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Society and the adolescent self-image
... Egocentrism is the tendency to confuse subjective perceptions with objective reality and to disqualify all perspectives other than one's own (Galanaki, 2012;Kelley & Jacoby, 1996;Kesselring & Müller, 2011). In the same vein, self-esteem refers to the overall evaluation or appraisal of one's own worth: people with higher self-esteem have a better image of their own beliefs and positions than others (Rosenberg, 1965;Tafarodi & Milne, 2002;Zeigler-Hill, 2013). This study hypothesizes that egocentrism and self-esteem induce biased processing of policy information. ...
... Some people believe that they are successful, while others do not. Self-esteem refers to one's overall evaluation or appraisal of one's worth: to have high self-esteem is to feel adequate and satisfied with oneself (Rosenberg, 1965). Self-esteem is a dimension of self-image, a set of mental constructs that describe how people see themselves. ...
... 25 Self-esteem-Self-esteem refers to the overall evaluation or appraisal of one's own worth (Rosenberg, 1965). Self-esteem can be decomposed into self-acceptance (five items related to the extent to which one is satisfied with oneself) and self-assessment (five items related to the evaluation of the objective qualities of the self) (Tafarodi & Milne, 2002). ...
Policy learning is a key mechanism of policy change through which policy actors revise their beliefs and preferences over time as a result of social interactions and new information. The individual psychology of policy actors is crucial to understanding how institutional settings and social practices influence policy learning. This article looks at the effects of self-esteem—i.e., how policy actors value themselves—and egocentrism—i.e., their tendency to confuse their subjective perceptions with objective reality and to disqualify the perceptions of others.Based on regression analyses of a 2012 survey of 255 Belgian policy actors who had been involved in the European liberalization process of the rail and electricity sectors, the findings suggest that policy actors who score higher on self-esteem or egocentrism feel that they “know better”: they align their policy preferences to new policy information less than policy actors who score lower. Only egocentrism directly leads to a negative adjustment of policy actors’ preferences towards liberalization policies over time. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. They shed light on policy actors’ modes of reasoning and are thus an important step in the research agenda on “learning governance”.
... Puisque comme le rappelle Moreau (2010), « la peine privative de liberté se définit comme une privation du droit « d'aller et venir », mais en aucun cas comme une privation du droit à la santé ». Cette prise en charge demeure néanmoins difficile à assurer et adapter pleinement, en raison notamment de l'insuffisance des moyens en termes de personnels médicaux au regard de l'importance de la demande, la complexité des besoins des détenus en termes de santé, du rôle des conditions de détention dans l'aggravation de certaines pathologies et dans le risque suicidaire, ou encore du manque de connaissances relatives à la santé mentale des détenus Hunt et al., 1985 ; échelle analogique de santé mentale), d'estime de soi (échelle de Rosenberg ;Rosenberg, 1965) et d'investissement corporel (Body Investment Scale ; Orbach & Mikulincer, 1998 Comparativement, cette population représente en moyenne 94,6 % de la population carcérale détenue totale à l'échelle européenne . Il est aujourd'hui communément reconnu que cette surreprésentation des hommes dans la population carcérale internationale peut s'expliquer par la combinaison de facteurs criminologiques, culturels et psychosociaux parmi lesquels : (1) le type et la nature des infractions commises, les hommes ayant plus souvent tendance à être impliqués dans des catégories d'infractions susceptibles d'entrainer une peine d'emprisonnement, tels que les crimes et délits violents (i.e., violences physiques, infractions à caractère sexuel, vol avec violence, ou encore destructions et dégradations de biens) et les infractions à la législation sur les stupéfiants Campbell, 2012 ;Insee, 2021a ;Walsh, 2020) ; (2) des différences de traitement entre hommes et femmes en matière de délinquance, la proportion de femmes poursuivies devant une juridiction de jugement étant inférieure à celle des hommes (35 % contre 53 % ; Büsch & Timbart, 2017) ; (3) un biais de genre dans le système judiciaire, des chercheurs suggérant que les hommes peuvent être plus sévèrement traités, ou condamnés à des peines de prison plus longues que les femmes pour des crimes similaires (Aebi & Hashimoto 2023 ;Bontrager et al., 2013 ;Büsch & Timbart, 2017 ;Nowacki, 2020). ...
... Puisque comme le rappelle Moreau (2010), « la peine privative de liberté se définit comme une privation du droit « d'aller et venir », mais en aucun cas comme une privation du droit à la santé ». Cette prise en charge demeure néanmoins difficile à assurer et adapter pleinement, en raison notamment de l'insuffisance des moyens en termes de personnels médicaux au regard de l'importance de la demande, la complexité des besoins des détenus en termes de santé, du rôle des conditions de détention dans l'aggravation de certaines pathologies et dans le risque suicidaire, ou encore du manque de connaissances relatives à la santé mentale des détenus Hunt et al., 1985 ; échelle analogique de santé mentale), d'estime de soi (échelle de Rosenberg ;Rosenberg, 1965) et d'investissement corporel (Body Investment Scale ; Orbach & Mikulincer, 1998 Comparativement, cette population représente en moyenne 94,6 % de la population carcérale détenue totale à l'échelle européenne . Il est aujourd'hui communément reconnu que cette surreprésentation des hommes dans la population carcérale internationale peut s'expliquer par la combinaison de facteurs criminologiques, culturels et psychosociaux parmi lesquels : (1) le type et la nature des infractions commises, les hommes ayant plus souvent tendance à être impliqués dans des catégories d'infractions susceptibles d'entrainer une peine d'emprisonnement, tels que les crimes et délits violents (i.e., violences physiques, infractions à caractère sexuel, vol avec violence, ou encore destructions et dégradations de biens) et les infractions à la législation sur les stupéfiants Campbell, 2012 ;Insee, 2021a ;Walsh, 2020) ; (2) des différences de traitement entre hommes et femmes en matière de délinquance, la proportion de femmes poursuivies devant une juridiction de jugement étant inférieure à celle des hommes (35 % contre 53 % ; Büsch & Timbart, 2017) ; (3) un biais de genre dans le système judiciaire, des chercheurs suggérant que les hommes peuvent être plus sévèrement traités, ou condamnés à des peines de prison plus longues que les femmes pour des crimes similaires (Aebi & Hashimoto 2023 ;Bontrager et al., 2013 ;Büsch & Timbart, 2017 ;Nowacki, 2020). ...
... La Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965 ; traduit en français par Vallières & Vallerand, 1990) est une échelle unidimensionnelle de 10 items mesurant l'estime de soi globale par le biais de sentiments positifs et négatifs à l'égard du soi. Chaque item est évalué sur une échelle allant de (1) pas du tout d'accord à (4) tout à fait d'accord (e.g., « Je pense que j'ai un certain nombre de bonnes qualités »). ...
Prisons are responsible not only for punishing offenders sentenced to deprivation of liberty, but also for ensuring their safety and respect for fundamental rights, while promoting their social reintegration and combating recidivism. Prisons are also responsible for the medical and psychological care of prisoners who require specialized assistance. This is a mission that the institution is currently having difficulty fulfilling. A number of national and international studies have shown that the mental health of prisoners is much worse than that of the general population. However, few studies have focused on the cognitive and emotional specificities of prisoners. The scientific literature in health psychology and cognitive psychopathology shows the essential role played by these cognitive and emotional processes in the emergence and maintenance of psychopathological states. This doctoral project had two main objectives: 1) To assess how prisoners perceive their health status and how they rate certain dimensions of psychological well-being, according to their age and recidivism status. An initial study was carried out with young and elderly adult prisoners, who completed scales of perceived health (NHP, Mental Health Analog Scale), self-esteem (Rosenberg scale) and body investment (BIS). 2) To assess the role of transdiagnostic cognitive-emotional processes involved in the emergence and maintenance of psychopathological states in detention. A second study examined the links between dimensions of the impulsivity construct and the production of cognitive distortions. Participants, young adults in detention and a comparison group from the general population, completed an impulsivity scale (UPPS) and a cognitive distortions assessment scale (EDC-A).A third study examined the type and nature of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in relation to anxiety and depressive symptomatology. Participants, young adults in prison and a comparison group from the general population, completed questionnaires and scales on cognitive emotion regulation (CERQ) and anxiety and depressive symptomatology (HADS).The results show that prisoners of all ages perceive their state of health to be worse than that of individuals of the same age from the general population. In addition, there are age-related specificities. Indeed, health problems perceived by young inmates are mainly associated with body-related concerns, whereas they are more closely linked to psychological and mental concerns among older inmates. Furthermore, individuals in a situation of recidivism are characterized by a greater perception of emotional difficulties and better perceived mental health. Secondly, the results indicate that inmates display significantly more cognitive distortions, particularly negative ones. Impulsivity was also found to be positively correlated with positive and negative distortions. Nevertheless, a significant moderating effect of the length of detention on these relationships highlights their attenuation with time spent in prison. At the same time, in order to regulate their negative emotions, it appears that prisoners make greater use of dramatization and positive centration than individuals from the general population. Finally, the results highlight specific and distinct cognitive regulation profiles according to the type and intensity of anxiety and depressive symptomatology, in the prison population and in the general population.
