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Purposive sampling as a tool for informant selection
... Given the impracticality of performing a proper random sampling on the targeted population, we utilise a combination of two non-random sampling methods to find potential interview candidates-that is, convenience [27] and purposive sampling [28]. In convenience sampling, participants are selected given their suitability for the study and easy accessibility [27], while in purposive sampling, after deciding on the information required from participants, based on their knowledge of the population, researchers define a set of qualities participants should have to be able to get the expected data [28,29]. ...
... Given the impracticality of performing a proper random sampling on the targeted population, we utilise a combination of two non-random sampling methods to find potential interview candidates-that is, convenience [27] and purposive sampling [28]. In convenience sampling, participants are selected given their suitability for the study and easy accessibility [27], while in purposive sampling, after deciding on the information required from participants, based on their knowledge of the population, researchers define a set of qualities participants should have to be able to get the expected data [28,29]. Thus, we conveniently look for participants through software professionals in our network and that of our colleagues. ...
... External validity We use a combination of convenience and purposive sampling [27,28] for participant recruitment. We expect that the experience and the difficulties of our participants are representative due to expertise, and their working environment. ...
The sharing of knowledge about software architecture is crucial in software development, particularly during the onboarding of new developers. However, existing documentation often falls short due to issues like incompleteness and ambiguity. Consequently, oral explanations are used for knowledge transfer. This study investigates what constitutes a good explanation of software architecture through an empirical study. It aims to explore how software architecture explanations are conducted, identify the main challenges, and suggest improvements. It addresses five key areas: relevant architectural concerns, explanation plans, supporting artefacts, typical questions, and expectations. An exploratory field study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with 17 software professionals, including 9 architecture explainers and 8 explainees. The study discovers that an explanation must balance both problem and technical domains while considering the explainee's role, experience, and the goal of the explanation. The concept of the explanation window, which adjusts the level of detail and scope, is introduced to address these variables. We also extend the Twin Peaks model to guide the interplay between problem and solution domains during architectural explanations by adding an emphasis to the context surrounding both domains. Future research should focus on developing better tools and processes to support architecture explanations.
... Table 1 shows areas affected by water scarcity in the villages located in Raymond Mhlaba and Ngqushwa local municipalities. The purposive sampling method [33], was used to select local municipalities affected by water scarcity, namely Raymond Mhlaba and Ngqushwa. This sampling technique is critical in identifying individuals, organizations, or groups with the knowledge and competencies required for water resource management practices, thus providing the information needed to fulfill the study's objectives [33]. ...
... The purposive sampling method [33], was used to select local municipalities affected by water scarcity, namely Raymond Mhlaba and Ngqushwa. This sampling technique is critical in identifying individuals, organizations, or groups with the knowledge and competencies required for water resource management practices, thus providing the information needed to fulfill the study's objectives [33]. Purposive sampling was used to select Ward 21 and Ward 7 and villages facing acute water challenges in Raymond Mhlaba and Ngqushwa local municipalities, respectively. ...
Given the persistent drought disasters, the Amathole District Municipality grapples with severe water scarcity issues, particularly affecting local municipalities such as Raymond Mhlaba and Ngqushwa. Consequently, the municipalities are challenged by severe climate change and governance-related water scarcity. Thus, investigating climate change adaptation policy formulation and governance from the perspective of local communities can provide valuable insights into effective climate change adaptation governance. Employing a mixed research approach, this study investigates stakeholders’ perceptions of the formulation process and approaches to climate change adaptation policy and governance in the water sector using narrative analysis and descriptive statistics survey data. The study revealed that policy formulation is challenged by a bureaucratic water governance system, as most of the respondents (70%) were uncertain about their roles in climate change adaptation policy formulation, compared to 30% who were able to partially articulate their roles. Thus, 66% of respondents indicated that they were not involved in climate change adaptation in water resource management. This underscores that most stakeholders are ‘locked out’ from divulging their decisions in climate change adaptation policy formulation. This study will help municipalities develop proper climate change adaptation strategies based on local knowledge to enhance their resilience against climate change disasters.
... Purposive sampling is a non-probability technique where participants are selected based on specific characteristics or expertise that are relevant to the research objectives (Tongco, 2007). ...
... This method allows researchers to focus on individuals who have particular knowledge or experience pertinent to the study's focus areas (Tongco, 2007). For the in-depth interviews, The participants were chosen for their direct involvement and expertise in areas critical to the study, Convenience sampling, another non-probability technique, involves selecting participants based on their ease of access and availability (Emerson, 2015;Sedgwick, 2013). ...
This study investigates the willingness of stakeholders in Chunya District, Tanzania, to adopt agroforestry as a land reclamation strategy in gold mining-affected areas. Mining activities in Chunya District have led to severe environmental degradation, including soil erosion, water contamination, and deforestation, which not only disrupt agriculture but also harm local biodiversity. Agroforestry, which integrates trees with crops or livestock, has been identified as a promising solution to restore soil fertility, mitigate erosion, enhance food security, and provide materials such as timber and fuelwood for the mining industry. By incorporating trees into agricultural landscapes, agroforestry can also reduce the pressure on natural forests, helping to avoid further deforestation and providing sustainable alternatives for timber, firewood and building materials used in mining industries. Despite its potential, agroforestry remains underutilized in Chunya District. The research employs a case study design and uses qualitative methods including in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and participant observation. These methods were used to assess the attitudes of local farmers, community leaders, mining company representatives, and environmental experts toward adopting agroforestry for land reclamation. The findings reveal that 85% of stakeholders recognize the benefits of agroforestry, such as improved soil quality, enhanced water retention, increased agricultural productivity, diversified income sources, and the restoration of degraded land. However, several barriers hinder the widespread adoption of agroforestry in the area. The most significant obstacles are financial constraints, lack of technical knowledge, and limited institutional support. While agroforestry is seen as a long-term solution, many stakeholders are hesitant to invest due to high initial costs and insufficient funds and training. Furthermore, legal challenges related to land tenure and competing interests between farmers and mining companies complicate the implementation of agroforestry practices. Despite these challenges, the study highlights the potential of agroforestry to address both environmental and socioeconomic issues. By integrating trees with agricultural practices, agroforestry can mitigate the adverse effects of mining, such as soil erosion and water pollution, while simultaneously providing local communities with food, timber, and other materials. For the mining industry, agroforestry can offer sustainable sources of timber and fuelwood, reducing the pressure on natural forests and promoting a more environmentally responsible approach to land use. Furthermore, agroforestry can enhance food security and improve livelihoods by diversifying income streams for local farmers. The study concludes that agroforestry offers a viable and multifaceted solution to the challenges posed by mining in Chunya District. To overcome the barriers to adoption, the research suggests the need for targeted policy frameworks, financial incentives, and capacity-building programs. By fostering collaboration between stakeholders, including mining companies, government agencies, and local communities, agroforestry can play a critical role in land reclamation, environmental restoration, and the long-term sustainability of Chunya District. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on agroforestry as an effective strategy for mitigating the environmental and social impacts of mining activities in Tanzania.
... Throughout our research, we consulted with experts and used semi-structured expert interviews to determine the efficacy of the artifact. Expert interviews based on purposive sampling are a well-established evaluation method in DSR studies to assess highly complex artifacts from a multi-dimensional perspective (Guggenberger et al., 2020;Im & Straub, 2015;Tongco, 2007). Purposive sampling is a common practice to select interviewees with expertise in a specific domain (Im & Straub, 2015;Tongco, 2007). ...
... Expert interviews based on purposive sampling are a well-established evaluation method in DSR studies to assess highly complex artifacts from a multi-dimensional perspective (Guggenberger et al., 2020;Im & Straub, 2015;Tongco, 2007). Purposive sampling is a common practice to select interviewees with expertise in a specific domain (Im & Straub, 2015;Tongco, 2007). We employed this technique to select experts with expertise in blockchain technology applications, the bond industry, legal as well as regulatory domains, and scientific research to ensure that the interviewee's contributions deeply enriched the prototype development and evaluation processes. ...
