The Encyclopedia of Migration and Minorities in Europe. From the 17th Century to the Present
Abstract
Although migration and integration have become important concepts today as a result of globalization, migration movements, integration, and multiculturalism have always been part of the history of Europe. Few people realize how many ethnic groups participated in migration within Europe or into Europe and this ignorance has grave consequences for the social and political status of immigrants. Newly available to an English-speaking audience, this encyclopaedia presents a systematic overview of the existing scholarship regarding migration within and into Europe. The first section contains survey studies of the various regions and countries in Europe covering the last centuries. The second section presents information on about 220 individual groups of migrants from the Sephardic Jews emigration from Spain and Portugal in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to the present-day migration of old-age pensioners to the holiday villages in the sun. The first resource of its kind, The Encyclopaedia of Migration and Minorities is a comprehensive and authoritative research tool.
... Besides family reunification, family formation emerged, i.e. marriage as a legal condition to enter Belgium (Reniers, 1999). As a consequence, for most migrants originating from third countries, marriage migration became one of the few ways to enter Belgium (and Western Europe in general) (Caestecker, 2011;DEMO & CGKR, 2013). Even though transnational marriages are not considered 'family reunification' in the strict sense of the word, they fall under the same regime and are thus considered as such; the legislator differentiates only in exceptional cases between family reunification and family formation (De Bruycker & Pascouau, 2011). ...
... This was the result of the firmly established networks between the origin and receiving communities and the presence of a culture of migration within the origin communities. During this time, even stricter immigration policies in the 1970s were implemented, during which entry was only given to migrants from third countries who were asylum seekers, skilled labour migrants, students, or spouses of residents in Belgium (see Chapter 5;Caestecker, 2011;Carol, Ersanilli, & Wagner, 2014). Especially within a system of restricted migration possibilities, network connections are in this respect important cost-reducing factors (Reniers, 1999). ...
... Moreover, Chapters 9 and 11 briefly touch upon generational changes as well, for a wider spectrum of origin countries. Congolese Belgians are the only group that entered the country as students, asylum seekers, business men, tourists, or diplomats, as part of the Belgian assistance to the decolonization (Caestecker, 2011;Schoonvaere, 2010), instead of labour immigration. In Chapter 11, therefore, I try to the discern the (lasting) effects of the historically rooted conditions in the country of residence at the time of the first large migration streams of Turkish, Moroccan, Algerian, and Congolese immigrants while disentangling these from their specific cultural and social group-related characteristics, such as language and religion. ...
... 5 There are, of course, exceptions to this rule, such as Leerkes, Engbersen and Leun (2012). 6 Bade, Emmer, Lucassen and Oltmer (2011);Ness (2013). ...
... 19 Poynting, Noble, Tabar and Collins (2004). 20 For an overview, see Bade et al. (2011). Dohse (1985); Collomp (1996); Trautmann (2002); Fahrmeier (2005). ...
... As a result of this decision, cities in these EU member states had to adopt the international agreement and national rules and had few instruments left to regulate the movements of these eastern European migrants. Yet urban centres remain the main places of 28 Bade (2011). 29 Marxen and Werle (2002). ...
... 5 There are, of course, exceptions to this rule, such as Leerkes, Engbersen and Leun (2012). 6 Bade, Emmer, Lucassen and Oltmer (2011);Ness (2013). ...
... 19 Poynting, Noble, Tabar and Collins (2004). 20 For an overview, see Bade et al. (2011). Dohse (1985); Collomp (1996); Trautmann (2002); Fahrmeier (2005). ...
... As a result of this decision, cities in these EU member states had to adopt the international agreement and national rules and had few instruments left to regulate the movements of these eastern European migrants. Yet urban centres remain the main places of 28 Bade (2011). 29 Marxen and Werle (2002). ...
... In 1996, after three decades of migration there were about 140.000 people of Moroccan and 82.000 people of Turkish descent present in Belgium (Eggerickx et al. 1999). Until today, family formation is still ongoing, and constitutes the most important route for residents of non-European origin to enter Western-European countries, and more specifically Belgium after immigration policies became even stricter (Caestecker 2011;Carol, Ersanilli & Wagner 2014;Demo & CGKR 2013). In 2006, there were about 250,000 Moroccans and 140,000 Turks present in Belgium (by nationality at birth, Schoonvaere 2010). ...
... Migration was particularly aimed at Belgium because of the colonial past (Sumata 2007;Zeleza 2002). This way, the asylum channel brought the rather delayed arrival of Congolese migrants to Belgium (Caestecker 2011). As a result, there were about 40,000 Congolese inhabitants in 2006 (nationality at birth, Schoonvaere 2010). ...
... Since Congolese migrants also entered Belgium in smaller amounts and were typified by greater variety -they came mostly as asylum seekers, students, business men, tourists, or diplomats -these migration streams were also characterised by weaker ties with the country of origin (Caestecker 2011;Schoonvaere 2010). ...
This paper aims to shed light on the partner choices of Moroccan, Turkish, Congolese, and Algerian migrants in Belgium. Three partner choices are distinguished: marrying a partner from the country of origin (partner migration), marrying a local co-ethnic partner, and establishing a mixed marriage. We focused on the role of migration history and transnational links, culture (religion, language), skin colour and structural characteristics of the district migrants live in (mainly community size) to gain further insight into the partner choices of migrants in Belgium. Our data comprise an extraction of the Belgian national register (2001-2008) and focus on first marriages among first, 1.5, and second generation migrants of Moroccan, Turkish, Algerian, and Congolese origin (N=52,142). We apply a multinomial logistic multilevel design to simultaneously incorporate individual and contextual effects at the district level. The main conclusion from this paper is that the partner selection pattern in early 21st century Belgian society still bears the traces of the starting conditions that migrant groups experienced when they first entered the country. While this continuity is important to understand the situation citizens with a migrant origin have to deal with today, it does not make change impossible. In fact, for the Turkish and Moroccan group, research recently showed a quite strong decline in transnational marriages and a modest increase in mixed marriages. These are indications that after 50 years of migration a transition towards full inclusion in Belgian society is not beyond reach. The conditions analysed in this paper, namely the strength of transnational networks, the cultural boundaries and the ethnic community size, may help to understand why this inclusion takes such a long period of time.
