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Vol 6|Issue 2| 2016 |89-95.
89 | P a g e
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology
e-ISSN: 2248 – 9185
www.ajpst.com Print ISSN: 2248 – 9177
MEDICAL IMPORTANCE OF ANTHEMIS NOBILIS (CHAMAEMELUM
NOBILE) - A REVIEW
Ali Esmail Al-Snafi
Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Thi qar University, Iraq.
ABSTRACT
Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile), the so-called Roman chamomile, is a perennial herb of the Asteraceae family.
It possessed antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, hypotensive, anti- platelet aggregation, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycaemic,
antioxidant, nervous, cytotoxic, brochodilatory, endocrine and many other effects. This review highlights the chemical
constituents and pharmacological effects of Anthemis nobilis.
Key words: Chemical constituents, Pharmacology, Anthemis nobilis.
INTRODUCTION
Since the dawn of civilization, man utilized plants
for their medicinal and edible value. Recent reviews showed
that plants produce many secondary metabolites which are
bio-synthetically derived from primary metabolites and
constitute an important source of many drugs [1-42].
Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile), the so-called
Roman chamomile, is a perennial herb of the Asteraceae
family. It possessed antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal,
hypotensive, anti- platelet aggregation, anti-inflammatory,
hypoglycaemic, antioxidant, nervous, cytotoxic,
brochodilatory, endocrine and many other effects. This
review will highlight the chemical constituents and
pharmacological effects of Anthemis nobilis.
Synonyms : Chamaemelum nobile (L.)
TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom: Plantae, Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae,
Infrakingdom: Streptophyta, Division: Tracheophyta,
Sub division: Spermatophytina, Infradivision: Angios
permae, Class: Magnoliopsida, Superorder: Asteranae,
Order: Asterales, Family: Asteraceae, Genus:
Chamaemelum, Species: Chamaemelum nobile [43,44].
COMMON NAMES
Arabic: babonaj Romani, babanq Romani, babanaq
Itri, babanaq shareef; English: chamomile, common
chamomile, corn chamomile, English chamomile, garden
chamomile, noble chamomile, Roman chamomile,
Russian chamomile, sweet chamomile; French: camomille
romaine; German: römische Kamille; Spanish: camomila
de jardín, manzanilla fina, manzanilla romana, Swedish:
romersk kamomill [43].
Distribution: It was widely distributed in Asia,
Europe, Africa and Northern America. The plant cultivated
in Africa: Algeria, Morocco; Europe: Ireland, United
Kingdom, France, Portugal, Spain, Austria, Belarus,
Moldova, Ukraine, Bulgaria; Italy; Serbia, Belgium; Czech
Republic; Germany; Slovakia; Switzerland; Australasia:
Australia, New Zealand; Northern America: United states
[44]. Traditional use : The cold infusion was used in
gastric debility, with flatus; the hot infusion was used as
diaphoretic, emetic, to relieve colds due to sudden
cutaneous chilling, in dysmenorrhea to decrease pain and
facilitate the flow, as antiemetic, antispasmodic, and
sedative. The oil was used as carminative, and for intestinal
cramps and colic due to flatulency [45-47].
DESCRIPTION
Anthemis nobilis is a low-growing plant, creeping
or trailing, its tufts of leaves and flowers a foot high. The
root is perennial, jointed and fibrous, the stems, hairy and
freely branching are covered with leaves which are divided
into thread-like segments, the fineness of which gives the
whole plant a feathery appearance. The blooms appear in
the later days of summer, from the end of July to
September, and are borne solitary on long, erect stalks,
drooping when in bud. With their outer fringe of white ray-
florets and yellow centers, they are remarkably like the
daisy. There are some eighteen white rays arranged round a
Corresponding Author: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi E-mail: aboahmad61@yahoo.com
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conical center, botanically known as the receptacle, on
which the yellow, tubular florets are placed- the centre of
the daisy is, however, considerably flatter than that of the
Chamomile. All the Chamomiles have a tiny, chaffy scale
between each two florets, which is very minute and has to
be carefully looked for but which all the same is a vital
characteristic of the genus Anthemis. The distinction
between A. nobilis and other species of Anthemis is the
shape of these scales, which in A. nobilis are short and
blunt. The fruit is small and dry, and as it forms, the hill of
the receptacle gets more and more conical. The whole plant
is downy and grayish green in colour. It prefers dry
commons and sandy soil [48,49].