Corporate bonds are an attractive option for corporate financing. However, current bond markets face many challenges and inefficiencies, resulting in high transaction costs (TAC). In recent years, technological advancements like blockchain technology have enabled the possibility of reducing TAC in bond markets. Even though practice experiments with such solutions, academic literature lacks generic design knowledge under the TAC lens to design blockchain-based bonds. Thus, our research follows the design science research (DSR) paradigm to design and develop a bond prototype using the Ethereum blockchain protocol. Our results highlight the capability of blockchain-based bond markets to reduce TAC in the three dimensions of asset specificity, uncertainty, and transaction frequency. Further, our research provides design principles to contribute to both practice and the academic discourse on developing blockchain-based bond markets with reduced TAC.
... The researcher used purposive sampling strategy to identify highly knowledgeable key informants and FGD participants. Purposive sampling strategy is the most effective one, when one needs to study a certain cultural domain with knowledgeable expertise (Tongco, 2007). ...
This study has explored ethnic federalism and ethnic conflict in Ethiopia, particularly in the light of the experience of BGRS. The central objective of the study was to critically analyze the current federal system in a manner that whether it actually served for managing ethnic conflicts or otherwise. Methodologically, the researcher employed qualitative research approach with institutional exploratory strategy. By assuming that conflict is primarily the incompatibility of
divergence of interests among different groups with divergent strategies, the thesis described federalism’s particular experiment in BGRS and its some institutional attempts to deal with conflicts of different identity claims. As per the finding of this study, by underpinning to the question that, is federalism a panacea or incentive to ailments of divided societies, it seeks to underscore that, the establishment of federal system as a reaction to historic marginalization and questions of self administration right of the indigenous peoples in BGRS, it has contributed to deal with ethnic conflicts. However, it has also generated some others, such as power sharing, resource and border conflicts among different ethnic groups. Accordingly, this study has argued that federalism has two roles; one it has responded the long-standing question of nationalities to autonomy, and on the other side, it perpetuated other kinds of new conflicts, because of the politicization of ethnicity and the development of ‘theirs’ and ‘ours’ mentality in the people of the regional state.
... The researcher has used purposive sampling strategy to identify highly knowledgeable and experienced informants of the issue at hand. The purposive sampling strategy is the most effective one, when one needs to study a certain cultural domain with knowledgeable expertise (Tongco, 2007). ...
This study has explored Inter-Ethnic Conflicts giving a particular emphasis to Benishangul Gumuz Regional State. The central objective of the study is to analyze the causes and impacts of inter-ethnic conflicts in the study region. Methodologically, the researcher employed qualitative
research approach with explanatory strategy. In terms of data collection tool, the researcher has employed key informant interview and focus group discussions. Accordingly, by intensive analyses of the dynamics and trends of inter-ethnic conflicts in the study region, this study has come out with the argument that, there are multi-faceted (fundamental and immediate) causes of the conflict. Therefore, the researcher recommend that to manage the inter-ethnic conflicts and
achieve sustainable peace and development in the study region, it needs to pay much attention to solve the fundamental causes, in addition to immediate causes. The government shall emphasize
on inclusive, broad based and participatory conflict management mechanisms than using military might alone.
... Respondents were selected through purposive sampling technique. As claimed by Bibin et al. (2018); C. Tongco (2007) purposive sampling is a technique of selecting data sources with certain considerations, where the data source is considered to know best about what is expected. ...
Decision-making in a household should not be done single-handedly by the husband as the head of the family. However, it needs to involve the wife, who plays an important role in improving the family economy. Generally, the women or wives in Palopo had not been involved in decision-making and had not been fully supported by government programs taking sides with the women. This study sought to analyze gender equality of decision-making in fisherman households and formulate a priority strategy for achieving gender equality in these households. Data collection was done using observation and structured interviews using questionnaires addressed to 7 stakeholders consisting of government agency officials, the Chair of Fisherman Cooperative, the Head of Nasyiah, and the Head of the Fisherman Group, as well as 30 families (husband and wife) whose livelihood depended in the fishery sector. The Moser analysis and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) were used to analyze the obtained data. This study revealed some results. The women or wives were responsible and more dominant as decision-makers in household, family, and financial matters. The men or husbands were responsible and more dominant decision-makers in production activities and social affairs. In addition, implementing outreach programs for coastal communities in Palopo had not been gender-responsive. Thus, the priority strategy in achieving gender equality in fisherman households, which holds the best opportunity and is considered important by stakeholders, is developing a guidance program for coastal communities, men, and women.
... Finally, the study fulfills the purposive sampling minimum of five. (Tongco, 2007). ...
... Purposive sampling [25] was used to recruit the participants. Patients were recruited from a local community organization using the patient database and referrals from local oncology clinics. ...
Background
Financial toxicity, or the adverse impact of cancer diagnoses on survivors’ financial well-being, is an increasing global concern. In the United States, it is disproportionately high among racial/ethnic minorities. Latina breast cancer patients encounter greater financial burdens than their non-Latina White counterparts, which can lead to discontinuation of medical treatment, poor quality of life, or early mortality. In particular, cancer patients in rural regions are at a greater risk for financial toxicity due to a lack of resources and structural barriers. Despite its magnitude, financial toxicity among Latina breast cancer patients who reside in rural areas is understudied. This study aims to fill this gap by exploring financial toxicity from the perspectives of Latina breast cancer patients, family members, and healthcare professionals.
Methods
This qualitative, cross-sectional study aimed to address this gap in the literature through in-depth interviews with 47 participants, including Latina breast cancer patients (n = 21), their family members/caregivers (n = 14), and healthcare professionals (n = 12), all from a rural agricultural region, with a focus on contributing factors and impacts of financial toxicity. Qualitative data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Demographic data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.
Results
The main themes relating to contributions to changes in patient financial situations included (1) employment disruption (e.g., reduced working hours and quitting the job) post breast cancer diagnosis, and (2) medical-related (out-of-pocket costs, co-payment) and non-medical related financial costs (transportation, childcare). The impacts of financial toxicity were multi-faceted. Patients struggled to meet basic needs (e.g., food, paying bills) and experienced psychological distress. Coordinating patient support care (e.g., transportation, caretaking) to accommodate their financial needs negatively impacted their families’ work schedules and routines. It also affected family relationships, leading to family conflicts, including marital conflict, as well as patients' continuum of cancer care.
Conclusions
Financial toxicity encountered by rural Latina breast cancer patients is complex, and its adverse effects are multifaceted. Culturally appropriate interventions targeting patients and families to address their personal, psychological, and familial issues related to financial toxicity are needed.
... Moreover, random sampling does not guarantee the capture of firms at different levels of digital exposure, strategy flexibility, and ambidexterity integration. This approach aims at enhancing the understanding of the relationship by using different constructs in the same study [77,103]. ...
This study investigates how tech-driven integration (TDI), supply chain flexibility (SCF), and organizational ambidexterity (ORA) influence supply chain integration (SCI) and supply chain performance (SCP) in manufacturing firms. Supply chain uncertainty and agility are examined as moderating factors in the relationship between TDI, SCF, ORA, SCI, and supply chain performance. Based on insights from two experts and a comprehensive literature review, 35 measurement items were identified for the close-ended questionnaire design. Grounded in the resource-based view, the study employs the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach to analyze 409 valid responses from the manufacturing industry. Our findings reveal that TDI and ORA positively impact SCI, while SCF has no significant influence on SCI. SCI directly influences SCP. Supply chain uncertainty moderates the two impacts: TDI and SCI; ORA and SCI. Besides, supply chain agility moderates the relationship between SCI and SCP. Our findings contribute to the literature by introducing a novel perspective on the relational dynamics of supply chain management by TDI and emphasizing the importance of organizational ambidexterity. We provide practical recommendations for managers to improve firm performance by strengthening the connections between TDI, SCF, ORA, uncertainty, agility, SCI, and SCP.
... For this research, 24 girls were selected using purposive sampling to account for the diversity of the population. This sampling method allowed the researcher to select participants based on specific qualities required for the study and was useful for exploring cultural domains through knowledgeable experts (Tongco, 2007). The selection aimed to ensure proper representation of both hilly and Madhesi girls, with an equal number of girls from each regional identity included in the study. ...
