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© by PSP Volume 26 – No. 2a/2017, pages 1566-1568 Fresenius Environmental Bulletin
1566
INCINERATION AS THE WAY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
DESTRUCTION IN VINYL CHLORIDE PRODUCTION
Sonja Ketin1,*, Selim Sacirovic2, Radzepi Skrijelj3, Senadin Plojovic4, Semsudin Plojovic5
1University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Science, Environmental Engineering, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 6, Novi Sad, Serbia
2University of Nis, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Visegradska 33, Nis, Serbia
3State University of Novi Pazar, Vuka Karadzica Street No. bb, Novi Pazar, Serbia
4University of Novi Sad, Technical Faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Djure Djakovica bb, Zrenjanin, Serbia
5International University of Novi Pazar, Dimitrija Tucovica bb, 36300 Novi Pazar, Serbia
ABSTRACT
Incineration of hazardous waste as the way of
its elimination has been largely accepted in
petrochemical i.e. processing chemical industries.
In this study the effectiveness of this approach both
from the environmental protection standpoint and
the complete financial effect has been presented.
KEYWORD: hazardous waste, incineration, vinyl
chloride
INTRODUCTION
The amount of hazardous waste that is
produced in the world and in our country can be
measured in millions of tons, only in the United
States generates approximate fifty million tons of
hazardous waste [1]. Incineration is emerging as an
attractive alternative to other ways of resolving this
problem (spreading along the ground, dumping at
the ocean floor, etc.).
The advantages of this way of solving the
problem of hazardous waste are multiple:
A toxic component or the toxic
components may be converted into harmless or less
dangerous compounds.
The volume waste is drastically reduced.
Utilization of heat reaction burning can be
used in various ways - energy conservation.
Obtaining of useful products.
Incineration solves the problems of
dumping and does not leave this problem to future
generations.
Due to its unique advantages, controlled
incineration of hazardous substances conceptually
becomes a principled technology in the near future.
The paper will go through the way of removing the
burning, at the "Lurgi" plant, of light and heavy
chlorinated residues formed during the production
of vinyl chloride in the vinyl chloride plant of
monomer in the chemical plant.
GENESIS OF WASTE
The waste is generated in the production
process of obtaining the vinyl chloride and is
consisted of light distillates, heavy chlorinated
distillate and chlorinated hydrocarbons in the form
of tera. Technological solutions enable their
collection, storage and manipulation in a closed
system with no possibility of contamination of the
environment. Permanent disposal of this waste is
not an option under any circumstances because of
its toxicity and aggressiveness[2]. About this timely
has been paid attention in chemical plant and came
to the conclusion after a techno-economic analysis
that waste incineration with obtaining a 28% of
aqueous hydrochloric acid ecologically and
economically is the most-affective way of solving
this problem.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS
Liquid chlorinated residues as by-products
from the facility of VCM (vinyl chloride monomer)
are burned at high temperatures (about 1400°C) in
incineration plant. Thereby is obtained the
hydrochloric acid (min.28%) of the combustion
gases from the absorption process. The produced
HCI (hydrogen chloride) is passing through the ion
changer and then is stored in the reservoir. Chlorine
and gaseous HCl from the absorbed unit, as a waste
gas, are removed in the gas scrubber. Tera and
heavy residues before burning are mixed, while the
light remains are handled separately[3] (see Figure
1).
COMBUSTION SECTION
The combustion is carried out at high
temperatures with a small excess of oxygen in order
to achieve approximately 98% conversion of
chlorinated components of the HCl and thus obtain
hydrochloric acid which is substantially free of
chlorine. In the first part, the chlorinated
© by PSP Volume 26 – No. 2a/2017, pages 1566-1568 Fresenius Environmental Bulletin
1567
hydrocarbons, and if necessary, as well as the
burning gas as additional fuel are burnt under the
stoichiometric ratio at a temperature from 1200°C
to 1400°C. Part of the necessary steam is added
through a circular nozzle in the form of a mist
steam. The steam also serves to cool the inner wall
of the cylindrical combustion chamber as well as
immersion of the reaction products.
In the second part is added the air in order to
increase the temperature and incineration of all
intermediate goods, which were formed under the
stoichiometric ratio. Secondary air enters
tangentially into the incineration chamber at its end,
and flows along the inner wall where is formed a
stable ring or circular swirl of air. Thus is
conditioned intensive mixing of the incinerated
products from the first part with additional air and
execute a complete burning under optimum
exploitation of reaction time in the burning
chamber. With the desired direction of air for
burning unwanted products can be cooled whereby
the air itself heats[4,5].
