0GLOS'DOF'10MDKLOS'COKLKLCH'LO'HQHKCJ)40'
"BLH'M0OI0EJH'PLKB'>CBJDOO<!NKKCEWH'XJ0FC1'0I'0ESDOLM':EDMKLMCW'LO'PBLMBg''
DO'0ESDOLHJ'UCM0JCH'PBDK'LK'LH'KBE0NSB':EDMKLMCH)'$0LOS.'LO'D'GCEQ'UDHLM'HCOHC.'LH'
:ELJDEQ'I0E'UCLOS'DO'0ESDOLHJ)'-ESDOLHJH'practice'PBDK'KBCQ'DECi)KBC'DMKND1'XJCDOLOSW'
4LOI0EJDKL0OlCIICMK8'0I'KBC'SCO0JC' DELHCH'IE0J'LKH':E0MCHHCH' 0I' LOKCEDMKL0O'PLKBLO'KBC'
0ESDOLHJ)'"BC'SCOCKLM'LOI0EJDKL0O'LH'O0K'KBCEC'UCI0EC'FCGC10:JCOK'HKDEKH'DH'D':ECHMEL:KLGC'
LOHMEL:KL0O'0O'KBC'MBE0J0H0JCH'KBDK'OCCFH'0O1Q'K0'UC'ECD1LHCF.'KEDOHI0EJCF'IE0J'D'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
=2'cELIILKBH'456678)'"LJ'%OS01F'JDRCH'KBC'HDJC':0LOK'LO'BLH'JDHKCE1Q'%OS01F'456778)'
=`'jDU10ORD'DOF',DJU'456768.':)'7=;)'
=3'jDUE'456778)'
=b',DPK0O'4566;8)'
=;'Y0CHC'4566^8a'-QDJD.'cELIILKBH.'CK'D1)'456678a'!D::'4566;8)'
^6'ALHKC11'456778)'
*?>\->A&"%/%"e'&9$'@-A*,?f'&$&*"%/?'!e!"?A!g'Y->h%9c'Y%"+'A#,"%*,?'i'
'
'
'73'
0OC'FLJCOHL0OD1'HCVNCOMC'K0'D'KBECC'4I0NE8'FLJCOHL0OD1'UCLOS)'YBDK'SCOCH'XF0W'4UELOS'
DU0NK8'FC:COFH'K0'D'SECDK'CTKCOK'0O'KBC'M0OKCTK'0I'D':DEKLMN1DE'MC11'DOF'LKH':1DMC'PLKBLO'
KBC'FCGC10:LOS'U0FQ)'XACDOLOSW'LH'O0K':E0GLFCF'UQ'D'HKDKLM'0E'CKCEOD1'UCLOS'DH'LO'M1DHHLMD1'
0OK010SQa'LK'FCGC10:H'KBE0NSB':EDMKLMCH)^7'
"BLH'M0OMC:KL0O'0I'KBC'JCDOLOS'0I'SCOCH'UCLOS'D'M0OHCVNCOMC'0I':EDMKLMCl'
CODMKJCOK':E0GLFCH'D'UDHLH'I0E'D'O0O<EC:ECHCOKDKL0OD1.':CEI0EJDKLGC'SCOCKLMH'PBCEC'
XKBC'SCO0JC'LH'D'Z:CEI0EJDKLGC['M0FC.'0OC'KBDK':E0FNMCH'KBC'U0FQ'LO'KBC'GCEQ'DMK'0I'
DEKLMN1DKL0OW)^5'$CMCOKCELOS'SCOCH'LO'KBC'CG01NKL0ODEQ':E0MCHH.'DOF'KBC'CJCESCOMC'
0I'D'OCP'CG01NKL0ODEQ'HQOKBCHLH'LH.'DK'ILEHK'MNK.'D'GCEQ'DKKEDMKLGC':E0:0HLKL0O)^='"BC'
CG01NKL0ODEQ':E0MCHH'LH'ECGCD1CF'DH'CT:CELJCOKD1.'DSCOKLGC'PCU<1LRC.':E0MCHHND1'DOF'
BLHK0ELMD1.'GCEQ'1LRC'D'M0J:1CT'DFD:KLGC' HQHKCJ'DOF'BCOMC' :CEI0EJDKLGC)'+0PCGCE'
MDNKL0O'LH'ECVNLECF)'%KH'DO0KBCE'NOLGCEHD1LHLOS'HQOKBCHLH'PBLMB.' DH'ALRN1DR':0LOKH' 0NK.'
HKL11' MD:KNECH' DOF' D::E0:ELDKCH' KCEELK0EQ' DOF' LJ:0HCH' J0FC1H' 0I' H0MLD1' EC1DKL0OH)^^'
YBDK'JDQ'HDGC'LK'IE0J'NHNE:DKL0O'DOF'F0JLODOMC'DH'D'OCP':DEDFLSJ'LH'KBC'M0OMC:K'0I'
CJCESCOMC.'PBLMB'COKDL1H'KBC'MCFLOS'0I':ECFLMKDUL1LKQ'DOF'M0OKE01.'PBL1C'KBC'MCOKED1LKQ'0I'
H0MLD1'EC1DKL0OH'ECVNLECH'M0OHKDOK':E01LICEDKL0O'0I'FLGCEHC'DOF'D1KCEODKLGC'0OK010SLCH'
DOF'J0FC1H)'
!0'KBCEC'LH'O0'SECDK'FLGLFC'UCKPCCO'HMLCOMC.'KCMBO010SQ'DOF'KBC'DEKH.'UCKPCCO'
LOKC11CMKND1.'DEKLHKLM'DOF':EDMKLMD1'RO0P1CFSC'DOF'CT:ECHHL0O.'UCKPCCO'JLOF'DOF'U0FQ.'
0ESDOLHJ'DOF'KBC'COGLE0OJCOK)'(NK'J0HK':E0I0NOF1Q'KBCEC'LH'O0'SECDK'FLGLFC'UCKPCCO'
YCHKCEO'HMLCOMC'DOF'LOFLSCO0NH'RO0P1CFSC'KEDFLKL0OH'0OMC'Q0N'DMRO0P1CFSC'KBDK'D11'
RO0P1CFSCH'DEC'10MD1.':E0FNMCF'UQ':DEKLMN1DE':C0:1C'LO':DEKLMN1DE':1DMCH'NHLOS':DEKLMN1DE'
HRL11H.'DOF'KBDK'RO0P1CFSCH'DEC':CEI0EJDKLGC)'YDQH'0I'RO0PLOS'F0OWK'M0OHLHK'LO'NOLILCF'
U0FLCH'0I'EC:ECHCOKDKL0OH'0I'DO'CTKCEOD1'ILTCF'ECD1LKQ.'EDKBCE'KBCQ'DEC'LO'D'M0OHKDOK'HKDKC'
0I'UCM0JLOS.'UDHCF'LO'DMKL0O.'LO'F0LOS.'LO'JDRLOS.'M0OOCMKLOS.'CT:CELJCOKLOS'DOF'
DFD:KLOS)' "DRCO' K0SCKBCE' KBLH' M0OHKC11DKL0O' 0I' NOFCEHKDOFLOSH' 0I' :CEI0EJDKLGLKQ'
NOFCE:LOH'KBC'HCOHC'0I'M0OHKENMKLGLHK'M0<:E0FNMKL0O'KBDK'MBDEDMKCELHCH'KBC'H0MLD1'HKNFLCH'
0I'HMLCOMC'D::E0DMB'K0'RO0P1CFSC'JDRLOS)'%O'KBC':E0MCHH'0I'JDRLOS'RO0P1CFSC.'LO'
FCGC10:LOS.'H0MLD1.'JDKCELD1'DOF' M0SOLKLGC'KCMBO010SLCH.'PC'HBD:C' KBC'P0E1F'DOF'GLMC'
GCEHD)'&H'PC'J0GC'KBE0NSB'KBC'P0E1F'PC'M0JC'K0'RO0P'LK'DOF'KEDOHI0EJ'LK'PBL1C'DK'
KBC'HDJC'KLJC'KBC'COGLE0OJCOK'HBD:CH'NH'DOF'0NE'J0GCJCOKH)'
"BLH' :CEI0EJDKLGC' NOFCEHKDOFLOS' BDH' ECDMBCF' D' H0EK' 0I' HC1I<CTCJ:1LIQLOS'
M1LJDT' LO' H0ML010SQ' 0I' HMLCOMCWH' CJ:LELMD1' DOD1QHCH' 0I' KBC' JDKCELD1LHK' P0E1F' 0I'
JDERCK' :1DMC' CM0O0JLMH' PBLMB' ECGCD1' LO' ALMBC1' @D110OWH' P0EFH' KBDK' XCM0O0JLMHi'
:CEI0EJH.'HBD:CH'DOF'I0EJDKH'KBC'CM0O0JQ'EDKBCE'KBDO' 0UHCEGLOS'B0P'LK' INOMKL0OH)W^2'
@D110O.'ADMhCOdLC.'DOF'0KBCEH'FCJ0OHKEDKC'KBDK'KBC'PDQ'CM0O0JLMH' FCHMELUCH'KBC'
UCBDGL0NE'0I'KBC'CM0O0JQ.'KBC'I0EJN1DC'DOF'CVNDKL0OH'LK'NHCH'K0':ECFLMK'KBC'UCBDGL0NE'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
^7'>CBJDOO<!NKKCE'4566`8':)'=5;)'
^5'!LRCH'456658':)'7`=)'
^='*LS1LNMML'DOF'AN11CE'456768)'
^^'ALRN1DR'456638)'!CC'D1H0'>00I'456638)'
^2'@D110O'456638)'
$&/%$'"#>9(#,,'
'
'
'
7b'
0I'KBC'JDERCK'DMKND11Q'HBD:CH'KBDK'UCBDGL0NE.'UNK'CVND11Q'PBDK'@D110O'DOF'ADMRCOdLC'
HB0P'LH'KBDK'CM0O0JLMH'O0P.'LO'KNEO.'HBD:CH'KBC'UCBDGL0NE'0I'CM0O0JLHKH)'&'ECI1CTLGC'
DOF'MELKLMD1'NOFCEHKDOFLOS'PLKB'U0KB'C:LHKCJ010SLMD1'DOF'0OK010SLMD1'LJ:1LMDKL0OH'KBDK'
LH'IN11Q'CJUEDMCF'UQ'KBC'EDFLMD1'CM0O0JLHKH' jN1LC' hDKBCELOC' cLUH0O<cEDBDJ' PB0'
DESNC'KBDK'KBC':CEI0EJDKLGLKQ'0I'CM0O0JLMH'LJ:0HCH'0O'DO'DOD1QHK'KBC'ECVNLECJCOK'
O0K' _NHK' K0' LJDSLOC' D1KCEODKLGC' CM0O0JLCH' K0' MD:LKD1LHJ' UNK' 0KBCE' ECD1LKLCH.' 0KBCE'
H0MLD1'P0E1FH.'0KBCE'PDQH'0I'RO0PLOS)'
"BLH'GLHL0O'0I'KBC':CEI0EJDKLGLKQ'0I'RO0P1CFSC.'LKH'LJ:1LMDKL0O'LO'PBDK'LK':NE:0EKH'
K0'FCHMELUC.'LKH':E0FNMKLGC':0PCE'0I'XJDRLOSW.'BDH':1DMCF'OCP'ECH:0OHLUL1LKQ'0O'KBC'
HB0N1FCEH'0I'HMB01DEHk'K0'ECM0SOLdC'KBCLE'M0OHKLKNKLGC'E01C'LO'KBC'P0E1FH'KBDK'CTLHK.'
DOF'KBCLE':0PCE'K0'UELOS'OCP'P0E1FH'LOK0'UCLOS)^`'
&'MBD11COSC'PBLMB'LH'CMB0CF'LO'&OFQ'*LMRCELOSWH'CVND11Q'LJ:0EKDOK'CTDJLODKL0O'
0I'MQUCEOCKLM'ECHCDEMB'KBDK'D1H0'ECGCD1H'LKH':CEI0EJDKLGC'ODKNEC)^3'*LMRCELOS'DESNCH'
KBC'EC:ECHCOKDKL0OD1LHK'0OK010SQ'0I' J0FCEOLKQ' LH'0OC'0I'COIEDJLOS.'M0OKE011DUL1LKQ'DOF'
RO0PDUL1LKQ.'DOF'BC'MBD11COSCH'NH'K0' LJDSLOC' DO'0::0HLKL0OD1.':CEI0EJDKLGC.'O0O<
J0FCEO'0OK010SQ'0I'ECGCD1LOS'DOF'NORO0PDUL1LKQ.'0I'UCM0JLOS'DOF':0HHLUL1LKQ)'
"BLH'M0J:1CT'JLT'0I':CEI0EJDKLGLKLCH'DOF'ECI1CTLGLKLCH'1LORLOS'KBC'0OK010SLMD1'
DOF' KBC' :01LKLMD1' LO' DO' CTMLKLOS' DOF' MBD11COSLOS' PDQ' 1CDFH' K0' KBC' RCQ' LHHNCH' KBDK'
M0J:DOL0O'KBC'VNCHKL0O'0I'B0P'K0'P0ER'PLKB'JN1KL:1C'DOF'LOM0JJCOHNEDU1C'RO0P1CFSC'
KEDFLKL0OH.'0I'B0P'K0'HNHKDLO'MN1KNED1'DOF'UL010SLMD1'FLGCEHLKQ.'DOF'B0P'K0'EC<CHKDU1LHB'
KBC'M0JJ0OH)'
"BC':D:CE'HNSSCHKH'KBDK'KBC':0HHLUL1LKQ'0I'DOHPCELOS'KBCHC'FCJDOFH'JDQ'1LC'
PLKBLO' KBC' U0FQ' 0I' KBLORLOS' 100HC1Q' 1DUC11CF' M0J:1CTLKQ' KBC0EQ' DOF' FLHKELUNKCF'
HQHKCJH'KBDK':E0GLFC'I0E'ECHL1LCOMC.'HNHKDLODU1C'FLGCEHLKQ.' DNK0O0JQ' DOF' J0UL1LKQ.'
