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The Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal, 2016, 3(4):208-214
The Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal
208
Available online www.tpcj.org
Review Article
ISSN: 2349-7092
CODEN(USA): PCJHBA
The Constituents and Pharmacology of Corchorus aestuans: A Review
Ali Esmail Al-Snafi
Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Thi qar University, Nasiriyah, P O Box 42, Iraq
Abstract The preliminary phytochemical investigation of various extracts of leaves of Corchorus aestuans showed
the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, protins, amino acids, fatty acids,
saponins, phytosterols, triterpenoids, cardiac glycosides and tannins. The previous pharmacological studied revealed
that Corchorus aestuans exerted apoptotic, anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory
and other pharmacological effects. However, despite the increasing use of herbal medicines, there is still a
significant lack of research data in this field. This review will highlight the pharmacology and therapeutic benefit of
Corchorus aestuans.
Keywords pharmacology, constituents, Corchorus aestuans
Introduction
Human beings have used plants for the treatment of diverse ailments for thousands of years. Plants generally
produce many secondary metabolites which were constituted an important source of many pharmaceutical drugs [1-
30]. The preliminary phytochemical investigation of various extracts of leaves of Corchorus aestuans showed the
presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, protins, amino acids, fatty acids, saponins,
phytosterols, triterpenoids, cardiac glycosides and tannins. The previous pharmacological studied revealed that
Corchorus aestuans exerted apoptotic, anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory and
other pharmacological effects. However, despite the increasing use of herbal medicines, there is still a significant
lack of research data in this field. This review was designed to highlight the pharmacology and therapeutic benefit
of Corchorus aestuans.
Plant profile
Synonym: Corchorus acutangulus Lam [31].
Taxonomic classification
Kingdom: Plantae; Sub Kingdom: Viridaeplantae; Infra Kingdom: Streptophyta; Phylum: Magnoliophyta;
Division: Tracheophyta; Subdivision: Sparmatophytina; Class: Magnoliopsida; Order: Malvales; Family:
Malvaceae (Tiliaceae); Genus: Corchorus L.; Species: Corchorus aestuans [32-33].
Common names:
Arabic: Joot bari; English: Jute, mallow; West African mallow, East Indian mallow; French: Gombo par terre,
gombo rampant, gombo sauvage; Japanese: togariba-tsunaso; Zimbabwe: Telele yabasangu [32, 34].
Distribution
Corchorus aestuans is a pantropical species, thought by some to originate from the tropics in Africa and South-
East Asia [35]. It was distributed in Northern and Southern America: Mexico, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas,
Barbados, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts
and Nevis; St. Lucia; St. Vincent and Grenadines; Trinidad and Tobago; Virgin Islands (British), Virgin Islands
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(U.S.), Guatemala, Nicaragua, Guyana, Venezuela, Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador. It was also found South-East
Asia, Mediterranean region and throughout tropical Africa from Senegal eastward to Somalia and southward to
South Africa, and it is locally cultivated [33, 35].
Description
Prostrate to ascending, annual or perennial herb up to 50(–100) cm tall; stems much branched, pilose, red-brown.
Leaves alternate, simple; stipules sharply pointed, up to 1 cm long, pilose; petiole 0.5–3(–5.5) cm long, hairy; blade
narrowly to broadly ovate or elliptical, 1.5–9 cm × 1–4.5 cm, base rounded, usually with 2 basal bristles up to 5 mm
long, apex acute to rounded, margin toothed, with scattered pubescence mainly on veins, with 4–7 basal veins.
Inflorescence an axillary fascicle, 1–3-flowered; peduncle up to 2 mm long; bracts up to 3 mm long, sharply pointed.
Flowers bisexual, regular, 5-merous; pedicel up to 3 mm long, sepals free, linear, 3–4 mm long, acuminate; petals
free, narrowly obovate or oblanceolate, 3–4 mm long, golden yellow, with a basal claw 0.5 mm long; stamens c. 10,
c. 3 mm long; ovary superior, style c. 1 mm long. Fruit a cylindrical capsule 1–4 cm × c. 0.5 cm, solitary or 2–3
together, straight or slightly curved, with wings up to 2 mm wide and 3–5 spreading beaks 1.5–3 mm long at the
apex, glabrous, splitting into 3–5 valves, many-seeded. Seeds rhomboid-cylindrical, somewhat angular, 0.5–1 mm
long, pitted, brown to black [35].