... Second, Germany has a mixed track record of acknowledging immigration and dealing with related symbolic differences and hierarchies. Current public discussions on migration refer mostly to migratory movements since the start of working migration to Germany in the early 1960s (for a more extensive historical overview, see Bade & Oltmer, 2011). While German society has thus been an immigrant country for decades, self-understanding as an 'immigrant society' took a long time to emerge and is often argued to have begun in the 2000s (Bade & Oltmer, 2011). ...
... Current public discussions on migration refer mostly to migratory movements since the start of working migration to Germany in the early 1960s (for a more extensive historical overview, see Bade & Oltmer, 2011). While German society has thus been an immigrant country for decades, self-understanding as an 'immigrant society' took a long time to emerge and is often argued to have begun in the 2000s (Bade & Oltmer, 2011). Currently, approximately 26% of the population is made up of first-or second-generation immigrants, many of whom were born with or who have obtained German citizenship (52.4%) and many of whom are foreign nationals (47.6%) (Expert Commission on the Framework Conditions for Integration Potential, 2020). ...
The article explores how sport-related research contributes to the construction and reproduction of immigrants and their descendants as ‘Others’. This process, referred to as ‘Othering’ in this paper, is to be understood as a hegemonic act of ascribing otherness to social groups, marking them as being essentially different, generalising these alleged differences and transferring this alleged otherness into inferiority. This paper elaborates on this process of Othering theoretically and empirically. Qualitative content analysis of sport-related German-language academic publications enables an investigation of how researchers deal with social constructs of difference, such as ‘immigrant’, ‘migrant’ or ‘migrant background’, as well as revealing whether and how Othering occurs in their publications. As a result, this article demonstrates that Othering is found in a substantial number of academic publications. Furthermore, it exemplifies and discusses how the various forms of Othering manifest themselves at different stages in the research process.
... In this chapter, the experience with this 'Year of Migration' and especially with the project 'Sticking Around' will be used to discuss three pivotal issues in the preservation and representation of migrant heritage: the definition of migrant versus local heritage; top-down versus bottom-up approaches to participation; and the choice between focusing on and mainstreaming this particular form of heritage. Following recent trends in academic discussions on migration, the historians who initiated the 'Year' insisted on defining migration and thus the heritage related to it in its broadest sense: that of people moving from one place to another, temporarily or permanently ( J. Lucassen, Lucassen, and Manning 2010 ;Bade 2011 ). The project therefore included immigrants from all over the world, approached not only from a 'country-of-origin' perspective (Turkish, Italian, Spanish, Ghanaian) but also from a thematic point of view (refugees, musicians, guest workers, students). ...
... Decades of historical research showing that migration is of all times and that almost everyone in Europe has at least one migrating ancestor have not changed this perception ( L. Lucassen, Feldman, and Oltmer 2006 ;J. Lucassen, Lucassen, and Manning 2010 ;Bade 2011 ). STAM wanted to bring this historical knowledge to a broader audience. ...
... In this case, immigration is seen as permanent, but immigrants are defined according to their ethnic and cultural origin. They form their own communities, different from the already existing ones, but the big challenge is to make these communities live in harmony, within a multicultural society (Bade et al., 2012). Castles (2008) developed another typology that tries to reconcile different dimensions. ...
Starting from the broad meaning of "integration", which involves the process of settlement of newcomers in a given society, the interaction of these newcomers with the host society and the social changes that follow this process, we are aware of the fact that immigrants must find a home and a job, must be able to access health facilities and schools for their children. They must find a place in a social and cultural sense as well, as they have to establish cooperation and interaction with other individuals and groups in society. All these aspects could be summarized in three distinct dimensions in which people may (or may not) become accepted as parts of the society: the legal-political, the socioeconomic and the cultural-religious facets. These dimensions are assumed to work as a two-way process, in which migrants adapt and change, but also the host society does not remain unaffected. From this perspective, it was considered that these dimensions correspond to the three main factors that interplay with immigration and integration processes: the state, the market, and the nation. Considering all these aspects, the purpose of the present paper is to investigate the degree of the integration of immigrants in the European Union states.
... Ten slotte werd alledaagse discriminatie tot nu toe voornamelijk in de Verenigde Staten bestudeerd. De Amerikaanse samenleving heeft ten opzichte van Europa echter een andere geschiedenis wat discriminatie en racisme betreft (Bade, Emmer, Lucassen & Oltmer, 2011). Daarom is het noodzakelijk om alledaagse discriminatie ook in een Europese context te bestuderen. ...