DOF'KBDK'KBC'UELFSC'UCKPCCO'FLHKELUNKCF'HQHKCJH'DOF'M0J:1CTLKQ'LH':CEI0EJDKLGLKQ)'
@0J:1CTLKQ'KBC0EQ'M0JCH' LO'D'GDELCKQ'0I'SNLHCH' LOM1NFLOS'OCKP0ER'KBC0EQ'
DOF'MBD0H'KBC0EQ.' UNK'DK'BCDEK'KBCQ' D11'COFCDG0NE'K0'CT:1DLO'B0P'KBCEC'LH'0EFCE'LO'
KBC'NOLGCEHC.'UNK'CH:CMLD11Q'B0P'K0'CT:1DLO'B0P'M0J:1CT':BCO0JCOD'CJCESC'IE0J'
HLJ:1C'0OCH)'+0P'PCK'PDKCE'LH'I0EJCF'IE0J'O0O<PCK'BQFE0SCO'DOF'0TQSCO.'H0MLCKLCH'
IE0J'LOFLGLFND1H.'1LIC'IE0J'LO0ESDOLM'JDKCELD1H.'M0OHML0NHOCHH'IE0J'SE0N:H'0I'UEDLO'
MC11H)' \E0J' JQ' :CEH:CMKLGC' KBCEC' DEC' KP0' UE0DF1Q' FLHKLOSNLHBDU1C' D::E0DMBCH' K0'
M0J:1CTLKQa'0OC'LH'M0OMCLGCF'LO'KCEJH'0I'HMD1C<LOFC:COFCOK'HQHKCJH'PBLMB'KCOF'K0'
UC'K0:<F0PO.':BQHLMD1LHK.'BLCEDEMBLMD1.'NOLGCEHD1LHK'DOF'EC:ECHCOKDKL0OD1LHK'LO'ODKNEC.'
KBC'0KBCE'LH'M0OMCLGCF'LO'KCEJH'0I'CJCESCOMC'PBLMB'KCOF'K0'UC'LOKCEDMKL0OLHK.'UL010SLMD1.'
BCKCEDEMBLMD1.'JN1KL:1LMLK0NH'DOF':CEI0EJDKLGC)'!0'KBC'FLHKLOMKL0O'UCKPCCO'NOFCEHKDOFLOS'
0EFCE' LO' KBC' NOLGCEHC' IE0J' KBC' :0LOK' 0I' GLCP' 0I' :BQHLMH' DOF' 0I' HC1I<0ESDOLHLOS'
HQHKCJH' LH' KBDK' LK' LH' 0OC' KBDK' LH' K0' UC' CT:1DLOCF' LO' KCEJH' 0I' KBC' :1DQLOS' 0NK' 0I'
:BQHLMD1'1DPH.'DOF'LO'KBC'0KBCE'0I'UL010SLMD1':E0MCHHCH)'"P0'0I'KBC'RCQ'FLIICECOMCH'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
^`'cLUH0O<cEDBDJ'4566b8)'
^3'*LMRCELOS'456768)'
*?>\->A&"%/%"e'&9$'@-A*,?f'&$&*"%/?'!e!"?A!g'Y->h%9c'Y%"+'A#,"%*,?'i'
'
'
'7;'
KBDK'FLHKLOSNLHB'KBCJ'DEC'INOFDJCOKD11Q'H:DKLD1'DOF'KCJ:0ED1)'\0E'KBC':BQHLMLHKH'KBC'
:E0MCHHCH'DEC'LOFC:COFCOK'0I'HMD1C'DOF' KLJC)'\0E'KBC' UL010SLHKH'KBCQ'DEC'HMD1C'DOF'
KLJC'FC:COFCOKa':E0MCHHCH'FLIICE'DK'FLIICECOK'HMD1CH.'KBCQ':E0FNMC'FLIICELOS'I0EJH'0I'
H:DKLD1LKQ'DOF'KBCQ'DEC'M0OKLOSCOK.'KLJC'FC:COFCOK.'LEECGCEHLU1C'DOF'BLHK0ELMD1.'PBDK'
BD::COH'MBDOSCH'KBLOSH)'"BLH'UL010SLMD1'M0OMC:KL0O'0I'KBC'NOLGCEHC'DH'D'M0OKLON0NH'
:E0MCHH'0I'UCM0JLOS'LH'DK'BCDEK':CEI0EJDKLGC'DOF'JN1KL:1LMLK0NH)'
%O' M0JJ0O' PLKB' DO' !!h' GLCP' 0I' KBC' P0E1F' D' INOFDJCOKD1' :E0MCHH' LO'
M0J:1CT' DFD:KLGC' HQHKCJH' CH:CMLD11Q' KB0HC' LOI1CMKCF' UQ' ADKNEDOD' DOF' /DEC1D' LH'
DHHCJU1DSC)'%O'KBCLE'GLCP.'1LIC'LH'D'UL010SLMD1':E0MCHH'0I'M0OOCMKL0O'DOF'LOKCEDMKL0O.'
PBCECUQ'1LIC'0E'KBC'HQHKCJ'INEKBCEH'LKHC1I)'&HHCJU1DSC'0E'M0OOCMKL0O'LH'U0KB'D'I0EJ'
0I'KCEELK0ELD1LHDKL0O'0E'H:DKLD1':EDMKLMC'KBDK':E0FNMCH'JN1KL:1C'FLHKLOMK'PB01CH'DOF'LH'
D1H0'D'M0SOLKLGC':E0MCHH)'@0SOLKL0O'LH'KBNH KBC'DMKLGLKQ'LOG01GCF'LO'KBC'HC1I<SCOCEDKL0O'
DOF'HC1I<:CE:CKNDKL0O'0I'OCKP0ERHa'LK'LH'O0K'D'JDKKCE'0I'RO0PLOS'0E'EC:ECHCOKLOS'DO'
D1ECDFQ' LOFC:COFCOK' CTLHKLOS' P0E1F.' UNK' EDKBCE' D' M0OKLOND1' XUELOSLOS' I0EKB' 0I' D'
P0E1FW' KBE0NSB' KBC' :E0MCHH' 0I' 1LGLOS)' X"0' 1LGC' LH' K0' RO0PW)^b'\0E'ADKNEDOD'DOF'
/DEC1D.':E0MCHH'DOF'HKENMKNEC'DEC'KBC'UDHLM':BCO0JCOD'0I'1LIC)',LIC'LH'D':E0MCHH'0I'
UCM0JLOS'DOF'RO0PLOSa'LK'LH':CEI0EJDKLGC'DHHCJU1DSC'DOF'J0GCJCOK)'&'GLCP'KBDK'
LH'M0OH0ODOK'PLKB'KBC' ECMCOK1Q' CJCESCOK'HMB001'0I'UL0HCJL0KLMH'KBDK' HCCH'1LIC'DH'D'
:E0MCHH'0I'RO0PLOS'MENMLD11Q'FC:COFCOK'0O'DO'LOKCEDMKLGC':E0MCHH'0I'JCDOLOS<JDRLOS)'
\0E'$0OD1F'\DGDECDN'KBC' NOLGCEHC'LH'D':CEI0EJDKLGC'CIICMK' 0I' ECDFLOS'HLSOH.'HLSOH'0I'
KBC' DMKL0OH' 0I' 0KBCEH' 4HKLSJCESQ8g' X0NE' GCEQ' UL010SLMD1' P0E1F' LKHC1I' k' M0JCH' LOK0'
UCLOS'O0K'DH'D'Z:EC<SLGCO['LO'KBC'INEOLKNEC'0I'KBC'NOLGCEHC.'UNK'DH'D'10MD11Q' 0ESDOLdCF.'
JDHHLGC1Q' M0<M0OHKENMKCF.' :DEKLML:DOK<IDHBL0OCF' accomplishment LO' KBDK' NOLGCEHC'
LOHKCDFW)^;'
90OC' 0I' KBLH' LH' K0' M1DLJ' KBDK' KBC' :BQHLMLHKH' DEC' PE0OS' DOF' KBC' UL010SLHKH''
DEC' ELSBK.' KENKB' DOF' ID1HLKQ' MDO' O0' 10OSCE'UC'HLJ:1Q'D::1LCF'LO'KBC'HKDOFDEF'
EC:ECHCOKDKL0OD1LHK'HCOHC'0I'M0EECH:0OFCOMC'PLKB'ECD1LKQ)'>DKBCE'EC:ECHCOKDKL0OD1LHJ'
PBCKBCE'UC'LK'CJ:LELMLHK.'ECD1LHK'0E'EDKL0OD1LHK.'OCCFH'K0'UC'HCCO'DH'LKHC1I'D':CEI0EJDOMC'
0I'PBDK'&OFQ'*LMRCELOS'MD11H'XJ0FCEO'0OK010SQW.'DH'D'PDQ'0I'RO0PLOS)26'!LOMC.'DH'
\0NMDN1K' DESNCF.' CDMB' C:LHKCJC' MDEELCH' PLKB'LK'LKH'0PO'ECSLJC'0I'KENKB.'KBC'0O1Q'
GLDU1C'0:KL0O'LH'K0'HCK'FLIICELOS'C:LHKCJCH'0E'PDQH'0I'RO0PLOS'LO'KCOHL0O'PLKB'0OC'
DO0KBCE' CODU1LOS' KBCJ' K0' SCOCEDKC' OCP' :0HHLUL1LKLCH' 0I' LOHLSBK.' KENKB' DOF' MELKLMD1'
CGD1NDKL0O'KBE0NSB'UCLOS':CEI0EJCF'K0SCKBCE)''
%K'LH':CEI0EJDKLGLKQ'KBDK'UELOSH'K0SCKBCE'KBC'UL010SLMD1.'KBC'C:LHKCJ010SLMD1'
DOF'KBC'0OK010SLMD1)'>DKBCE'KBDO' SCK'LOK0'FCKDL1CF'C1DU0EDKL0O'0I'M0J:1CT'DFD:KLGC'
HQHKCJH'DOF'KBCLE'DOD10SLCH'PLKB'PDQH'0I'RO0PLOS.'KBCLE':CEI0EJDKLGC'M0JJ0OD1LKLCH'
DEC'HCK'0NK'BCEC'LO':0LOK'I0EJ)'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
^b'ADKNEDOD'DOF'/DEC1D'47;b38.':)'5ba'@D:ED'4566=8.':)'=5)'
^;'\DGDECDN'4566b8)'!KLSJCESQ'DH'HLSOH'0I'KBC'DMKL0OH'0I'0KBCEH'LH'FCGC10:CF'UQ'"BCEDN1Dd'DOF'(0ODUCDN'
47;;;8a'ADEHB'DOF'-O0I'4566b8a'!NHL'DOF'qLCJRC'456678)'
26'*LMRCELOS'456768)'
$&/%$'"#>9(#,,'
'
'
'
56'
Table I. Characterisation of complex adaptive systems including their
functional and ontological dimensions
'
"BC'0GCED11'MD:DMLKQ' 0I'HNMB'HQHKCJH' LH'I0E'&HHCJU1DSC.'@0OOCMKL0O'DOF'A0GCJCOK'
PLKB'KBCLE'0PO':CEI0EJDKLGC'FQODJLM.'UNK'PLKB0NK'DOQ'FLECMKL0OD1LKQ)'"BC'I0110PLOS'DOD1QKLM'
FLGLHL0OH' DEC' 0I' OCMCHHLKQ' H0JCPBDK' DEULKEDEQ' HLOMC' D11' M0J:0OCOKH' 0I' HNMB' HQHKCJH' DEC'
LOKCEDMKLGC'DOF'LOKCEFC:COFCOK':E0MCHHCH.'UNK'K0SCKBCE'KBCQ'M0OHKLKNKC'KBC'CHHCOKLD1'M0J:0OCOKH)'
'
'
COMPLEXITY
7)' Multiplicityg' KBCEC' LH' U0KB' GDELDUL1LKQ' DOF' FLGCEHLKQ.' PLKBLO' DOF' 0I' HQHKCJH' DK'
CGCEQ'1CGC1'D110PLOS'I0E'JDHHLGC'ECFNOFDOMQ.':1DHKLMLKQ.'DOF'D1KCEODKLGC':0HHLU1C':DKBH)'
5)'Spatialityg'KBCEC'LH'DO'LOBCECOK'K0:010SQ.'PBCEC'10MD1LKQ'JDKKCEH.'KBCEC'DEC'HMD1C'
LOFC:COFCOK'1CGC1H'DOF'DNK0O0J0NH' J0FN1CH' PB0HC' H:DKLD1'EC1DKL0OH'DOF'LOKCEDMKL0OH.'M0<
:E0FNMC'INEKBCE'OLMBCH'DOF'H:DMCH)'
'
'
ADAPTIVITY
=)'Processualityg'"BC'UDHLM'0OK010SQ' LH' 0OC'0I':E0MCHHCH'LO'M0OKLON0NH'HKDKCH' 0I'
UCM0JLOS.'DMKL0O'DOF'LOKCEDMKL0O.'0I'UCLOS'HC1CMKCF'DOF'ECLOI0EMCF'DH'HKENMKNECH'DOF'COKLKLCH.'
0E'DUDOF0OCF'DH'IDL1NECHk'ODKNED1'CT:CELJCOKH'LO'DMKL0O)'
^)'Temporalityg'KBC':E0MCHHCH' DEC' UL010SLMD1'DOF'BLHK0ELMD1.':E0I0NOF1Q'LOI1CMKCF'
UQ' KBC' LEECGCEHLUL1LKQ'0I' KLJC' DOF' KBC' M0OKLOSCOMQ' 0I'CGCOKH.' PBLMB' :E0GLFC' U0KB' KBC' FQODJLM'
DOF'KBC'FLGCEHLKQ)'
'
'
SYSTEMATICITY
2)'Interactive connectivityg'"BCEC'LH'O0':ECPELKKCO':1DO.'JD:.'10SLM.'D1S0ELKBJ'0E'
1DPH.' O0' FLECMKL0O' 0E' :NE:0HC)' "BC' HKENMKNED1' 0ESDOLHDKL0O' 0I' KBC' HQHKCJ' LH' O0K' :ECHCK' 0E'
BLCEDEMBLMD1.' EDKBCE' LK' LH' BCKCEDEMBLMD1' CJCESLOS' IE0J' KBC' DMKL0OH' DOF' LOKCEDMKL0OH' 0I'
DNK0O0J0NH.'HC:DEDKC'COKLKLCH'DOF'KBCLE'M0OOCMKL0OH)'"BC'JN1KL:1C':DEKH'DEC'DSCOKLGC'LO'KBDK'
KBCQ' DEC' LO' DMKL0O.' JDKCELD11Q' DOF' HCJL0KLMD11Q' F0LOS' P0ER' DOF' JDRLOS' M0OOCMKL0OH' KBDK'
MECDKC' FLHKLOMKL0OH' 0E' FLHMELJLODKL0OH' DH' C1CJCOKH.' DSCOKH.' HKDKCH.' CGCOKH.' 0E' :E0MCHHCH' LO'
OCKP0ERH'0I'H:DKLD1'DOF'KCJ:0ED1'EC1DKL0OH)'
`)'The system is stigmergic.'LKH'FLHKELUNKCF':DEKH'4OCK8P0ER'DH'D'M011CMKLGC'KB0NSB'
D' MD:DMLKQ' I0E' KDSSLOS.' JDERLOS' HLSOH.' KEDMCH' 0E' KEDL1H' :E0FNMCF' UQ' KBC' DMKL0OH' 0I' 0KBCEH.'