Menstruation is purely a biological process- normal vaginal bleeding. However, it is perceived social taboos that restrict the women in various ways in their private and public life. The restrictive practices prevalent in Hindu culture consider the women as impure and unclean in the periods. This research article intends to explore the social and cultural factors that push the women to the position of pollution. In addition, this article also explores the perceptions and experiences of menstruating women. The semi-structured interview schedule has been applied for collecting information from Dogara and Ghanda Tole, Bhairahwa, Rupandehi that comprises both Madhesi and hilly of women aged between 12 to 24, representatively selected using purposive sampling. This research argues that menstruation restrictions, especially from entering into kitchen, worshiping the temples and many more are not followed out of the will of the women. However, Patriarchal mindset of society and family, traditional stereotypes, religious dogma etc are imposed upon women aiming to compel them to follow the discriminatory practices which come out of the sense of fearfulness and shamefulness. The finding of this research is significant for the field of social Science such that it provides an approach to comprehend the social and cultural dimensions of the taboos in the form of menstruation restrictions.
... A purposive sampling technique was employed in the determination of the study group. This technique allows for in-depth research by selecting information-rich situations depending on the purpose of the studies and is preferred when it is desired to work in one or more special cases that meet certain criteria or have certain characteristics (Tongco, 2007). In this study, we employed convenience sampling among the purposive sampling techniques, because there were special cases that the study group had to meet, such as participating in the Scientific Literacy Workshop and being volunteered. ...
This study aims to examine the contribution of the Scientific Literacy Workshop on high school students' research attitudes. To that end, Scientific Literacy Workshop Project was planned and implemented over 10 weeks. This study was designed within the framework of the project. The mixed research method was employed, and the exploratory sequential design was utilized. The study group consisted of 42 high school students studying in a province center in the Central Black Sea Region of Turkiye in the 2021-2022 academic year. The data were collected through a semi-structured Interview Form and Scale of attitude towards Scientific Research. In the analysis of the quantitative data, pared samples t-test and ANOVA were used, and content analysis was used in the analysis of the qualitative data. Results revealed that the Scientific Literacy Workshop positively contributed to participant students’ research attitudes. Students emphasized that scientific research was not as complicated as they thought, and it could be carried out by anyone who has enough interest and knowledge. Based on the results, we recommended that projects which would encourage students to research like the Scientific Literacy Workshop should be conducted at all grade levels.
... Talking With the Experts Expert interviewing has widely been regarded as a qualitative methodology that can contribute to a deeper understanding of a phenomenon (Döringer, 2021). We used purposive sampling and then snowball sampling for recruitment (Tongco, 2007;Valerio et al., 2016). Once our institutional review board granted approval, we developed inclusion criteria. ...
Limited research exists about transfer of rights conversations between students with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities, their parents, and educators within special education. • Through key informant interviews with 14 experts in the field of transition and transfer of rights, we sought to understand the factors that influence how such discussions occur. Experts described a set of influential factors. • Influential factors included (a) limited knowledge of school-based professionals about alternatives to guardianship and transfer of rights, (b) that school personnel may have presumptions about student competence, (c) limited student engagement in transition planning and decision making, and (d) the fact that schools are often guided by inadequate district and state policies. • We offer a set of implications to school administrators that focus on promoting early and ongoing parent and youth engagement in transition planning that emphasizes decision-making awareness and skill building as well as shifting from the outdated paradigm to better align with best practice. •
... Simply said, the researcher determines what needs to be learned and then seeks out persons who can and are willing to supply the information through knowledge or experience. (Bernard 2002 cited by Tongco, 2007) Therefore, purposive sampling was used to ensure that the respondent of this study understands the purpose of the study as it is based on their own experiences and characteristics.Further, the researcher ensures that all data from the respondents relevant to the study. ...
This study aimed to determine the level of instructional supervisory competence, practices and challenges of the school heads and master teachers in Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health (MAPEH). This was conducted in Schools, Division of Zamboanga City. The respondents were the school heads, master teachers and teachers. It employed a descriptive quantitative with correlational design. The research found that school heads and master teachers in MAPEH were able to demonstrate competent instructional supervisory practices, but still faced challenges in doing so. There was a correlation between competencies and practices, as well as challenges. Differences were noted based on areas of specialization and relevant trainings, but not on educational attainment. Practices differed based on both areas of specialization and educational attainment, while challenges differed based only on educational attainment. The study recommends that the Department of Education should give equal attention to MAPEH as they do to other key areas in the curriculum and address the gaps in learning resources and facilities to better support instructional supervision in the educational process. Human Resource Development should collaborate with MAPEH supervisors to develop a comprehensive intervention program to train school heads and master teachers in coaching and mentoring in MAPEH. It is suggested that school heads and master teachers should attend relevant MAPEH training, with particular focus on Music and Arts where they were found to be less competent. Additionally, taking professional units to gain more knowledge would be valuable.
... This sampling technique was appropriate since it allowed for the deliberate selection of participants who possessed the relevant expertise and experience related to the subject of the study. Purposive sampling is one of the methods of non-probability sampling wherein the selection of respondents relies on a specific criterion, either for specialist knowledge of the subject or to contribute in any way possible to the research [42,43] . Therefore, in this study, 25 respondents from Cebu City have been chosen from diverse engineering and maritime fields to share their relevant experience and insights with regards to the research questions. ...
This study investigates the place of personal belief systems and engineering skills for advancing sustainable development goals in the profession of engineers and maritime professionals. Qualitative exploratory research design with purposive sampling features the investigation of whether practices and/or decision-making of engineers and maritime professionals are influenced by their beliefs toward sustainability. Semi-structured interviews with 25 experienced engineers and maritime professionals from Cebu City show that personal beliefs do have a strong influence over the prioritization of such key SDGs as SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation, SDG 13: Climate Action, and SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities. The important engineering skills to support sustainability will include project management, innovative problem-solving, water resource management, and sustainable materials science. Findings highlight engineers and maritime professionals with a strong sustainability-oriented belief are likely to champion greener technologies and practices within the organization. The research provides an important need to grow a culture of sustainability based on ethical decision-making, education, and advocacy. In conclusion, the study ends by recommending further research into how personal beliefs and engineering skills are impacting the sustainability outcomes of the activity, how it has evolved over time, and the role of interdisciplinary collaboration and policy in the creation of sustainable practices in the engineering and maritime profession.
... Six teachers and one occupational therapist were selected to participate in the study. Purposive sampling method was applied in selecting the participants as it focuses on specific characteristics of a population that are of interest, enabling researchers to obtain rich data (Tongco, 2007). The participants in this study have vast experience working with ASD children. ...
This qualitative study explored the views of teachers and an occupational therapist about the potential use of humanoid robots as an assistive tool in educating autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children. Seven participants with extensive experience handling early intervention programs for ASD children were selected via purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussion (FGD) were applied as data collection method. Data gained were analyzed using thematic analysis. Four main themes were identified from the study, they are: (1) Teachers’ knowledge about robots, (2) Robots increase children's engagement, (3) Roles of robots in intervention, and (4) advantages and disadvantages of using robots. All participants had observed a robot-mediated intervention involving interactions between ASD children and a humanoid robot. It was observed that most of the children at the center liked interacting with the robot, suggesting that the use of robots could benefit ASD children. However, these interactions must be monitored and limited to a certain period to avoid over-dependence on robot use. This study provides a novel perspective on robotics and a practical example of how to use robots to enhance learning outcomes for ASD children.
... This technique is non-random and does not require a certain number of informants or underpinning theories. What needs to be identified is determined by the researcher and respondents who are able to and are willing to offer information by virtue of knowledge or experience are identified (Tongco, 2007;Bernard 2002;Lewis & Sheppard 2006). This sampling technique is most effective when distinct data are required concerning several strata within a population which are determined to be different in their parameters. ...
Purpose: The main objective of this study is to examine the relationship between internal control system and perceived operational risk management in banks. Agency theory is used to examine the relationship. Design/methodology/approach: Survey questionnaires were emailed to branch managers and assistant managers of 650 local commercial bank branches across Malaysia. A total of 132 respondents completed and submitted the survey questionnaires. The data were analysed using multiple regressions. Findings: The study found that Malaysian conventional banks have a good internal control system and perceived operational risk management with a mean of 4.71 and 4.56, respectively. Mixed findings were reported on the relationship of internal control system and perceived operational risk management. Research implications: The implementation of risk assessment, top management information and communication, branch information and communication, and top management monitoring were found to have a significant result in the documentation of hazard identification and control decision. It was observed that top management monitoring is an important factor that influenced perceived operational risk management in Malaysian local conventional banks. Originality/value: This paper highlighted several important issues related to internal control system and perceived operational risk management which are not widely discussed in the literature. The findings from this study contribute new knowledge and utilised by both academicians and practitioners. The findings may have some policy implications with regards to Malaysian local conventional banks and governance policy (advisory council, top management monitoring).
