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Rediscovery of Vanzolini’s Bald-Faced Saki, Pithecia vanzolinii
Hershkovitz, (Primates, Pitheciidae): rst record since
André V. Nunes, & José E. Serrano-Villavicencio,
1 Pós-graduação, Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Costa e Silva, s/n, Cidade
Universitária, 79070-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
2 Pós-graduação, Mastozoologia, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Nazaré, 481 - Ipiranga, 04263-000, São Paulo, Brazil
3 Centro de Investigación Biodiversidad Sostenible (BioS), Lima, Perú
4 Corresponding author. E-mail: tataupas@gmail.com
Abstract: We report the rediscovery of Pithecia vanzolinii
in the upper Juruá River Basin, in the State of Acre, Brazil.
An individual was collected after being hunted by a local
inhabitant of an extractive community in the Riozinho da
Liberdade Extractive Reserve. is is the rst record of this
species in the last years and highlights the importance
of intensifying studies of this almost unknown species.
Keywords: subsistence hunting; Pitheciinae; extractive reserve; Acre
Vanzolini’s Bald-Faced Saki, Pithecia vanzolinii Hershkovitz,
, is a little-known primate species which is poorly
represented in scientic collections worldwide. To our
knowledge, there are only specimens of P. vanzolinii
preserved in four collections: Swedish Museum of Natural
History, Stockholm, Sweden (NHR, specimens), Museu
Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Pará, Brazil (MPEG, specimen),
Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
(MNRJ, ), and Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São
Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (MZUSP, specimens).
e taxonomic history of Vanzolini’s Bald-faced Saki
began when Lönnberg () erroneously considered
the populations of Pithecia from the right bank of Lago
Grande, Juruá River, and Santo Antônio, Eirú River, state
of Amazonas — all localities within the distribution of P.
vanzolinii — as Pithecia monachus hirsuta of Spix ().
Likewise, H () included in his concept of
Pithecia hirsuta specimens from Santa Cruz, Eirú River. D
V () was the rst to notice that the specimens from
Santo Antônio and Santa Cruz exhibited a dierent phe-
notype from Spix’s Pithecia hirsuta. Taking into account
V’s () observation, H () reconsid-
ered his previous position about P. hirsuta populations from
the Brazilian states of Acre and Amazonas and recognized
these specimens as a new subspecies, Pithecia irrorata van-
zolinii. e holotype designated by H ()
(MZUSP ) is an adult male collected by Alfonso M.
Olalla in during the expedition to the Upper Juruá
River (state of Amazonas), which included portions of the
Purus River drainage. is expedition was nanced by the
Swedish Count Nils Gyldenstolpe (O ; G-
; P ). ese specimens collected
by A. M. Olalla in were sold to the NHR, the MNRJ
and the MZUSP. For the original description of this taxon,
H () also reviewed and used material col-
lected by the ornithologist Fernando da Costa Novaes and
the taxidermist M. M. Moreira from June to September
of , in a joint expedition of the MPEG, the Departa-
mento de Produção Mineral and the American Museum of
Natural History. ese two researchers traveled along the
Purus River between Cruzeiro do Sul and the Brazil/Peru
border collecting birds and several species of primates. Two
specimens of Pithecia were collected by Novaes’ expedition
and sent to the MPEG, where they are deposited under the
voucher numbers MPEG , .
is subspecies was elevated to full species by M
(), who argued that there are no other sakis that closely
resemble it. M () also stated that she had not seen
a living specimen of P. vanzolinii in captivity, in the wild, or
in photographs. erefore, in the absence of new records
after Novaes and Moreira’s collection, Pithecia vanzolinii has
not been recorded in the wild in the past years.
Moreover, the natural history and the conservation
status of Pithecia vanzolinii are completely unknown.
According to the Brazilian List of Endangered Species,
Pithecia vanzolinii has a relatively broad distribution and
no obvious threats, and for this reason is listed as Least
Concern (LC) (R M ). On the other
hand, this species is listed as Data Decient (DD) by the
IUCN, based on its poorly dened range and lack of knowl-
edge about its demography and potential threats (M
V ).
Based on recent material, we report the rst record of
Pithecia vanzolinii since , morphologically compare it
Check List 13(1): 2048, 16 February 2017 doi: https: //doi.or g/10.15560/13.1.20 48
ISSN 1809-127X © 2017 Check List and Auth ors
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Notes oN GeoGraphic DistributioN
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to the holotype, and comment on the species distribution
and observed potential threats in the study area.