D110PLOS' HLSO' HK0EDSC.' KEDOHICE.' :E0MCHHLOS' DOF' KBC' M00EFLODKL0O' 0I' DMKL0O.' DOF' BCOMC' KBC'
:0HHLUL1LKQ'0I'OCSDKLGC'DOF':0HLKLGC'ICCFUDMR)'
3)'Performative'Emergenceg'KBC'HQHKCJ' LH' :CEI0EJDKLGC' DOF'M0OHKENMKLGLHK.'LO'D'
M0OKLON0NH'HKDKC'0I'UCM0JLOS)'%KH'0PO'M0OOCMKLGC'DMKLGLKLCH':E0FNMC'HQHKCJLM' H:DKLD1' DOF'
KCJ:0ED1' CIICMKH' DOF' EC1DKL0OH' KBDK' DEC' O0K' LO' KBC' MD:DMLKQ' 0I' KBC' M0J:0OCOKH)' "BCHC'
CJCESCOK'CIICMKH'ECI1CTLGC1Q'ICCFUDMR'LOK0'KBC' M0J:0OCOKH' LO' D' :E0MCHH'0I'CM010SLMD1'M0<
:E0FNMKL0O)'"BC':E0MCHH'PBCECUQ'KBC'HQHKCJ'DMVNLECH'ICDKNECH'KBDK':CEJLK'LK'K0'FLHMELJLODKC.'
DMK'N:0O.'DOF'ECH:0OF' K0' KBC' COGLE0OJCOK.'LKH'0PO'HKDKC'DOF' K0' 0KBCE' HQHKCJH'LH'LO'CIICMK'
XCJCESCOK' JD::LOSW.' DOF' LH' MENMLD11Q' FC:COFCOK' 0O' HKEDKCSLCH' 0E' :EDMKLMCH' I0E' UD1DOMLOS'
OCSDKLGC'DOF':0HLKLGC'ICCFUDMR.':EDMKLMCH'PBLMB'DEC'KBCJHC1GCH'O0K':ECHCK'UNK'CJCESCOK)'
*?>\->A&"%/%"e'&9$'@-A*,?f'&$&*"%/?'!e!"?A!g'Y->h%9c'Y%"+'A#,"%*,?'i'
'
'
'57'
Table 2. Ways of Knowing as Social Processes
'
Ways of Knowing are Performative: YDQH' 0I' RO0PLOS' DEC' KBC' :E0FNMK' 0I'
M00EFLODKCF' BNJDO' J0GCJCOK.' DMKL0OH.' :EDMKLMCH'DOF':E0K0M01H)'%K'KDRCH'DMKLGC'P0ER'K0'
KEDOHI0EJ' KBC' P0E1F' LOK0' RO0P1CFSCH' DOF' KBCQ' DEC' CJU0FLCF' LO' :C0:1C.' KBCLE' :EDMKLMCH.'
EC1DKL0OHBL:H'DOF'LO' KBCLE' K001H.'DEKCIDMKH'DOF'D11' I0EJH'0I'KCMBO010SQ'CH:CMLD11Q' J0FCH'0I'
EC:ECHCOKDKL0O.'M0JJNOLMDKL0O.'DOF'JCOHNEDKL0O)'
Ways of knowing are Tacit, Practice-based, and Embodied: YDQH'0I'RO0PLOS'
DEC'O0K'_NHK'DUHKEDMKL0OH.' EC:ECHCOKDKL0OH.'0E' LOI0EJDKL0O.'KBCQ'DEC'HRL11CF' :EDMKLMCH'1LKCED11Q'
CJU0FLCF' LO' KBC' M00EFLODKCF' J0GCJCOKH' 0I' BDOFH' DOF' CQCH.' UNK' KBCQ' GDEQ' M0OHLFCEDU1Q'
DME0HH'MN1KNECH.'FC:COFLOS'PBLMB'HCOH0EQ'J0FD1LKQ'LH'SLGCO':E0JLOCOMC'DOF'B0P'KBCQ'DEC'
M00EFLODKCF)'
Ways of Knowing are Socially Co-produced and Emergentg' %O' CODMKLOS' 0NE'
RO0P1CFSCH' 0I' KBC' P0E1F' PC' JDRC' 0NEHC1GCH' 0NE' H0MLCKLCH' DOF' KBC' H:DMCH' PC' LOBDULK)' %O'
J0GLOS'DOF'DMKLOS'K0SCKBCE'PC':CEI0EJ'RO0P1CFSC'H:DMCH.'PC'MECDKC'KEDL1H.'PC'RO0P'DH'PC'
S0'KBE0NSB'KBC'M0SOLKLGC'DOF':BQHLMD1'1DOFHMD:C.'PC'DEC'JD::LOS.'ECGCD1LOS'DOF'UCM0JLOS)'
Ways of Knowing are Localg'"BCQ'DEC' HLKNDKCF.':1DMC<UDHCF.':E0FNMCF'DK':DEKLMN1DE'
HLKCH'UQ':DEKLMN1DE':C0:1C.'PLKB':DEKLMN1DE'HRL11H.':EDMKLMCH' DOF'K001H'LO' :DEKLMN1DE'BLHK0ELMD1'
M0OKCTKH)'
Ways of Knowing are Spatial: ADRLOS'M0OOCMKL0OH.'1LORLOS':C0:1C.' :1DMCH' DOF'
:EDMKLMCH.':E0FNMCH'RO0P1CFSC'H:DMCH'PBCEC'KENHKCF'DSCOKH.'HLSOLILMDOK'HLKCH.'DOF'KEDFLKL0OH'
DEC'P0GCO'K0SCKBCE'LO'JN1KL:1LMLK0NH':DEKLMN1DE'K0:010SLCH)'
Ways of Knowing are Mobile, they Travel: #OLGCEHD1LKQ'DOF'NOLKQ.'HN::0HCF1Q'
CHHCOKLD1'MBDEDMKCELHKLMH'0I'RO0P1CFSC'DEC'O0K'LO' KBC'ODKNEC'0I'KBC'RO0P1CFSCH' KBCJHC1GCH.'
UNK'LO'KBC'PDQH'KBDK'BDGC'UCCO'FCGC10:CF'I0E'J0GLOS.'MLEMN1DKLOS'DOF'DHHCJU1LOS'I0EJH'0I'
RO0P1CFSC)'
Ways of Knowing are Narratological and Temporal: &11'PDQH'0I'RO0PLOS'DEC'
HK0ELCF':EDMKLMCH)'9DEEDKLGCH' 0EFCE'CGCOKH.':C0:1C.'DOF' DMKLGLKLCH.'LO'H:DMC'DOF' KLJC.'LO'KBC'
:E0MCHH'0I'MECDKLOS'JCDOLOS'DOF'FLD10SLMD1'CTMBDOSC.'KBCQ'LOHKDOKLDKC'0OK010SLCH)'
Ways of Knowing are Disunited and Multiple, Collective and Distributedg'&11'
PDQH'0I'RO0PLOS'LOM1NFLOS'HMLCOMC'DOF'KCMBO010SQ'DEC'FLHNOLILCFa' KBCQ'DEC'JN1KL:1LMLK0NH.'
JCHHQ.'J0K1CQH)'"BCEC' DEC' JN1KL:1C'PDQH'0I'RO0PLOS.' O0K'_NHK'RO0P1CFSC'HLOSN1DE)' "BCEC'
DEC' FLIICELOS' 0OK010SLCH.' JCKB0F010SLCH' DOF' C:LHKCJ010SLCH' U0KB' PLKBLO' DOF' UCKPCCO'
MN1KNECH)' YDQH' 0I' RO0PLOS' F0' O0K' _NHK' LOBCEC' LO' LOFLGLFND1' JLOFHa' KBCQ' DEC' FLHKELUNKCF.'
MECDKCF.'ODEEDKCF.':EDMKLMCF'DOF':CEI0EJCF'LO' PCUH' 0I' LOKCEDMKL0O' PLKB' 0KBCE':C0:1C.'PLKB'
KBC'COGLE0OJCOK.'DOF'PLKB'KBLOSH)'
YDQH'0I'RO0PLOS'LO'D11'KEDFLKL0OH'DEC':E0FNMCF'LO'I1CTLU1C.'M0OKCHKCF'DOF'FQODJLM'
:E0MCHHCH'DOF' :EDMKLMCH.'UNK' KBCLE':CEI0EJDKLGLKQ'DOF'OCS0KLDKCF'MBDEDMKCE'LH'CEDHCF'DH'KBCQ'
DEC'EC<:ECHCOKCF'DH'DNKB0ELHCF.'DMMECFLKCF.'NOLILCF':NU1LM'RO0P1CFSC)''
$&/%$'"#>9(#,,'
'
'
'
55'
"BCEC'DEC'KBCO'HKE0OS'DOD10SLCH'UCKPCCO'PDQH'0I'RO0PLOS'DOF'KBC'FQODJLMH'
0I'M0J:1CT'DFD:KLGC'HQHKCJH)27'"BC'H0MLD1':E0FNMKL0O'DOF'CODMKJCOK'0I'RO0P1CFSCH'LH'
:CEI0EJDKLGC' M011CMKLGC' P0ER' LO' PBLMB' PC'HBD:C'0NEHC1GCH'DOF'0NE'COGLE0OJCOK'
DOF'BCOMC'LK'LH':E0I0NOF1Q'H:DKLD1'PLKB'H0MLD1.':EDMKLMD1.'C:LHKCJ010SLMD1'DOF'J0ED1'
FLJCOHL0OH)'"BC'M0SOLKLGC'DOF'H0MLD1'0EFCE'M0<:E0FNMC'0OC'DO0KBCE'DOF'LO'H0'F0LOS'
M0OHKENMK'KBC'RLOFH'0I' JCOKD1' DOF'J0ED1'H:DMCH'PC'LOBDULK'DH' RO0P1CFSC':E0FNMCEH)'
hO0P1CFSC'DOF'H0MLCKQ'F0'O0K'JCEC1Q'LOKCEDMK'0E'FCKCEJLOC'0OC'DO0KBCE)'"BCQ'DEC'
:CEI0EJDKLGC1Q'M0OHKLKNKLGC'0I'0OC'DO0KBCE)'(NK'PDQH'0I'RO0PLOS.'UC'KBCQ'H0MLD1'0E'
ODKNED1.'0E'D'M0JULODKL0O'0I'KBC'KP0.'F0'O0K'I0EJ'DOQKBLOS'1LRC':CEJDOCOK1Q'M0BCECOK'
PB01CH.'KBCQ'DEC'M0J:1CT.' JCHHQ' DOF' JN1KL:1C.' CG01GLOS' CT:CELJCOKH' LO' M0OHKDOK'
HKENSS1C'OCS0KLDKL0O'DOF'LOKCEDMKL0O'LO'D'MBDOSLOS'COGLE0OJCOK)'
%O'UL010SQ'DH'LO'1LIC.'KBC'0O1Q'EN1C'LH'XKBCEC'DEC'O0'EN1CHW'CTMC:K'KBC'0OCH'PC'
M0OHKENMK)',LIC'LH'D'M0SOLKLGC':E0MCHH'DOF'LKH'D::DECOK'M0BCECOMC.'FCH:LKC'KBC'JDOQ'
PDQH' 0NE' 1LIC' CT:CELCOMCH' DEC' IEDSJCOKCF.' FLH_0LOKCF' DOF' FLHNOLKCF.' LH' H0MLD11Q'
DMBLCGCF' KBE0NSB' 0NE' KC11LOS' HK0ELCH.' KDRLOS' _0NEOCQH.' JDERLOS' KEDL1H' DOF' JDRLOS'
JCDOLOS'KBE0NSB'H:DKLD1'DOF'KCJ:0ED1'0EFCELOS'DOF'M00EFLODKLOS'0I'DMKL0OH)25'hCO'
(DHRLO'BDH'JDFC'CT:1LMLK'KBC'M0OOCMKL0O'UCKPCCO'M0J:1CT'DFD:KLGC'HQHKCJH.'H:DMC'
DOF'HK0ELCH'LO'BLH'M0OMC:KL0O' 0I' XHK0ELCF'H:DMCHW)'\0E'(DHRLO.'XPC'BNJDO'DOLJD1H'
CT:CELCOMC'KBC'P0E1F'LO'KCEJH'0I'KBC'HK0ELCH'KBDK'PC'UC1LCGC'KC11'NH'PBDK'ZECD1LKQ['LH.'
HK0ELCH'KBDK'PC'0NEHC1GCH'M0<MECDKC'DH'PC'LOKCEDMK'PLKB'0KBCEH'LO'0NE'GDEL0NH'H0MLD1'
COGLE0OJCOKHk'IDJL1LCH.'0ESDOLdDKL0OH.':E0ICHHL0OH.'CKM)k'CDMB' 0I' PBLMB' INOMKL0OH'
DH'LKH'0PO'HK0ELCF'H:DMCHi'KBCHC'HK0ELCF'H:DMCH'INOMKL0O'DH'KBC'BNJDO'CVNLGD1COK'
0I'M0J:1CTLKQWH'M0J:1CT'DFD:KLGC'HQHKCJHW)2='
j0BO' +011DOF' PDH' 0OC' 0I' KBC' ILEHK' K0' FCGC10:' D' KBC0EQ' 0I' M0J:1CT' DFD:KLGC'
HQHKCJH)'%O'BLH'DOD1QHLH' KDSSLOS' LH'KBC'RCQ'JCMBDOLHJ'I0E' DSSECSDKL0O'DOF'U0NOFDEQ'
I0EJDKL0O' LO' HNMB' HQHKCJH.' CODU1LOS'FLIICECOKLDKL0O'DOF'M1DHHLILMDKL0O)
2^'"DSSLOS.'