... Dalam menentukan narasumber dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Purposive sampling merupakan suatu teknik penentuan sampel (narasumber) yang dipilih berdasarkan kriteria tertentu yang dimiliki oleh sampel, dimana kriteria tersebut sejalan dengan tujuan penelitian yang dilakukan (Tongco, 2007). Oleh karena itu, wawancara dilakukan dengan pihak-pihak yang banyak terlibat dalam industri pembuatan kapal Pinisi, mulai dari proses produksi hingga distribusi ke tangan konsumen. ...
T The Pinisi boat is a maritime cultural heritage of Indonesia originating from Bulukumba Regency, South Sulawesi. However, the sustainability of the Pinisi boat-building industry faces various challenges in the shipyard business. This study aims to evaluate the supply chain in the Pinisi boat-building industry and design a more effective, efficient, and sustainable supply chain management strategy using the blue economy approach. The research method used is a qualitative approach, with data collected through semi-structured interviews with shipyard business owners and Pinisi boat craftsmen. The collected data were analyzed using content analysis, thematic analysis, and constant comparative analysis with the aid of NVivo 15 software. The results show that supply chain management in this industry is still not optimal, particularly in raw material procurement, workforce management, and marketing. Additionally, foreign intervention in the shipyard business has led to market price imbalances and poses a threat to the industry’s sustainability. Therefore, a blue economy-based strategy is needed, including more sustainable raw material management, increased access to financing for craftsmen, and the use of digital technology for marketing and distribution. By implementing these strategies, the Pinisi boat-building industry is expected to continue growing and providing greater economic benefits to coastal communities. Keywords: Pinisi, supply chain, blue economy
... A non-probabilistic sampling method was employed due to the absence of an appropriate sampling framework for the target population and the lack of an equitable selection process (Sekaran & Bougie, 2016). Specifically, purposive sampling was used, meaning only individuals who had used Generative AI were eligible to participate (Tongco, 2007), as confirmed by a screening question at the beginning of the survey. Reliable and valid measurement scales were created for each construct to examine the correlations among factors in the proposed model, based on established sources. ...
The rapid rise of Generative AI in education has brought transformative potential. However, there is limited empirical insight into the factors influencing students’ use of these tools and their impact on academic performance. Specifically, research has not thoroughly examined how task-technology fit and behavioral factors shape Generative AI usage. This study addresses these gaps by integrating the Task-Technology Fit (TTF) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to develop a theoretical research model. Data were collected from university students through a structured survey, and the model was validated using a hybrid Structural Equation Modeling-Artificial Neural Network (SEM-ANN) approach. The results demonstrate that both task and technology characteristics significantly impact task-technology fit, positively influencing the use of Generative AI tools. Additionally, behavioral factors such as attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control were found to strongly encourage Generative AI usage. Notably, the study confirms that these AI tools positively contribute to students’ academic performance. At the same time, the study recognizes the ethical dilemmas tied to Generative AI, highlighting issues such as academic integrity, excessive dependence, and its potential effects on critical thinking. The findings offer valuable insights for various stakeholders and provide practical guidance for strategically integrating AI tools to enhance student outcomes.
... For instance, non-probability purposive sampling is useful in situations where random sampling does not guarantee the retrieval of respondents who can contribute meaningfully to the research [83]. To achieve the research objective, non-probability purposive sampling is best suited for studies where respondents are expected to have adequate knowledge and insight into the technologies being studied to ensure their adoption [124]. ...
The rapid incorporation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies into higher education is shifting the focus toward understanding students’ perspectives and factors affecting the adoption of AI chatbots to maximize their use in online and virtual educational environments. This study fills an important gap in the literature by examining direct and mediated relationships of key constructs such as AI perceived usefulness, AI perceived ease of use, and AI technical competency toward AI chatbot usage. This study aims to investigate students’ mindsets regarding adopting AI chatbots for the effectiveness of online learning in higher education. Data were collected from 429 university students and analyzed using the partial least squares-based structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique. The results revealed that perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEU), and tech competency (TC) have a significant impact on AI capability. Subjective norm (SN) has no significant impact on AI chatbot capability. The capability of AI chatbots significantly influences the adoption of AI chatbots for learning effectiveness. The findings indicated that AI chatbot capability mediates the effect of PU, PEU, and TC on the adoption of AI chatbots; however, there is no mediating effect in the relationship between SN and AI chatbot capability. Facilitating conditions moderate the effect of PU and TC on AI chatbot capability. This research addresses a new insight into AI chatbot adoption within the context of higher education, particularly demonstrating the mediating and moderating function of AI chatbot capability and adoption on students’ PU, PEU, and understanding of tech-competent concepts.
... To select participants for the panel, we considered three psychological activity domains in Spain relevant to the context of our researchers' analysis: (1) educational-academic (university researchers and faculty), (2) general psychology (licensed psychologists), and (3) clinical experts in children and adolescent psychology. These participants were identified using nonprobabilistic convenience sampling as key informants for a qualitative study of Spanish medical and university directories (Tongco, 2007). ...
TikTok’s rapid rise and popularity pose challenges to young users. This study applies a mixed-methods approach to examine the impact of advertising on generation Alpha through the analysis of 500 child-targeted videos and the Delphi method with 12 psychologists. The quantitative content analysis reveals that TikTok’s short, dynamic videos cater to children’s preferences, with significant gender-based segmentation: boys are more frequently exposed to political and sports content, while girls encounter more beauty and lifestyle content. Experts indicate that the app’s fragmented, fast-paced content diminishes attention spans and fosters addictive purchasing behaviors among the youngest audience. Furthermore, the subtle nature of influencer-driven advertising complicates children’s ability to identify promotional content, potentially heightening their consumerism and anxiety. These findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced parental supervision, ethical advertising practices, and transparent regulatory measures to protect generation Alpha’s psychological well-being from the effects of fragmented brand consumerism.
... It is the process of selecting an informant on purpose based on the characteristics they possess. As suggested by Bernard (2002), Lewis & Shep-pard (2006) in (Tongco, 2007) that the researcher analyzes what information is necessary.Then, the researcher searches for people who are ready to provide the information based on their expertise or experience ...
Students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) typically show a unique pattern in their language learning. This fact has been documented in a number of earlier investigations. However, it was discovered that Indonesian teachers and educational institutions were insufficiently prepared to fulfill the needs of their students, both in terms of teaching strategies and the material development. This study then aimed at examining appropriate strategies of teaching English to ASD students as well as finding out the challenges faced by teacher in teaching English in the classroom. The research design of this study was case study research with qualitative approach. The participant of this study was English teacher at SLBN 01 Lombok Timur chosen using purposive sampling. The researchers used documentation, in-depth interviews, and observation to acquire data. The results revealed that the teacher faced some challenges in teaching ASD students, such as lack of focus and concentration during teaching and learning process and speech delay. To address these issues, the teacher and school principle used some strategies to teach children with autism, namely developing oral language comprehension and developing lesson plan with visual media to help the student learn English as a foreign language
... The informant is a research subject who can provide information about the phenomenon being investigated by the researcher using purposive sampling (Teeroovengadum & Nunkoo, 2018;Tongco, 2007 Chief of the village 1 3 ...
This study aims to identify the tourism products and strategize a suitable strategy for promoting the monument of the Meti-Oan Massacre as a tourism product in Manufahi, Timor-Leste. The fifteen informants were interviewed in-depth as key informants of this study, and the data was analyzed descriptively using NVIVO. The result revealed that the tourist products that existed in the Mahaquidan village are the Meti-Oan Massacre Monument, "Wedauberec "Beach, " Water Springs, and "Uma Katuas "Sacred House, and the thematic strategies for promoting the monument are promotion through online and offline methods and collaboration with local communities. By integrating these strategies, this research highlights the importance of digital and traditional marketing methods to create awareness, increase visits, and promote regional tourism. This blend of offline and online strategies can effectively target local communities and international tourists, building a robust promotional model for the Massacre Monument and other tourism products in Mahaquidan.