During a eld expedition in the Riozinho da Liberdade
Extractive Reserve, a specimen (MZUSP , skull
and tissue) of Pithecia vanzolinii was registered occasion-
ally on November . e specimen was hunted in
the traditional community Passo da Pátria in Acre, Brazil
(°ʹ.ʺ S, °ʹ.ʺ W) (Figure ), which is
one of the communities ( families) distributed over
, ha of lowland rainforest (Ombrophilous Open
Forest). e reserve is located in the Upper Juruá river
basin, in the state of Acre and southwestern Amazonas. It
comprises four municipalities: Cruzeiro do Sul, Marechal
aumaturgo, Porto Walter, and Tarauacá. is region is
composed of traditional communities, small plantations,
extractivism, hunting, and shing. e specimen was
obtained during an ongoing doctoral eld study, carried
out by the rst author, and all necessary permits for the
collection of specimens were granted by the Instituto Chico
Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), Min-
istry of the Environment (Process No. -).
e adult male MZUSP has the characters of
Pithecia vanzolinii described by H (), i.e.,
general coloration black with contrasting yellow upper and
lower limbs; the individual hairs black with ne bu or ochre
subterminal bands; frontal region black, and cheeks with
bu malar stripes (Figure ). By the time of collection, the
specimen’s hands and feet had already been removed and
separated from the body and, after photographing (Figure
), were eventually lost. e specimen was also directly
compared with the holotype and other specimens in
the MZUSP (see Appendix). e skull measurements fell
Figure 1. Map with the historical records of Pithecia vanzolinii (dots) and our new record (star). I. Riozinho da Liberdade Extractive Reserve. Indigenous
communities: A) Kulina do Médio Juruá, B) Campinas/Katutina, and C) Arara do Igarapé Humaitá. For locality data see Table 1.
Table 1. Summary of the localities of Pithecia vanzolinii. The locality numbers refer to the points shown in Figure 1.
Locality no. Locality Latitude Longitude Source
1 Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil 07°37’ S 072°36’ W Hershkovitz (1987)
2 Eirú River, Santa Cruz, Amazonas, Brazil (type locality of Pithecia vanzolinii) 07°23’ S 070°47’ W Hershkovitz (1987)
3 Eirú River, Lago Grande, Amazonas, Brazil 06°41’ S 069°53’ W Hershkovitz (1987)
4 Eirú River, Santo Antônio, Amazonas, Brazil 06°42’ S 069°52’ W Hershkovitz (1987)
5 Community Passo da Pátria, Riozinho da Liberdade Extractive Reserve, Acre, Brazil 08°22’14.45’’ S 072°08’19.22’’ W This study
MZUSP 35693
Nunes & Serrano-Villavicencio | New record of Vanzolini’s Bald-Faced Saki
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two state forests (Mogno and the Rio Liberdade, Acre), and
four indigenous reserves of the Katukina, Shawandawa,
Ashaninka, Jaminawa, Arara, and Yawanawa ethnic groups.
is scenario suggests a delicate situation, especially given
the high deforestation rate in Acre, which has the second-
highest rate of deforestation within Brazilian Amazonia
(INPE ), and because Pithecia vanzolinii is subject
to hunting pressure, as other primate species that are
commonly hunted in the Brazilian Amazon (P ;
C ). is situation indicates potential
threats to Pithecia vanzolinii populations and highlights the
urgency of ecological studies and conservation initiatives
directed towards the species.
within the known range for the species (Figure ; Table ).
is new record represents the southernmost known
locality record for the species and extends the known
range of Pithecia vanzolinii approximately km to the
southeast. is record falls within the putative distribution
suggested by H (), located between
the south bank of Juruá River and the south bank of its
tributary, the Tarauacá River in southwestern Amazonas
and Acre (Figure ).
As far as is known, the species’ area of occurrence is
sparsely populated, although ve settlement programs
exist, as well as eight sustainable-use protected areas: two
extractive reserves (Alto Tarauacá and Alto Juruá, Acre),
Figure 2. Pithecia vanzolinii. A. Dorsal view of adult male (MZUSP 35693) collected in Riozinho da Liberdade Extractive Reserve, Acre, Brazil. B. Holotype
(MZUSP 5491; adult male, Eirú River, Santa Cruz, Amazonas, Brazil).