Although we live in a society that likes to picture itself as antiracial and gender equal, research has shown that subtle and covert forms of discrimination persist and affect the everyday life of women and ethnic minorities. This study investigates everyday discrimination while shopping in clothing stores of different price ranges from an intersectional perspective looking at the crossroads of domination, namely ethnicity and gender. To objectively measure discrimination, we made use of situation testing, in 301 clothing stores in Belgium. With this unique data, net discrimination rates as well as multilevel analysis were executed. Results show that customers with a Maghrebian background receive unfavourable treatment in comparison with their Belgian counterparts when they ask for a specific clothing size. They receive less assistance in the search for the specifc garment. Furthermore, they are greeted or approached less often and are also more frequently stared at and followed by the salesclerk. Gender follows a specific pattern. Firstly, men are significantly more greeted and approached than women within both Maghrebian and Belgian groups. Secondly, men are more stared at and followed by the shop assistant, but this is only significant for the Maghrebian group. Lastly, there is no significant difference in receiving help between men and women within both groups. In general, the intensity and form of ethnic discrimination tends to be subtler and lower in high-end than low-end stores.
... An earlier example is the welldocumented Jewish diaspora from the Iberian Peninsula following the Alhambra Degree in 1492 (Israel 1985;Ruderman 2010). Other, no less conspicuous migrations given ample attention in the historiography are those of (international) merchants and other prominent migrant groups comprising scientists, intellectuals and artists (Bade et al. 2011). group included a variety of occupations that are usually labelled as unskilled or semi-skilled: domestic servants, artisan journeymen, petty traders, cobblers, day labourers, soldiers as well as the group that is the focus of this study, seamen (Moch 2003). ...
This paper offers the first multivariate regression study of international migration in early modern Europe. Using unique eighteenth-century data about maritime workers, we created a data set of migration flows among European countries to examine the role of factors related to geography, population, language, the market and chain migration in explaining the migration of these workers across countries. We show that among all factors considered in our multivariate analysis, the geographical characteristics of the destination countries, size of port towns, and past migrations are among the most robust and quantitatively the most important factors influencing cross-country migration flows.
... Global migration is not a temporary phenomenon (Bade et al. 2010). It can be assumed that in the future there will be a permanent component of migratory movements caused by wars and other humanitarian catastrophes. ...
Migration is a complex phenomenon and, in many ways, linked to health and social transformations. Refugees are generally more vulnerable to several risk factors and disease entities, not only before or during their flight, but also in the destination country. They are faced with several barriers to accessing healthcare due to the legal framework. In addition, economic and social marginalisation, communication barriers, cultural issues, structural problems and bureaucratic barriers exist. This article aims at illustrating the major challenges for healthcare systems related to refugees’ health and describes the needs for further research in this subject of growing importance. It should serve as a roadmap for further activities in the context of refugees’ health.
... Global migration is not a temporary phenomenon (Bade et al. 2010). It can be assumed that in the future there will be a permanent component of migratory movements caused by wars and other humanitarian catastrophes. ...
Refugee migration poses major social, political and public health challenges, as became obvious during the so-called “refugee crisis” of the past few years. Overall, refugees are more vulnerable to various risk factors and disease entities, not only before or during their flight, but also in the destination country. This chapter aims to provide an overview of public health theory and disease dynamics related to refugee health. Recent developments in global refugee migration will be described, with a focus on Europe and Germany. The disease burden of refugees and its influences will be the focus, with reference to theoretical concepts like the healthy migrant and exhausted migrant effect, and the meaning of different phases of migration relevant to health. Furthermore, a hypothetical time-dependent scheme of major disease entities in refugees will be introduced. Major social transformations that are associated with global migration and relate to health will be characterised.
... Mit "Schleppern" verweist Nereden Nereye Kader auf Praktiken irregulärer Migration. Während die Türkei heutzutage vor allem als Ziel-und Transitland irregulärer Migration thematisiert wird(Bade/van Eijl 2011;Erder/Yükseker 2013), war die Migration mit Schleppern vor allem im Südosten der Türkei Ende der 1970er, Anfang der 1980er Jahre eine verbreitete Strategie, um trotz der mit dem Anwerbestop 1973 rechtlich erschwerten Arbeits-und Familienmigration nach Europa zu migrieren. Einige Autor_innen verorten diese Schlepper in Kontexten politischer kurdischer Organisationen: "Predominantly ethnic Kurdish Turkish citizens were smuggled by human traffickers. ...
Eine transnational-biographische Perspektive zeigt Bewältigungsmuster und subjektive Wahrnehmungen von Handlungsmacht von Migrantinnen türkischer Herkunft mit depressiven Beschwerden.
Öffentlich-mediale und professionelle Debatten zeichnen ein Bild von Migrantinnen als Risikogruppe. Das Buch untersucht das Gesundheitshandeln von Migrantinnen türkischer Herkunft mit depressiven Beschwerden aus transnationaler Perspektive. Es zeigt transnational-biographische Orientierungen, differenzierte Wahrnehmungen von eigener und anderer Handlungsmacht sowie Auswirkungen auf die Nutzung formeller und informeller Unterstützung. Der transdisziplinäre, mehrsprachige und traumasensible methodische Ansatz trägt zu Debatten um transnationale Agency und diversitätsbewusste Soziale Arbeit bei.
... Especially, the "Turkey deal" and other outsourcing Figure 5. Immigration of asylum seekers and Aussiedler in Germany, in relation to the general unemployment rate . Source: Bade and Oltmer (2011). proposals by the EU to autocratic regimes in Africa aim to make it virtually impossible for asylum seekers to reach the territory of the EU, thereby de facto eliminating the Convention. ...
This paper asks a simple question: why did Western and other European politicians become so alarmed and, in some cases, downright apocalyptic at the rise of asylum seekers in 2014–16, especially compared to the previous refugee crisis in the 1990s? This paper argues that in 2014/2015, a “perfect storm” developed, bringing together factors that in the past had been largely unrelated and then converged with new ones. Peeling the onion of societal discontent with migrants and refugees has revealed five necessary and sufficient conditions: (1) discomfort with immigration and integration of colonial and labour migrants from North Africa and Turkey (1970–80s); (2) growing social inequality and widespread pessimism about globalization (1980s–); (3) A growing discomfort with Islam (1990s–); (4) Islamist terrorism (2000s–) and (5) the rise of radical right populist parties (2000s).