IE0J'D'M0<:E0FNMKLGC.':CEI0EJDKLGC':CEH:CMKLGC.'LH'D'_0LOK'CIICMK'0I'KBC'J0GCJCOK'0I'
KBC'DSCOKH'LO'KBC'HQHKCJ'DOF'KBC'LOKCEDMKL0OH'UCKPCCO'KBC'HQHKCJ'DOF'KBC'DSCOKH)'
"DSH'DEC'KBC'HKLSJCESLM'HLSOH'0I'P0ER.'0I'DMKL0Oa'KBCQ'DEC'ODJCH.'1DUC1H.'FCILOLKL0OH.'
DOF' LOFLMDKL0OH' 0I' LOKCECHK.' GD1NC' DOF' M0OMCEO)' @0OOCMKCF' K0SCKBCE' KBCQ' I0EJ'
XM0SOLKLGC'KEDL1HW'KBDK'DEC'U0KB'KBC'CIICMKH'DOF'KBC'M0J:0OCOKH'0I'D'F0NU1C'JD::LOS'
:E0MCHH'LO'KBC'M0<:E0FNMKL0O'0I'RO0P1CFSC'DOF'H:DMC)22'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
27'ADEHB'DOF'-O0I'4566b8)'
25'"NEOUN11'45665'U8a'"NEOUN11'4566^8a'(ELSSH'47;;`8a',DP'DOF'!LOS1CK0O'456668)'
2='(DHRLO'4566b8)'
2^'+011DOF'47;;28.':)'7^)'
22'"BC'KCEJ'M0SOLKLGC'KEDL1' LH'&FELDO'@NHHLOHW'PB0'DESNCH'KBDK'D'XKEDGC11LOS'DMM0NOK'0I'NOFCEHKDOFLOS'
DOF'EC:ECHCOKDKL0O'HB0N1F'O0K'0:K'I0E'DO'C:LHKCJ010SLMD1'SE0NOFLOS'LO'KB0NSBK'0E'CT:CELCOMC'HLOMC'
JNMB'0I'0NE'XLOKC11LSCOMC'LO' M0JJNOLMDKLOS'DOF'DMKLOS'M0OHLHKH'LO'0NE'DUL1LKQ'K0'move between D1KCEODKLGC'
M0OMC:KND1LHDKL0OH'0I'D':E0U1CJ'F0JDLOW)'@NHHLOH'47;;58.'MLKCF'LO'"NEOUN11'456658)'
"EDL1H'DH'@NHHLOH':0LOKH'0NK'DEC'D1H0' DEKCIDMKH)'X*CEBD:H'KEDL1H'DEC'KBC'first'DEKCIDMKHW'@NHHLOH.'&FELDO)'
Norms, Networks and Trails: Relations between Different Topologies of Activity, Kinds of Normativity,
and the New Weird Metaphysics of Actor Network Theory, and Some Cautions About the Contents
of the Ethnographer's Toolkit'7;;;'nMLKCF'57);)2)o)'
*?>\->A&"%/%"e'&9$'@-A*,?f'&$&*"%/?'!e!"?A!g'Y->h%9c'Y%"+'A#,"%*,?'i'
'
'
'5='
\0E'CTDJ:1C.'-MBH.'jDM0UQ'DOF'c0OdD1CH'BDGC'100RCF'DK'KBC'PDQH'D'SE0N:'
0I':BQHLMLHKH'P0ER'M011DU0EDKLGC1Q'LO'ECDMBLOS'DO'NOFCEHKDOFLOS'0I'KBCLE'M0J:1CT'
JDHHCH' 0I' FDKD.' DOF' BDGC' I0NOF' KBDK' KBCQ'KDRC'XCJU0FLCF'LOKCE:ECKLGC'_0NEOCQHW'
KBE0NSB'KBC'EC:ECHCOKDKL0OH'KBCQ'HBDEC'PLKB' CDMB'0KBCE.'DOF' LO'KBC':E0MCHH'KBCQ' MECDKC'
DO'XLOKCEKCTKND1'H:DMCW)2`'!LJL1DE1Q'PC'D11'JDRC'RO0P1CFSC.'0NE'0PO'NOFCEHKDOFLOSH'DH'
PC'J0GC'KBE0NSB'H:DMC)'&H'%OS01F'HNSSCHKH.'XPC'RO0P'DH'PC'S0W.'RO0P1CFSC'LH'
MN1KLGDKCF'UQ'J0GLOS'D10OS':DKBH'0E'KEDL1H)W23'X&11'RO0PLOS'LH'1LRC'KEDGC1LOS.'1LRC'D'
_0NEOCQ' UCKPCCO' :DEKH' 0I' KBC' JDKELTW)2b'%O'J0GLOS'KBE0NSB'H:DMC'DOF'LO'JDRLOS'
JCDOLOS'PC'DEC'KC11LOS'HK0ELCH.'JDRLOS'KEDL1H'0I'M0OOCMKL0OH'PBL1C'DK'KBC'HDJC'KLJC'
KB0HC'HK0ELCH'DOF'KEDL1H.'KCEECHKELD1'DOF'JCOKD1'DEC'KBC'H:DMCH'PC'LOBDULK)'
&' J0HK' KC11LOS' L11NHKEDKL0O' 0I' KBC' :CEI0EJDKLGC' M0<:E0FNMKL0O' 0I' HK0ELCH.'
KEDL1H'DOF'M0OHKENMKCF'H:DMCH'LH':E0GLFCF'UQ'@1DNFL0'&:0EKDWH'P0ER'0O'KBC'%ONLK'I0E'
PB0J'XJ0GLOS'LH'D'PDQ'0I'1LGLOSW)'$CH:LKC'KBC'IDMK'KBDK'KBCQ'NHC'O0'JD:H'DOF'KBCLE'
KEDL1H'DEC'C:BCJCED1.'GDOLHBLOS'PLKB'IECHB'HO0P'CDMB'HCDH0O.'KBC'%ONLK'BDGC'DO'COFNELOS'
OCKP0ER'0I'KEDL1H'DME0HH'KBC'@DODFLDO'&EMKLM)'&'OCKP0ER'KBDK'LH'CODMKCF'DH'HK0ELCH'DOF'
HBD:CH' KBCLE' K0:0SED:BLM' NOFCEHKDOFLOS' H0' :0PCEIN11Q' KBDK' &:0EKD' DESNCH' KBC' HK0ELCF'
KEDL1H'DEC.'LO'CIICMK.':1DMCH)'
%K'LH'KBE0NSB'KBC'NHC'0I':1DMC'ODJCH'KBDK'KBC'KEDL1H'DEC'0IKCO'FCHMELUCF.'DH'CDMB'
M0JJNOLKQ'LH'FCC:1Q'RO0P1CFSCDU1C'0I'KBC':1DMC'ODJCH'0I'KBCLE'ECSL0O)'"BC'FCHMEL:KL0O'
0I'KBC'KEL:'NHND11Q'KDRCH':1DMC'LO'KBC'ODEEDKLGC'0I'KBC'_0NEOCQ'4&:0EKD'56628iJ0HK'
0I'PBDK'PC'RO0P'K0FDQ'DH'KBC'@DODFLDO'&EMKLM'HB0N1F'UC'NOFCEHK00F'DH'D'OCKP0ER'
0I'KEDL1H.'LOKCEM0OOCMKLOS'%ONLK'HCKK1CJCOKH'DOF'0KBCE'HLSOLILMDOK':1DMCHiHNMB'KEDL1H'
HB0N1F'KBCJHC1GCH'UC'M0OHLFCECF'HLSOLILMDOK':1DMCH.'CHHCOKLD1'LO'KBC'NOFCEHKDOFLOS'
0I'%ONLK'MN1KNEC)'
"BC'ODEEDKLGC'0I'D'_0NEOCQ'LH'O0K'D'JCEC'1LKCED1'FCHMEL:KL0O'0I'KBC'KEDL1.'UNK'
LOG01GCH' KBC' HK0EQ' 0I' KBC' KEL:' 4DOF' H0JCKLJCH' 0I' FLIICECOK' KEL:H' D10OS' KBC' HDJC'
E0NKC8)' !NMB' ODEEDKLGCH' PL11' LOM1NFC' :ECMLHC' FCHMEL:KL0OH' 0I' KBC' 1DOFHMD:C' DOF'
LMCHMD:C.'D10OS'PLKB'KBC' JCJ0EQ'0I':CEH0OD1'DOCMF0KCH)' *1DMC' ODJCH.'PLOFH.'DOF'
0KBCE' H:DKLD1' JDERCEH' DEC' M0OHKDOK1Q' NHCF' K0' :1DMC' KBC' KEDGC11CE' PLKBLO' M0OMECKC'
B0ELd0OH'DOF'K0'CT:1DLO'KBC'FLECMKL0O'0I'KEDGC18)'"BC':BQHLMD1'FCHMEL:KL0O'0I'D'KEDL1'
4LOM1NFLOS'HNMB'KBLOSH'DH'PBCO'D':DEKLMN1DE'E0MR'LH'HCCO'D::E0DMBLOS'IE0J'KBC'KEDL1'
LO'D':DEKLMN1DE'FLECMKL0O8'LH'LOKCEKPLOCF'PLKB'HK0ELCH'HNMB'DH'B0P'KBC'KEDGC11CE'D1J0HK'
S0K' 10HK.' KBC' :DEKLMN1DE' BDN1LOS' 0I' KBC' KEDGC11CEWH' IDKBCEWH' F0SH.' KBC' :ECHCOMC' DOF'
BNOKLOS'0I.'MDELU0N'D10OS'KBC'PDQ.'0E'KBC'COM0NOKCELOS'0I'DO0KBCE'KEDGC11CE)2;'
!K0ELCF'H:DMCH'DOF'M0J:1CT'DFD:KLGC'HQHKCJH'DEC'FQODJLM.'FLD10SLMD1'DOF'
FLGCEHC'PDQH'0I'RO0PLOS'DOF'M0OOCMKLOS'KBDK'DEC'LO'M0OKLON0NH'FCGC10:JCOK'PLKB'
CJCESCOK'CIICMKH'ICCFLOS'UDMR'LOK0'0NE'1LGCH'DOF'0NE'COGLE0OJCOK)'#1KLJDKC1Q'PBDK'
CJCESCH'LH'KBDK'KBC'FLGCEHLKQ.'J0UL1LKQ'DOF'FLHKELUNKCF.'O0O<BLCEDEMBLMD1.'FLJCOHL0OH'
0I'M0J:1CT'DFD:KLGC'HQHKCJH'DOF'PDQH'0I'RO0PLOS'DEC'FLECMK1Q'EC1CGDOK'K0'KBC'LHHNCH'0I'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2`'-MBH.'jDM0UQ.'DOF'c0OdD1CH'47;;^8)'
23'%OS01F'456668.'::)'55b<;)'
2b'"NEOUN11'47;;78)'
2;'&:0EKD'4566;8a'&:0EKD'4566=8a'&:0EKD'4566^8a'&:0EKD'456628)'
$&/%$'"#>9(#,,'
'
'
'
5^'
DNK0O0JQ.'HNHKDLODUL1LKQ'DOF'KBC'M0JJ0OH)'&OD1QHKH'100RLOS'K0'CT:1DLO'*5*'OCKP0ERH.'
B0P'KCEJLKC'M010OLCH'P0ER.'B0P'K0'EC<0ESDOLHC'COCESQ'DOF'PDKCE'HN::1Q.'B0P'K0'MECDKC'
HNHKDLODU1C'MLKLCH' DOF' H0ML0<CM010SLMD1' OCKP0ERH.' B0P' K0'NOFCEHKDOF' :E0MCHHCH' 0I'
FLGCEHLKQ'DOF'H:CMLDKL0O.'DOF'B0P'K0'0ESDOLdC'KBC'M0JJ0OH.'BDGC'D11'KNEOCF'K0'UL0<
HQHKCJH'DOF'ECHL1LCOMC'DOF'CH:CMLD11Q'K0'FLHKELUNKCF'HQHKCJH' DOF' BDGC' I0NOF' KBCQ'
BDGC'ICDKNECH'LO'M0JJ0O)`6' hCGLO'hC11Q'I0E'CTDJ:1C'LO' FLHMNHHLOS'*5*'OCKP0ERH'
HLOS1CH' 0NKg' DUHCOMC' 0I' LJ:0HCF' MCOKED1LdCF' M0OKE01a' DNK0O0J0NH' HNUNOLKHa' BLSB'
M0OOCMKLGLKQ'UCKPCCO'KBC'HNUNOLKHa'DOF'PCUUQ'O0O1LOCDE'MDNHD1LKQ'0I':CCEH'LOI1NCOMLOS'
:CCEH`7)'YBLMB'JCDOH'KBDK'CJCESCOK'CIICMKH'0I'LOKCEDMKL0O'D110P'KBC'UCBDGL0NE'0I'CDMB'
DNK0O0J0NH'HNUNOLK'K0'UC'RO0PO'UQ'D11'0KBCE'NOLKH'DOF'K0'MBDOSC'KBC'UCBDGL0NE'0I'
KBC'PB01C'LO'ECH:0OHC'K0'MBDOSLOS'MLEMNJHKDOMCH)'%O'KNEO'KBLH'JCDOH'KBC'HQHKCJ'LH'
LO'M0OKLON0NH'I1NT'PLKBLO'SLGCO'M0OHKEDLOKH'DOF'KBC'ECHL1LCOMC'1LCH'LO'LKH'MD:DMLKQ'K0'
HNHKDLO'FLGCEHLKQ'DSDLOHK'D'UDMRSE0NOF'0I'MBDOSC)'
!NMB'HQHKCJH'DEC'BCKCEDEMBLMD1'DOF'FLHKELUNKCF)'"BC'M0OMC:K'0I'BCKCEDEMBQ.'