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
A. nobilis contained 80% water , 6-7% mineral
materials , volatile oil, sesquiterpenes, hydroperoxides,
flavonoids, catechins, coumarins, polyacetylenes, phenolic
acids, triterpenes and steroids and polysaccharides [46, 50].
However, many authors [47, 51, 52] mentioned that
different parts of the plant contained:
Volatile oils (0.4-1.75%): angeiic and tiglic acid
esters (85%) and 1,8 cineole, l-trans-pinocarveol, l-trans-
pinocarvone, chamazulene, farnesol, and nerolidol.
Flavonoids: apigenin,luteolin, quercetin and their glycosides
(apiin, luteolin-7-glucoside and rutin); Coumarins:
scopoletin-7-glucoside; Germacranolide-type sesquiterpene
lactones(0.6%): nobilin, 3-epinobilin, 1,10-epoxynobilin,
and 3-dehydronobilin; Various alcohols: amyl and isobutyl
alcohols.
It also contained: angelic and tiglic acid esters,
anthemic acid, choline, phenolic, phytosterols, inositol and
fatty acids. The essential oil of A. nobilis is a light blue
color due to the terpenoid chamazulene [53]. The amount of
the constituents isolated were differ according to the origin
and the age of the flowers . The essential oils of the aerial
parts of the plants were included: isobutyl isobutanoate
(4.4%), 2-methylbutyl isobutanoate (4.3%), isobutyl
angelate (24.5%), 2-butenyl angelate (7.3%), 2- methylbutyl
angelate (17.4%), trans-pinocarveol (4.5%), isoamyl
angelate (7.6%) and estragol (5.0%) [53-55].
C. nobile proved to be an equilibrated valuable
herb rich in carbohydrates and proteins, and poor in fat,
providing tocopherols, carotenoids and essential fatty acids.
Moreover, the herb and its infusion are a source of phenolic
and organic acids (oxalic, quinic, malic, citric and fumaric
acids) [56]. Six octulosonic acid derivatives were isolated
from the flower heads of Roman chamomile
(Chamaemelum nobile) [57]. Six new hydroperoxides were
isolated from the ethanol extract of the blossoms of
Anthemis nobilis L., besides the known 1 beta-
hydroperoxyisonobilin [58].
PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS
The biological activity of chamomile was mainly
due to the flavonoids apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, patuletin
and essential oil constituents such as α-bisabolol and its
oxides and azulenes [59].
Antimicrobial effect
The extract and essential oil of Roman chamomile
flower head showed antibacterial activity against P.
gingivalis. The antimicrobial effects were evaluated by disk
diffusion method. The results indicated that the means of
inhibition zone for chamomile extract and essential oil were
13.33±3.4 and 20.5±0.5 respectively [60].
Azulenes and bisabolol were anti-inflammatory
and antispasmodic, reducing histamine-induced reactions,
including hay fever and asthma. Flavonoids, especially
anthemidin, were also antispasmodic. Valerianic acid and
cyanogenic glycosides were sedative [61]. Two
hydroperoxides compounds isolated from Anthemis nobilis
showed a medium antibacterial activity. In a clinical study ,
Anthemis nobelis showed a good result in the treatment of
recurrent aphthous stomatitis as estimated by the time of
pain elimination and the duration of the healing [62].