... An earlier example is the well-documented Jewish diaspora from the Iberian Peninsula following the Alhambra Degree in 1492 (Edwards 1988;Israel 1985;3 Ruderman 2010). Other, no less conspicuous migrations given ample attention in the historiography are those of (international) merchants and other prominent migrant groups comprising scientists, intellectuals and artists (Bade et al. 2011). Notwithstanding the substantial cultural and economic importance of these migrant groups, in reality they constituted only a fraction of Europe's internationally mobile population (Lucassen 2012). ...
... Of the more than 3,000 workmen employed from 1906 onward drilling Switzerland's Lötschberg tunnel, the vast majority were Italian: 40 percent of the total came from southern Italy, 30 percent from central Italy, and 27 percent from the north. Swiss workmen constituted a 3 percent minority (Bade et al. 2011). ...
Industrialization, agrarian modernization, and urbanization changed the European economic and social status quo fundamentally during the 19th century, and led at the same time to a far-reaching shift in migration patterns. Individuals, families, and groups resorted to moving between different geographical and social environments in their efforts to improve their earning prospects or labor market access, or to provide themselves with new opportunities. In the 19th century it was above all in the thrusting industrial/urban centers that such new earning potential became available. Millions of intra- and interregional and transnational individual labor migrations were the consequence (for further details and considerations here and following, see Oltmer 2010).
Keywords:
labor;
labor supply;
political economy;
development;
regional development;
cultural diversity
... Migration history shows how complex and singular situations of migration and migrants are, while offering a large pool of ideas and concepts (also for the social sciences) with which to examine present migration. Overviews over methods used by historians are provided in Bade (2003), Bade (2011), andHahn (2012). ...
The decision-taking and risk management of bankers, as well as confidence as the basis of the banking business, became highly relevant social topics during the last financial crisis of 2008 onwards. Their significance for understanding banking practices has a long history. This introduction offers definitions of particular terms and explains their relevance for historical research. It also gives an overview of the methodological approaches presented in this volume, from system theory to behavioural finance, from new institutional economics to praxeology, from convention theory to network analysis. Each chapter also offers a case study where the methodological approach is put to the test in empirical historical research. The introduction urges the intensive application of cultural historical methods to banking history.
... Migration history shows how complex and singular situations of migration and migrants are, while offering a large pool of ideas and concepts (also for the social sciences) with which to examine present migration. Overviews over methods used by historians are provided in Bade (2003), Bade (2011), andHahn (2012). ...
As European Capitals of Culture in 2010 and metropolitan areas of immigration and transmigration, both Istanbul and the Ruhr Area (Essen was designated as European Capital of Culture on behalf of the Ruhr Area) share a complex cultural and social history. Strong human, political, and economic ties have long linked the European Capital of Culture of Turkey to Germany’s main immigration region, which is about to become a new cultural center thanks to the recognition of its industrial heritage by UNESCO (Zeche Zollverein in Essen).1 Even though the cultural history of each region is different, a crisscross reading of ‘parallel lives’ between the two countries helps to understand better the use and the potential of urban diversity over time.
... Migration history shows how complex and singular situations of migration and migrants are, while offering a large pool of ideas and concepts (also for the social sciences) with which to examine present migration. Overviews over methods used by historians are provided in Bade (2003), Bade (2011), andHahn (2012). ...
Globalizing Europe explores modern Europe's myriad entanglements with the wider world, considering the continent not only as an engine but also as a product of global transformations. It looks at the ways in which the global movements of peoples and ideas, goods and raw materials, flora and fauna have impacted life on the continent over the centuries. Bringing together a group of leading historians, the book shows how the history of Europe can be integrated into global history. Taken together, its chapters will help reshape our understanding of the boundaries of Europe – and the field of modern European history.
Migrations have always been an essential part of the history of Europe and the Balkans. Few people realize how many ethnic and religious groups in the Balkans participated in migrations not only during the modern times but also during the ancient, medieval and early modern times. This article focusses on the Ottoman period of Balkan history. Migrationsare understood in a broader sense: as migrations from one country to another and as migrations from one culture to another (in form of changing the religion and/or the language and the identity). Both forms of border-crossing were often interrelated: People who converted from Christianity to Islam in the Ottoman provinces had no cause to emigrate und those who emigrated had no cause to change their religion. In many parts of the Islamic Mediterranean world we find converts (“renegades” as they were called by Christians). Most of them changed their religion voluntarily. But it often took one, two or more generationsuntil the converts accepted their new religion wholeheartedly. In the meantime they were regarded as crypto-Christians, who had formally converted to Islam, but practiced Christianity in private life. These crypto-Christians (or Poturi as they were called in Bosnia) were a widespread phenomenon. By changing places or changing cultures (voluntarily or forcibly) new experiences and often new identities were shaped. Balkan history is for a great part a history of movements. But so far, there has beenno attempt to systematize the migration of southeastern Europe from the early modern period to the 20th century beyond national-historiographic, nationallinguistic, or microregional approaches. Not even the beginnings of a synthesis of the migratory events are on the horizon. This has to do with the national focus of historical scholarship and the inclination tointerpret an ethnic group (the alleged nucleus of a modern nation) as an everlasting, eternal phenomenon. Apart from the fact that there is no consensus how to define an ethnic group we should consider the fact that the composition of ethnic groups has often changed as a result of spatial and cultural migrations. For most people in early modern times ethnicity was an empty category (in contrast to religious affiliation). And the designations used in early modern travel books also resist clear ethnic interpretation (e.g. “Greeks”, “Turks”, “Vlachs”, “Saxons”, “Serbs” etc.). Not everyone, who identified himself to travelers as a “Greek”, because as an Orthodox Christian in the Ottoman Empire he was subject to the Patriarchate in Constantinople or used Greek as the lingua franca of merchants, was ethnically Greek. The selfsame is true for other designations which were derived from a former state, a region or a profession. And those who nowadays speak a štokavian idiom and are Catholics(=Croats) are not necessarily the descendants of those who spoke štokavian and were Catholics in the 16th century. And so on. The (biological) continuity of an ethnic group cannot be proved (nor refuted). So, the study of pre-modern migrations breaks the chains of national narratives and demands a new approach beyond fixed ethnical (or national) ascriptions.