Gases are passing through the chamber after
burning and the reaction is going to be completed in
the chamber. Incineration unit is controlled from a
central instrument panel. The amount of atomized
steam both of primary and secondary air is adjusted
in relation to the input of chlorinated by-products.
The flow of gas for heating buildings is regulated in
relation to the flow of primary air. Flame control is
performed by UV flame detector.
ABSORPTION SECTION
This section includes isothermal absorber with
attached Quechua part, second-degree isothermal
absorber and acid tanks complete with pumps. In
the first isothermal absorber, acid circulating in
essence is obtained using indirect cooling. The
temperature of the gases is adjusted so that is
obtained the desired concentration of acid in the gas
phase for the second isothermal absorber which is
in series. Quechua part is supplied with HCl acid
that circulates in order to reduce the temperature of
gases flowing to the dew point. As part of the
interior of the Quechua and isothermal absorber
made of dijabona, special graphite, it is necessary
for supplying coolant to be stable. Therefore, there
is an automatic change-over from the acid to the
water security that needs to be active if the required
amount is not enough. The temperature is adjusted
still so that the composition of gases, together with
the second-degree isothermal absorber goes up to
the desired concentration of acid.
The obtained HCl acid min. 28%
concentration is pumped through the ion exchanger
to remove iron, and then to a storage tank where it
is pumped back to consumers within the complex of
chemical plant. Most of this acid is placed on the
market thus achieving economic gains.
CLEANING SECTION AND DISCHARGE OF
WASTE GAS
The gases discharging the absorption unit
from the second-degree isothermal absorber are
transferred with a blower in a two-degree scrubber
column to remove traces of residual HCl and Cl2
(Chlorine) (Figure 2).
The first degree scrubber works with circular
flow of water to which was added NaHSO3 (sodium
hydrogen sulphite) in order to remove chlorine. A
part of HCl contained in the gas is consequently
removed. In the second degree is added NaOH
(Sodium hydroxide) in order to remove HCl and
chlorine that may still be present in trace amounts.
This can best be achieved by circulating of fluid in
which the fresh NaOH is constantly put and a worn
base is removed. Cleaned and cooled gas is
discharged to the top of the column through the
chimney into the atmosphere. Wastewater is
discharged in the sewage system and goes to a
central waste water treatment, which is treated by
adequate procedures[6].
FIGURE 1
View of the amount of sludge for thickening
© by PSP Volume 26 – No. 2a/2017, pages 1566-1568 Fresenius Environmental Bulletin
1568
FIGURE 2
Technological scheme process of cleaning flow of a waste gas – two-degree scrubber
CONCLUSION
As seen from the results shown in advance,
the burning of chlorinated derivatives solve the
major environmental problem of waste. These
compounds belong to the group with the most
dangerous poison of carcinogenic mutagenic effect.
Knowing that under no circumstances should not
permanently stowed, they are used either as a raw
material for the production of tri-perchlorethylene,
or are burned (in a controlled way) on the
aforementioned manner, in particular plants. In this
way is achieved a positive economic and
environmental impact, because from the waste
gases are obtained diluted hydrochloric acid, which
is placed in the market. In this way, you are eligible
to financial gain, and solved a major environmental
problem.
REFERENCES
[1] Bonner, T. and Dillon, A.P. (1981) Hazardous
waste incineration engineering. Noyes data
corporation, New Jersey, USA. doi:10.1016/-
0304-3894(82)87007-6
[2] Biocanin, R., Sacirovic, S., Ketin, S., Canak,
S., Vignjevic, N., Plojovic, S. and Neskovic N.,
(2015) Chemical Processes of
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(24)1, 427-432. http://www.-
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[3] Ketin, S., Dasic, P., Neskovic, S. and Kostic,
B. (2016) The technical process of
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1883.
[4] Stefanov, S., Biocanin, R., Vojinovic
Miloradov, M., Sokolovic, S., Ivankovic, D.
(2013) Ecological Modeling of Pollutants in
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doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0354-9836/2013/0354-
98361200161S.pdf.
[5] Downard, J., Singh, A., Bullard, R. et al.
(2015) Uncontrolled combustion of shredded
tires in a landfill - Part 1: Characterization of
gaseous and particulate emissions,
Atmospheric Environment, 104, 195-204.
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sciencedirect.com.proxy.kobson.nb.rs:2048/sci
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[6] Katsumata, H., Yabuuchi, M., Kaneco, S.,
Suzuki T. and Ohta, K. (2003) Formation of
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presence of sodium chloride and
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Received: 27.04.2016
Accepted: 23.01.2017
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Sonja Ketin
University of Novi Sad
Faculty of Technical Science
Environmental Engineering Department
Novi Sad 21000 – SERBIA
E-mail: ketin.sonja@gmail.com