LO'M0OKEDFLHKLOMKL0O'PLKB'BLCEDEMBQ'PDH'ILEHK'LOKE0FNMCF'UQ'YDEECO'AM@N110MB.'DO'
CDE1Q'MQUCEOCKLMLHK)`5'+C'PDH'KEQLOS'K0'UNL1F'DO'DEKLILMLD11Q'LOKC11LSCOK'JDMBLOC'UDHCF'0O'
KBC'LFCD'KBDK'KBC'BNJDO'UEDLO'BDH'O0'MCOKED1'M0OKE01.'_NHK'HC:DEDKC'NOEDORCF'DNK0O0J0NH'
M0J:0OCOKH'OCKP0ERCF'K0SCKBCE'KBDK' 1CDEO'DOF'DFD:K'UQ'F0LOS' DOF'MBDOSLOS'KBCLE'
EC1DKL0OHBL:H'LO'LOKCEDMKL0O'PLKB'0KBCE'HNMB'BCKCEDEMBLMD1'UEDLOH'LO'D'SLGCO'BLHK0ELMD1'
M0OKCTK)'%O'0KBCE'P0EFH'M0J:1CT'HQHKCJH.'LOM1NFLOS'CM010SLCH.'MN1KNECH'DOF'BCKCE0SCOC0NH'
H0MLD1'SE0N:H'MDO'D11'CIICMKLGC1Q'P0ER'K0SCKBCE'0OMC'LK'LH'ECM0SOLHCF'KBDK'KBC' DLJ'
HB0N1F'O0K'_NHK'UC'K0'ECDMB' D' M0JJ0O' NOFCEHKDOFLOS.'0E'MECDKC'D'NOLILCF'U0FQ'0I'
RO0P1CFSC.' UNK' K0' ECLOGCOK' KBC' M0JJ0OH' LO' PBLMB' 0NE' M011CMKLGC' DMKL0OH.' 0NE'
:CEI0EJDOMCH'K0SCKBCE'HNHKDLO'FLGCEHLKQ.'J0UL1LKQ.'MECDKLGLKQ.'CJCESCOMC.'DOF'DNK0O0JQ.'
LO'PBDK'&OFQ'*LMRCELOS'D:K1Q'MD11H'D'XFDOMC'0I'DSCOMQW'DOF'LH'UCDNKLIN11Q'L11NHKEDKCF'
UQ'>NDLEL'c1QOOWH'Performative Ecologies.63'
(NK'DSDLO'KBCEC'DEC'LOCGLKDU1Q'MDGCDKH)'&H'U0KB'ALMBDC1'ALRN1DR'DOF'!KCIDO'
+C1JECLMB' PDEO.' EBLd0JDKLM' KBLORLOS' LH' HNHMC:KLU1C' K0' KDRC0GCE)`^'X"BC'HBLIKLOS'
M0OILSNEDKL0OH'0I'4UL08:0PCEW'DEC'CGCE'ECDFQ'K0'XMD:LKD1LdC'0O'CM010SLMD1'NOFCEHKDOFLOSH'
0I'EC1DKL0OD1LKQ'DOF' RLOHBL:W)`2',LRCPLHC'LK'LH'LJ:0EKDOK'K0'UC'M0OKLON0NH1Q'DPDEC'KBDK'
PBL1C'XCGCEQKBLOS'LH':CEI0EJDKLGCW'KBLH'LH'O0K'DO0KBCE' NOLGCEHD1LdLOS' KBC0EQ.' KBCEC'
DEC'CGCE':E01LICEDKLOS':CEI0EJDKLGLKLCH)'
(Q'PDQ'0I'L11NHKEDKLOS'KBC':EDMKLMD1':0HHLUL1LKLCH'0I'CODU1LOS'FLIICELOS'RO0P1CFSC'
KEDFLKL0OH'K0'P0ER'K0SCKBCE'LO'PDQH'KBDK'DEC'BCKCEDEMBLMD1'FLHKELUNKCF.'DOF':CEI0EJDKLGC.'
KBLH'ILOD1'HCMKL0O'0NK1LOCH'KBC'X?JCESCOK'$DKDUDHCH.'?JCESCOK'$LGCEHLKQW':E0_CMK)``'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
`6'(CERCH'DOF'\01RC'456658a'-HKE0J'47;;;8)'
`7'hC11Q'47;;^8)'
`5'AM@N110MB'47;^28a'@ENJ1CQ'456628)'
`='*LMRCELOS'456768.':DHHLJ)'
`^'+C1JECLMB'4566=8)'
`2'ALRN1DR'456638)'
``'"BC':E0_CMK'LH'O0P'HN::0EKCF'UQ'DO'9!\'SEDOK'KLK1CF' X%OMECDHLOS' !KDRCB01FCEHr' *DEKLML:DKL0O' LO'
$LHKELUNKCF.'?JCESCOK'hO0P1CFSC' 9CKP0ERHW)'"BC'LOGCHKLSDK0EH' LOM1NFC'>0ULO'(0DHK' 4@DJUELFSC'
ANHCNJ'0I' &OKBE0:010SQ'DOF' &EMBDC010SQ8.'jLJ'?O0KC'4qNOL'ANHCNJ8.'>DJCHB'!ELOLGDHDO'4#@,&8.'
$DGLF'"NEOUN11'4AC1U0NEOC'#OLGCEHLKQ8)'
*?>\->A&"%/%"e'&9$'@-A*,?f'&$&*"%/?'!e!"?A!g'Y->h%9c'Y%"+'A#,"%*,?'i'
'
'
'52'
"BC':E0_CMK'LH'DMNKC1Q'HCOHLKLGC'K0'KBC'NOCVND1':0PCE'EC1DKL0OH'0I'CTMBDOSCH'KBDK' BDGC'
UC1CDSNCECF'HNMB'COFCDG0EH'DH'M0JJNOLKQ'0E'M0NOKCE<JD::LOS':E0_CMKH.'PBCEC'KBC'
COF'ECHN1K'BDH'D11'K00'IECVNCOK1Q'UCCO'KBC'LOKCE:01DKL0O'0I'LOFLSCO0NH'SE0N:H'DOF'KBC'
LOCVND1LKLCH'0I':0PCE'LOK0'KBC'F0JLODOK'H:DKLD1'DOF' HM0:CH'ECSLJCH)`3'&K'KBC'HDJC'
KLJC'KBC':E0_CMK'LH'CVND11Q'HCOHLKLGC'K0'KBC'OCMCHHLKQ'0I'MELKLVNC)`b'&H'KBC'KLK1C'HNSSCHKH'
KBC' :E0_CMK' FC1LUCEDKC1Q' DLJH' K0' :E0GLFC'D'XKEDOHJ0FCEOW'$NHHC1LDO'D::E0DMB'K0'
P0ERLOS'PLKB'FLIICELOS'KEDFLKL0OH'UQ'B01FLOS'KBCJ'LO'KCOHL0O'EDKBCE'KBDO'DLJLOS'I0E'
D'SECDKCE'HQOKBCHLH)'%K'F0CH'KBLH'UQ'0:COLOS'N:'KBC'@DJUELFSC'JNHCNJWH'FDKDUDHC'DOF'
D110PLOS'FLECMK'NOJCFLDKCF'FDKD'K0'KBC':DEKLML:DOKH.'H0'KBDK'KBCQ'M0OKE01.'LOKCE:ECK.'DOF'
DNSJCOK'KBC'FDKD'DH' KBCQ' PLHB.'MECDKLOS'D'M0J:1CT'DFD:KLGC' HQHKCJ'PBCEC'JCDOLOSH'
DELHC'KBE0NSB':EDMKLMCH'0I'LOKCEDMKL0O'DOF':CEI0EJDOMC)'
X?JCESCOK' $DKDUDHCH.' ?JCESCOK' $LGCEHLKQW' LH' UDHCF' LO' KBC' ECD1LKQ' KBDK'
M0OKCJ:0EDEQ'JNHCNJH'DEC'IDMCF' PLKB' D':E0I0NOF':0HKM010OLD1'M0ONOFENJ<'PBDK'
K0'F0'PLKB'KBCLE'M011CMKL0OH'IE0J'MN1KNECH'DE0NOF'KBC'P0E1F)'!B0N1F'KBCQ'EC:DKELDKC'
KBCJ.'0E'LOHLHK'KBDK'D'JNHCNJWH'JDLO'JLHHL0O'LH'DEMBLGD1'DOF'M0OHCEGDKL0O.'0E'0:CO'
N:'KBC'M011CMKL0OH'K0' LOKCE:ECKDKL0O)' ADOQ'JNHCNJH'BDGC'I0NOF'KBDK'KBC'KCMBOLMD1'
MD:DMLKLCH'0I'%".'FLSLKLdDKL0O'DOF'KBC'%OKCEOCK'0IICE'PBDK'HCCJH'K0'UC'DO'LFCD1'XJ0FCEOW'
0:KL0O' M0GCELOS' D11' KBECC' D1KCEODKLGCHkXGLEKND1' EC:DKELDKL0OW)`;'%O'KBLH'J0FC1'KBC'
JNHCNJ' ECKDLOH' KBC' 0U_CMKH.' UNK' MECDKCH' D' GLEKND1' M0JJNOLKQ' KBDK' MDO' HBDEC' DOF'
CTMBDOSC'HK0ELCH.'LJDSCH'DOF'RO0P1CFSC)'/LEKND1'EC:DKELDKL0O.'1LRC'M0JJNOLKQ'JD::LOS.'
BDH'SCOCEDKCF'M0OHLFCEDU1C'LOFLSCO0NH'COKBNHLDHJ.'LK'SLGCH'KBCJ'SECDKCE'DMMCHH.':0PCE'
DOF'M0OKE01'0GCE' KBCLE'BCELKDSC'DOF' LFCOKLKQ)'+0PCGCE.'LK'D1H0'HCEGCH'K0'CTKCOF'KBC'
ECDMB'0I'KBC'JNHCNJ'DOF'LKH'DHHCJU1DSC'MD:DMLKQ'UDHCF'LO'D'NOLKDEQ'0OK010SQ.'N1KLJDKC1Q'
1CDGLOS'KBC'NOFCEHKDOFLOS'0I'KBC'M011CMKL0O'LO'KBC'BDOFH'0I'O0O<LOFLSCO0NH'CT:CEKH)'
X?JCESCOK'$DKDUDHCH.'?JCESCOK' $LGCEHLKQW.'UQ'M0OKEDHK'ECVNLECH' MCFLOS'0I'M0OKE01'
UQ' KBC' JNHCNJ)' %K' ECVNLECH' KBC' DUDOF0OJCOK' 0I' D' HLOS1C' NOLKDEQ' 0OK010SQ)' "BC'
JNHCNJ' LH' O0' 10OSCE' KBC' EC:0HLK0EQ' PBCEC' D11' DNKB0ELKDKLGC' RO0P1CFSC' 0I' KBC'
0U_CMKH'LO'LKH'M011CMKL0O' LH' NOLILCF'LO'0OC'NOLGCEHD1'HQHKCJDKLM'FDKDUDHC)' %OHKCDF' LK'
UCM0JCH' D' XKBCDKEC' 0I' RO0P1CFSCHW' PBCEC' KEDFLKL0OH' DEC' :CEI0EJCF' K0SCKBCE.' DOF'
:EDMKLMCH'DEC'BC1F'LO'KCOHL0O'PLKB'0OC'DO0KBCE.'PBCEC'OCP'RO0P1CFSCH'MDO'CJCESC'
DH'*LMRCELOS'HNSSCHKH'LO'D'XO0OJ0FCEOW'FDOMC'0I'DSCOMQ)36'
"BC'KP0'JDLO':DEKLML:DOKH'LO'KBC':E0_CMK'DEC'KBC':C0:1C'0I'KBC'qNOL'*NCU10'
LO'9CP'ACTLM0'DOF'KBC'@DJUELFSC'ANHCNJ'0I'&EMBDC010SQ'DOF'&OKBE0:010SQ)'%O'
DFFLKL0O' KBC' :E0_CMK' BDH' MECDKCF' DO' CTKCOFCF' OCKP0ER' 0I' KBECC' 9DKLGC' &JCELMDO'
M0JJNOLKLCH'DOF'ILGC'JNHCNJH'KBDK'LOM1NFC.'KBC'ANHCNJ'0I'90EKBCEO'&ELd0OD.'KBC'
$COGCE'&EK'ANHCNJ'DOF'ANHCNJ'0I'9DKNEC'p'!MLCOMC)'"BC'@DJUELFSC'ANHCNJ'
PBLMB' BDH' D' M0OHLFCEDU1C' M011CMKL0O' 0I' qNOL' JDKCELD1H.' MCEDJLMH.' _CPC1EQ.' DOF'
ICKLHBCH'BDH'FCGC10:CF':E0K0M01H'KBDK'D110PH'KBC'qNOL'ANHCNJ'D'FLECMK'FDKD'ICCF'0I'
KBCLE'COKLEC'M011CMKL0O)'"BLH'CODU1CH'KBC'qNOL'PLKB'KBCLE'0PO'D::0LOKCF'MN1KNED1'DFGLH0EH'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
`3'YDLOPELSBK'DOF'(EQDO'4566;8a'(EQDO.'j'4566;8)'
`b'"NEOUN11'456628a'cECCO'4566;'U8)'
`;'+0NSBK0O'456768)'
36'"NEOUN11'456658a'*LMRCELOS'4566;8)'
$&/%$'"#>9(#,,'
'
'
'
5`'
DOF'C1FCEH'K0'FCKCEJLOC'PBDK'HB0N1F'UC'FLH:1DQCF'DOF'PBDK'O0K)'"BCQ'MDO'D1H0'DHMELUC'
FCHMEL:KL0OH'DOF'LOKCE:ECKDKL0OH'DMM0EFLOS'K0'KBCLE'0PO'NOFCEHKDOFLOSH'DOF' 0OK010SLCH'
DH' PC11' DH' M0OKELUNKC' PBDKCGCE' HK0ELCH' 0E' JDKCELD1H' KBCQ' 1LRC)' %O' KBLH' PDQ' KBC'
HC:DEDKL0O'UCKPCCO'KBC':C0:1C'DOF'KBCLE'0U_CMKH'DEC'1DESC1Q'FLHH01GCF)'*EDMKLMCH'DOF'
M0OKCTKH.':C0:1C'DOF'JDKCELD1H'DEC'ECNOLKCF'LO'KBCLE'O0OJ0FCEO'BQUELF'M0J:1CT'0I'
LOKCEDMKL0OH'DOF'M0<:E0FNMKL0O)'%O'DFFLKL0O'FCMCOKED1LdLOS'OCKP0ERH'0I'LOKCEDMKL0O'
DME0HH'JN1KL:1C'M0JJNOLKLCH'LOM1NFLOS'DEMBDC010SLHK'DOF'JNHC010SLHKH'D110PH'10MD1'
0OK010SLCH'BC1F' UQ' CDMB' SE0N:' K0' UC' HBDECF'LO' D' JDOOCE' KBDK' ECH:CMKH' CDMB' 10MD1'
M0JJNOLKQWH' DNKB0EHBL:' DH' H0GCECLSO' DOF' LOI0EJCF)' YBCO' KBC' HQHKCJ' LH' N:' DOF'
ENOOLOS'LK'PL11'UC'H:ECDF'K0'D11'KBC':DEKLML:DKLOS'JNHCNJH'D110PLOS'CDMB'M0JJNOLKQ'
K0'GLCP.'DOO0KDKC.'JDHB<N:.'DOF'FCHMELUC'KBC'FLSLKD1'0U_CMKH'KBDK'DEC'CT:0HCF.'PBL1C'
D1H0'D110PLOS'KBC'M0JJNOLKLCH'K0'N:10DF'FLSLKD1'JDKCELD1H'0I'KBCLE'0PO'DH'KBCQ'PLHB'
K0'KBCLE'0PO'10MD1'HQHKCJ)''"BC':E0:0HD1'LH'O0K'DU0NK'KCJ:0EDEQ'KDSSLOS'0I'D1ECDFQ'
HKDUL1LdCF'FLSLKD1'JNHCNJ'0U_CMKH.'EDKBCE'LK'LH'I0MNHCF'0O'MECDKLOS'D'HCK'0I'H:DMCH'0I'
LOI0EJDKL0O'HBDELOS'KBDK'O0K'0O1Q'ECH:CMKH'10MD1':E0K0M01H'DOF'0OK010SLMD1'H0GCECLSOKLCH.'