... Self-esteem, encompassing self-worth and self-confidence, refers to one's positive or negative attitude towards oneself and is one of the most critical traits in estimate self-concept. 1 It is a pivotal trait for assessing self-concept, and serves as a crucial indicator of mental health and subjective well-being. 2 From the perspective of positive psychology, which is considered a vital protective and promotive factor for mental health, individuals with higher self-esteem tend to report greater self-acceptance and satisfaction. Conversely, various theories have identified low self-esteem as a contributing factor to depressive disorders. ...
... In particular, RSES has gained widespread usage owing to its efficiency and ease of administration. 1,4 Initially designed to gauge the global self-esteem of adolescents, 1 the RSES has demonstrated acceptable reliability and validity across diverse age groups and countries, suggesting its utility in assessing self-esteem across a wide spectrum of individuals. 5 Early research by Rosenberg considered the RSES to be unidimensional 1 (see Figure 1, RSES-GSE Model). ...
... The RSES is a 10-item self-report scale that measures self-esteem level. 1 Each item is scored on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (totally disagree) to 4 (totally agree). Notably, the original RSES contains five positive wording items and five negative wording items, of which Item 8 was scored in reverse. ...
Purpose
To systematically investigate the factorial and criterion validity of the Chinese version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) among undergraduate students.
Methods
Altogether 1415 undergraduates completed the RSES, the Short Form of Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire, the Perceived Stress Scale and the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to examine the factorial structure, gender invariance, and latent mean invariance of RSES. An independent t-test was employed to compare differences in MASQ-SF scores between the high- and low-level self-esteem groups, and a path analysis was performed to confirm the vulnerability model.
Results
Results of Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed that the correlated trait-correlated method model, which includes both global self-esteem and two positive and negative factors, fits the data best (optimum model). The results of the Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analyses demonstrated that this factor structure achieved measurement invariance and latent mean equivalence across genders among university students. Independent sample t-tests revealed that undergraduates with higher self-esteem exhibited lower levels of anxiety and depression than those with lower self-esteem did. Path analysis showed that high self-esteem mitigated depressive symptoms induced by stress, thereby enhancing life satisfaction.
Conclusion
The Chinese version of the RSES exhibits robust factorial and excellent criterion validity, making it a suitable tool for assessing self-esteem among undergraduate students to promote mental and physical well-being.
... Self-esteem is generally defined as how the individuals feel about themselves (Rosenberg, 1965), and it is an important psychological variable because it affects many parts of one's life (Kernis, 2003). Positive self-esteem is not only seen as a basic feature of health and wellness, but also as a protective factor that contributes to better health and positive social behaviour through its role as a buffer against the impact of negative influences. ...
... It has been demonstrated (Bayraktar, Sayil and Kumru, 2009) that individuals with low self-esteem show higher externalising problems such as delinquency, antisocial problems and aggression. Rosenberg (1965) reported that individuals with low self-esteem have weak relations with society, and this gives rise to more delinquency and aggression. Individuals with low self-esteem are generally unhappy and dissatisfied with themselves (Kernis, 2003) and this could result in an identity crisis. ...
... Importantly, self-esteem does not necessarily reflect a person's objective talents and abilities, or even how a person is evaluated by others. Moreover, self-esteem is commonly conceptualised as the "feeling that one is 'good enough,'" and consequently, individuals with high self-esteem do not necessarily believe they are superior to others (Rosenberg, 1965). Thus, self-esteem involves feelings of self-acceptance and self-respect, in contrast to the excessive self-regard and self-aggrandisement that characterises narcissistic individuals (Ackerman, Witt, Donnellan, Trzesniewski, Robins and Kashy, 2011). ...
This study delves into the intricate dynamics of identity crisis among adolescents in Oyo Town, Nigeria. By examining the interplay between personal, social, and environmental factors, this research aims to provide a deeper understanding of what contributes to this challenging phase of life. From family influences and peer relationships to cultural expectations and psychological characteristics, this study sheds light on the complex array of factors that can lead to identity crisis in adolescents.
By identifying these factors, this research hopes to inform strategies for supporting adolescents as they navigate this critical stage of development.
... La Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg (EAR;Rosenberg, 1965) permite la valoración de la autoestima de los/as participantes. Es una escala unidimensional compuesta por 10 ítems (por ejemplo, "En general estoy satisfecho/a conmigo mismo/a"), con formato de respuesta tipo Likert de 4 puntos (1 = totalmente en desacuerdo y 4 = totalmente de acuerdo). ...
... ANEXO IV: AUTOESTIMA Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg (RSE;Rosenberg, 1965) Por favor, señala en qué medida las siguientes afirmaciones definen tu forma de pensar sobre ti mismo. Rodea con un círculo el número correspondiente a la opción elegida: Nota. ...
Introducción: la adolescencia, lejos de ser un periodo que tradicionalmente se ha asociado a “tormenta y estrés”, puede contemplarse desde una perspectiva más optimista. El estudio de las fortalezas humanas brinda un contexto potencialmente útil para conocer los aspectos y cualidades positivas de la población joven y sugiere un enfoque de intervención enfocado en las capacidades, más que en el déficit y la discapacidad. En este contexto, el objetivo general del presente estudio fue analizar las fortalezas psicológicas en una muestra de adolescentes riojanos/as en contextos educativos.
Método: se realizó un muestreo aleatorio estratificado por conglomerados a nivel de aula en los centros educativos de la comunidad autónoma de La Rioja. Participaron un total de 2235 estudiantes. La media de edad fue de 14,49 años (DT = 1,76 años; rango de 12 a 18 años). Se utilizaron diferentes indicadores psicométricos para valorar el bienestar emocional, la calidad de vida subjetiva, la conducta prosocial, el afecto positivo, la autoestima, el sentido de pertenencia al centro educativo y el apoyo social percibido.
Resultados: un porcentaje elevado de adolescentes riojanos/as refirieron niveles altos de bienestar emocional y calidad de vida subjetivos. Aproximadamente, entre el 84-90% de los/as jóvenes riojanos/as se mostró alegre, con ánimo positivo o feliz en la última semana. En torno al 90% del estudiantado sintió que formaba parte del centro educativo o que el profesorado le respetaba. También se encontró un elevado apoyo social percibido. Las fortalezas psicológicas se asociaron de forma positiva con el rendimiento académico y negativamente con los problemas emocionales y comportamentales.
Conclusiones: este estudio arroja nuevos hallazgos sobre las fortalezas y capacidades psicológicas de la población adolescente riojana, considerados desde un acercamiento basado en la inclusión y la atención a la diversidad. Se discuten las repercusiones que el desarrollo y la potenciación de las fortalezas psicológicas pueden tener en la optimización de programas educativos, así como en la promoción del bienestar psicológico y en la prevención de problemas psicológicos.
... To measure responsible news sharing, the researcher elicited survey responses on two news-sharing parameters: the sharing of news for creating awareness and the sharing of unverified news. For self-esteem, the study used the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale [59][60][61]. The researcher worked from the hypothesis that an individuals' level of responsibility in sharing unverified news, as well as their level of self-esteem may affect their compliance with face mask policies. ...
... Self-Esteem. Self-esteem was measured using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale [59][60][61]. The scale includes ten items, such as "I take a positive attitude toward myself", and "I am able to do things as well as most other people". ...
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended the use of well-fitting face masks or respirators as a strategy to reduce respiratory transmission; however, acceptance and utilization of face masks quickly became a contentious, politically charged matter. Given the effectiveness of masking against respiratory viruses, it is critical to understand the various normative factors and personal values associated with mask wearing. To this end, this study reports the findings of an online, cross-sectional survey (n = 1231) of college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings show that ideological consistency, sharing news to create awareness, and sharing unverified news significantly predict masking behaviors, though ideological consistency most substantially explained variance in self-reported masking behaviors. Participants with more liberal political ideologies reported greater adherence to masking policies while those with more conservative ideologies reported less mask-wearing behavior. A better understanding of the predictors of masking behaviors, particularly how political ideologies continue to shape public health responses, is essential for designing more effective communication strategies to control disease spread and help inform strategies for future outbreaks. Study implications and limitations are discussed.
... Self-esteem is one of the core self-concepts. It refers to attitudes and evaluations towards one's ability and worth (Rosenberg, 1989). Family is a pivotal place where children develop self-related concepts (Harter, 2012). ...
... Self-esteem was measured by the Chinese version of the 10-item Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RESE) (Rosenberg, 1989). The scale has shown good reliability for Chinese adolescents (Yan et al., 2021). ...
Family functioning is used to evaluate the functioning of a family system, which exerts a huge influence on non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). However, little is known about how family functioning relates to NSSI among adolescents, and existing research mainly depends on cross-sectional design, which cannot capture dynamic changes between variables. Additionally, NSSI urge has been established as a robust predictor of NSSI engagement and is clinically important. Guided by the integrated model of NSSI, the current study investigated two potential mediators (emotion regulation and self-esteem) of the relations between family functioning and NSSI urges to address these gaps. Participants were 1298 Chinese adolescents (50.5% male; Mage at Wave 2 = 15.08 years) from a three-wave longitudinal study with data spanning ten months. The results supported the chain multiple mediation model. Specifically, valid family functioning prevented NSSI urges through three indirect paths: (a) higher level of self-esteem; (b) more cognitive reappraisal to higher self-esteem; (c) less expressive suppression to higher self-esteem. The prediction of family functioning on cognitive reappraisal was weaker among girls, while the prediction of self-esteem on NSSI urges was stronger. These findings indicate that high family functioning is a powerful protective factor of NSSI urges, and NSSI interventions should aim to improve adolescents’ family functioning, with attention to reinforcing emotion regulation and self-esteem, especially for girls.