The European Experience brings together the expertise of nearly a hundred historians from eight European universities to internationalise and diversify the study of modern European history, exploring a grand sweep of time from 1500 to 2000. Offering a valuable corrective to the Anglocentric narratives of previous English-language textbooks, scholars from all over Europe have pooled their knowledge on comparative themes such as identities, cultural encounters, power and citizenship, and economic development to reflect the complexity and heterogeneous nature of the European experience. Rather than another grand narrative, the international author teams offer a multifaceted and rich perspective on the history of the continent of the past 500 years. Each major theme is dissected through three chronological sub-chapters, revealing how major social, political and historical trends manifested themselves in different European settings during the early modern (1500–1800), modern (1800–1900) and contemporary period (1900–2000).
This resource is of utmost relevance to today’s history students in the light of ongoing internationalisation strategies for higher education curricula, as it delivers one of the first multi-perspective and truly ‘European’ analyses of the continent’s past. Beyond the provision of historical content, this textbook equips students with the intellectual tools to interrogate prevailing accounts of European history, and enables them to seek out additional perspectives in a bid to further enrich the discipline.
The European Experience brings together the expertise of nearly a hundred historians from eight European universities to internationalise and diversify the study of modern European history, exploring a grand sweep of time from 1500 to 2000. Offering a valuable corrective to the Anglocentric narratives of previous English-language textbooks, scholars from all over Europe have pooled their knowledge on comparative themes such as identities, cultural encounters, power and citizenship, and economic development to reflect the complexity and heterogeneous nature of the European experience. Rather than another grand narrative, the international author teams offer a multifaceted and rich perspective on the history of the continent of the past 500 years. Each major theme is dissected through three chronological sub-chapters, revealing how major social, political and historical trends manifested themselves in different European settings during the early modern (1500–1800), modern (1800–1900) and contemporary period (1900–2000).
This resource is of utmost relevance to today’s history students in the light of ongoing internationalisation strategies for higher education curricula, as it delivers one of the first multi-perspective and truly ‘European’ analyses of the continent’s past. Beyond the provision of historical content, this textbook equips students with the intellectual tools to interrogate prevailing accounts of European history, and enables them to seek out additional perspectives in a bid to further enrich the discipline.
This article discusses a large group of inner migrant brickworkers from the island of Kythnos (Greece) who worked at the brickyards of Athens, from a gendered perspective. Interaction of both sexes and their agency are studied by scrutinizing their families and their extended social and labour networks. Several contextual—methodological aspects, such as seasonal or permanent work, male and female migration, labour division among men and women, hands-on experience and managerial responsibilites, as well as notions like kinship, marriage, family ties, ethno-local networks, skills, assets, and dowry will be taken into consideration. The analysis is divided in five sections: (a) labour division and transfer of knowledge; (b) decision making process and the role of dowry; (c) paternalistic management; (d) permanent settlement and the ethno-local labour network of Kythnians; (e) integration process and external networks.KeywordsBrickmakingAthensKythnosMigrationGenderFamily business
Different methodologies rely on names, by assuming that people clearly and solely perceive signals of ethnic-national origin from names. This study examines the perception of names from an intersectional perspective in a West-European context. Firstly, we analyze whether people perceive signals of ethnic-national origin in names. Secondly, we test the excludability assumption by analyzing whether names signal also other factors. Thirdly, we distinguish between homogenous and mixed names. For these purposes, we collected data on the perception of 180 names in Belgium of Belgian, Moroccan, Turkish, Polish and Congolese origin. It appears that respondents distinguish Belgian from non-Belgian names rather than perceiving a specific ethnic-national origin. Besides, people perceive signals about a person’s gender, religiosity, social class and educational level. This implies that scholars should be precautious with comparing discrimination against ethnic groups, if ethnic-national origin is only signaled through names. Moreover, the question arises as to what we are measuring exactly, since names contain complex signals.
At times when migration and diversity are politically salient and controversially discussed, the rhetoric of staying ‘as we are’ is widespread. But how do ‘we’ actually change and how would ‘we’ know when it happens? Based on the premise that political communities are the products of narratives of peoplehood, this paper explores how such narratives evolve over time. It conceptualizes different modes of balancing narrative continuity and change. These modes – repetition, adaptation, and institutionalization – are illustrated with reference to evolving German narratives of peoplehood centring around (not) being a country of immigration. The paper argues that all modes lead to some degree of change in narratives of peoplehood. Against the backdrop of different understandings of the core of a narrative, it further discusses when such changes fundamentally affect who ‘we’ are. Overall, the paper invites scholars, policymakers, and citizens to think critically about the essential aspects of their political communities’ narratives and to be aware of the stories that ‘we’ are told and that ‘we’ tell ourselves.