Traditional Uses
Corchorus aestuans was used as a cheaply available fiber plant (known as jute), but the product was coarser and less
durable than that made from Corchorus capsularis L. (white jute). The leaves were widely eaten as a vegetable. In
northern Benin, for instance, it was consumed as leafy vegetable in a mucilaginous sauce, and its cultivation in the
rainy season for household consumption has been recorded in south-western Benin. In north-eastern India the root
was cooked as a vegetable. The foliage was browsed by all livestock. In traditional African medicine, extracts of the
roots or leaves were taken for the treatment of gonorrhoea, and an extract of the whole plant, including the roots,
was used for making injections for the treatment of urethral discharges. In DR Congo the leaves were squeezed and
the sap was sniffed for the treatment of headache. In the Philippines, the leaves were used for headache, and the
seeds, in the form of powder or in decoction, as a tonic, carminative and febrifuge [35]. Seeds and aerial parts were
used in India for stomachic, as anti-inflammatory and for the treatment of pneumonia. The leaf extracts were used as
moisturizers in skin cosmetics [31].
Part used medicinally: All parts of the plant were used for medicinal purposes [31, 35].
Chemical constituents
Preliminary phytochemical investigation of various extracts of leaves of Corchorus aestuans showed the presence of
phenolic compounds, flavonoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, protins, amino acids, fatty acids, saponins, phytosterols,
triterpenoids, cardiac glycosides and tannins [36-40].
On cooking the leaves discharged a large quantity of mucilage, making them very slimy. The seeds contained 22.6%
protein and 8.3–12.8% oil. Amino acids in the seed included valine, lysine, serine, aspartic acid, threonine and
phenylalanine. The oil contained β-sitosterol and the fatty acids (palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and linolenic
acid). The seed also contained corchorine, a glycoside of the strophanthidine group, and quercetine, a flavonoid [35].
β-sitosterol, lupeol, betulin, 2-methyl anthraquinone, scopoletin and corchoroside-A were isolated from the capsule
extract of Corchorus aestuans [41]. The seeds also contained cardenolides, beta-sitosterol, ceryl alcohol,
oligosaccharides [31].
Nutritional chemical analysis showed that leaves contained protein 3.7%, β-Carotene 76.33 mg/kg, iron 184.07
mg/kg and potasium 4000mg/kg [42].
The fusidic acid together with β-sitosterol, 2-methylanthraquinone and coumarin (scopoletin) were isolated from the
leaf extract of Corchorus aestuans [43].
The bioactive constituents of ethanol extract of Corchorus aestuans were investigated using GC-MS technique. The
analysis revealed the presence of fourteen different bioactive constituents namely 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-
hexadecen-1-ol (5.6%), Trans-2-undecen-1-ol (1.26%), E-7-Tetradecenol (1.97%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (25.82%),
Phytol (22.34%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- (20.23%), Docosanoic acid, ethyl ester
(1.99%), 1-Eicosanol (2.11 %), 9,9-dimethoxybicyclo[3.3.1] nona-2,4-dione (0.60%), Heptadecanoic acid,
heptadecylester (0.95%), Pentadecanoicacid,2,6,10,14-tetramethyl-,methylester(0.91%), 3-Hexa decycloxycarbonyl-
5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylimidazolium ion (0.90%), Squalene (8.03%) and Vitamin E (7.24%) [44].
Four triterpenoid glycosides, corchorusins A, B, C, and D, were isolated from the aerial part of Corchorus
acutangulus. Based on their spectral properties and some chemical transformations, they were defined as
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longispinogenin 3-O-β-β-D-galactopyranoside, saikogenin F 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, 23-hydroxyl
ongispinogenin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, and saikogenin E 3-O-β-D-gluco-pyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-
galactopyranoside [45]. Other 4 triterpenoid glycosides, corchorusins C1, D1, D2 and D3 were also isolated from the
aerial parts of Corchorus acutangulus, they were identified as saikogenin C, 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside,
saikogenin B, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2)-β-D-galacto-pyranoside, longispinogenin, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl
(1→2)-β-D-galacto-pyranoside and saikogenin C, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2)-β-D-galacto-pyranoside [46].
The leaf extracts which used as moisturizers in skin cosmetics consisted of uronic acid containing
mucopolysaccharide, Ca, K and P, among others, which act as effective moisturizers [31].
Pharmacological effects
Apoptotic and anticancer effects
The alcoholic extract of the entire plant was found to have anticancer activity against epidermal carcinoma of
nasopharynx in tissue culture [31, 35]. The effects of Saikosaponin-A on human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-
231 and MCF-7) were investigated. Results demonstrated that Saikosaponin-A inhibited the proliferation or viability
of the MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Saikosaponin-A treatment of MDA-MB-231
for 3 hours and of MCF-7 cells for 2 hours, respectively caused an obvious increase in the sub-G1 population of cell
cycles. Apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells was independent of the P53/p21 pathway mechanism and was
accompanied by an increased ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 and c-myc levels and activation of caspase-3. In contrast,
apoptosis of MCF-7 cells was initiated by the Bcl-2 family of proteins and involved p53/p21 dependent pathway
mechanism, and was accompanied by an increased level of c-myc protein [47].