... According to Rosenberg (1965), self-esteem is understood as a feeling toward or assessment of oneself, which can be positive or negative, and it is built through an evaluation of one's own characteristics (Orth & Robins, 2019). Research has shown that high or positive self-esteem has numerous benefits such as active lifestyles, good general (Calmeiro & Matos, 2016), and mental health (Nguyen et al., 2019) during preadolescence and adolescence. ...
... Self-esteem was measured with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES; Rosenberg, 1965). It is a widely used instrument that includes ten items focused on different aspects of self-esteem. ...
Research has shown that high self-esteem has numerous personal and social benefits, especially in adolescents. However, it is necessary to examine whether involvement, as aggressors or victims, in online and offline aggressive behaviours or the presence or absence of empathy, affective and cognitive, can influence adolescents’ self-esteem. The present study analysed whether bullying, cyberbullying, and empathy were longitudinally related to self-esteem. It was hypothesized that low bullying and cyberbullying involvement and high affective and cognitive empathy would be related to high self-esteem. The sample consisted of 876 students (48.7% girls) aged 12-19 years (M = 14.91, SD = 1.71) through a longitudinal study with two waves of survey data collection. Low bullying victimization and high cognitive empathy were found to be related to high self-esteem cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Likewise, lower affective empathy, low cyberbullying victimization, and low bullying aggression were longitudinally related to higher self-esteem. It is suggested that decreased bullying and cyberbullying and increased cognitive empathy could have numerous benefits for self-esteem improvement in prevention and mental health intervention programs with adolescents who are in the educational stage.
... Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) (Watson, Clark & Tellegen, 1988) was used to measure subjective well-being. Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965; Rizwan, Aftab, Shah, and Dharwarwala, 2012) was used to measure self-esteem and family relationship was measured by using Family System Apgar scale (Smilkstein, 1978). The sample consisted of university students (N=88) of the age range (18-27). ...
... All participants were given Phase I measures i.e., Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) (Watson et al., 1988;Wedderhoff et al., 2021) to measure subjective well-being Rosenberg Self-esteem scale (Rosenberg, 1965;García et al., 2019) to measure self-esteem and Family APGAR scale (Smilkstein, 1978;Campo-Arias & Caballero-Domínguez, 2021) to measure family relations. Demographic sheet, information sheet, and consent form were given along with these measures. ...
Aim of the Study: The aim of the present study was to explore the impact of gratitude and kindness-based interventions on self-esteem, subjective well-being and family relations among university students. Methodology: It was a within and between-group experimental study. Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) (Watson, Clark & Tellegen, 1988) was used to measure subjective well-being. Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965; Rizwan, Aftab, Shah, and Dharwarwala, 2012) was used to measure self-esteem and family relationship was measured by using Family System Apgar scale (Smilkstein, 1978). The sample consisted of university students (N=88) of the age range (18-27). Participants were divided into three groups i.e., experimental group I - gratitude group (n=27), experimental group II- kindness group (n=33) and control group (n=28). This study was carried out in three phases. Findings: Findings revealed that for experimental group II family relation improved and negative affect decreased after conducting kindness-based meditation, while no change was observed in the control group. Conclusion: This study explored how positive psychology-based interventions work in collectivistic culture. Moreover, this research has implications for therapists and psychologists working with young people.
... Thus, could reduce depressive symptoms associated with occupational stress, compare to an officer that lacks understanding, or that perceived self as unskillful in crime fighting. According to Rosenberg (1965), self-esteem is an overall evaluation of a persons' thought about self and it involves an individual cultivating the idea of respect for self, and considering himself worthy. Thus, one's self-esteem is associated with the individual's attitude towards him or herself. ...
... Three instruments were adapted in this study for data collection; which include: 20 items operational police stress questionnaire, developed by McCreary and Thompson (2013), 21 items Beck Depression inventory, developed by Beck et al. (1996), and 10 items Self-esteem questionnaires, developed by Rosenberg (1965). All the instruments used in the study were valid and reliable. ...
This study examined the moderating role of self-esteem on the relationship between occupational stress and depressive symptoms among police officers. A total number of one hundred and seventy three (173) police officers participated in this study. Their ages ranged from 28 to 59 years with mean age of 40.77 and standard deviation of 7.44. Their academic qualification includes secondary school and university graduates. Operational police stress questionnaire, Beck depression inventory and self-esteem questionnaire were used for data collection. While moderated regression analysis was adapted for data analysis. Occupational stress predicted depressive symptoms at β = .46, t= 7.09, p < .01. Thus, first hypothesis was confirmed. Self-esteem significantly and negatively predicted depressive symptoms at β =-.43, t=-4.57, p < .01, hence, the second hypothesis was confirmed. Furthermore, the third hypothesis was confirmed; indicating that self-esteem moderated the relationship between occupational stress and depressive symptoms at β =-.33, t=-3.68, p < .01. Based on the findings, the researcher recommended among others that there is need for a periodical evaluation of police officers in respect to occupational stress, depressive symptoms, as well as their level of self-esteem; so as to be proactive in preventing further development of clinical psychopathology.
... Self-esteem generally refers to a person's overall evaluation and attitude toward themself (Rosenberg, 1965). Experiencing IPV was found to have detrimental effects on an individual's self-esteem; IPV survivors often have lower levels of self-esteem than non-abused individuals (Childress, 2013;Karakurt et al., 2014;Tariq, 2013). ...
... The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES; Rosenberg, 1965) is a 10-item self-report measure of overall feelings of self-worth or self-acceptance (e.g., "I am satisfied with myself"). All items were coded using a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). ...
Intimate partner violence (IPV) has consistently been shown to have deleterious effects on survivors' interpersonal and intrapersonal relationships. Despite the negative outcomes of IPV, distress after IPV varies widely, and not all IPV survivors show a significant degree of distress. The present study examined the impact of IPV on adult attachment and self-esteem, as well as the moderating role of childhood attachment on the relationships between IPV, adult attachment, and self-esteem using path analysis. A total of 1,708 adult participants were included in this study. As hypothesized, we found that IPV survivors had significantly higher levels of anxious and avoidant adult attachment than participants without a history of IPV. Additionally, childhood attachment buffered the relationship between IPV and self-esteem. We did not find that childhood attachment moderated the relationship between IPV and adult attachment. These results provide insight on attachment-based interventions that can mitigate the negative effects of IPV on people's perceptions of self.
... According to Rosenberg (1965), self-esteem is understood as a feeling toward or assessment of oneself, which can be positive or negative, and it is built through an evaluation of one's own characteristics (Orth & Robins, 2019). Research has shown that high or positive self-esteem has numerous benefits such as active lifestyles, good general (Calmeiro & Matos, 2016), and mental health (Nguyen et al., 2019) during preadolescence and adolescence. ...
... Self-esteem was measured with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES; Rosenberg, 1965). It is a widely used instrument that includes ten items focused on different aspects of self-esteem. ...
Research has shown that high self-esteem has numerous personal and social benefits, especially in adolescents. However, it is necessary to examine whether involvement, as aggressors or victims, in online and offline aggressive behaviours or the presence or absence of empathy, affective and cognitive, can influence adolescents’ self-esteem. The present study analysed whether bullying, cyberbullying, and empathy were longitudinally related to self-esteem. It was hypothesized that low bullying and cyberbullying involvement and high affective and cognitive empathy would be related to high self-esteem. The sample consisted of 876 students (48.7% girls) aged 12-19 years (M= 14.91, SD= 1.71) through a longitudinal study with two waves of survey data collection. Low bullying victimization and high cognitive empathy were found to be related to high self-esteem cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Likewise, lower affective empathy, low cyberbullying victimization, and low bullying aggression were longitudinally related to higher self-esteem. It is suggested that decreased bullying and cyberbullying and increased cognitive empathy could have numerous benefits for self-esteem improvement in prevention and mental health intervention programs with adolescents who are in the educational stage.
... Self-esteem is regarded as a stable personality characteristic and refers to a person's global evaluation of one's own worth (Rosenberg, 1965). Existing research has reported strong correlations between self-esteem and SI (Bhar et al., 2008;Wild et al., 2004). ...
... Self-Esteem was measured with the Dutch version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale (RSES; Rosenberg, 1965). The RSES is designed to measure global self-worth and consists of 10-items (e.g. ...
Introduction
Identifying factors that contribute to the development of suicidal ideation (SI) is crucial for prevention and treatment. Perfectionistic Concerns (PC) represent the experience of external pressure to be perfect and have been consistently linked to SI, but it is unclear how PC and SI are associated in depressed adults. This study examined the association between PC and SI and whether self-esteem, loneliness and rumination (brooding, reflection and depression-related rumination) moderated this association in a clinical sample.