... For the survey, the sample consisted of 500 respondents from the community who use the e-government platform, with variations in age, education level, and geographical location. Sampling was carried out purposively for interviews, and randomly for surveys, in order to obtain representative results [30,31]. ...
This research aims to explore the role of e-government in increasing transparency and accountability in public administration in the digital era. As digital technology develops, governments around the world are increasingly adopting e-government solutions to improve public services, strengthen public trust, and simplify administrative processes. This study investigates how the integration of information and communication technology (ICT) in public administration can drive greater transparency and accountability, which are essential elements of good governance. A mixed-methods approach is used to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of e-government initiatives. The qualitative component involves in-depth interviews with government officials, policymakers, and e-government project leaders in various sectors to understand the challenges and successes in the implementation of digital government solutions. The quantitative aspect uses a survey of 500 public sector employees and citizens in countries with advanced e-government systems to assess perceptions regarding transparency and accountability in digital services. The study found that the implementation of e-government platforms has brought significant improvements in transparency, with 70% of respondents reporting better access to public information and government data. In addition, accountability has been strengthened as digital platforms facilitate more efficient monitoring and auditing of public sector activities. However, challenges such as the digital literacy gap, concerns about data security, and the digital divide are identified as barriers to maximizing the potential of e-government. The study concludes that e-government plays an important role in improving transparency and accountability in public administration by enabling better access to information and facilitating a more transparent decision-making process. The study recommends further investments in digital infrastructure, capacity building for government officials, and public education to address existing challenges. These findings emphasize the importance of digital inclusivity and the need for a comprehensive strategy to ensure equal access to e-government services across all segments of society.
... The co-design workshops consisted of 25 stakeholders categorized as NMCP team (n = 5), MoH policymakers (n = 3), health systems managers (n = 6), Public Health Institute of Malawi (PHIM) -Public Health Research (PHR) (n = 1), District Health Management Teams (n = 8), and prospective users (n = 2) who were purposively sampled [18,19]. The co-design workshops were conducted in Salima district from 11-12 May 2023. ...
Background
Severe malaria poses a significant challenge to under-five children in Malawi, leading to high rates of hospitalization and mortality. The World Health Organization has recently recommended post-discharge malaria chemoprevention (PDMC) as a preventive strategy for under-five children with severe anaemia in malaria-endemic regions. In response to this recommendation, Malawi's Ministry of Health (MoH) plans to implement PDMC nationwide. To facilitate effective implementation, the MoH has partnered with the Training and Research Unit of Excellence (TRUE) to conduct PDMC delivery trials to gather evidence for practical implementation in Malawi and similar settings. A key component of this initiative involved the MoH leading the co-design workshops with key stakeholders to foster collaboration, spur innovation, and develop user-centred strategies. This collaborative effort aimed to investigate optimal PDMC implementation strategies to guide the scale-up in Malawi and contribute to policy-making processes that enhance transparency, accountability, and ownership.
Methods
This participatory action research occurred in the Salima district, Malawi, from 11 to 12 May 2023. Two co-design workshops were utilized, involving policymakers (n = 15), healthcare providers (n = 8), and prospective users (n = 2). The approach consisted of two stages. First, separate information-gathering sessions were held with policymakers, healthcare providers, and prospective users. Second, a structured discussion was facilitated, allowing collaboration between policymakers, healthcare providers, and prospective users to develop strategies for delivering and integrating the intervention. Discussions were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and manually analyzed using a thematic approach.
Results
The inductive analysis yielded four overarching themes from the data. These key themes are PDMC adaptability, trialability, implementability, and sustainability. Stakeholders recommended adopting PDMC in Malawi, with health facilities as the optimal delivery option, ensuring that discharged children receive dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine doses for three months. PDMC aligns with existing systems, offering integration opportunities for managing childhood illnesses. However, gaps in policy development, approval, and health system strengthening—including supply chain, monitoring, evaluation, and follow-up—must be addressed to ensure PDMC's sustainability.
Conclusions
The co-design results indicate stakeholders' willingness to adopt and implement PDMC in Malawi. However, there is an awareness of the challenges that must be addressed to facilitate PDMC's successful implementation and sustainability.
... A total of 35 respondents were interviewed, most of whom were women under the age of 30. Respondents were selected through purposive sampling (Tongco 2007), with five women chosen from each surveyed village. The decision to focus exclusively on women, including young mothers, was based on their critical role in determining the family food menu. ...
Background: The Sasak people are the Indigenous population of Lombok Island. In a rural context, traditional villages (desa adat) represent the most conservative segment of Sasak’s ethnicity, where they continue to uphold original customs and bio-culturally preserve the traditional ecological knowledge (TEK). A significant aspect of TEK relates to plant-based foods and their consumption habits. This study aimed to elucidate dietary habits associated with plant consumption by identifying several bio-cultural traits linked to specific groups of plant parts (botanicals) consumed with varying frequencies throughout the year. Methods: Data were collected using Food Frequency Questionnaires administered to 35 women in seven Sasak traditional villages. Statistical analyses, including cluster analysis and Principal Component Analysis, were performed using Ginkgo software to identify bio-cultural traits associated with botanical consumption patterns. Results: The study documented 77 botanicals from 68 plant species and 33 families consumed in Sasak traditional villages. Cluster analysis identified five groups of botanicals with distinct consumption patterns, ranging from seasonal to daily use. The findings revealed two plant consumption cycles in the traditional Sasak diet: a primary cycle centered around white rice as a staple and a secondary cycle that increased dietary diversity through seasonal fruits and plant-based dishes. Conclusions: The observed patterns of plant consumption highlight their significance in sustaining traditional Sasak diets and bio-cultural practices. These patterns demonstrate how the traditional food system is shaped by the Sasak people’s bio-cultural traits, emphasizing the importance of preserving their unique food systems as a bio-cultural signature of Indigenous People and traditional villages. Keywords: Bio-cultural erosion, Indigenous Sasak people, Food-Frequency Questionnaires, Traditional Diet, Food plant, Fruit plant, Lesser Sunda Island, Stunting
... The study utilizes purposive sampling (Tongco, 2007) to select participants who can provide the most relevant and rich data regarding their perceptions of mathematics. This technique is most appropriate for the study as it allows the researchers to intentionally choose first-year college students who have recent and relevant experiences with the Mathematics in the Modern World course. ...
Mathematics in the Modern World is a college course that aims to develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills through fundamental mathematical concepts, emphasizing their real-world applications. However, students often find the course daunting due to negative experiences and a lack of interest, undermining its value and engagement. The study utilized purposive sampling to identify participants with diverse experiences in mathematics and employed narrative inquiry to delve into the perspectives of four college students on the value perceived towards mathematics. The study found that first-year college students value mathematics for developing cognitive skills, its applications in daily life, and technological advancements. Their perceptions highlight the influence of internal and external experiences on their appreciation for mathematics. Addressing external and internal factors is crucial for enhancing students’ engagement and appreciation of Mathematics in the Modern World course.
... Data were collected through a questionnaire survey. A purposive sampling method was followed since our main purpose was to elicit as much information as possible from informants [35]. A review of relevant literature, including published articles and scientific reports was done. ...
Smooth-coated otters face increasing challenges from anthropogenic pressure, but research studies in human-dominated environments are sparse. This study aims to analyze residents' knowledge, attitudes, and practices about smooth-coated otters to guide sustainable conservation efforts and management decisions for implementing management interventions as well as policy intervention to safeguard the otter populations in the wetlands of Shuklaphanta National Park's buffer zone. Sixty-six locals from three user committees of Shuklaphanta National Park's buffer zone participated in semi-structured interviews to gain information on their livelihoods, resource consumption, awareness of otters, and conservation attitudes. Agriculture (78.7%) was the primary source of income, and a lack of information hampered conservation efforts. Fishing and livestock grazing are common activities along the river, but these practices, combined with pollution and riverbank construction, have resulted in habitat degradation and declining fish populations. Socioeconomic challenges, such as poor education levels, intensify these issues. Despite these challenges, 95% of respondents expressed strong support for otter conservation, highlighting awareness campaigns and habitat protection as their primary concerns. However, the community's inadequate understanding of otters' ecological importance and involvement in maintaining healthy river ecosystems demonstrates the need for targeted education. Human activities that affect river ecology emphasize the importance of long-term management strategies to conserve otter habitats and local resources. The major community support for otter protection provides a solid platform for conservation efforts. .