UNK'D110PH' I0E' KBC' 10MD1' 0OK010SLCH' DOF' :EDMKLMCH' K0' UC' :CEI0EJCF' K0SCKBCE)' A0HK'
LJ:0EKDOK1Q'HCKKLOS'KBCHC'LOKCEDMKL0OH'N:'DH'D'M0J:1CT'DFD:KLGC'HQHKCJ'JDRCH'CJCESCOK'
NOFCEHKDOFLOSH':0HHLU1C)',CKKLOS'JN1KL:1C.'HC:DEDKC'0OK010SLCH'LOKCEDMK' LO' KBC' MECDKLGC'
KCOHL0O'0I':CEI0EJDOMC'K0SCKBCE' CODU1CH' KBC'MECDKL0O'0I'OCP'NOFCEHKDOFLOSH.' OCP'
0OK010SLCH.'DOF'KBC'MELKLVNC'0I'BLFFCO'DHHNJ:KL0OH'O0P'JDFC'D::DECOK)'
"BC':E0_CMK'LH'DK'BCDEK':01LKLMD1.'D'FCJDOF'I0E'D'ECM0SOLKL0O'0I'KBC'JN1KL:1LMLKQ'
0I' 0OK010SLCH' DSDLOHK' KBC' NE<ODEEDKLGC' 0I'KBC'YCHK'UDHCF'0O'KBC'NOLGCEHD1LHLOS'
DHHNJ:KL0O'KBDK'KBCEC'MDO'0O1Q'UC'0OC'0OK010SQ.'KBDK'M1DLJCF'K0'UC'ECGCD1CF'UQ'J0FCEO'
YCHKCEO'HMLCOMC)'"BC'MELKLMD1'CTDJLODKL0O'0I'KBDK'ODEEDKLGC'UQ'!!h'BDH'EC:CDKCF1Q'
ECGCD1CF'KBC'M0OMCD1CF'BCKCE0SCOCLKQ' 0I' YCHKCEO'HMLCOMC'PBLMB.'I0E'CTDJ:1C.' BDH'
:E0FNMCF'KBC'GDELCKLCH'0I'M0J:1CTLKQ'KBC0EQ'KBDK'BDGC'NO1CDHBCF'KBC':0HHLUL1LKQ'0I'
JN1KL:1C'0OK010SLCH)37'&K'KBC'HDJC'KLJC'KBC'HKENSS1C'I0E'KBC'ECM0SOLKL0O'0I'XHNU_NSDKCF'
RO0P1CFSCHW'BDH'KDRCO'0O'SECDKCE'NESCOMQ'DH'KBC'OCP'S10UD1LHCF'OC0<1LUCED1'0EFCE'
LH' LJ:0HLOS' LKHC1I' 0O' KBC' P0E1F' :ELGDKLdLOS' DOF' COM10HLOS' M0JJNOD1' RO0P1CFSC)'
X?JCESCOK'$DKDUDHCH.'?JCESCOK'$LGCEHLKQW'DLJH'K0':E0GLFC' DO' DECOD' I0E' JN1KL:1LMLKQ'
DOF'KBC'UDHLH' I0E'D'OCP'MN1KNED1'M0JJ0OH'LO'PBLMB' RO0P1CFSCH'DOF':EDMKLMCH'DEC'
HBDECF'DOF'0:CO1Q'DMMCHHLU1C)'
"BC'1DNOMB'0I'KBC'IN11Q'0:CEDKLGC'HKDSC'0I'KBC':E0_CMK'DK'qNOL'LO'&:EL1'5675'
PL11'B0:CIN11Q'COM0NEDSC' D11'KBC':DEKLML:DKLOS'M0JJNOLKLCH' DOF'LOHKLKNKL0OH'K0'KDRC' N:'
KBC'MBD11COSC)'(NK'CGCO'J0EC'B0:CIN11Q.'EC<LJDSLOLOS'RO0P1CFSC' :CEI0EJDKLGC1Q'PL11'
CTCJ:1LIQ'KBC':0PCE'0I' B01FLOS' FLIICELOS'RO0P1CFSC'KEDFLKL0OH'LO'KCOHL0O'EDKBCE' KBDO'
HCCRLOS'NODOLJLKQ'DOF'DSECCJCOK)'-NK'0I'KBDK'KCOHL0O'MDO'CJCESC'OCP'RO0P1CFSC.'
PDQH'0I'ECKBLORLOS'0NE'J0HK'MBCELHBCF'DOF'NOCTDJLOCF'DHHNJ:KL0OH'DOF'0::0EKNOLKLCH'
I0E'PBDK'K0'F0'OCTK.'LO'M0OFLKL0OH'0I'EDFLMD1'NOMCEKDLOKQ.'O0K' _NHK' PLKB'LOFLSCO0NH'
RO0P1CFSCH.'UNK'PLKB'0KBCE'HCCJLOS1Q'PLMRCF' :E0U1CJH' J0FCEOLKQk'M1LJDKC'MBDOSC.'
:0:N1DKL0O'SE0PKB.'DOF'KBC'LOCVNLKDU1C'FLHKELUNKL0O'0I'FC:1CKLOS'ECH0NEMCH)'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
37'qLJDO'4566=8)'
*?>\->A&"%/%"e'&9$'@-A*,?f'&$&*"%/?'!e!"?A!g'Y->h%9c'Y%"+'A#,"%*,?'i'
'
'
'53'
BIBLIOGRAPHY
&:0EKD.'@1DNFL0.'Z9CP'YDQH' 0I' AD::LOSg' #HLOS'c*!'AD::LOS'!0IKPDEC'K0' *10K' *1DMC'
9DJCH'DOF'"EDL1H'LO'%S1001LR'49NODGNK8[.'LO'&EMKLM'2`'O0)'^.'566=.'=57<3)'
&:0EKD.'@1DNFL0.'Z>0NKCH.'"EDL1H'DOF'"EDMRHg'"EDL1'UECDRLOS'DJ0OS'KBC'%ONLK'0I'%S1001LR[.'
LO'sKNFCHl%ONLKl!KNFLCH'5b'O0)'5.'566^.';<=b)'
&:0EKD.' @1DNFL0.' Z\E0J' AD:' K0' +0ELd0OHa' IE0J' "EDL1' K0' j0NEOCQg' "BC' @BD11COSCH' 0I'
$0MNJCOKLOS' %ONLK' cC0SED:BLM' hO0P1CFSC[.' LO' sKNFCH' %ONLK' !KNFLCH' 5;47k58g'
557k5=7)'"BN1C'@N1KNEC'$CGC10:JCOK)'\01R'77k75.'5662.'73=k7b^)''
&:0EKD.'@1DNFL0.'Z"BC'"EDL1'DH'+0JCg'%ONLK'DOF'"BCLE'*DO<&EMKLM'9CKP0ER'0I'>0NKCH[.'LO'
+NJDO'?M010SQ'0O'1LOC.'566;)'
&NHKLO.'j0BO.'+0P'"0'$0'"BLOSH'PLKB'Y0EFH)'@DJUELFSCg'+DEGDEF'#OLGCEHLKQ'*ECHH.'7;`5)'
(DHRLO.'hCO.'Z!K0ELCF'!:DMCHg'"BC'+NJDO'?VNLGD1COK'0I'@0J:1CT'&FD:KLGC'!QHKCJH[.'LO'
E:CO'76'O0)'5.'566b.'7<75)'
(CERCH.' \LRECK.' DOF' @DE1' \01RC.' Z(DMR' K0' KBC' \NKNECg' ?M0HQHKCJ' $QODJLMH' DOF' ,0MD1'
hO0P1CFSC[.'LO'@)'!)'+011LOS'DOF',)'cNOFCEH0O'4CFH)8.'*DODEMBQg'#OFCEHKDOFLOS'
"EDOHI0EJDKL0OH' LO' +NJDO' DOF' 9DKNED1' !QHKCJH.' YDHBLOSK0Og' %H1DOF' *ECHH.' 566 5.'
757<7^`)'
(CEKB0d.'&1DLO.'"BC'(EDLOWH'!COHC'0I'A0GCJCOK)'@DJUELFSCg'+DEGDEF'#OLGCEHLKQ'*ECHH.'5666)'
(0DHK.'>0ULO.'ALMBDC1'(EDG0.'DOF'>DJCHB'!ELOLGDHCO.'Z>CKNEO'K0'(DUC1g'?JCESCOK'$LGCEHLKQ.'
$LSLKD1' >CH0NEMCH.' DOF' ,0MD1' hO0P1CFSC[.' LO' "BC' %OI0EJDKL0O' !0MLCKQ' 5=' 428.'
5663.'=;2<^6=)'
(EQDO.' j).' ZYBCEC' Y0N1F' YC' (C' YLKB0NK' "BCJt' hO0P1CFSC.' !:DMC' DOF' *0PCE' LO'
%OFLSCO0NH'*01LKLMH[.'LO'\NKNECH.'^7478.'566;.'5^<=5)'
(ELSSH.'@)'4CF)8.'$LH0EFCE1Q'$LHM0NEHCg'9DEEDKLGC.'@0OI1LMK'DOF'%OCVND1LKQ.'9CP'e0ERg'-TI0EF'
#OLGCEHLKQ'*ECHH.'7;;`)'
(NK1CE.'jNFLKB.'?TMLKDU1C'!:CCMBg'&'*01LKLMH'0I'*CEI0EJDKLGLKQ)'9CP'e0ERg'>0NK1CFSC.'7;;3)'
@D110O.'ALMBC1.'ZYBDK'$0CH' LK' ACDO'K0'!DQ'KBDK' ?M0O0JLMH' LH'*CEI0EJDKLGCt[.'LO'$)&)'
ADMhCOdLC.'\)'ANOLCHD'DOF' ,)' !LN'4CFH)8.'$0'?M0O0JLHKH' ADRC' ADERCKHtg'-O'
KBC' *CEI0EJDKLGLKQ' 0I' ?M0O0JLMH.' *ELOMCK0Og' *ELOMCK0O' #OLGCEHLKQ' *ECHH.' 5663.'
=77<=23)'
@D:ED.' \ELK_0I)' "BC' +LFFCO' @0OOCMKL0OHg' &' !MLCOMC' I0E' !NHKDLODU1C' ,LGLOS)' ,0OF0Og'
\1DJLOS0.'566=)'
@BCJCE0.'&OKB0OQ.'>DFLMD1'?JU0FLCF'@0SOLKLGC'!MLCOMC)'@DJUELFSCg'A%"'*ECHH.'566;)'
@1DHHCO.' @0OHKDOMC.' Y0E1FH' 0I' !COHCg' ?T:10ELOS' KBC' !COHCH' LO' +LHK0EQ' DOF' &ME0HH'
@N1KNECH)',0OF0Og'>0NK1CFSC.'7;;=)'
@EDEQ.'j0ODKB0O.'"CMBOLVNCH'0I'KBC'-UHCEGCEg'-O'/LHL0O'DOF'A0FCEOLKQ'LO'KBC'9LOCKCCOKB'
@COKNEQ.'@DJUELFSCg'A%"'*ECHH.'7;;6)'
@EDEQ.' j0ODKBDO.' !NH:COHL0OH' 0I' *CEMC:KL0Og' &KKCOKL0O.' !:CMKDM1C' DOF' A0FCEO' @N1KNEC)'
@DJUELFSCg'A%"'*ECHH.'5666)'
@ENJ1CQ.'@).'Z>CJCJUCE'+0P'K0'-ESDOLdCg'+CKCEDEMBQ'&ME0HH'$LHML:1LOCH[.'LO'@)!)' (CCRJDO'
DOF'Y)!)'(DFCO'4CFH8).'90O1LOCDE'A0FC1H'I0E'&EMBDC010SQ'DOF'&OKBE0:010SQ.'
&1FCEHB0K'4+DJ:HBLEC8.'#hg'&HBSDKC'*ECHH.'5662.'=2<26)'
$&/%$'"#>9(#,,'
'
'
'
5b'
@NHHLOH'&FELDO.'Z@0OKCOK.'?JU0FLJCOK'DOF'-U_CMKLGLKQg'"BC'"BC0EQ'0I'@0SOLKLGC'"EDL1H[.'
LO'ALOF'767.'7;;5.'`27<bb)'
@NHHLOH.' &FELDO.' Z?T:CELCOMC.' "B0NSBK' DOF' &MKLGLKQ[.' LO' e)' cNOKBCE' 4CF)8' ?HHDQH' 0O'
90OM0OMC:KND1'@0OKCOK.'@DJUELFSCg'A%"'*ECHH.'566=.'7==<7`=)'
$C1SDF0.',)'?).'>)'j)'>0JCE0.'CK'D1).'u,0MD1'+LHK0ELCH'DOF'c10UD1'$CHLSOHg'&O'%OKCEGLCP'PLKB'
YD1KCE'ALSO010)u.'LO'$LHM0NEHC'554=8.'5666.'3<==)'
$LCUOCE.'+DOH'+).'*CEI0EJDKLGC'!MLCOMC'DOF'(CQ0OFg'%OG01GLOS'KBC'*E0MCHH'LO'>CHCDEMB.'
YLCOg'!:ELOSCE.'566`)'
$NOO.'ALMBDC1.'!LJ0O'j)'cECCOBL11.'!KC:BCO'@)',CGLOH0O.'DOF'>NHHC11'$)'cEDQ).'Z?G01GCF'
!KENMKNEC'0I',DOSNDSC'!B0PH',LOCDSC<!:CMLILM'"ECOFH'LO'Y0EF<-EFCE'#OLGCEHD1H[.'