Methods
This cross-sectional study used a psychiatric outpatient sample of depressed adults, selected for the presence of SI. In total 110 adults (mean age 33.54 (SD = 12.03) and 60% female) participated in this study. Associations were estimated by regression analyses.
Results
PC was not associated with SI in the sample (r = .16, p = .087). However, high levels of PC in combination with low self-esteem (β = -.29, p = .007) or with high levels of depression-related rumination (β = .22, p = .017) were positively associated with SI. Loneliness, brooding and reflection did not moderate the PC-SI relationship.
Discussion
These findings underline the importance of taking into account the individual characteristics in depressed, perfectionistic individuals when estimating SI severity and selecting the focus of intervention. Due to the cross-sectional design no causal inferences can be made.
... Dalam konteks ini, kepercayaan diri menjadi salah satu aspek psikologis yang sering terpengaruh oleh pengalaman di media sosial. Kepercayaan diri didefinisikan sebagai keyakinan individu terhadap kemampuan, nilai, dan kepribadiannya untuk berfungsi secara efektif dalam kehidupan sehari-hari (Rosenberg, 1965). ...
... Penelitian kami bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara intensitas penggunaan Instagram dengan tingkat kepercayaan diri pengguna. Melalui pendekatan kuantitatif, penelitian ini menggunakan berbagai alat ukur, seperti Instagram Intensity Scale Questionnaire (IISQ) (Ellison et al., 2007), Passive and Active Use Measure (PAUM), dan Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (Rosenberg, 1965). Hasil analisis diharapkan dapat memperjelas pengaruh Instagram terhadap pengaruh psikologis pengguna, khususnya Generasi Milenial dan Gen Z. ...
ABSTRAK Sejak kemunculannya pada tahun 2010, Instagram telah menjadi platform media sosial berbasis gambar yang sangat populer, memberikan dampak signifikan pada berbagai aspek kehidupan pengguna, khususnya pada generasi Milenial dan Gen Z. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara intensitas penggunaan Instagram, pola aktivitasnya, dan tingkat kepercayaan diri (self-esteem). Dengan menggunakan metode survei kuantitatif, pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui kuesioner daring menggunakan Instagram Intensity Scale Questionnaire (IISQ), Passive and Active Use Measure (PAUM), dan Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Data dianalisis menggunakan uji Chi-Square dan korelasi Pearson untuk memahami hubungan antara variabel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa interaksi aktif, seperti memposting, berkomentar, atau menandai pengguna lain, memiliki hubungan positif yang signifikan terhadap tingkat kepercayaan diri, sedangkan pola penggunaan pasif hanya menunjukkan dampak kecil. Selain itu, intensitas penggunaan Instagram berkontribusi secara langsung terhadap pembentukan persepsi diri, meskipun efeknya dipengaruhi oleh pola konsumsi konten. Temuan ini memberikan wawasan penting tentang bagaimana pola interaksi di media sosial dapat memengaruhi aspek psikologis, khususnya persepsi diri dan rasa percaya diri, pada kelompok usia produktif ini. ABSTRACT Since its debut in 2010, Instagram has emerged as a highly popular image-based social media platform, profoundly influencing various aspects of users' lives, especially among Millennials and Gen Z. This study aims to analyze the relationship between Instagram usage intensity, activity patterns, and self-esteem levels. A quantitative survey method was employed, collecting data through online questionnaires incorporating the Instagram Intensity Scale Questionnaire (IISQ), Passive and Active Use Measure (PAUM), and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Data were analyzed using Chi-Square tests and Pearson correlations to explore the relationship between variables. Findings reveal that active interactions, such as posting, commenting, or tagging others, are significantly positively correlated with higher self-esteem, whereas passive usage patterns have only a minor impact. Furthermore, Instagram usage intensity directly contributes to the formation of self-perception, with its effects modulated by content consumption patterns. These findings highlight the critical role of active social media engagement in influencing psychological aspects, particularly self-perception and confidence, within this age group.
... Therefore, self-acceptance of the accompanying family of a schizophrenic person must include self-evaluation materials to help the accompanying family accept the fact that the person is a person with limitations. Self-esteem (self-systemem), as defined by Rosenberg (1965) as an evaluation, both positive and negative, of oneself, is what is meant by the attempt of selfassessment . Self-assessment of the companion family of a schizophrenic person is a tangible result of the knowledge and awareness of the companion family about their strengths and weaknesses objectively and realistically, which in essence is an expression of acceptance of themselves as they are. ...
... Here, self-esteem is defined as a person's opinion of themselves, both positive and negative self (self). by assessing themselves and feeling valuable (Rosenberg, 1965). Self-esteem has a high and low range. ...
Self-acceptance is something that is very important in life, even a person's level of self-acceptance can determine how he assesses or respects himself. A person's self-acceptance can also be determined by the presence or absence of social support they have received so far. In this regard, the aim to be achieved in this research is to scientifically prove the influence of self-esteem and social support on families of schizophrenia sufferers. The method in this research applies a quantitative approach with multiple regression analysis techniques. The research sample obtained was 43 respondents. Sampling was carried out using random sampling technique. The results of this study prove that there is a positive influence of self-esteem and social support on self-acceptance, although the influence of social support is not significant, and there is a joint positive influence of self-esteem and social support on self-acceptance
... The RSES was used to assess the self-esteem levels of the subjects in this study. It consists of ten items and is evaluated using a four-point Likert scale, with higher scores indicating greater self-esteem [24]. In this study, the Cronbach's alpha for the RSES was 0.82. ...
Depression is a common issue among illicit drug users. However, the interaction between addiction memory, family functioning, and depressive symptoms remains insufficiently examined. This study investigates the relationship between addiction memory, family functioning, and depressive symptoms, with self-esteem serving as a mediator. A random sample of 600 illicit drug users from Hubei, China, was evaluated using the Addiction Memory Intensity Scale (AMIS), Family APGAR Index, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). A factorial algorithm was used to parcel the AMIS, PHQ-9, and RSES items, and structural equation modeling was applied to examine the mediation effect. The model fit the data well (χ2/df = 2.248, CFI = 0.956, NNFI = 0.966, RMSEA = 0.046, SRMR = 0.040), with significant path coefficients (p < 0.05). Addiction memory was positively correlated with depression (β = 0.195, p < 0.001), while family functioning negatively correlated with depression (β = −0.113, p = 0.008). Both addiction memory and family functioning indirectly influenced depression through self-esteem, with mediating effects equal to 1.154 (95% CI: 0.106 to 0.209) and −0.097 (95% CI: −0.154 to −0.047). These findings suggest that interventions targeting addiction memory and family functioning may alleviate depressive symptoms by improving self-esteem among illicit drug users.
... Para avaliação da autoestima foi utilizada a escala de Rosenberg (1965), a qual permite explorar a autoestima pessoal entendida como sentimentos de valor pessoal e respeito próprio. A escala é composta por 10 itens, metade das frases são formuladas de forma positiva (itens positivos de 1 a 5), enquanto as outras 5 (itens de 6 a 10), referem-se a opiniões negativas para controlar o efeito da autoavaliação. ...
Introdução: O uso de mídias sociais está fortemente ligado à alta prevalência de insatisfação com a imagem corporal, transtornos alimentares e comportamentos de mudança corporal em adolescentes. Objetivo: Posto isto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo testar um modelo biopsicossocial para avaliação da influência do uso de mídias na insatisfação com a imagem corporal e nos comportamentos de restrição alimentar e de construção muscular, de acordo com o sexo e a faixa etária de adolescentes brasileiros. Método: Participaram do estudo 304 adolescentes (60,2% do sexo feminino), com idade entre 12 e 16 anos (13,8±0,81 anos). Estatísticas descritivas foram computadas e as correlações entre as variáveis do estudo foram examinadas entre meninos e meninas, separadamente. O modelo foi testado usando Path Analysis. O ajuste do modelo foi avaliado usando o índice de ajuste comparativo (CFI), índice de ajuste global (GFI), erro quadrático médio de aproximação (RMSEA). As análises foram realizadas usando o programa estatístico Jamovi. Resultados: O teste do modelo hipotético, após verificação dos índices de modificação, revelou um bom ajuste aos dados, embora apontando diferenças nos caminhos para meninos e meninas. Conclusão: Concluímos que o modelo biopsicossocial testado é adequado para avaliar as relações entre o uso de mídias sociais, insatisfação corporal, comportamentos de restrição alimentar e construção muscular entre adolescentes brasileiros de ambos os sexos.
... and Significant Others (α= .84). e) Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE; Rosenberg, 1965), validated for the Spanish population (Atienza et al., 2000). This scale measures self-esteem through 10 items, 5 of which are negatively drafted (indicating low self-esteem) and 5, positively (indicating high self-esteem). ...
The aim of this study was to investigate whether self-esteem and hostility mediated the relationship between social support and online and offline dating violence (DV) in 479 university students. All types of social support (family, friends and relevant people) were positively related to self-esteem and negatively related to almost all types of violence. In addition, self-esteem correlated inversely with levels of hostility, and the latter was positively related to online and offline perpetrated DV. Path analyses showed that lower levels of self-esteem and higher levels of hostility mediated the relationship between family social support and online and offline DV. However, social support from friends and significant others only had a direct effect on online DV. Despite the limitations of the cross-sectional design, social support, self-esteem and hostility appear to be important aspects in the prevention and treatment of DV.