... The ethnozoology data collected in this study includes the utilization, management, and conservation of animals by the local people of Enggano Island. Data collection uses semistructured interviews, observations, and participant observation (Abebe et al., 2022;Tongco, 2007). Respondents were selected using purposive and snowball sampling techniques (Yuniati et al., 2020). ...
This study aims to identify the utilization of animals, conduct an ethnozoology quantitative analysis, describe animal conservation by local people on Enggano Island, and apply the research results to empower species literacy in biology student teachers. Data collection in this study is in-depth semi-structured interviews, observations, participant observations, questionnaires, and tests. Based on the study results, 64 species of animals are used for ten categories. According to the quantitative analysis, Chelonia mydas has the highest CI index (1.071) and RFC index (1.00). Based on these indices, Chelonia mydas was identified as the most important species for local people in Enggano island. The ethnozoology textbook developed from the results of ethnozoology research on Enggano Island is valid, practical, and effective to can increase species literacy in biology student teachers. In the control class, the adjusted mean of species literacy was 63.91, while the adjusted mean of species literacy in the experimental class was 71.87.
... We employed a purposive sampling strategy to gather data from key respondents, yet the criteria for inclusion differ from the previous stage. We explicitly described the mechanics of the purposive criterion sampling in the previous section of this paper, yet another property of this technique is that despite its intrinsic bias, it maintains its robustness given the competence and reliability of the key respondents selected based on predetermined criteria serving best the purpose of a study (Tongco, 2008;Palinkas et al., 2015). However, due to the lack of exhaustive lists of all stakeholders of every single food planning effort at a national level, we supplemented the data gathering process with a snowball approach to increase the sample size. ...
Introduction
This paper is designed to identify key factors informing the process of developing a United States-based national community of practice of state and regional food system planning efforts aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
Methods
Grounded in an extensive literature review, we employed an exploratory sequential mixed methods design to assess the needs, functions, challenges, and likelihood for participation in a national community of practice aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Data drawn by a series of semi-structured interviews with 25 leading experts, complemented by a set of self-administered online surveys of 35 practitioners of food planning efforts across the nation.
Results
Our integrative findings revealed overwhelmingly interest and need for the development of a national community of practice aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The findings further indicate that in the process of developing a national community of practice, the principles and functions of shared governance, mutual trust and collective fundraising are essential to supporting credible and coordinated activities that promote equity, reinforce capacity building, promote research on food system measurements, and strengthen advocacy for systemic transformation aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Finally, our study revealed a rampant interest in collaboration and knowledge sharing in various stages of the formation of a national community of practice. The majority of the participants appear to be familiar, yet only a small fraction of their organizations appear to be formally aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
Discussion
Our integrative findings emerge with Wenger’s conceptual framework offering a suitable theoretical grounding in the process of developing a community of practice in food systems planning. The implication of this study denotes the importance of collaboration among academic research institutions, legislators and FPEs within the community that can spur adaptation, innovation, and integration in food system planning, policy, implementation, and monitoring. Coordination in pooling resources and aligning efforts can lead to more efficient use and allocation of funds, ensuring that investments are directed toward the most impactful practices aligned with state and regional food system initiatives and planning efforts.
... Researchers have adopted survey and interview methods (Bookhout, 1996;Tongco, 2007) to find Apis dorsata nests by following paths known by honey hunters (Nagir et al., 2016;Thomas et al., 2009b). In this study, transect methods coupled with the guidance of Indigenous individuals proved to be an optimal approach as it significantly facilitated the identification and location of Apis dorsata colonies. ...
This paper provides insights into the ecology and conservation of Apis dorsata (Giant Honey Bee) which are integral to the ecology and livelihoods of those living in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR). Rather than directly comparing nest densities across regions and seasons, our study integrates scientific approaches with Indigenous knowledge to examine changes in nest locations, nesting behaviors, and seasonal patterns across three decades. Social surveys indicate that there has been a decline in wild colony populations over the past 10–20 years. This underscores the critical role of sacred sites and protected areas in conserving Apis dorsata populations. This research aims to inform future conservation strategies and policy frameworks, highlighting the value of interdisciplinary approaches in understanding and preserving wild bee species.
... The population in this study is employees who work in various health institutions, such as hospitals, clinics, and other health centers. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling, where respondents are selected based on certain criteria, namely employees who have at least one year of work experience in a health institution and have a position related to decision-making or daily operations (Tongco, 2007). The sample of this study consisted of 250 respondents spread across several major cities in Indonesia. ...
... This technique is widely used when the researchers rely on their knowledge to collect information from the best-fit individuals (Sharma 2017). This sampling technique is the most suitable tool for the study since it focus on a specific domain (Tongco 2007). It was used in choosing the participants in the islands of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the buying behavior of consumers. Online purchases have become normal, and individuals are afraid to purchase directly from physical stores. Those who are fond of shopping limit the volume of spending, those who shop occasionally go elsewhere, and those who want to shop end up not buying. Entrepreneurs have to rack their brains and think thoroughly about getting out of the present situation to survive and keep the business going. Unlike previous consumer behavior research, this study contributed relevant and up-to-date insights on consumer impulse buying behavior during the pandemic in an online market setting. The study examined internal factors (i.e., hedonic shopping motivation, product involvement, person's situation, serendipity) and external factors (i.e., COVID-19 pandemic, online store quality, activities by sellers, product attributes, scarcity). Data were gathered from 385 online impulse buyers from different main islands of the Philippines. The study used Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) to analyze the findings. The result confirms four factors that influenced consumers' online impulse buying behavior. This includes hedonic shopping motivation, personal situation, COVID-19, and scarcity. The results of this study can be used as information for entrepreneurs in formulating marketing strategies to boost sales and maximize the benefits from available opportunities during the pandemic.
... One hundred ten (110) local communities from Amedy resort villages voluntarily contributed to this study. Purposive sampling, a type of non-probability sampling, is more effective than random sampling (Nyimbili & Nyimbili, 2024;Tongco, 2007), was used to select the interviewees. ...
Objective: This study aims to examine the determinants and indicators of Amedy's region competitiveness to identify the optimal model for rural development via tourism. Theoretical Framework: Rural tourism has emerged as a controversial topic within rural development. The combination of the decline of agriculture, the rise of tourism, and the need for economic diversification necessitates the creation of a new rural development model that ensures both economic diversification and environmental conservation. Method: Qualitative data was acquired from a local perspective through semi-structured interviews based on saturation theory. Thematic analysis was performed on interview transcriptions from 81 rural inhabitants to identify key themes Results and Discussion: The results confirmed that Agro-ecotourism is the best model of rural tourism devlopmnet in mountain region. The growth in local agricultural sales and increased tourist numbers are markers of economic prosperity. The region's agricultural goods and natural resources are key factors influencing rural competitiveness; nevertheless, climate change, conflicts over water and land, and poor governance have negatively affected their management. The interplay between security and accessibility obstructs rural tourism development. The study revealed direct and indirect relationships between the variables, suggesting that inadequacies in one area impact the others. Research Implications: Rural areas with similar environmental, economic, and cultural challenges can utilize the findings as an integrative model for preserving agricultural identity and natural resources. Originality/Value: The model is novel and has not been previously observed in Iraq and Kurdistan.
... The target population consisted of senior management -81 heads of departments and 47 managers, rendering a total of 128 individuals-from the academic departments and support units of the university. The study employed a purposive sampling method, based on the range of characteristics that the department-heads and managers possessed (Tongco 2007;Leedy & Ormrod 2015;Lohr 2019). The heads of departments and managers were specifically targeted as they are appointed in positions where they execute and manage the internal controls within their respective areas of responsibility. ...
The study investigated the correlation between inherent internal control limitations and their influences, which undermine the effectiveness of internal control systems at a South African university of technology.