W artykule przybliżono badania nad historią migracji w kontekście miast przedprzemysłowych. Zarysowano wybrane źródła i metody, zdatne do analizy tego zjawiska w realiach Rzeczypospolitej przedrozbiorowej. Omówiono również mechanizmy przepływów ludnościowych wiejsko-miejskich, ich związek z sieciami migracyjnymi, gospodarką i rynkiem pracy, jak również tłem społeczno-gospodarczym przemieszczeń ludnościowych.
In recent years, the question of how urban spaces support the arrival of immigrants has found increased attention among scholars. The emerging discussion uses terms like arrival cities, arrival neighbourhoods, arrival spaces, arrival contexts, or arrival infrastructures to refer to local conditions which support immigrant inclusion. This discussion, however, tends to focus empirically and conceptually on neighbourhoods or cities with long-standing migration histories. Connected to this, arrival spaces are often conceptualised as spaces with strong migrant support networks and economies, as well as with high levels of functional diversity and a high fluctuation of residents. Less focus is placed on the question of if and how destinations that lack these characteristics support the arrival of new immigrants. This contribution focuses on this by discussing existent conceptualisations of arrival spaces and contrasting them with empirical illustrations of peripheral estate neighbourhoods in east German cities that have experienced a substantial population loss since the 1990s, resulting in the partial demolition of housing and infrastructure. Since the refugee migration to Germany starting in 2015, the population dynamic in these neighbourhoods has changed substantially. We contrast these developments with the literature on arrival contexts in order to reflect the strengths and weaknesses of the concept, specifically regarding the conditions in new destinations where migrant networks and economies are still emerging, functional diversity is low, and the role of residential fluctuation is unclear. While this article draws on empirical material, its major objective is to point out the blind spots in the current discussion around arrival spaces. It develops questions and offers a research agenda that introduces a wider and more varied set of neighbourhoods into the evolving research agenda on arrival spaces.
The paper takes its starting point in the Danish city of Elsinore, a city that housed a thriving migrant community in the Early Modern period. The presence of a large community of resourceful and skillful migrants in the city, many of whom were refugees from the Dutch wars of independence, called for flexibility and diplomacy on behalf of migrants as well as Danes. The paper aims to shed light on how the migrants succeeded in living relatively freely and peacefully among the Danes in the city through careful negotiations of public and personal identities. These negotiations are visible through the careful balancing of public and private languages and prudent adjustment of the legal system that were undertaken to avoid social tension, as well as in settlement patterns in the town and the use of material culture. The many sources from Elsinore thus demonstrate the success of the migrants in a time of social and religious tension, where religious conformity was demanded in public, and personal beliefs thus had to be expressed in the privacy of the home.
How can we explain the demise of the new postwar moral framework of anti-racism and equality and the subsequent rise of integration pessimism in Western Europe in the 1980s, a pessimism that led to the widely accepted idea, from left to right, that “multiculturalism” has failed? And how does this square with the simultaneous establishment of an extraordinary free migration regime within Europe that enables EU citizens to move and pick up work in any other member state? Answers to these questions can be found in three very different, yet complimentary studies that help us to understand more deeply the current alarmist public view of migration and integration, as well as its historical roots: The Crisis of Multiculturalism by Rita Chin, based in Ann Arbor; The European Migration Regime by Emmanuel Comte, from Berkeley; and Steven Jensen's (Danish Institute for Human Rights) The Making of International Human Rights . The studies by Chin and Comte offer a representative gauge of the blossoming field of migration studies and, in particular, show how this specialist niche can enrich insights into much broader (political, cultural, economic, and social) postwar developments in Europe and beyond. Jensen's innovative and critical book on the postwar “humanitarian turn” is highly relevant for migration studies, as it places the establishment of the United Nations (UN) and a number of its institutions, such as UNHCR and UNESCO, in a new light. Although many more books have been published on these topics in recent years, these three complement each other and provide a useful building block for a new understanding of the emergence of the postwar European migration regime, its paradoxes and consequences. In this review, I will first sketch the wider context and then detail the three books and how they relate to each other.
This article puts contemporary debates about the relationship between immigration policy and the welfare state in historical perspective. Relying on new historical data, the article examines the relationship between immigration policy and social policy in Western Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when the modern welfare state emerged. Germany already had comparably strict immigration policies when the German Empire introduced the world’s first national social insurances in the 1880s. Denmark, another early social-policy adopter, also pursued restrictive immigration policies early on. Almost all other countries in Western Europe started out with more liberal immigration policies than Germany’s and Denmark’s, but then adopted more restrictive immigration policies and more generous social policies concurrently. There are two exceptions, Belgium and Italy, which are discussed in the article.
In recent years, healthcare for refugees of all age groups has represented a special challenge for public health services in Germany. Population-based medicine is a special competence of public health services and individual medical aspects receive only secondary attention. Refugee populations screened by the public health services of the Upper Bavarian District of Erding showed nearly the same prevalence of selected infectious diseases as native German population groups. Seen from the perspective of individual medicine, diseases of the skin were the most prevalent. Overall, it can be concluded that there are no increased health risks for the German population caused by refugees.