... Participants were selected using a multiple screening procedure for parents, teachers, and participating children. To objectively assess the possibility of inclusion and exclusion from children's activities before participation, we analyzed the children's status before participation using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Korean Child Behavior Checklist [13][14][15]. The inclusion criteria included a normal psychological state and very little contact with animals. ...
Animal-assisted activities (AAAs) effectively improve the self-esteem of infants and young children, thereby playing a significant role in their growth into adolescence. In particular, in modern society, self-esteem during childhood and adolescence can influence self-esteem during adulthood. Therefore, this study evaluates whether animal-assisted activities could improve infants’ self-esteem. There were ten participants in this study, with six one-hour sessions conducted twice a week with six-year-old children. The study proceeded with one host, two assistant hosts, one animal manager, one observer, and two helper rabbits. A self-esteem test was used as the research tool. Before and after the program, the pre-and post-tests were conducted separately to confirm the effect. Animal-mediated therapy in the program resulted in reducing the average scores in certain sub-areas of self-esteem. Additionally, the average score demonstrated a statistically significant increase in other areas. This study’s results showed that play programs involving animal-assisted activities can positively improve the self-esteem of infants and toddlers who develop early social skills.
... In the present research, a Cronbach's alpha of 0.901 was reached. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale [23], originally developed for the assessment of self-esteem in adolescents, was used. The scale includes ten items whose contents focus on feelings of self-respect and self-acceptance. ...
The Internet allows teenagers to express their identity through the publication of images and texts on social networks, but sometimes they may develop self-esteem problems as a result. The present study analyzed self-esteem levels, and their relationship with sexism, Internet use and the influence of likes, in 309 subjects, by asking them about Internet use, social networks, self-esteem and sexism. The results showed low levels of self-esteem, although boys scored higher on the overall scale and for hostile sexism. Similarly, those with higher percentages of low self-esteem showed higher scores for benevolent sexism. It can be concluded that the use of social networks and the Internet, in relation to sexist attitudes, influences adolescents’ self-esteem and social construction.
... In addition to the automated data collection, we have also acquired extensive questionnaire-based data on participants' personality and behavior, comprising the following questionnaires: Big Five Inventory [17], Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale [20], Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire [21], Satisfaction With Life Scale [22], Rotter's Locus of Control Scale [23], UCLA Loneliness scale [24], Self-efficacy [25], Perceived Stress Scale [26], Major Depression Inventory [27], The Copenhagen Social Relation Questionnaire [28], and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule [29], as well as several general health-, attitudes-and behavior-related questions. ...
The weight of links in a network is often related to the similarity of the nodes. Here, we introduce a simple tunable measure for analysing the similarity of nodes across different link weights. In particular, we use the measure to analyze homophily in a group of 659 freshman students at a large university. Our analysis is based on data obtained using smartphones equipped with custom data collection software, complemented by questionnaire-based data. The network of social contacts is represented as a weighted multilayer network constructed from different channels of telecommunication as well as data on face-to-face contacts. We find that even strongly connected individuals are not more similar with respect to basic personality traits than randomly chosen pairs of individuals. In contrast, several socio-demographics variables have a significant degree of similarity. We further observe that similarity might be present in one layer of the multilayer network and simultaneously be absent in the other layers. For a variable such as gender, our measure reveals a transition from similarity between nodes connected with links of relatively low weight to dis-similarity for the nodes connected by the strongest links. We finally analyze the overlap between layers in the network for different levels of acquaintanceships.
... A five-item, positively worded version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 2015) was used to assess perceptions of value and worth. This short form retains good psychometric properties, with good convergent and divergent validity, and internal reliability Hallford & Mellor, 2016a). ...
Background
Reminiscence-based interventions involve the recall and adaptive review of meaningful autobiographical memories. The current component study compared standard facilitator-guided, group-based brief cognitive-reminiscence therapy (CRT) to the single component of self-guided homework sheets only, assessing impacts on psychological resources (i.e., self-schemas relating to self-esteem, self-efficacy, meaning in life, and optimism), mental well-being and putative change processes.
Methods
The community sample (N = 93, Mage=42.3 (SD = 16.2), 65% females) were randomised to conditions and completed measures at baseline, post-intervention, and one-month follow-up.
Results
Despite non-trivial effect sizes between the groups, they were not statistically significant on any outcomes (p > .05 after corrections). Main and within-group effects revealed that both groups improved self-esteem, self-efficacy, optimism and meaning in life (η² = 0.04–0.10), reduced symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress (η²= 0.02–0.06), and produced effects on automatic negative thoughts and awareness of narrative identity (η²= 0.02), maintained at one-month follow-up.
Conclusions
Overall, the results replicate effects of a CRT group-based approach and indicate that a single component of self-guided homework tasks may also have effects. Future studies may require larger sample sizes to detect differences in format, with the homework tasks potentially relevant for individuals with low time commitment or reluctance for social engagement.
... O conceito de mattering foi estudado pela primeira vez por Rosenberg (1965) e se refere a percepção individual de ser importante para os outros e de fazer diferença no mundo. Inicialmente, Rosenberg e McCullough (1981), em seu estudo com adolescentes, propuseram três dimensões na conceituação de mattering: atenção, importância e dependência, revelando uma relação expressiva com o bem--estar psicológico (Jung, 2015;Jung & Heppner, 2017). ...
Mattering is the personal sense of feeling significant and valued by other people, a vital construct and psychological resource central to the human condition, which can buffer stressors. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Organizational Mattering Scale, composed of the Competence and Recognition factors. The research had 137 female participants, 65% ofwhom were public servants – armed forces, police, firefighters, and municipal guards. Participants’ scores were examined using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The results revealed a very good fit of the empirical data to the theoretical model, evidencing the validity of the instrument’s internal structure. The internal consistency coefficients also provided strong evidence of the measure’s reliability. This scale can be an important resource for evaluating female professionals in a traditionally stereotyped work context. Studies with larger and more representative samples are suggested, aiming to generate more robust evidence of external validity for the instrument.
... Isso sugere que a autoestima pode ser vista como uma dimensão única em contraste com a multidimensionalidade do autoconceito (Harter, 1996(Harter, , 2006. A autoestima global permite que o indivíduo faça a avaliação do valor e adequação pessoal e a autoestima elevada é considerada um componente importante da saúde psicológica (Donnellan et al., 2011;Harter, 1996Harter, , 2006Rosenberg, 1965Rosenberg, , 1979. Portanto, quando as expectativas sociais são percebidas como opostas à autopercepção, podem afetar negativamente a autoestima (Guimarães, 2014;Mendes et al., 2012;Orth et al., 2018). ...
This study aimed to adapt and analyze the validity evidence of the Self-Perception Profile for College Students (SPPCS) for use with Brazilian college students. A total of 1032 students participated in the study (Mage=24.29; SD = 7.24), 62.2% of whom were female. The SPPCS is a multidimensional instrument that assesses self-perception across specific domains and self-esteem. The scale presented adequate content validity. For internal structure validity, confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were conducted. The results indicated the one-dimensionality of the self-esteem scale and the representation of the self-perception scale by eight domains: academic competence, intellectual capacity, social interaction, humor, creativity, athletic competence, appearance, and relationship with parents. The adapted scale closely resembles the original, presenting structural and response pattern evidence, making it suitable for use in research and interventions to assess the self-perception of Brazilian college students.
... It gauges four segments: real enmity, verbal antagonism, shock, and animosity.‖ Rosenberg (1965) evaluates the certainty. -The issue is on Likert ruler. ...
The study examines the relationship challenges that have arisen as a result of Coronavirus in households. The model is made up of 200 respondents from Faisalabad Pakistan. Self Esteem was inside and outside indicate mental health concerns between people throughout Covid and Self Esteem in general predict issues between people throughout the Corona virus pandemic, according to thestudy. Individuals in the sample ranged in age from 15 to 50 years old were selected for data collection. The predictive analysis was used and the investigation used a non-probability sampling technique. Researcher snatched up the broader public and in general, researchers aided specific family members in promoting the project. Researchers also built the model by working individually with them or soliciting requests from them after they expressed willingness to grant permission. The depression scale, self-esteem scale, and Buss Perry Aggression scale were among the tools used (BPAQ). Consequences showed that there is a strong link between self-esteem and how the Coronavirus affects people's mental health.
... Self-esteem either can be positive or can be negative behavior because it has different effects on different situations. An investor who have positive self-esteem can possess high financial risk and an investor who have negative self-esteem can possess low financial risk (Rosenberg, 1965). Investment which is made either in portfolio or in bulk of profit or loss resulted in future. ...
This study examines the relationship between individual financial risk tolerance and psychosocial factors (sensation seeking, locus of control, self-esteem) with the moderating role of spirituality. The data was collected from 388 government employees and PLS-SEM (Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling) was used for data estimation. The study found that individual financial risk tolerance is significantly influenced by psychosocial factors, including sensation seeking, locus of control, and self-esteem. Specifically, individuals with higher sensation seeking and internal locus of control tend to exhibit greater financial risk tolerance. Additionally, self-esteem was positively correlated with a higher willingness to take financial risks. Importantly, spirituality moderated these relationships, with individuals who reported higher spiritual engagement showing more cautious financial behavior, even if their psychosocial traits suggested a higher risk tolerance.