Although internal controls are essential for managing and mitigating risks, their effectiveness is often compromised by inherent limitations.
Using a quantitative approach, we surveyed senior managers through a structured online questionnaire, combining descriptive and correlation analysis.
The findings revealed various inherent limitations, driven by influencing factors, with both strong positive and negative correlations between these limitations and specific influencing items, highlighting critical areas for strengthening internal control systems.
... This is because this sampling technique is effective when the source of primary data is limited. Moreover, this approach ensures that the gathered data is comprehensive and directly relevant to objectives of the study (Tongco, 2007). The details of potential participants were compiled from several platforms, including startupbangladesh.gov.bd. ...
... This is also called judgement sampling as the informant is selected based on the qualities they possess. Hence, it is important to ensure the competence of the participant in the case of purposive sampling (Tongco, 2007). The participants were selected via a flyer, which was put on the LinkedIn social media account of the researchers. ...
Purpose
Currently, India has forayed into signing numerous trade agreements with heightened activity being witnessed in recent times. Although government officials anticipate that free trade agreements (FTAs) may potentially enhance exports, numerous exporting firms, particularly the smaller firms remain unaware of the benefits of preferential tariffs. To understand the perceptions relating to the utility of these trade agreements by India’s textile and garment exporter community.
Design/methodology/approach
To accomplish this aim, we conducted in-depth interviews with 16 Indian exporters and two policymakers in the textile and clothing sector. Further, themes and subthemes were obtained using qualitative content analysis.
Findings
The results reveal a lack of exporters’ knowledge on the use of trade agreements and their complementary nature as a major impediment to the trade agreements’ usage, the administrative costs are considered high, especially by the smaller enterprises. Further, more public support is demanded by the exporters in the employment of trade agreements.
Practical implications
To ensure the success of FTAs, coordinated government efforts in the sector are essential to boost production and, consequently, enhance trade. The study offers vital policy implications for making the FTA model successful for the stakeholders as well as meeting the government’s economic objectives.
Originality/value
This is the first study, specifically targeting India’s textile and garment exporters to explore their perceptions of trade agreements. This study offers a novel understanding of how trade agreements are perceived and utilized at the grassroots level of international trade.
... The school administrator assisted in identifying students Mason, 2010). The selection of informants is crucial for gathering information-rich cases that are directly related to the phenomenon of interest (Tongco, 2007;Palys, 2008;Teddie & Yu, 2009). The participants, ranging in age from 12 to 14, included both males and females, ensuring diverse perspectives. ...
This study explored the insights and challenges experienced by Indigenous Peoples (IP) students, specifically those whose native language is Matigsalog, on the use of translanguaging as a pedagogical strategy to improve their language skills. Conducted at Mangayon National High School-Side 4 Extension in Davao de Oro, the research involved 17 Grade 7 and 8 students through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Employing a qualitative phenomenological approach, the study examined how translanguaging influences students’ comprehension, critical thinking, and engagement, while identifying challenges and proposing interventions to optimize its implementation. The findings revealed five key themes: enhancement of language learning, facilitating comprehension, fostering collaborative learning, building language confidence, and greater accessibility compared to traditional methods. These themes collectively underscore the transformative potential of translanguaging in the education of Indigenous Peoples, as they address both the linguistic barriers and the cultural dynamics that often hinder academic success. Translanguaging was shown to aid understanding of complex concepts by allowing students to translate difficult English terms into Matigsalog, enabling clearer comprehension of lessons. However, challenges such as translation constraints, complex materials, limited external support, and fear of asking questions were identified. Proposed interventions included integrating fun and collaborative activities like games and group storytelling, alignment of tasks with developmental stages, emphasizing guided reading and bilingual practice, enhancing teacher presence to address translation challenges, and applying translanguaging across subjects to link technical terms with the curriculum. The study highlights the need for curriculum developers and educators to formalize translanguaging strategies and provide professional development for teachers. Additionally, addressing resource limitations and fostering a supportive learning environment are critical to improving educational outcomes for IP learners.
... Because of this, the representation of the city's ethnic fabric is whole. Previous empirical evidence shows that investigating diverse ethnicities increases our awareness of how ethnic minorities are part and parcel of encouraging social integration and peaceful cohabitation in Islamabad, Pakistan (Tongco, 2007). ...
This research explores the role that ethnic diversity can play in fostering social cohesion in Islamabad, Pakistan, one of the most united cities in the world, coming from a very diverse root of cultures and traditions. The cross-sectional exploratory study explores diverse subjects concerning cultural enrichment, economic benefits, political representation, social learning, democratic values, civic participation, and community resilience. The research measures the nuanced views of dominant and minority ethnic groups through purposive sampling and qualitative methods such as in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Resultingly, cultural infusion is identified as a key outcome using thematic analysis that enhances the city's collective identity. Ethnic diversity then catalyzes innovation, economic growth and inclusive leadership. The output also highlights the positive effect on social learning, trust building, democratic values, civic engagement, and community resilience. The implications of the findings for policymakers include supporting policies that protect cultural diversity, encourage inclusive practice, and invest in educational programs that facilitate cross-cultural understanding. It is recommended that its cultural diversity be celebrated and the economic advantages of diversity of skills be recognized.
... The study achieved a response rate of 50%. The purposive and snowball sampling were employed to select participants for this research (Parker et al., 2019;Tongco, 2007). Initially, purposive sampling was used to identify key teachers who were well-suited to the research objectives and could provide valuable insights. ...
Blended learning modes are becoming the norm in educational institutions. This research investigates the factors affecting teacher satisfaction with online lesson delivery. This study was undertaken in primary, secondary, and higher education institutions across ten countries worldwide. A total of 247 teachers responded to the survey. This work innovatively validates a two-factor model of teacher satisfaction with online teaching, grounded in Herzberg’s two-factor theory. A first-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to validate the constructs, followed by a second-order exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to identify key drivers of teacher satisfaction. The results showed that there were two key hidden drivers of teacher satisfaction i.e., intrinsic factor and extrinsic factor. The two factors explained 75% of the variance in teacher satisfaction. Teachers reported higher satisfaction due to the flexibility and work-life balance that online teaching affords, while dissatisfaction stemmed from institutional policies and insufficient incentives. It was observed that STEM teachers and older educators had lower satisfaction and higher technology anxiety. These insights have potential applications beyond online teaching, extending to teacher satisfaction in physical classroom settings.
Purpose
In the present competing environment, it is essential to understand how some information technology (IT) organizations do well and outperform others. This paper aims to assess the impact of the learning disciplines proposed by Peter Senge (1990) on the performance of IT organizations. The study also aims to find the impact of “type” and “size” of the organization on its performance.
Design/methodology/approach
The study uses a quantitative survey research design based on the learning organization (LO) theory. The study has engaged a purposive sampling method. Responses were gathered from 171 employees from different IT services and IT product organizations. Data analysis was done using structural equation modeling (SEM) with AMOS 21 software.
Findings
The findings of SEM indicate that learning IT organizations have a positive impact on their performance. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the first-order construct model as well as the second-order construct model have acceptable fit, indicating that mental models, personal mastery, shared vision, systems learning and team learning are good indicators of LO. It was also found that adaptive performance, contextual performance and task performance are good indicators of organizational performance (OP). The moderation effect of the “size of IT organization” was insignificant and the moderation effect of “type of IT organization” was found to be significant in the study of the relationship of LO on OP for the IT product organizations.
Research limitations/implications
This research gains significance as it has empirically tested and validated two theoretical models for IT organizations. The result of this study is expected to aid IT organization management with guidelines for learning, leading to improved performance.
Originality/value
This study focuses on the ability of the learning IT organization to perform well and grow. It is an outcome of independent and original work and is free from any plagiarism. This study has not been submitted elsewhere for publication.