LO'9DKNEC'^3=.'5677.'3;<b5)'
$NHHC1.'?OELVNC.'Z?NE0MCOKELHJ'DOF'A0FCEOLKQ[.'LO'U0NOFDEQ'5'456l=8.'7;;=.'`2<3`)'
\DGDECDN.'$0OD1F.'Z@011D:HLOS'"BC'YDGC'\NOMKL0O'-I'ACDOLOSg'"BC'?:LHKCJ010SLMD1'ADKELT'
0I'"D1R<LO<%OKCEDMKL0O[.'LO'j)'+0IIJCQCE'4CF)8.'&',CSDMQ'0I',LGLOS'!QHKCJHg'cECS0EQ'
(DKCH0O'DH'D'*ECMNEH0E'K0'(L0HCJL0KLMH.'$0EFECMBKg'!:ELOSCE.'566b.'7`;<575)'
\C1F.'!).'ZYDKCEID11H'0I'!0OSg'&O'&M0NHKCJ010SQ'0I'*1DMC'>CH0NOFLOS'LO'(0HDGL.'*D:ND'9CP'
cNLOCD)'!COHCH'0I'*1DMC[.'LO'!)'\C1F'DOF'h)'(DHH0)'!DOKD'\C.'!MB001'0I'&JCELMDO'
>CHCDEMB'*ECHH.'7;;`.';7<7=2)'
cD1LH0O.'*)'DOF'$)'!KNJ:'4CFH)8.'"BC' $LHNOLKQ'0I'!MLCOMCg'(0NOFDELCH.'@0OKCTKH'DOF'*0PCE)'
!KDOI0EFg'!KDOI0EF'#OLGCEHLKQ'*ECHH.'7;;`)'
cCNEKH.'hDKBEQO.'@N1KNEC'DOF'KBC'!COHCHg'(0FL1Q'YDQH'0I'hO0PLOS'LO'DO'&IELMDO'@0JJNOLKQ)'
(CERC1CQg'#OLGCEHLKQ'0I'@D1LI0EOLD'*ECHH.'5665)'
cLUH0O<cEDBDJ.'j)h).'Z$LGCEHC' ?M0O0JLCHg'*CEI0EJDKLGC'*EDMKLMCH' I0E'X-KBCE'Y0E1FHW[.'
LO'*E0SECHH'LO'+NJDO'cC0SED:BQ'=5'428.'566b.'`7=<`=5)'
cECCO.',)j)\).'Z!:DMC.' "LJC.' DOF'!K0EQ'"EDMRHg' @0OKCJ:0EDEQ'*EDMKLMCH'0I'"0:0SED:BLM'
ACJ0EQ' LO' KBC' *D1LRNE' "CEELK0EQ' 0I' &ENRPD.' &JD:v.' (EDdL1[.' LO' ?KBO0BLHK0EQ.'
2`478.'566;.'7`=<b2)'
cECCO.' ,).' Z@BD11COSLOS' ?:LHKCJ010SLCHg' ?T:10ELOS' hO0P1CFSC' *EDMKLMCH' LO' *D1LRNE'
&HKE0O0JQ[.'LO'\NKNECH.'^7478.'566;'U.'^7<25)'
cELIILKBH.'*DN1.'ZcCOCKLM'%OI0EJDKL0Og'&'ACKD:B0E'LO'!CDEMB'0I'D'"BC0EQ[.'LO'*BL10H0:BQ'
0I'!MLCOMC'`b.'5667.'=;^<^75)'
+C1JECLMB.'!KCIDO.'Z"ECCH'DOF'!CDH'0I'%OI0EJDKL0Og'&1LCO'hLOHBL:'DOF'KBC'(L0:01LKLMH'0I'
cCOC'"EDOHICE'LO'ADELOC' (L010SQ'DOF'(L0KCMBO010SQ[.'LO'&JCELMDO'?KBO010SLHK'
=6'4=8.'566=.'=^6<=2b)'
+011DOF.'j0BO.'+LFFCO'-EFCEg'+0P'&FD:KDKL0O'(NL1FH'@0J:1CTLKQ)'>CDFLOS.'ADHH.'+C1LT'
(00RH.'7;;2)'
+0NSBK0O.' $).' YBDK' LH' /LEKND1' >C:DKELDKL0Ot.' >CKELCGCF' $CM' 5.' 5677.' IE0J'
BKK:gllPPP)JNHCNJHDOFKBCPCU)M0JlI0ENJlPBDKwGLEKND1wEC:DKELDKL0O.'5676)'
%OS01F.'"LJ.'"BC' *CEMC:KL0O'0I'KBC'?OGLE0OJCOKg' ?HHDQH'LO',LGC1LB00F.'$PC11LOS' DOF'!RL11.'
,0OF0Og'>0NK1CFSC.'5666)'
%OS01F.'"LJ.'(CLOS'&1LGCg'?HHDQH'0O'A0GCJCOK.'hO0P1CFSC'DOF'$CHMEL:KL0O.',0OF0Og'
>0NK1CFSC.'5677)'
%O0NC.'ALQDR0.'Z%OKE0FNMKL0Og'"CJ:0ED1LKQ'DOF'+LHK0ELMLKQ'LO'DOF'KBE0NSB',LOSNLHKLM'%FC010SQ[.'
LO'j0NEOD1'0I',LOSNLHKLM'&OKBE0:010SQ'7^'478.'566^.'7<2)'
*?>\->A&"%/%"e'&9$'@-A*,?f'&$&*"%/?'!e!"?A!g'Y->h%9c'Y%"+'A#,"%*,?'i'
'
'
'5;'
jDU10ORD.'?GD.'DOF'ADEL0O',DJU.'Z"EDOHSCOCEDKL0OD1'?:LSCOCKLM'%OBCELKDOMC[.'LO'A)'*LS1LNMML'
DOF'c)'AN11CE'4CFH)8.'?G01NKL0Og'"BC'?TKCOFCF' !QOKBCHLH.' @DJUELFSCg' A%"' *ECHH.'
5676.'7=3<73^)'
jDUE.'\).'Z?DKLOS'e0NE'cECCOH'&1KCEH'Q0NE'cCOCH[.'LO'9CP'!MLCOKLHK'45b=58.'5677.'76<77)'
jDQ.'ADEKLO.'Z!M0:LM'>CSLJCH'0I'A0FCEOLKQ[.'LO'+)'\0HKCE'4CF)8'/LHL0O'DOF'/LHND1LKQ.'!CDKK1Cg'
(DQ'*ECHH.'7;bb.'=<5=)'
hC11Q.' hCGLO.' -NK' 0I' @0OKE01g' "BC' >LHC' 0I' 9C0<UL010SLMD1' @LGL1LHDKL0O)' >CDFLOS' ADHH)g'
&FFLH0O<YCH1CQ.'7;;^)'
,DK0NE.'(ENO0.'YC'+DGC'9CGCE'(CCO'A0FCEO.'@DJUELFSCg'+DEGDEF'#OLGCEHLKQ'*ECHH.'7;;=)'
,DP.'j0BO.'DOF'/LMRQ'!LOS1CK0O.'Z*CEI0EJLOS'"CMBO010SQWH'!K0ELCHg'-O'!0MLD1'@0OHKENMKLGLHJ.'
*CEI0EJDOMC.'DOF'*CEI0EJDKLGLKQ[.'LO'"CMBO010SQ'DOF'@N1KNEC'^7'4^8.'5666.'3`2<
332)'
,DP.'j0BO.'&IKCE'ACKB0Fg'ACHH'%O'!0MLD1'!MLCOMC'>CHCDEMB.',0OF0Og'>0NK1CFSC.'566^)'
,DP.'j0BO.'DOF'j0BO'#EEQ.'?ODMKLOS'KBC'!0MLD1)'$C:DEKJCOK' 0I'!0ML010SQ'DOF'KBC'@COKEC' I0E'
!MLCOMC'!KNFLCH.',DOMDHKCE'#OLGCEHLKQ'566^'nMLKCF'&NS'7HK'5676o)'&GDL1DU1C'IE0J'
BKK:gllPPP)M0J:)1DOMH)DM)NRlH0ML010SQl:D:CEHl,DP<#EEQ<?ODMKLOS<KBC<!0MLD1):FI.'
5676)'
,DP.'j0BO.'@011DKCED1'>CD1LKLCH.'566;)'>CKELCGCF'90G'7.'5677.'IE0J'BKK:gllPPP)BCKCE0SCOCLKLCH)OCKl'
:NU1LMDKL0OHl,DP566;@011DKCED1>CD1LKLCH):FI)'
,DPK0O.'cEDBDJ.'Z#:E00KLOS'$DEPLOWH'"ECC[.'LO'9CP'!MLCOKLHK'567'45`;58.'566;.'=^<=;)'
,C1QIC1F.'$).'Z"BC' IDKC'0I'+LOFNHKDOLg'@010OLD1' RO0P1CFSC'DOF'KBC' :E0_CMK'0I'D'ODKL0OD1'
1DOSNDSC[.'LO'@)'&)'(ECMRCOELFSC'p'*)'GDO'FCE'/CCE'4CFH)8.'-ELCOKD1LHJ'DOF'KBC'
:0HKM010OLD1':ECFLMDJCOKg'*CEH:CMKLGCH'0O'!0NKB'&HLD.'*BL1DFC1:BLD.'*&g'#OLGCEHLKQ'
0I'*COOHQ1GDOLD'*ECHH.'7;;=.'7b;<57^)'
,CGLOH0O.'!KC:BCO.'ZYCDR'?GLFCOMC'I0E'Y0EF<-EFCE'#OLGCEHD1Hg',DOSNDSC'90K'DH'X%OODKCW'DH'
"B0NSBKt['!MLCOMC$DL1Q.'&:E)'7^.'5677)'
,CPLH<YL11LDJH.'$DGLF.'Z-GCEGLCPa'>CGLCP'\CDKNEC'0I'"BC'ALOF'LO'KBC'@DGCg'@0OHML0NHOCHH'
DOF'KBC'-ELSLOH'0I'&EK[.'LO'@DJUELFSC'&EMBDC010SLMD1'j0NEOD1'7='458.'566=.'5`=<53;)'
AD1DI0NELH.',DJUE0H.' Z(CI0EC'DOF'(CQ0OF'>C:ECHCOKDKL0Og'"0PDEFH'DO'?ODMKLGC'@0OMC:KL0O'
0I'KBC'*D1C01LKBLM'%JDSC[.'LO'@)'>COIECP'DOF'%)'A0EC1Q'4CFH)8.'%JDSC'DOF'%JDSLODKL0Og'
&'c10UD1'*ECBLHK0EQ'0I'\LSNEDKLGC'>C:ECHCOKDKL0O.'@DJUELFSCg'AM$0OD1F'%OHKLKNKC.'
5663.'5b3<=66)'
AD1DI0NELH.',DJUE0H.'DOF' @01LO'>COIECP.'Z"BC' @0SOLKLGC',LIC'0I' "BLOSHg'&EMBDC010SQ.'
ADKCELD1'?OSDSCJCOK'DOF'KBC'?TKCOFCF'ALOF[.'LO',)'AD1DI0NELH'DOF'@)'>COIECP'
4CFH)8.'@0SOLKLGC',LIC'0I'"BLOSHg'>CMDHKLOS'KBC'(0NOFDELCH'0I'KBC'ALOF.'@DJUELFSCg'
AM$0OD1F'%OHKLKNKC.'5676.'7<75)'
ADEHB.' ,)' DOF' @)' -O0I.' Z!KLSJCESLM' C:LHKCJ010SQ.' HKLSJCESLM' M0SOLKL0O[.' LO' @0SOLKLGC'
!QHKCJH'>CHCDEMB.';47<58.'566b.'7=`<^;)'
ADEHBD11.'jCHHLMD.'ZcEL::LOS'eDEOH[.'LO'9CP'!MLCOKLHK.'56;.'5677.'^2<^3)'
ADKNEDOD.'+NJUCEK0.'DOF'\EDOMLHM0'/DEC1D.'"BC'"ECC'0I'hO0P1CFSCg'"BC'(L010SLMD1'>00KH'0I'
+NJDO'#OFCEHKDOFLOS)'(0HK0Og'9CP'!MLCOMC',LUEDEQ.'7;b3)'
AM@N110MB.'Y).'Z&'+CKCEDEMBQ'0I'/D1NCH'$CKCEJLOCF'UQ'KBC'"0:010SQ'0I'9CEG0NH'9CKH[.' LO'
(N11CKLO'ADKBCJDKLMD1'(L0:BQHLMH.'3.'7;^2.'b;<;=)'
$&/%$'"#>9(#,,'
'
'
'
=6'
AM9LGCO.'%DO.'DOF' ,QOCKKC'>NHHC11.'Z"0PDEF'D' *0HKM010OLD1'&EMBDC010SQ'0I'%OFLSCO0NH'
&NHKED1LD[.'LO'&)'(COK1CQ.'+)'ADHMBOCE'DOF'@)'@BL::COFD1C'4CFH)8.'+DOFU00R'0I'
&EMBDC010SLMD1'"BC0ELCH.',DOBDJg'&1KDJLED'*ECHH.'566b.'^5=<^^^)'
ALSO010.'Y).'"BC'$DERCE'!LFC'0I'KBC'>CODLHHDOMCg',LKCEDMQ.'"CEELK0ELD1LKQ'DOF'@010OLdDKL0O)'
&OO'&EU0Eg'#OLGCEHLKQ'0I'ALMBLSDO'*ECHH.'7;;2)'
ALSO010.' Y).' ,0MD1'+LHK0ELCHlc10UD1' $CHLSOHg' @010OLD1LKQ.' !NUD1KCEO' hO0P1CFSCH'DOF' ( 0EFCE '
"BLORLOS)'*ELOMCK0Og'*ELOMCK0O'#OLGCEHLKQ'*ECHH.'5666)'
ALRN1DR.'ALMBDC1.'Z"BC'>BLd0JDKLMH'0I'$0JLODKL0Og'\E0J'$DEPLO'K0'(L0KCMBO010SQ[.'LO'
EBLd0JCH'72'4PLOKCE8.'5663)'
ALHKC11.'"0J.'Z"BC'%OOCE',LIC'0I'KBC'cCO0JC[.'LO'!MLCOKLILM'&JCELMDO'=6^'458.'5677.'`<;5)'
A01.'&).'"BC' (0FQ'AN1KL:1Cg'-OK010SQ'LO' ACFLMD1'*EDMKLMC.'$NEBDJ.'9@g' $NRC'#OLGCEHLKQ'
*ECHH.'5665)'
90C.'&1GD.'&MKL0O'LO'*CEMC:KL0O)'@DJUELFSCg'A%"'*ECHH.'566^)'
-MBH.'?1LO0E.'!D11Q'jDM0UQ.'DOF'*DKELMR'c0OdD1CH.'Z%OKCE:ECKLGC'j0NEOCQHg'+0P'*BQHLMLHKH'"D1R'
DOF'"EDGC1'KBE0NSB'cED:BLM'!:DMCu.'LO'@0OILSNEDKL0OH'5.'O0)'7.'7;;^.'727<37)'
-HKE0J.'?).'Z@0:LOS'PLKB'KBC'"EDSCFLCH'0I'KBC'@0JJ0OH[.'LO'&OOND1'>CGLCP'0I'*01LKLMD1'
!MLCOMC.'5.'7;;;.'^;=<2=2)'
-QDJD.' !.' *' cELIILKBH.' DOF' >)$)' cEDQ' 4CFH8.' @QM1CH' 0I' @0OKLOSCOMQg' $CGC10:JCOKD1'
!QHKCJH'"BC0EQ'DOF'?G01NKL0O)'@DJUELFSC.'A%".'5667)'
*DOFQD.' /LHBGD_LK.' ZA0GCJCOK' DOF' !:DMCg' &OFDJDOCHC' @DEK0SED:BQ[.' LO' &JCELMDO'
?KBO010SLHK'73.'7;;6.'332<3;3)'
*DOFQD.'/LHBGD_LK.'Z\0ECHK'!JC11H'DOF'!:LFCE'YCUHg'>LKND1LdCF'$ECDJ'%OKCE:ECKDKL0O'DOF'
*0PCE'0I'ACJ0EQ'DJ0OS'&OFDJDO'%H1DOFCEH[.'%O'$)'h)'(CBCED'DOF'c)'*ICIICE.'