... Participants completed the 10-item Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg 1965; e.g., "I feel that I have a number of good qualities") using 7-point response scales (1 = strongly disagree; 7 = strongly agree; α = 0.90). ...
Introduction
Lonely people often crave social connection, but their social interactions fall short of fulfilling their needs. Although loneliness has been associated with negative views of the world, it is not clear whether these world beliefs contribute to the unfulfilling social interaction patterns that sustain loneliness. This research examined the role of world beliefs in explaining the effects of loneliness on daily frequency and quality of interaction, and the implications for sustained loneliness over time.
Methods
Both members of romantic couples ( N = 472) completed measures of loneliness, world beliefs, and daily social interactions with weak and strong ties over 2 weeks (daily N = 6411) and completed a follow‐up assessment of loneliness a year later.
Results
Relative to those who felt connected, lonely people believed the world was worse, dangerous, dull, and did not need them. Loneliness also indirectly predicted reduced quality and quantity of social interaction via negative, dull, and not needed world beliefs. In turn, the quality of interactions with strong ties predicted maintained loneliness a year later. However, dangerous world beliefs predicted better interactions with close relationship partners.
Conclusion
Findings suggest that the negative subjective worlds inhabited by lonely people may partially explain why lonely people have unfulfilling social interactions that tend to sustain their loneliness.
... (3) Personal experience with weight management. (4) The patients' self-esteem, as assessed with the validated Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) [20][21][22][23] and how this in turn influences patients' perception of their health care experience. (5) Self-reported weight and general health history, which included validated measures of depression and quality of life. ...
Objectives
To identify patient characteristics, health concerns, and barriers to care based on overweight or obesity.
Methods
A 50-question anonymous survey was administered to patients. Data were compared by body mass index (BMI).
Results
Among 3976 distributed surveys, 899 were returned and 682 were analyzed. Most respondents were women (60%), White (94%), and married/partnered (65%) and had some college education (80%). Younger and unmarried persons had higher BMI (P < .001). Concern for quality of life (P < .001) and importance of lifestyle changes (P = .006) increased with BMI, but confidence in making changes decreased as BMI increased (P < .001). Perceived good health decreased with increasing BMI (P < .001), whereas depression and other comorbid conditions increased. Self-esteem decreased and stigma increased with higher BMI (both P < .001). Weight discussions with clinicians (P < .001) and belief that clinicians should be involved in weight management (P = .002) increased with BMI, yet self-perception of being judged by clinicians also increased (P < .001). As BMI increased, delays in seeking health care increased (P < .001).
Conclusions
This survey study highlights perceived health concerns and barriers to care among persons with overweight and obesity. With higher BMI, self-esteem decreased, and stigma, self-perception of poor health, perception of being judged by clinicians, and delay in seeking medical care increased.
... The Spanish version of this scale, which has been translated and validated, has shown good psychometric properties in adolescent populations [18]. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) [19] is a widely recognized instrument for measuring self-esteem. It includes 10 items related to self-perception and self-assessment, with responses rated on a four-point scale based on the grade of agreement. ...
Background: Phubbing—the act of snubbing someone by concentrating on a smartphone—is claimed to be an increasing, even normative, behavior receiving more research attention. However, evidence about the adequacy of instruments that allow screening for phubbing is limited. Objectives: Thus, the main purpose of the present study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Phubbing scale in a sample of adolescents and young adults and present a reliable and valid short form. Methods: The final sample included a total of 1351 adolescent students (54.25% males), aged between 12 and 21. The study used a self-administered questionnaire with different scales for collecting data. Results: A two-dimensional model of a short version of the PS with 6 items (PS-6) displayed appropriate goodness-of-fit indices. Strong measurement invariance for the two-dimensional model across gender and educational levels was confirmed. McDonald’s Omega coefficients for the Communication, the Obsession, and the Total score of the PS-6 were 0.617, 0.669, and 0.701, respectively. The PS-6 was positively associated with several indicators of psychological difficulties and negatively associated with psychological well-being and self-esteem. Conclusions: The present study contributes valuable information about the psychometric adequacy of the PS-6, a short instrument that allows screening for Phubbing in adolescents and young adults.
... Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Index constitutes a score on the ten items (Rosenberg, 1965). The scales are scored for items 1, 2, 4, 6, and 7:strongly agree = 3; agree = 2; disagree = 1; and strongly disagree = 0. ...
Introduction: Digital technology has transformed social interactions, human development,
employment, production, and productivity, empowering people and changing medicine as
practised. The widespread use ofsocial media among Jamaicans hasraised significant concerns
about its potential impact on mental health. While social media platforms provide opportunities
for connection and self-expression, excessive or frequent usage may lead to adverse
psychological outcomes such as anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem.
Objectives: This study examines the prevalence of addiction to social media usage in Jamaica
and sub-components of the digital addiction scale of social media usage among the Jamaican
population and evaluates the relationship between digital addiction and different mental health
issues such as anxiety, depression, and self-esteem.
Methods: This study employed an explanatory cross-sectional survey research design. The
population for this study consists of resident Jamaicans who are at least 18 years old, Jamaicans
who live in the country at the time of the study, and children under 18. According to the 2019
population projections from the StatisticalInstitute ofJamaica (STATIN),Jamaica has 2,024,687
people 18 years and older, including 1,032,369women and 992,318men. The sample size in this
study is calculated using this number, a 95% confidence level, a 5% margin of error, and the
gender distribution of the population. Based on the population size and the data previously
provided, the sample size is 385 Jamaicans aged 18 years and older. The response rate was
78.96% (n= 304).
Findings: Fifty-seven per cent of the sampled respondents were classified as at the normal level
of internet addiction, 34.2% were mildly addicted, and 7.5% were moderately addicted to the
internet. Additionally, 1.4% of respondents were severely dependent on the Internet. One in three respondents were at least moderately addicted to digital technology (internet and online activities
or digital tools and digital media), and two in three were at most weakly addicted. Additionally,
4.6% of respondents were strongly to extremely addicted to digital technology, and 1.8% were
extremely addicted. Across-tabulation between the digital addiction scale (DAS) and the Patient
Health Questionnaire (depression scale) of the respondents. A significant statistical association
exists between the two previously mentioned variables(χ
2
(df = 16) = 107.476, p-value < 0.001),
with the association being a moderate one (contingency coefficient = 0.532). Respondents who
were severely depressed were most likely to be very highly digitally addicted (25.0%) compared
to those who were moderately depressed (2.7%), mildly depressed (1.2%) and those who were
minimally depressed (0.7%).
Conclusion: This study concludesthat digital addiction significantly impacts mental health and
productivity in Jamaica, with individuals facing low self-esteem, high anxiety, and severe
depression at greater risk for severe digital dependence. Gender differences and employment
status also influence addiction patterns, with part-time workers and students experiencing
reduced productivity and academic performance. These findings highlight the need for targeted
mental health interventions, digital literacy programs, and policy reforms to foster healthier
technology use.
... This study focused on how the newly hired nurses' positive PT were related to adaptive behaviour. The nurses' PT were developed based on HR [50], PRO [51], SE [52], OP [53], and CG values [54]. Considering that new nurses experience physical and emotional fatigue, anxiety, low SE, and despair when trying to adapt to new health unit environments, we attempted to determine the relationship between the nurses' PT, which must be established to help them adjust at work. ...
Background
Graduate nurses commonly experience the transition phase and are required to adapt quickly to their new workplace, as it is a prerequisite for a successful transition. However, workplace adaptation is extremely challenging and may affect nurses’ future career prospects if not managed properly. Therefore, we aimed to determine the factors that facilitate newly employed nurses’ adaptation and integration at Ministry of Health (MOH)-run state hospitals in Malaysia. The study framework was derived and adapted from the Roy adaptation model and organisational socialisation theories.
Methods
This quantitative study was conducted from May 2021 to December 2021. The sample population was newly employed nurses working at state hospitals with 1–2 years of service experience. This study involved 496 newly hired nurses from MOH state hospitals. Questionnaires were distributed through Google Forms. The data were analysed using covariance-based structural equation modelling.
Results
The participants perceived that workplace organisation (OC), academic institution contribution (AIC), and new nurse’s personality traits (PT) contributed approximately 36% to newly employed nurses’ adaptation (NENA). PT partially mediated the relationship between OC and NENA and between AIC and NENA.
Conclusions
The results could be useful to nursing authorities. We also recommend that a nurse’s personality be developed, emphasised, and enhanced through continuous programmes or training to ensure that they can easily adapt to their new working environment. Furthermore, academic institution and work organisation collaboration should be encouraged to develop improvement cycles that facilitate newly employed nurses’ prompt and efficient adaptation at MOH hospitals during transition.
... This evaluation test was created by Morris Rosenberg (1965) with its subsequent adaptation to Spanish by the authors (Martín-Albo et al., 2007). The questionnaire is made up of 10 items, 5 of which are stated positively and the other 5 negatively. ...