Problem-based learning (PBL) is a powerful pedagogical approach which can be effective in ELT. This research aims at finding out the impact of PBL on speaking skill. The population of this research is the tenth-grade students of SMAN 3 Kabupaten Tangerang with the total 500 students. Furthermore, the research was conducted only on 84 students of 10 IPS 5 and 10 IPS 2 as the sample. Quasi-Experimental was employed to answer the research question. Then the research data is collected through pre-test and post-test. The data of this research was statistically calculated by using SPSS 22. The statistical analysis results indicated that the implementation of PBL had a significant impact on the experimental class. However, the statistical test results for the control class did not show any significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores. Keywords: quasi experimental; problem-based learning; PBL; speaking skill
The research titled "The Role of the Government in Creating an Enabling Environment for SMMEs to Prosper in Johannesburg" focuses on the constraints that prevent SMMEs from accessing resources in Johannesburg. It explores how government policies, support mechanisms, and institutional frameworks can foster a conducive environment for the growth and sustainability of small, medium, and micro enterprises (SMMEs). It investigates the extent to which access to resources, such as funding, infrastructure, training, and markets, is facilitated by the state, and examines the challenges that SMMEs face despite existing support. The study aims to provide actionable recommendations to strengthen government interventions that can enhance the competitiveness and resilience of SMMEs in Johannesburg.
Purpose
This study examines the mediating effect of job satisfaction on the relationship between cultural intelligence and job performance, as well as between job security and job performance, within a highly multicultural workplace environment. The research further examines the relationship between cultural intelligence, job security, job satisfaction, and job performance in the money exchange sector of the United Arab Emirates. This sector represents a crucial element of the UAE economic context due to the number of international workers and its total global workforce.
Design/methodology/approach
The study employs a quantitative approach. The data was gathered via questionnaires distributed online and in person. The study applies structural equation modeling to test the hypotheses.
Findings
The results suggest that job satisfaction mediates the relationship between cultural intelligence and job performance. Job security indirectly influences job performance through job satisfaction rather than through a mediating effect. Furthermore, cultural intelligence is positively related to job performance and job satisfaction, as well as job security to job satisfaction. The study emphasizes the need to consider the general framework when examining these relations, as the interaction among the variables might be context-dependent.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ understanding, this is the first study to investigate these variables in a highly multicultural work environment. It also adds a cultural dimension to the research within a sector and a socioeconomic context neglected in the literature. The results of this study contribute to the existing knowledge base of human resources management from a cross-cultural perspective.
In this fast and unprecedented changing world, graduate students are to be competent in dealing with the social problems and contribute to uplift the communities and save the planet they are living in. It is undeniable that academics play a crucial role in helping students to achieve the mentioned outcomes. The purpose of this study is to explore the factors influencing the pursuit of institutional work for social innovation among academics in Vietnamese higher education institutions (HEIs). A qualitative research design along with the theories of self-determination and institutional work was deployed. Twelve participants, who are practitioners, researchers and lecturers from a social enterprise and seven universities across Vietnam, were invited to join seven deep interviews conducted in the form of individual conversations and focus groups. A hybrid methodology of both inductive and deductive reasoning provides significant opportunities to approach and obtain the robust analysis of the empirical data. Apart from the findings of specific needs that successfully motivate the academics, the study also highlights the factors influencing SI promotion among academics in Vietnamese HEIs. Feasible initiatives are also recommended for practitioners seeking to cultivate social innovation within HEIs. The study also offers avenues for further research and exploration in the domain of psychological needs and institutional work.
Mental health difficulties typically develop during adolescence, yet service utilization rates among youth are low. We sought to understand perspectives among Canadian youth accessing mental health services at an integrated youth services centre called Foundry. Forty-one semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with youth aged 15–24 years. A grounded theory framework was developed. Youth described emotional experiences of distress as catalysts to seeking mental health services. They also discussed challenges in understanding their own emotions as barriers to accessing mental health services. Gender identity and norms influenced participants’ experiences of accessing services. Anxious emotions were predominantly associated with youths’ experiences with seeking mental health services. Conversely, once at Foundry, over half the youth experienced positive emotions about help-seeking, with more than half of these youth continuing to access services post interview. Providing Integrated Youth Services like Foundry can increase service engagement and support adaptive emotional development for youth of all genders.
This research focuses on the quality of translation used in the movie “The Social Dilemma” through a morphological analysis. By exploring the film as a whole and then using a purposive sampling technique, the researchers selected terms that aligned with the objectives of this study. Using the theory from Garvey and Delahunty (2010), Hana and Feldman (2013), and Zapata (2000), the researchers found 7 types of words formation, which are affixation, compounding, abbreviation, conversion, coinage, borrowing, and blending. Through the process of identification, this study found some translation quality issues by elaborating those 7 types of word formation which were explained based on Nababan, Nuraeni, and Sumardiono (2012) theory in terms of their accuracy, acceptability, and readability. This study provides readers with an understanding of the types of morphological terms used and aims to benefit future researchers.
This study aims to explore the effect of financial technology (FinTech) on the sustainability of SMEs in Mogadishu, Somalia. It studies the impact of FinTech on the financial inclusion and literacy of SMEs and their mediating roles in the relationship between FinTech and SME sustainability. The research also analyzes the effect of financial inclusion and literacy on the sustainability of SMEs. This research adopted a cross-sectional survey methodology. The target population was entrepreneurs, SME owners, managers, and employees operating in Mogadishu. A purposive sampling method was used, and a sample of 385 participants was chosen. Then, questionnaires were utilized to gather primary data. The structural equation modeling technique, specifically partial least squares (SEM-PLS), was applied to examine the hypothesized relationships among the constructs. This study confirmed all seven conceptual hypotheses. This study found that FinTech significantly positively affects SME sustainability in Mogadishu. FinTech also increased SMEs’ financial inclusion and literacy, strengthening their sustainability. Financial inclusion and literacy have significant, positive, and complementary roles as partial mediators in the relationship between FinTech and SME sustainability. SMEs in Mogadishu need to embrace FinTech solutions to overcome existing obstacles to financial access and improve their financial health, further contributing to business sustainability.
This study examines the threat posed to sustainable forest management of human activities of communities within the Yenku Forest Reserve in the Central Region of Ghana. The reserve was identified for the study because it is the largest forest reserve has the highest number of fringe communities and is one of the most degraded forest reserve in the Winneba Forest District. Da, and observations and semi-structured were deployed for soliciting series of individual semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and observations were deployed to solicit data from residents within the fringe communities of the Yenku forest reserve. The findings of the study are that farming, charcoal burning, hunting, and harvesting of non-timber forest products are the major human activities and constitute the livelihood and survival of the fringe communities. The consequence of these human activities is the continuous degradation of the land, a decline of soil fertility, soil erosion, deforestation, and forest degradation, wildfires, and depletion of wildlife. The interviewees reported that they have little or no role to play when the issue of sustainability comes up in the management of the Yenku Forest Reserve. It emerged from the study findings that traditional authorities within the fringe communities and all relevant stakeholders needed to be actively engaged in the making of decisions regarding the Yenku forest reserve so as to integrate local peoples’ knowledge and livelihood objectives and strategies into the choices made and to improve the management of forest resources.
This study aimed at examining the living and working experiences of the Ugandan workers in Konya. A qualitative research design was used and included 20 Ugandan workers (12 men and 8 women) who had lived in Konya for at least 6 months. During data collection, the phenomenological approach was used, and in-depth interviews with Ugandan workers were conducted. In these interviews, the researcher used semi-structured interview forms. Interviews were recorded using a voice recorder with the permission of the participants, and the analysis was carried out with the assistance of the MAXQDA 2020 program. During the course of data analysis, the study was grouped into 4 themes, such as "Migration Factors", "Living Conditions in Konya", "Working Conditions in Konya", and "Recommendations of the Participants." Regarding migration factors, both push and pull factors contributed to the migration process. Push factors included unemployment, underpayment, corruption and nepotisim and the effects of Covid 19 among others while pull factors or factors that attracted Ugandan workers to Turkey included influence of friends and relatives, favourable visa policies, hosipitaity of the Turkish people and the geographical location of Turkey.In daily life, Ugandan workers experience both challenges and opportunities in Turkey. The challenges experienced in daily life are mainly attributed to migrant status and the inability to communicate in Turkish. In a similar way to their daily lives, Ugandan workers also experience both challenges and opportunities at their work places. Based on the findings of the study, suggestions have been developed for social worker practitioners, social work education, and social work research.
Key words: Life Experiences; Migration Factors; Migrant Workers; Social Work, Ugandan Workers.
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