The in vitro anti-cancer activity of Corchorusin-D (COR-D) was evaluated on melanoma cells (B16F10, SK-MEL-
28, and A375). The results demonstrate that COR-D showed maximum inhibition of B16F10 cells in vitro. COR-D
induced mitochondrial dysfunction and altered the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio with down regulation of pro-caspases 9 and
activation of caspase 3 in B16F10 cells, triggering intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Moreover, it inhibited the in
vivo B16F10 tumor growth and increased the survival rate of mice. Greater number of Annexin V-FITC and
propidium iodide (PI)-positive tumor cells signified that COR-D induced apoptosis in vivo also. The reduction in
tumor growth was well correlated with decreased microvascular density of the tumor cells in treated mice. The
authors concluded that COR-D-induced mitochondrial dysfunction was responsible for the induction of apoptotic
cell death [48].
The anti-leukemic activity of the methanol extract of aerial parts (ME) of C. acutangulus has been investigated, with
studying the active ingredient responsible for this activity. The anti-leukemic activity of ME, its fractions and
corchorusin-D (COR-D), the active ingredient, was investigated in leukemic cell lines U937 and HL-60 using cell
viability and MTT assays. The molecular pathways leading to the activity of COR-D were examined by confocal
microscopy, flow-cytometry, caspase and Western blot assays. ME, its n-butanolic fraction and COR-D inhibited
cell growth and produced significant cytotoxicity in leukemic cell lines U937 and HL-60. COR-D produced
apoptotic cell death via mitochondrial disfunction and was found to pursue the intrinsic pathway by inciting the
release of apoptosis-inducing factors (AIFs) from mitochondria. COR-D-induced translocation of Bax from cytosol
to mitochondria facilitating caspase-9 activation and up regulation of downstream pathways leading to caspase-3
activation and PARP cleavage, which resulted in the subsequent accumulation of cells in the sub-G0 phase followed
by DNA fragmentation [49].
The anticancer effect of corchorusin-D (COR-D), was studied in the chronic myelogenous leukemic cell line K562,
using MTT assay, phase contrast and confocal microscopy, annexin V binding, cell cycle analysis and western
blotting. COR-D inhibited cell growth in K562 cells and showed increasing number of Annexin V FITC binding
cells. Characteristic apoptotic changes were recorded under phase contrast and confocal microscopes with
accumulation of cells in the sub-G0 phase. The apoptosis involved drop in Bcl-2/Bax ratio, loss of mitochondrial
membrane potential, release of cytochrome c in cytosol followed by activation of caspases 9 and 3, and cleavage of
PARP. Down-regulation of pro-caspase 10 was observed along with formation of death-inducing signaling complex
between TNF-R1 and TRADD. COR-D suppressed PDK1 and AKT with activation of MAP kinase family members
ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and p38. Accordingly, it induced apoptosis by activating mitochondrial and death receptor
pathways and suppressing AKT/PKB rather than MAP kinase pathway. Significant enhancement of apoptosis, noted
using specific inhibitors of ERK1/2, p38 and JNK1/2, suggests that COR-D can enhance apoptosis in K562 cells in
combination with MAP kinase inhibitors [50].
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Antioxidant effect
The antioxidant potency of the Corchorus aestuans leaves crude methanol and its fractionated extracts (hexane,
ethyl acetate and water) were investigated, employing three different established in vitro testing systems, scavenging
activity on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, reducing power assay and β-carotene method.
The data obtained in these testing systems clearly establish the antioxidant potency of Corchorus aestuans [51].
The antioxidant activity of the flavonoids (quercetin and quercetin 3-o-galactoside) isolated from the aerial parts of
Corchorus aestuans was tested by two in vitro testing methods, scavenging activity on 1, 1-diphenyl-2-
picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity by EDTA. The data obtained in these
testing systems clearly established that Corchorus aestuans possessed antioxidant potential. The scavenging activity
( % inhibition of 50 μg/ml ) of isolated flavonoids quercetin 3-o-galactoside, quercetin and ascorbic acid on the
DPPH radical decreased in the order: Ascorbic acid > Quercetin > Quercetin 3-o-galactoside was of 67.55±0.10,
28.19±0.22 and 24.64±0.14 (P<0.0001) at the concentration 50 μg/ml respectively. The concentration of quercetin 3-
o-galactoside caused 50% inhibition of the free radical (EC50) was 87 μg/ml and those of quercetin and ascorbic acid
were 65μg/ml and 25μg/ml [38].