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank Pablo Saldo and Julia Vilela for help and logistical
support through the Chico Mendes Institute of Biodi-
versity (ICMBio); the Program for Protected Areas of the
Amazon (ARPA) for logistical support; the Coordenação de
Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for
fellowship grants to AVN and JSV; Mario de Vivo, Fábio
Oliveira do Nascimento, Rafaela L. Vendramel, and Juliana
Gualda Barros from the MZUSP for the valuable comments
of the manuscript; Erich Fischer and Cindy Hurtado for
Figure 3. Specimen of Pithecia vanzolinii (MZUSP 35693) collected in Riozinho da Liberdade Extractive Reser ve, Acre, Brazil. A. Face in detail. B. Left hand
and right foot.
Table 2. Summary of male and female cranial and dental measurements (mm) of our specimen compared with male and female specimens of Pithecia
vanzolinii from the MZUSP (see Appendix for specimen details). All measurements are mean ± standard deviation
Measurements (mm) MZUSP 35693 ♂
(new record)
MZUSP 5491 ♂
(Holotype)
Pithecia vanzolinii ♂
(n = 9)
Pithecia vanzolinii ♀
(n = 12)
Greatest Skull length 86.13 86.18 81.93 (± 2.94) 81.04 (± 2.52)
Condylobasal length 64.73 64.88 61.93 (± 2.88) 61.14 (± 3.49)
Zygomatic breadth 58.45 57.12 54.38 (± 3.04) 54.41 (± 3.31)
Biorbital breadth 45.35 44.89 42.88 (± 2.4) 42.54 (± 2.38)
Postorbital constriction 34.49 32.66 35.9 (± 2) 36.11 (± 1.48)
Braincase length 62.69 62.74 56.21 (± 2.54) 56.12(± 1.91)
Braincase width 45.78 41.96 43.44 (± 1.27) 44.24 (± 1.81)
Nasal length (medial) 17.98 19.17 16.73 (± 1.32) 16.22(± 1.41)
Nasal length (greatest) 20.25 21.2 18.42 (± 1.4) 18.45 (± 1.70)
Interorbital width 5.48 6.67 6.46 (± 0.62) 6.54 (±0.82)
I-M³ 30.47 32.95 30.34 (± 1.15) 30.17 (±1.23)
C-M³ 24.19 23.62 24.13 (± 1.11) 23.67 (± 1.01)
PM²-M³ 15.54 16.18 18.31 (± 0.85) 18.42 (± 0.52)
M¹-M³ 9.98 10.46 9.91 (± 0.41) 10.38 (± 0.31)
I²-I² 12.47 11.88 12.13 (± 0.66) 11.89(± 0.73)
C¹-C¹ 25.41 25.38 24.85 (± 1.43) 23.79 (± 1.73)
M¹-M¹ 23.88 23.43 22.93 (± 1.04) 23.16 (± 1.19)
M³-M³ 22.39 21.69 19.7 (± 6.4) 21.47 (± 6.80)
Canine Length (from cingulum) 11.85 11.96 11.46 (± 0.96) 10.27 (± 1.18)
Mandible length 56.48 57.71 54.95 (± 2.71) 54.36 (± 3.65)
Mandible height 42.54 43.72 36.92 (± 3.18) 36.10 (± 3.49)
Nunes & Serrano-Villavicencio | New record of Vanzolini’s Bald-Faced Saki
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reading the manuscript; Gabby Guilhon for the informa-
tion concerning the MNRJ’s material. We would like to
thank Hannah Doerrier and K. Supriya who reviewed the
English version of the manuscript. Finally, Anderson Feijó
and two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments
which improved the manuscript.
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Figure 4. Dorsal, ventral and lateral views of skull and lateral view of mandible of Pithecia vanzolinii (MZUSP 35693).
Nunes & Serrano-Villavicencio | New record of Vanzolini’s Bald-Faced Saki
Che ck List | www.biotaxa.org/cl Volume 13 | Issue 1 | Article 2048 6
Authors’ contributions: AVN and JESV equally collected the data
and wrote the text.
Received: January
Accepted: February
Academic editor: Guilherme S. T. Garbino
APPENDIX
Specimens examined
Pithecia vanzolinii (n = ). Acre: Community Passo da Pátria, Rioz-
inho da Liberdade Extractive Reserve: MZUSP . Amazonas:
Santa Cruz, Rio Eirú: MZUSP (holotype of Pithecia vanzolinii),
MZUSP , MZUSP , MZUSP , MZUSP , MZUSP
, MZUSP , MZUSP , MZUSP , MZUSP ,
MZUSP , MZUSP , MZUSP , MZUSP , MZUSP
, MZUSP , MZUSP , MZUSP , MZUSP ,
MZUSP , MZUSP , MZUSP , MZUSP , MZUSP
, MZUSP .