Identity has been regarded in relevant literature predominantly as a dynamic, fluid, multidimensional, and ongoing process. Currently, identity is viewed as a process of identification, as something achieved, and as a product of social relations. Scholars have acknowledged that members of minorities and diasporas can have very complex multiple identities, which are both dependent on social context and changeable over time. This article explores the national and ethnic identifications of Slovaks living in Serbia. The main objective of this paper is to examine how the members of the Slovak diaspora identify themselves, and what kind of national and ethnic awareness and pride they hold. As well, this paper explores their opinions and attitudes on language and cultural identity. This study used a web-based survey and basic statistics. The results of the explorative study indicate that members of the Slovak diaspora living in Serbia have multiple identities which coexist, do not conflict, and vary in their importance for respondents. Distinct national and ethnic identifications are perceived in different ways and have divergent emotional intensities. This study proposes further research on the importance of civic and ethnic values and on different perceptions of identity, citizenship, length of residency, and minority rights for collective identifications of minorities and/or diasporas.
Konkurencja w zakresie przyciągania pracowników wysoko wykwalifikowanych, mająca miejsce na arenie międzynarodowej, rodzi m.in. pytanie o atrakcyjność Rosji jako kraju docelowego dla imigracji zarobkowej i możliwości konkurowania tego kraju z innymi państwami i regionami, jak USA, UE czy Australia. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie roli Rosji jako państwa docelowego imigracji zarobkowej. Realizacja postawionego celu wymagała analizy literatury naukowej oraz danych statystycznych ze źródeł rosyjskich, jak i międzynarodowych. Głównym wnioskiem z przeprowadzonych badań jest stwierdzenie, że Rosja nie stanowi silnej konkurencji w zakresie napływu pracowników wysoko wykwalifikowanych. Jednocześnie, uznanie za korzystnych migracji osób o niskich kwalifikacjach, może zmienić percepcję znaczenia imigracji zarobkowej dla gospodarki Rosji.
In this article we plead for a less state-centered definition of migration that allows us to understand better the relationship between cross-cultural migrations and social change and social development in the long run. Therefore, we developed a method that enables us to systematically compare CCMRs (cross-cultural migrations per capita) through time and space. This CCMR method puts issues of state policies and citizenship in a much broader social context. We conclude that the presentist approach to migration in the social sciences is highly myopic, as it privileges migrations crossing state borders over internal moves, and favors migrants who have the intention to settle for good. In itself this is a legitimate choice, especially if the core explanandum is the way migrants’ long-term settlement process in another (modern) state evolves. In the more empirical parts of this article however we have concentrated on the effects of Eurasian societies since 1500 that have received migrants. Sending societies and individual migrants and nonmigrants in sending and receiving societies have been largely left out. Finally, and paradoxically, integration and assimilation in the long run leads to diminishing opportunities of social development by cross-cultural experiences, because one could argue that due to globalizing migrations cultures converge further and thus cultural boundaries (as is already the case in migration to cities within culturally homogenous nation-states in the twentieth century) become less salient or disappear entirely. Logically speaking, this is also an implication of the model, presently to be developed further.
Resumo: Inserido num trabalho lato e multidisciplinar, o presente estudo debruça-se sobre a presença dos migrantes portugueses na internet e mais especificamente na rede social Facebook. Por um lado, procuramos perceber até que ponto as comunidades da diáspora estão conectadas em rede com os seus territórios de origem e, por outro lado, tentamos refletir acerca da importância das redes sociais – para os empreendedores migrantes –, enquanto ferramenta potenciadora dos seus negócios. Finalmente, mas não menos relevante, enquadramos todos estes processos numa dimensão histórico-cronológica, sem deixar de tentar compreender os paralelismos com as inquietantes vagas migratórias da atualidade. Palavras-chave: emigração; empreendedorismo; Facebook; Portugal; Europa.
Abstract: Inserted into a broad and multidisciplinary study, this study focuses on the presence of Portuguese migrants on the internet and more specifically in the social network Facebook. On one hand, we seek to realize the extent to which diaspora communities are networked with their countries of origin and, on the other hand, we try to reflect on the importance of social networks – for migrant entrepreneurs – while potentiating tool of their business. Finally, but no less relevant, we fit all these processes processes in a historical and chronological dimensions, while trying to understand the parallels with today's disturbing migratory waves.
Background
In patients with life-limiting conditions and a history of migration, a higher risk of not dying at home and limited access to palliative care services has been reported.
Aim
To explore the views and end-of-life preferences of patients with a migration history in Germany and to identify migration specific themes.
Design
Two-armed study using Kaufmann’s ‘understanding interview’ (‘focused interview’) method and grounded theory approach. Thematic content analysis was applied using MaxQDA 12 software.
Setting/Participants
Migrant and non-migrant adult patients with far advanced, life-limiting disease receiving palliative care in different specialist level settings (specialist home palliative care, palliative care inpatient unit, inpatient hospice).
Results
The 37 interviewees (19 native Germans and 18 patients from Europe and the U.S., Israel, Turkey, and Indonesia) expressed eleven themes covering health care- and patient-related issues, of which four emerged to be specific for migrants: worse survival in home country; the perception of an altered identity and ‘not belonging’; language skills as prerequisite to survive; and longing for ‘home’ while being attached to Germany. From these categories, three overarching themes were derived: (1) a limited understanding of the concept of ‘palliative care’; (2) the suppression of end of life discussions for its association with suffering and loss of autonomy; and (3) the significance of complex individual migration histories.
Conclusions
Based on these findings, the concept of a ‘double home’ experience is proposed. Barriers to access to palliative care should be minimized for all patients while cultural stereotyping has to be avoided.
Since the Treaty of Rome in 1957 proclaimed “an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe,” the European Union has been deepened and enlarged. The EU now covers 27 states – almost all of Western and Central Europe. Borders between member countries are open under the Schengen system, including nonmembers Norway, Iceland, and Switzerland. Britain, Ireland, and Cyprus stay outside; Romania and Bulgaria are poised to join.