Antimicrobial effects
usidic acid which was obtained earlier from a fungi (Fusidium coccineum), then isolated from the plant Corchorus
aestuans, has a wide range of antibacterial effects [43]. The antimicrobial activity of various solvent extracts of
Corchorus aestuans was evaluated against the clinical isolates of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains
and fungus by the zone of inhibition. The Gram-positive bacteria used were included Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus cereus and Micrococcus luteus, and the Gram-negative bacteria were Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae, fungus like Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis,
Candida kefyr and Cryptococcus neoformans. It was appeared that ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, acetone,
chloroform, petroleum ether, hexane and aqueous extracts showed activity against bacteria and fungus. The Ethyl
acetate extract of Corchorus aestuans showed more activity against Micrococcus luteus, zone of diameter
13±0.15mm and Escherichia coli, zone of diameter 13.07±0.12mm. Hot water extract of Corchorus aestuans
showed more activity against Candida kefyr, zone of diameter 12.20±0.20mm and Cryptococcus neoformans, zone
of diameter 11.17±0.29mm, when compared to other solvent extracts. Ethyl acetate extract against bacteria and hot
water extract against fungus showed a varying degree of inhibition to the growth of tested organism, than ethanol,
methanol and acetone extracts [37].
The antibacterial potential of the methanol extracts of leaves and aerial parts of Corchorus aestuans was studied
against four Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria [Bacillus subtilis MTCC (121), Staphylococcus aureus
MTCC (96), Pseudomonas aeuroginosa MTCC (429) and Escherichia coli MTCC (443)], using cup-plate method.
The methanol extracts of leaves and aerial parts of the plant significantly inhibited the growth of bacteria as
compared to standard antibacterial drug (streptomycin) [52].
The leaf, capsule and root extracts of Corchorus aestuans were tested for antibacterial against Gram positive
(Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus), Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia
coli, Psuedomonas aeuriginosa, Psuedomonas vulgaris, Serratia marceseans) and antifungal activity (against
Aspergillusniger, Rhizopusstolonifer, Saccharomyces cervisiae), they showed potent antibacterial activity. The leaf
and root extracts of Corchorus aestuans showed more antibacterial activity compared to Corchorus aestuans
capsule extract. In antifungal test, the methanolic extracts showed moderate activity. The chloroform and methanolic
Corchorus aestuans leaf, capsule and root extracts showed potent antibacterial and antifungal activity [53].
Cardiovascular Effects
Alcoholic extract and glycosides of seeds exhibited cardiotonic activity. Corchorosid A, isolated from the plant,
improved cardiac competence experimentally [31].
Cardiac glycoside was isolated from the plant fruits and tested for cardiotonic activity. The cardiotonic effect was
studied by using isolated frog heart perfusion technique (IFHP). Ringer solution without calcium was used as a
vehicle for administration of isolated cardiac glycoside as test and digoxin as standard. A significant increase in the
height of force of contraction (positive inotropic effect) and decrease in heart rate (negative chronotropic effect) was
observed at smaller doses (0.4 mg). The effect increased as dose was increased. The test compound had not
produced cardiac arrest even at a dose of 2 mg, compared to standard, digoxin that showed cardiac arrest at dose of
0.2 mg. Hence, as compared to standard, the tested cardiac glycoside showed wide therapeutic index [36].
The anti-atherosclerotic activity of the Corchorus aestuans leaves was evaluated against Liver X alpha receptor by
using GOLD study. 3-Dimensional structure of Liver X alpha receptor (Protein Date Bank ID - 3IPQ) was retrieved
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using Protein Data Bank. Phytochemical molecules were retrieved from the pubchem database and the 2D chemical
structures were generated from SMILES notation (Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry Specification) by using
the Chemsketch Software. Screenings of different docked complex were performed by GOLD study. Absorption,
distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity properties for all molecules was predicted by using ADMET
structure-activity relationship database. Among the 14 phytochemicals, E-7-Tetradecenol was found to be the top
compound with highest Gold score of 26.99. According to the results, the authors concluded that phytochemicals
from Corchorus aestuans leaves prevent atherosclerosis [54].
Anti-inflammatory Effect
The anti-inflammatory effect of methanol extract of aerial parts of Corchorus aestuans was evaluated using
carrageenan induced rat paw edema. The increase in paw thickness was measured using digital vernier caliper after
1, 2, 3 and 4h of injection. Methanol fraction of aerial parts of the plant at dose of 200 mg/kg significantly inhibited
acute phase of inflammation [55].
Conclusion
The current review clarified the main active ingredients and pharmacological effects of Corchorus aestuans as a
promising plant as a result of effectiveness and safety.
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