The antimicrobial activity of an essential oils of the
flower of Anthemis nobilis from the Provence (France) was
tested against various strains of Gram-positive bacteria
(Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) and
Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella
pneumoniae and Salmonella sp.) as well as against the
yeast Candida albicans using a modified agar dilution and
agar diffusion method. In addition, some pure main and
minor compounds (chemical composition obtained by
means of GC and GC/MS measurements), such as isobutyl
angelate (32.1%), 2-methylbutyl angelate (16.2%), isobutyl
isobutyrate (5.3%), methyl 2-methylbutyrate (1.9%), prenyl
acetate (1.4%), 2-methylbutyl 2-methylbutyrate (1.2%) and
2-methylbutyl acetate (1.2%), were also studied for their
antimicrobial effects. The Roman chamomile sample
showed high antimicrobial activity against all strains of
tested microbes. A similar result was found for 2-
methylbutyl 2-methylbutyrate, 2-methylbutyl acetate and
prenyl acetate [63]. The volatile oil of Anthemis nobilis
showed activity against Gram-positive bacteria, especially
Bacillus subtilis, B. anthracis, Micrococcus glutamicus, B.
sacchrolyticus, B. thuringiensis, Sarcina lutea, B.
stearothermophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum,
Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus sp. and L. casei,
whereas the oil showed no activity against Gram-negative
bacteria species including Salmonella group B, Citrobacter
sp., Enterobacter sp., Esheria. coli, Pseudomonas sp.,
Salmonella saintpaul and Salmonella weltevreden. The
volatile oil also inhibited the growth of dermatophytons,
Alternaria sp., Aspergillus fumigatus and A. parasiticus.
Volatile oil was inactive against Candida albicans,
Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum and
Aspergillus niger. Hydroperoxides [Z-2-methyl-2-butyric
acid-(2-hydroperoxy-2-methyl-3-butenyl) ester, and Z-2-
methyl-2-butyric acid-(3-hydroperoxy-2-methylidenebutyl)
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ester], isolated from the ethanolic extract of the Anthemis
nobilis flowers, showed antibacterial activity against E. coli,
P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis. The MIC values of first
compound were 256 μg/ml against E. coli and 512 μg/ml
against P. aeruginosa. The MIC values of the second
compound were 512 and 128 μg/ml against the same
microorganisms, respectively [64].
Insecticidal effect
Volatile oil of Anthemis nobilis showed high
activity against the whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum)
nymphs at 0.0047 and 0.0093 μg/ml using an impregnated
filter paper test, whereas it was ineffective against the adult
or egg forms [65].
Hypotensive effect
The hypotensive effect of Chamaemelum nobile
aqueous extract (CNAE) in spontaneously hypertensive
was studied in rats. Single oral administration of CNAE
(140 mg/kg) produced a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in
systolic blood pressure (SBP) after 24 h of the
administration. Daily oral administration of CNAE (140
mg/kg) during 3 weeks produced a significant reduction in
SBP in the day 8 (p < 0.01) of treatment. Furthermore,
CNAE produced a significant increase in urinary output and
electrolytes excretion (p < 0.01) from the day 8 to the end of
treatment [66]. The in vitro vasorelaxant effect of C. nobile
aqueous extract was evaluated using aortic ring isolated
from Wistar rats. C. nobile aqueous extract at doses of 5, 10
and 20 mg/ml possessed in vitro vasorelaxant effect.
Incubation of aqueous C. nobile extract for 30 minutes
produced a significant shift of the dose-response curve to
norepinephrine (NE) (10-8 to 10-5) M (p < 0.001) [67].
Anti-inflammatory effect
The anti-inflammatory effect of the
polysaccharides isolated from the aqueous extract of Roman
chamomile flowers and herb was investigated in rats,
Inflammation was induced with subplantar injection of
viscarine. The flower and herb polysaccharide was given ip
as 10 mg/kg dose. They reduced the inflammation of the
paw by 36.2 and 37.7%, respectively compared with
untreated control [68,69].
The volatile oil have been documented as having
anti inflammatory activity (carrageenan rat paw odema test
) and produced antidiuretic and sedative effects
following intraperitoneal administration of doses up to 350
mg/kg to rats. The mechanism of antiallergic and anti
inflammatory effects of azulenes is thought to involve
inhibition of histamine release [70].