@0OKCJ:0EDEQ'!0MLCKQ'"ELUD1'!KNFLCH)'/01'`'"ELUD1' !LKNDKL0O' LO' %OFLD.' 9CP' $C1BL g'
@0OMC:K'*NU1LHBLOS.'5662.'772<7=2)'
*COOQM00R.'&1LHKDLE.'Z*CEI0EJDKLGLKQ'DOF',DOSNDSC'!KNFLCH[.'LO'@ELKLMD1'%OVNLEQ'LO',DOSNDSC'
!KNFLCH'7'478.'566^.'7<7;)'
*COOQM00R.'&1LHKDLE.',DOSNDSC'DH'D',0MD1'*EDMKLMC)',0OF0Og'>0NK1CFSC.'5676)'
*LMRCELOS.'&OFQ'4CF)8.'!MLCOMC'DH'*EDMKLMC'DOF'@N1KNEC.'@BLMDS0g'#OLGCEHLKQ'0I'@BLMDS0'*ECHH.'
7;;5)'
*LMRCELOS.'&OFQ.'"BC' ADOS1C'0I'*EDMKLMCg'"LJC.' &SCOMQ.'DOF'!MLCOMC.' @BLMDS0g' #OLGCEHLKQ'
0I'@BLMDS0'*ECHH.'7;;2)'
*LMRCELOS.'&OFQ.'DOF'h'cNdLMR'4CFH)8.'"BC'ADOS1C'LO'*EDMKLMCg'!MLCOMC.'!0MLCKQ'DOF'(CM0JLOS)'
$NEBDJg'$NRC'#OLGCEHLKQ'*ECHH.'566b)'
*LMRCELOS.'&OFQ.'Z"BC' *01LKLMH'0I'"BC0EQg'*E0FNMLOS' &O0KBCE'Y0E1F.'YLKB'!0JC' "B0NSBKH'
0O',DK0NE[.'LO'j0NEOD1'0I'@N1KNED1'?M0O0JQ.'547<58.'566;.'7;3<575)'
*LMRCELOS.'&OFQ.'"BC'@QUCEOCKLM'(EDLOg'!RCKMBCH'0I'&O0KBCE'\NKNEC)'@BLMDS0g'#OLGCEHLKQ'
0I'@BLMDS0'*ECHH.'5676)'
*LS1LNMML.'ADHHLJ0.'DOF'cCEF'AN11CE.'Z?1CJCOKH'0I'DO'?TKCOFCF'?G01NKL0ODEQ'!QOKBCHLH[.'
LO'A)'*LS1LNMML'DOF'c)'AN11CE'4CFH)8'?G01NKL0Og'"BC'?TKCOFCF'!QOKBCHLH.'@DJUELFSCg'
A%"'*ECHH.'5676.'=<56)'
*01DOQL.' A).' *CEH0OD1' hO0P1CFSCg' "0PDEFH' D' *0HK<MELKLMD1' *BL10H0:BQ)' ,0OF0Og' >0N K1CFSC'
DOF'hCSDO'*DN1.'7;2b)'
*?>\->A&"%/%"e'&9$'@-A*,?f'&$&*"%/?'!e!"?A!g'Y->h%9c'Y%"+'A#,"%*,?'i'
'
'
'=7'
>CBJDOO<!NKKCE.'@BELHK0:B.'Z*0LCHLH'DOF'*EDTLHg'"P0'A0FCH'0I'#OFCEHKDOFLOS'$CGC10:JCOK[.'
LO'?)'9CNJDOO<+C1F'DOF'@)'>CBJDOO<!NKKCE'4CFH)8.'cCOCH'LO'$CGC10:JCOKg'>C<
>CDFLOS'KBC'$CGC10:JCOK'*DEDFLSJ.'$NEBDJg'$NRC'#OLGCEHLKQ.'566`.'=7=<==^)'
>0ULOH0O.'$0NS1DH.'*CEI0EJDKLGC',LOSNLHKLMHg'!:CDRLOS'DOF'"EDOH1DKLOS'DH'$0LOS'"BLOSH'
PLKB'Y0EFH)',0OF0Og'>0NK1CFSC.'566=)'
>00I.'jNFLKB.'"BC'*0CKLMH'0I'$9&)'ALOOCD:01LHg'#OLGCEHLKQ'0I'ALOOCD:01LH.'5663)'
>0NHC.'j0HC:B.'hO0P1CFSC'DOF'*0PCEg'"0PDEFH'D'*01LKLMD1'*BL10H0:BQ'0I'!MLCOMC)'%KBDMDg'
@0EOC11'#OLGCEHLKQ'*ECHH.'7;b3)'
!D1KCE.' @BELH.' ?OKDOS1CFg' "CMBO010SQ' DOF' KBC' "EDOHI0EJDKL0O' 0I' *CEI0EJDOMC)' @DJUELFSCg'
A%"'*ECHH.'5676)'
!D::.' j).' "BC' 9CP' \0NOFDKL0OH' 0I' ?G01NKL0Og' -O' "BC' "ECC' 0I' ,LIC.' -TI0EF.' -TI0EF'
#OLGCEHLKQ'*ECHH.'566;)'
!LRCH.'&1DO'Y).'Z"BC'*CEI0EJLOS'cCO0JCg'cCOCKLMH'DOF'KBC'>CDEKLMN1DKL0O'0I'KBC'+NJDO[.'LO'
"CTK'DOF'*CEI0EJDOMC'mNDEKCE1Q'55'4=8.'5665.'7`=<7b6)'
!0JCEH.' ADESDECK.' Z"BC' 9DEEDKLGC' @0OHKLKNKL0O' 0I' %FCOKLKQg' &' >C1DKL0OD1' DOF' 9CKP0ER'
&::E0DMB[.'LO'"BC0EQ'DOF'!0MLCKQ.'5=.'7;;^.'`62<`^;)'
!KCOSCEH.'%).'@0HJ0:01LKLMH'%%.'ALOOCD:01LHg'#OLGCEHLKQ'0I'ALOOCH0KD'*ECHH.'5677)'
!NHL.'")'DOF'")'qLCJRC.'Z!0MLD1'@0SOLKL0O.'&EKCIDMKH.'DOF'!KLSJCESQg'&'@0J:DEDKLGC'&OD1QHLH'
0I'"BC0ECKLMD1'\EDJCP0ERH'I0E'KBC'#OFCEHKDOFLOS'0I'&EKCIDMK<JCFLDKCF'@011DU0EDKLGC'
&MKLGLKQ[.'LO'j0NEOD1'0I'@0SOLKLGC'!QHKCJH'>CHCDEMB.'5.'5667.'53=<;6)'
"BCEDN1Dd.'c)'DOF'?)'(0ODUCDN.'Z&'(ELCI'+LHK0EQ'0I'!KLSJCESQ[.'LO'&EKLILMLD1',LIC.'2458.'7;;;.'
;3<77`)'
"B0JDH.'jN1LDO.'Z!0JC'*E0U1CJH'PLKB'KBC'90KL0O'0I'?TKCEOD1'!QJU01LM'!K0EDSC.'DOF'KBC'
@DHC'0I'9C01LKBLM'ADKCELD1'@N1KNEC'LO'(ELKDLO[.'LO'@)'>COIECP'DOF'@)'!MDEEC'4CFH)8.'
@0SOLKL0O'DOF'ADKCELD1'@N1KNECg'"BC'&EMBDC010SQ'0I'!QJU01LM'!K0EDSC.'@DJUELFSCg'
AM$0OD1F'%OHKLKNKC.'7;;b.'7^;<72`)'
"NEOUN11.' $DGLF)' AD::LOS' KBC' Y0E1F' LO' KBC' ALOFg' &O' %OGCHKLSDKL0O' 0I' KBC' #OPELKKCO'
hO0P1CFSC' 0I' KBC' ALME0OCHLDO' 9DGLSDK0EH)' cCC10OSg' $CDRLO' #OLGCEHLKQ' *ECHH.'
7;;7)'
"NEOUN11.'$DGLF.'Z*CEI0EJDOMC'DOF'9DEEDKLGC.'(0FLCH'DOF'A0GCJCOK'LO'KBC'@0OHKENMKL0O'
0I' *1DMCH' DOF' -U_CMKH.' !:DMCH' DOF' hO0P1CFSCHg' "BC' @DHC' 0I' "BC' AD1KCHC'
ACSD1LKBH[.'LO'"BC0EQ.'@N1KNEC'DOF'!0MLCKQ.'7;42p`8.'5665.'752<^=)'
"NEOUN11.' $DGLF.' Z"EDGC11LOS' hO0P1CFSCg' 9DEEDKLGCH.' &HHCJU1DSC' DOF' ?OM0NOKCEH[.' LO'
ADELC<90C11C'(0NESCK.'@BELHKLDO',LM0::C'DOF'+)'-KK0'!LUNJ'4CFH)8.'%OHKENJCOKH.'
"EDGC1'DOF'!MLCOMCg' %KLOCEDELCH' 0I'*ECMLHL0O'IE0J'KBC' !CGCOKCCOKB'K0'KBC'"PCOKLCKB'
@COKNEQ.',0OF0Og'>0NK1CFSC.'5665'U.'53=<;^)'
"NEOUN11.'$DGLF.' ADH0OH.'"ELMRHKCEH'DOF'@DEK0SED:BCEHg'@0J:DEDKLGC'!KNFLCH'LO'KBC'!0ML010SQ'
0I'!MLCOKLILM'DOF' %OFLSCO0NH'hO0P1CFSC.',0OF0Og'>0NK1CFSC.' 566='45OF'CF.' 7HK' CF'
56668)'
"NEOUN11.'$DGLF.'Z9DEEDKLGC'"EDFLKL0OH'0I'!:DMC.'"LJC'DOF'"ENHK'LO'@0NEKg'"CEED'9N11LNH.'
XPDOFCELOSW.' "BC' e0EKD' e0EKD' 9DKLGC' "LK1C' @1DLJ.' DOF' "BC' +LOFJDEHB' %H1DOF'
(ELFSC'@0OKE0GCEHQ[.'LO'cDEQ'?FJ0OF'4CF)8'?T:CEKLHC'LO'>CSN1DKL0O'DOF',DP.'
&1FCEHB0Kg'&HBSDKC.'566^.'7``<b=)'
$&/%$'"#>9(#,,'
'
'
'
=5'
"NEOUN11.'$DGLF.'ZAN1KL:1LMLKQ.'@ELKLMLHJ'DOF'hO0PLOS'YBDK'K0'$0'9CTKg'YDQ<ILOFLOS'LO'
D'"EDOHJ0FCEO'Y0E1FW)' >CH:0OHC'K0'ACCED' 9DOFDWH'*E0:BCKH'\DMLOS'(DMRPDEFH[.'
LO'!0MLD1'?:LHKCJ010SQ'7;'478.'5662.'7;<=5)'
"NEOUN11.'$DGLF.'AD:H.'9DEEDKLGCH'DOF'"EDL1Hg'*CEI0EJDKLGLKQ.'+0F010SQ.'$LHKELUNKCF'hO0P1CFSC'
LO'@0J:1CT'&FD:KLGC'!QHKCJH'k'&O'&::E0DMB'K0'?JCESCOK'AD::LOS.'LO' cC0SED:BLMD1'
>CHCDEMB.'^2458.'5663.'7^6<;)'
YDLOPELSBK.'j0C1.'DOF'j0C'(EQDO.'Z@DEK0SED:BQ.'"CEELK0EQ.'*E0:CEKQg'*0HKM010OLD1'>CI1CMKL0OH'
0O'%OFLSCO0NH'@0NOKCE<JD::LOS'LO'9LMDEDSND'DOF'(C1LdC[.'LO'@N1KNED1'cC0SED:BLCH.
7`'458.'566;.'72=<73b)'
Y0CHC.'@).'Z&'9CP'(L010SQ'I0E'D'9CP'@COKNEQ[.'LO'ALME0UL010SQ'DOF'A01CMN1DE'(L010SQ'
>CGLCP.'`b458.'566^.'73=<b`)'
Y01I.'?).'?NE0:C' DOF' KBC'*C0:1C'YLKB0NK'+LHK0EQ)' (CERC1CQg'#OLGCEHLKQ'0I'@D1LI0EOLD' *ECHH.'
7;b5)'
qLJDO.'j).'Z?JCESLOS'0NK'0I'9DKNEC'LOK0'+LHK0EQg'KBC'*1NED1LKQ'0I'KBC'!MLCOMCH[.'LO'*BL1)'"EDOH)'
>)'!0M)'&.'=`7.'566=.'7`73<==)'