The term Middle Ages designates the period of European history between antiquity and modern times. It covers approximately the time span from 500 ce up to 1500 ce. This periodization is also applied to other regions of the world. Apart from travel, expansion of empires, and long-distance trade, mass migrations constitute the most significant factor of global entanglement (cf. Bentley 1996). In historiography, they attracted interest mainly with regard to the early history of the European peoples. Today, however, scholarly attention has shifted to the impact of migrations on the long-term transformation of cultures.
Keywords:
archaeology;
diaspora;
empire;
farming;
food;
community;
cultural diversity
The view of preindustrial Sweden as a geographically static society is distorted; migration was a part of everyday life and the most common demographic feature. Early 19th-century Swedes changed residence 10 times on average during their lifetime, which is only twice less than the present day. Distances moved were shorter, however. People moved between their closest rural parishes and sometimes to nearby towns. On the parish level, in- and outmigration equaled each other and did not cause major population redistributions. Numerous small and isolated local “labour markets” constituted migration's framework. People moved to earn their living within these borders (Tedebrand 1999; Dribe & Stanfors 2005).
Germany, like all of Europe's nation-states, emerged from multiple in- and outmigrations. Over the centuries, borders expanded or contracted and all borderlands are characterized by ethnoculturally mixed settlements. This may involve a multilingualism, rudimentary or fully developed – in the past, even of illiterate people. “Germany and Central Europe” thus refers to a central European German-language region and its borderlands. The original western part (roughly modern West Germany) was a segment of the so-called Holy Roman Empire. In the early modern period, the region's many ruling houses divided the territory into larger, smaller, and miniscule segments, many without political significance but sending and attracting migrants. A partial unification process, initiated on the orders of Napoleon in 1803/1806, continued through the 19th century, but ended, given the Hohenzollern–Habsburg competition, in a dualism of Germany and Austria as (or in) two different empires. The German-language part of Switzerland had had de facto independence since the 16th century. Since information on potential migration destinations is communicated through language, the region has to be treated as a whole, though dialects were not necessarily mutually intelligible. From 1871, the establishment of the Hohenzollern-ruled German Reich, data collection and patterns became distinct for each of the three states.
Keywords:
cultural diversity;
transnationalism;
citizenship;
capitalism
Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten im Geburtenverhalten von Aussiedlerinnen und türkischstämmigen Migrantinnen. Die Analysen, die auf Basis des Mikrozensus erstellt wurden, zeigen, dass das Fertilitätsprofil von Aussiedlerinnen kaum durch die Migration beeinflusst wird. Hingegen bekommen türkischstämmige Migrantinnen häufig unmittelbar nach Zuzug ihr erstes Kind. Der starke Zusammenhang von Migrations- und Fertilitätsentscheidung erklärt sich vor allem durch die Regelungen, die seit dem Anwerbestopp im Jahr 1973 den Zuzug von Migranten aus „Drittstaaten“ bestimmen. Seitdem ist ein Zuzug für türkischstämmige Personen in die Bundesrepublik Deutschland vor allem im Rahmen der Familienzusammenführung möglich. Das generative Verhalten der unterschiedlichen Migrationsgruppen steht damit im engen Zusammenhang mit den migrationspolitischen Bedingungen der Wanderung. Dieser Befund wirft weitergehende sozialpolitische Fragen zur Arbeitsmarktintegration von Migrantinnen und zur Abstimmung von Migrations- und Familienpolitik auf.
This essay surveys the wave of new literature on early modern migration and assesses its impact on the Dutch golden age. From the late sixteenth century, the Netherlands developed into an international hub of religious refugees, displaced minorities, and labour migrants. While migration to the Dutch Republic has often been studied in socio-economic terms, recent historiography has turned the focus of attention to its many cultural resonances. More specifically, it has been noted that the arrival of thousands of newcomers generated the construction of new patriotic narratives and cultural codes in Dutch society. The experience of civil war and forced migration during the Dutch revolt had already fostered the development of a national discourse that framed religious exile as a heroic experience. In the seventeenth century, the accommodation of persecuted minorities could therefore be presented as something typically ‘Dutch’. It followed that diaspora identities and signs of transnational religious solidarity developed into markers of social respectability and tools of cultural integration. The notion of a ‘republic of the refugees’ had profound international implications, too, because it shaped and justified Dutch interventions abroad.
Migrantin/Migrant – unter diesem Begriff werden im heutigen Sprachgebrauch zumeist Menschen verstanden, die aus politischen oder wirtschaftlichen Motiven ihr Heimatland verlassen und in die Industrienationen des Westens einwandern. Dass auch deutsche Lehrerinnen als Migrantinnen bezeichnet werden können, diese Assoziation stellt sich nicht automatisch ein.
L’article examine les moyens de contrôle employés par des états dans le monde atlantique du XIXe siècle pour assurer l’entrée des futurs citoyens les plus désirables (des personnes productifs et fiables au sens politique) et le départ des personnes considérés indésirables (comme les pauvres ou les criminels du droit commun). Il commence par l’analyse d’une situation qui semble paradoxal: malgré une grande peur des migrations qui peuvent avancer la «dégénérescence» des sociétés, le mouvement à travers l’atlantique n’est guère restreint par les états concernés. Il semble que cette contradiction apparente entre discours et pratiques découle des définitions variables d’utilité, surtout d’utilité politique, qui restent en place jusqu’à la fin du XIXe siècle et qui permettent les gouvernements d’avoir foi dans l’opération des lois économiques qui vont attirer des migrants productifs et éloigner ceux sans succès plus ou moins automatiquement.
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