Two varieties of Anthemis nobilis, named (white-
headed) or double flowered and (yellow-headed) yield
essential oils with different composition. These essential
oils proved to possess interesting anti-inflammatory and
sedative properties, especially that derived from the (White-
headed) variety. The oils caused 22.8 to 38.7% inhibition of
the carrageenan induced increase in paw volume [71].
Six octulosonic acid derivatives were isolated from
the flower heads of Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum
nobile). The biological activity of the isolated compounds
was evaluated toward multiple targets related to
inflammation and metabolic disorder such as NAG-1, NF-
κB, iNOS, ROS, PPARα, PPARγ, and LXR. Similar to the
action of NSAIDs, all the six compounds increased NAG-1
activity 2-3-fold. They also decreased cellular oxidative
stress by inhibiting ROS generation. Three of the
compounds activated PPARγ 1.6-2.1-fold, while PPARα
was activated 1.4-fold by compounds two compounds. None
of the compounds showed significant activity against iNOS
or NF-κB.
Hypoglycemic effect:
The effect of both a single dose and daily oral
administration dose (20mg/kg body weight) for 15 days of
the aerial part of Chamaemelum nobile aqueous extract on
blood glucose concentrations and basal insulin levels in
normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) were
studied. Single oral administration of C. nobile aqueous
extract reduced blood glucose levels from 6.0 ± 0.3 mmol/l
to 4.9 ± 0.09 mmol/l (P < 0.05) 6h after administration in
normal rats and from 21.1 ± 1.3 mmol/l to 14.5 ± 0.9
mmol/l (P < 0.001) in STZ diabetic rats. Furthermore, blood
glucose levels were decreased from 6.1 ± 0.06 mmol/l to 4.6
± 0.17 mmol/l (P < 0.01) and from 21.1 ± 1.31 mmol/l to
13.7 ± 0.9 mmol/l (P < 0.01) in normal and STZ diabetic
rats, respectively, after 15 days of treatment. Basal plasma
insulin concentrations remain unchanged after treatment in
both normal and STZ diabetic rats, which means that the
mechanism of this pharmacological activity seems to be
independent of insulin secretion [72]. Flavonoid glucoside
chamaemeloside, has been determined to have in vivo
hypoglycaemic activity [73].
Nervous effect
In mice, apigenin had a clear affinity for central
benzodiazepine receptors. Apigenin competitively inhibited
the binding of flunitrazepam, a benzodiazepine, but had no
effect on muscarinic receptors, alpha 1-adrenoceptors, or the
binding of muscimol to GABA receptors. Apigenin had
clear anxiolytic activity in mice without incidence of
sedation or muscle relaxation effects at doses similar to
those used for classical benzodiazepines; no anticonvulsant
action was detected. Increasing dosages produced mild
sedation and a reduction in ambulatory locomotor activity
[71,74]. The essential oil of Roman chamomile decreased
the mobility of male Wistar rats with 51-76% for 50
minutes, compared to untreated control, when given
subcutaneously in a dose of (350, 1250 and 2500 mg/kg)
and i.p in a dose of (175 and 350 mg/kg).
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Antioxidant effect
Chamazulene affected free radical processes and
inhibited lipid peroxidation in a concentration- and time-
dependent manner [75].
The antioxidant properties of essential oils were
investigated for A. nobilis from Italy. The results indicated
that the volatile oils from Roman chamomile possessed
high antioxidant activity [76]. The aqueous extracts (crude
and decoction) of A. nobilis button flowers showed high
antioxidant activity, as evaluated by ABTS, TBARS and
haemolysis of red blood cells assays. Moreover, this activity
was higher for the decoction extract, and it was in good
agreement with its greater phenolic content. As revealed by
the mass spectrometry analysis, the potent antioxidant
ability of aqueous A. nobilis extracts can result from the
presence of quinic acid and caffeic acid derivatives [77].
One hundred and twenty, one day old unsexed
Lohman broiler chicks were used to study the effect of
supplementing aqueous extract and powder of chamomile
flowers to diet and drinking water on some physiological
characters of broiler exposed to high environmental
temperature 28 – 30 – 28 ◦ C to alleviate heat stress. Five
treatments were carried out, treatment T0 without
supplementing chamomile to drinking water or diet,
treatments T1 and T2 supplementing with 0.3 and 0.6% of
aqueous extract to drinking water, treatments with T3 and
T4 supplementing 0.6 and 0.9% of chamomile flowers
powder to diet. This supplementation of chamomile to
drinking water and diet had been given to birds daily for 6
hours from 1200-1800 and during the highest environmental
temperature and during the experiment period from 4 – 8
weeks of age. The result revealed that body temperature
reduced significantly in the group T3 and T4 compared
with other treatments however heterophil lymphocyte ratio
reduced significantly while hemoglobin increased in all
treatments compared with T0, also glucose reduced
significantly in the group T1, T2 and T3 compared with T0.
The study confirmed that supplementing the aqueous extract
and powder of chamomile flowers lead to alleviate heat
stress. The results pointed that chamomile flowers powder
supplementation gave better results than aqueous extract
[78]. The antioxidant effects of Anthemis nobilis were
evaluated by four different tests: DPPH radical scavenging
capacity, reducing power and inhibition of lipid
peroxidation using β-carotene–linoleate model system in
liposomes and TBARS assay in brain homogenates. Herbal
sample gave the highest β-carotene bleaching activity and
lipid peroxidation inhibition (lowest EC50 values) which
related to its higher content of phenolic compounds, while
infusion showed the highest DPPH scavenging activity
which related to their higher levels of organic acids [50]
Cytotoxic effects
The antitumour potential of Anthemis nobilis was
tested in human tumour cell lines (breast, lung, colon,
cervical and hepatocellular carcinomas). The plant material
extract was more potent than the infusion sample in all the
tested cell lines, presenting GI50 values that ranged from
82.52 to 168.40 μg/mL for the MCF-7 and HepG2 cells,
respectively. Decoction preparation had no antitumour
effects at the maximal concentration used (400 μg/mL),
which could indicate that these effects might be related to
compounds (including phenolic compounds) that are not
extracted or affected by the decoction [50].
From fresh and dried herb (without inflorescences)
of Anthemis nobilis L. a new sesquiterpene lactone
C20H26O6 was isolated. This compound showed a
cytotoxic activity at a level of ED50 HeLa 0-56
microgram/ml (1-5 x 10-6 M), and ED50 KB 1.23
microgram/ml (3-5 x 10-6 M) [79].
Nobilin, 1,10-epoxynobilin, 3-dehydronobilin and
hydroxyisonobilin, isolated from Roman chamomile flower,
showed in vitro cytostatic activity against human HeLa
(cervix carcinoma cell line) and KB (nasopharyngeal
carcinoma) cell lines [80].
Effect in asthma
In an open clinical study carried out on 54
patients with chronic bronchial asthma, A. nobilis showed
antiasthmatic effects, it caused significant elevation in the
values of forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1%)
and forced volume capacity (FVC) with marked reduction
in asthmatic attacks [81].
Effect in poly cystic ovary
The effectiveness of Anthemis nobilis aqueous-
alcoholic extract was studied in polycystic ovary syndrome
induced in rats by a single dose of estradiol valerate.
Histological investigations revealed that the animal
administered with dose of 50 mg/day showed small cysts
and less inflammation, with decreasing of serum estrogen
hormone(P<0.029) [82].
Contraindications and adverse effects
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
have classified the oil and extract of Roman chamomiles as
safe substances . Large doses are emetic. Acute LD50 in
rabbits (dermal) and rats exceed 5g/kg.
Dosage : Flower heads 1-4 g by infusion three times a day
[47].
CONCLUSION
This review discusses the chemical constituent,
pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Anthemis nobilis
as promising herbal drug because of its safety and
effectiveness.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: None
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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