Esta investigación analiza la percepción de las variables, Calidad de Vida, Autoestima, Ansiedad y Depresión en personas con esquizofrenia, utilizando como herramienta de medida diferentes test para su evaluación. Se cuenta con una muestra de 70 participantes, de los que 19 personas pertenecen a usuarios de un Centro de Rehabilitación Psicosocial, y los 51 restantes a población normativa. Los resultados obtenidos indican una marcada diferencia significativa en las subescalas de la Calidad de Vida correspondientes a Salud Física, Salud Psicológica y Relaciones Sociales. Se aprecia, así mismo, una distinción en las puntuaciones de Autoestima y Depresión, confirmándose con ello el cumplimiento de tres de las cuatro hipótesis de la que parte la investigación. No obstante, se señala la necesidad de ampliar la investigación con una población más extensa que permita la obtención de unos resultados más precisos. Las conclusiones y la discusión reflejan la necesidad de implementar intervenciones destinadas a la mejora de las dimensiones no psicóticas de la enfermedad, de cara al incremento del bienestar en la calidad de vida de este grupo poblacional.
... Therefore, in the present study, a score less than or equal to 13 indicates low impairment, between 14 and 65 represents medium impairment and greater than or equal to 66 a high impairment. (Rosenberg, 1965). It is a Likert-type scale made up of 10 items that are answered in four options ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree" . ...
Objetivo. Estimar un perfil para conocer el deterioro de la calidad de vida en población adulta con vitíligo a partir de variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, autoestima y severidad percibida. Método. Participaron 359 personas con un rango de edad de 18 a 75 años (M = 37.81; DE = 10.03). Se aplicaron el Vitiligo-Specific Quality of Life Instrument y la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg. Resultados. El 80.8% de los participantes reportó un deterioro de la calidad de vida significativo, el 91.9% percibió un grado de severidad significativo y el 71.9% reportó una autoestima alta. La calidad de vida se correlacionó con la autoestima y la severidad percibida. En las pruebas comparativas existió significancia en la calidad de vida por estado civil, escolaridad y tipo de vitíligo. Conclusiones. El perfil con mayor deterioro de la calidad de vida fue en pacientes que no contaban con pareja, con menos de 12 años de escolaridad y con tipos de vitíligo generalizado o universal. La autoestima fue menor en quienes no contaban con pareja y con menos de 12 años de escolaridad. La severidad percibida aumentó con el tiempo de diagnóstico (>6 años), vitíligo activo, afectación en la zona genital y con los tipos de vitíligo generalizado o universal.
... The questionnaire has a satisfactory internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha varying between 0.85 and 0.96 [68]. (3) The Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale [69] is a widely used self-report instrument for assessing individual self-esteem. It includes 10 items, with the answer options ranging from 0 = "strong disagreement" to 3 = "strong agreement". ...
Stress exposure can take a toll on the adjustment of young individuals, including students. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of burnout and impostor syndrome (IS) on self-esteem and academic performance in medical students. The participants were 331 undergraduate medical students (102 men, 229 women; 89.7% native, 12,1% international; mean age = 21.18, SD = 2.338). The study instruments included the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory for Students (CBI-S), Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (CIPS), and Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale, while academic performance (AP) was reported as received GPA (objective AP) and expected GPA (subjective AP). The statistical analysis comprised independent t-tests, MANOVA, ANOVA, and correlational and mediational analyses. The results showed that native students had lower self-esteem and higher scores of personal burnout and IS. Irrespective of cultural differences, women scored higher than men in IS and in personal burnout, while men had higher self-esteem than women. Burnout and IS were correlated with a decrease in self-esteem (adj. R2 = 0.531) in the overall sample, whereas in native students, IS was correlated with a difference between subjective and objective self-assessments of AP (adj. R2 = 0.027). Burnout and impostor syndrome, despite not directly impacting academic performance, may significantly influence self-esteem, making them a target for preventive or interventional measures.
... Psychological factors were measured with selfesteem and locus of control. Self-esteem was measured using 10 items on a 4-point Likert scale (total 10-40) from Rosenberg (1965) Loibl and Hira (2005). As the job-related factors, job insecurity was measured with seven items on a 5-point Likert scale (total 7-35) from Hellgren et al. (1999), while work status was measured as whether respondents were working or not (1, 0). ...
A phone call phobia is a symptom of avoiding real-time communication that ranges from mild nervousness to a debilitating fear of making or receiving phone calls. The situation of avoidance of real-time communication, including phone call phobia, can potentially influence personal finance, particularly if it limits an individual's ability to communicate effectively with not only family, friends, and employers but also financial service providers. As the COVID-19 pandemic has affected ways of socializing and communicating, it is important to understand the situation and related factors of phone call phobia. This study, therefore, examined factors related to three types of phone call phobia (employer, family, and friends) and six types of communication preferences (face-to-face, phone calls, letters, email, text messaging, and online messaging apps). Using data from an online survey conducted in 2021, this study considered a list of comprehensive factors, including psychological factors, financial-psychological factors, financial status, job-related factors, health-related behavior, and demographic factors, in ordered logistic regression and seemingly unrelated regression estimation models. The findings provide insights to improve communication between financial consumers and financial services providers.
... In order to assess their degree of self-esteem, students were required to complete a questionnaire. The English version of the validated Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (Rosenberg 1989) was used to measure self-esteem. The 10-item survey had good validity and strong internal reliability (α=0.96). ...
This study aimed to ascertain the association between eating disorder risk, Body Mass Index (BMI), and self-esteem level among Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) undergraduate health sciences students at Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. The self-esteem level and eating disorder risk of 166 USM health sciences students were evaluated in this cross-sectional study using the Rosenberg's Self Esteem Score and the Eating Attitude Test 26 (EAT-26) questionnaire, respectively. Based on their self-reported height and weight, the BMI was computed. The Fisher Exact Test and Chi-Square were used to determine the associations between the self-esteem level and BMI and the risk of eating disorders, respectively. Out of the 166 students, the majority (65.1%) had self-esteem levels within the normal range, while 57.8% had normal BMI. In the meantime, it was found that 19.9% had a high chance of getting an eating disorder. This study demonstrated a substantial association (p=0.012) between self-esteem and BMI status as well as between eating disorder risk and self-esteem (p=0.002). Self-esteem has a major impact on the psychological factors influencing BMI and contributing to the development of eating disorders. Additionally, future research should consider incorporating factors like body perception and body dissatisfaction. Additional research was required to validate the existing findings.
... Self-Esteem. At T1, participants completed the 10-item Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965; e.g., "I feel that I have a number of good qualities") using 7-point response scales (1: strongly disagree; 7: strongly agree; α = .90). ...
The current research examined implications of primal world beliefs—beliefs about the world’s basic character—for the maintenance of satisfying and mutually responsive relationships. In a dyadic daily diary study of romantic couples with a 1-year follow-up ( N = 236 couples and 6,411 days), those who saw the world as Good and Enticing were more satisfied with their relationships and responsive to their partners in everyday life, they had partners who were more satisfied and responsive, and they reported greater motivation for responsiveness over the year. These findings were corroborated by partner and informant reports of responsiveness, and they were mediated by approach relationship goals. Those who saw the world as Good and Enticing pursued rewarding experiences in their relationships, which predicted greater satisfaction and responsiveness of both partners. Results suggest that, by shaping goal pursuit, positive world beliefs may promote satisfying communal relationships that confirm those beliefs.
... Self-esteem has been understood as "the overall affective evaluation of one's own worth, value, or importance" (Blascovich & Tomaka, 1991, p. 115). Abdel-Khalek (2016) summarized scholarly definitions of selfesteem, such as the seminal work of Rosenberg (1965), noting that self-esteem refers to a sense of self-respect and self-worth. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale measures this construct via items that inquire as to an individual's belief in their positive qualities, respect for the self, and satisfaction with the self (Rosenberg, 1979). ...
Body dissatisfaction is a mental health struggle that impacts many individuals on a long-term basis. A major concern around the issue of body dissatisfaction is its propensity to perpetuate negative outcomes, such as eating disorder symptoms. Researchers have identified specific variables that may protect those struggling with body dissatisfaction from engaging in eating disorder symptoms. These protective variables are well-positioned for preventive efforts from coaches and for inclusion in coach training.
This chapter reviews research on psychological factors linked to bipolar disorder (BD), in terms of correlates linked to increased mood symptom severity within BD, and differences between such psychological factors when compared to health controls or other mental health conditions such as unipolar depression. Section “Section 1: Environmental and Developmental” discusses environmental and developmental factors including the impact of life events both positive and negative, seasonal affects, high levels of adverse childhood experience and trauma. Section “Section 2: Personality” discusses personality variables of greater perfectionism, low levels of self-compassion, low and variable self-esteem, high levels of impulsivity and elevated creativity. Section “Section 2: Personality” also discusses research on intelligence, socioeconomic status and academic achievement and links to leadership and entrepreneurship. Section “Section 3: Cognitive” overviews cognitive aspects of intense mental imagery, a tendency towards big goals, positive bias and elevated dysfunctional attitudes. Section “Section 4: Biobehavioural” discusses biobehavioural elements of sleep disturbances and reward sensitivity. Finally, Section “Section 5: Emotional and Motivational” discusses emotional and motivational aspects in terms of emotional dysregulation and positive beliefs about (hypo)mania and may be reluctant to stop high moods. This research needs to be interpreted in the context of limited longitudinal research in the area.
Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo compreender como o feminismo transformou o consumo de pole dance. Investigou-se o comportamento da comunidade de consumo de pole dance, assim como a íntima relação com o movimento feminista e os elementos ritualísticos envolvidos nessa atividade de consumo. Foram realizadas entrevistas com 10 mulheres praticantes de pole dance, com idades entre 20 e 32 anos, moradoras de diferentes cidades da região Sudeste do Brasil. A pesquisa evidencia que a prática de pole dance transforma a relação das suas praticantes com o próprio corpo, com outras mulheres e com a sua autoestima.
ABSTRACT
Adolescence is an age in which an individual experiences physical, biological, emotional, and psychological changes (Curtis, 2015). Researches indicate the role of self-esteem in growing adolescence to be impertinent (McClure, Tanski, Kingsbury, Gerrard & Sargent, 2010; Minev & Petrova, 2018). The purpose of the present study was to explore the effectiveness of CBT intervention in managing low self-esteem among adolescents. It was hypothesized that there would be a significant effect of CBT intervention in enhancing low self-esteem among adolescents. Another hypothesis stated that participants in the experimental group would have increased self-esteem after receiving CBT intervention as compared to those participants in the control group. The sample consisted of 8 participants, whose ages ranged between 13-18 years (M= 15.25). Purposive convenient sampling was used for data collection and the study design was quasi-experimental. After the screening process, participants were divided into two groups. Four participants were placed in the experimental group and four in the waiting list control group. The experimental group received CBT intervention; the pre and post-esteem of the participants were assessed through the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale RSE (Rosenberg, 1965). The experimental group was given intervention using an adapted CBT manual by Simmons and Griffith (2009). Descriptive statistics including frequency percentage and mean values were utilized to explain the variables of the study. Paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test were applied to analyze the difference between scores of the pre and post-test of the experimental and control group. The findings of the study indicated that there was a significant difference in scores of pre-test (M=13, SD=3) and post-test (M=20.15, SD=3) in the experimental group t(3)=5, p=0.015. Findings also indicated no significant difference in scores of pre-test (M=12.75, SD=0.57) and post-test (M=13.25, SD=0.57) of control group t(1.73)3=1.72, p=0.182.
Furthermore, results show that there was a significant difference among the post-test scores of the Experimental group (M=20.50, SD=0.95) and control group (M=13.25, SD=3.8) t(-3.8)=5, p=0.031. This suggests that cognitive behavioral therapy is effective in managing low self-esteem among adolescents. The study carries implications for further intervention focusing on the adolescent population going through self-esteem issues and providing them with the resources for the enhancement of self-esteem at an early age.
Problematic social media use (PSMU) and excessive alcohol consumption are two of the most prevalent problems in college students. Fear of Missing out (FoMO) is defined as a pervasive apprehension that others might be having rewarding experiences from which one is absent and by the desire to stay continually connected to what others are doing (Przybylski et al., 2013). This construct has been linked to these behaviors. The study aims to analyze whether FoMO has sufficient predictive power to be an adequate and common explanatory variable for both social media (SM) use and alcohol consumption in young college students; and, to evaluate FoMO as a mediating variable in the relationship between self-esteem and neuroticism with these behaviors. Method: 959 adults aged 18 to 40 participated (M = 22.34; SD = 3.99). The following variables were assessed: FoMO; hours spent on SM and PSMU; alcohol consumption, alcohol-related problems, and binge drinking (BD) frequency; anxiety, depression, self-esteem, basic psychological needs (BPNs) satisfaction; and personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness). Correlations, odds rationd path analysis were estimated. Results: FoMO was related to hours spent on SM, PSMU, alcohol-related problems, and BD frequency. FoMO mediated the relationship between neuroticism and the following variables: hours spent on SM, PSMU, and, BD frequency but not between self-esteem and these variables. Conclusions: FoMO was linked to PSMU to a greater extent than excessive alcohol consumption. Future mediation models involving FoMO and these variables should include neuroticism rather than self-esteem.
El uso problemático de redes sociales (UPRRSS) y el consumo excesivo de alcohol son dos de los problemas más frecuentes en estudiantes universitarios. El concepto del miedo a perderse experiencias (en adelante FoMO, de acuerdo a sus siglas en inglés) se define como una aprehensión generalizada de que otros podrían estar viviendo experiencias gratificantes de las que uno está ausente y por el deseo de estar conectado con lo que otros viven (Przybylski et al., 2013). Este constructo psicológico ha sido vinculado a estas conductas. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar si FoMO tiene un poder predictivo suficiente para ser una variable explicativa adecuada y común tanto para el uso de redes sociales (RRSS) y el consumo de alcohol en jóvenes universitarios; así como evaluar el papel mediador de FoMO entre autoestima y neuroticismo con estos comportamientos. Método: Participaron 959 adultos de entre 18 y 40 años (M = 22.34; DT = 3.99). Se evaluaron las siguientes variables: FoMO; horas en RRSS y UPRRSS; consumo de alcohol, problemas relacionados con el alcohol y la frecuencia del consumo intensivo de alcohol (CIA); ansiedad, depresión, autoestima, satisfacción de necesidades psicológicas básicas (NNPPBB); y rasgos de personalidad (neuroticismo, extraversión, amabilidad, responsabilidad y apertura). Los análisis estadísticos realizados fueron correlaciones, odds ratio y un análisis de rutas. Resultados: FoMO se relacionó con las horas en RRSS, el UPRRSS, los problemas relacionados con el alcohol y la frecuencia del CIA. FoMO medió la relación entre neuroticismo y las variables: horas en RRSS, UPRRSS y la frecuencia del CIA; pero no entre autoestima y estas variables. Conclusiones: FoMO se vinculó en mayor medida con el UPRRSS que con el consumo excesivo de alcohol. En futuros modelos de mediación de FoMO con estas variables se debería incluir neuroticismo en lugar de autoestima.
Due to the lack of research on those who reject potential romantic partners in the early stages of dating, this study examines the computer-mediated experiences of females on the dating app Bumble. A survey of female Bumble users investigates how self-disclosure, stress, and Machiavellianism leading up to rejecting a potential partner predicts post-rejecting self-esteem. Using multiple regression, this study shows that when women reject partners who self-disclose a lot to them on Bumble, these women experience high self-esteem thereafter. When women self-disclose more information about themselves on the dating app, are more stressed about rejecting a man on Bumble, and possess Machiavellian tendencies, they experience a more negative self-perception after rejecting men. Those high in Machiavellian traits on average report higher levels of all variables, indicating that women high in Machiavellian traits may reject others with ulterior motives.
Background
The clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR-p) syndrome enables early identification of individuals at risk of schizophrenia and related disorders. We differentiate between the stigma associated with the at-risk identification itself (‘labelling-related’ stigma) versus stigma attributed to experiencing mental health symptoms (‘symptom-related’ stigma) and examine their relationships with key psychosocial variables.
Aims
We compare labelling- and symptom-related stigma in rates of endorsement and associations with self-esteem, social support loss and quality of life.
Method
We assessed stigma domains of shame-related emotions, secrecy and experienced discrimination for both types of stigma. Individuals at CHR-p were recruited across three sites ( N = 150); primary analyses included those who endorsed awareness of psychosis risk ( n = 113). Paired-sample t -tests examined differences in labelling- versus symptom-related stigma; regressions examined associations with psychosocial variables, controlling for covariates, including CHR-p symptoms.
Results
Respondents reported greater symptom-related shame, but more labelling-related secrecy. Of the nine significant associations between stigma and psychosocial variables, eight were attributable to symptom-related stigma, even after adjusting for CHR-p symptoms.
Conclusions
Stigma attributed to symptoms had a stronger negative association with psychosocial variables than did labelling-related stigma among individuals recently identified as CHR-p. That secrecy related to the CHR-p designation was greater than its symptom-related counterpart suggests that labelling-related stigma may still be problematic for some CHR-p participants. To optimise this pivotal early intervention effort, interventions should address the holistic ‘stigmatising experience’ of having symptoms, namely any harmful reactions received as well as participants’ socially influenced concerns about what their experiences mean, in addition to the symptoms themselves.
Objectives This study aimed to examine the characteristics of shyness observed during the upper elementary school grades and identify the factors contributing to the persistence of shyness. Additionally, the study investigated whether self-disclosure and self-criticism mediate the relationship between shyness and internalization problems. Methods The study participants comprised 2,327 children who completed three self-reported surveys, from the fourth to the sixth grade. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics and the PROCESS Macro. A repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to examine developmental characteristics according to age and gender, while a multiple regression model was applied to identify factors influencing shyness. Additionally, a multiple mediation model was employed to assess the significance of the mediating effects. Results First, shyness was found to be more prevalent among female than male students, with a significant increase in sixth grade. However, the interaction effect between sex and age was not significant. Additionally, the proportion of children whose shyness fell within the clinical range (+2 SD) was approximately twice as high from the fifth to the sixth grades compared to the fourth to the fifth grades. Second, self-disclosure was identified as the main predictor of shyness. Self-disclosure in the fourth grade affected shyness and self-disclosure in the upper grades. Third, the individual and sequential mediation pathways of self-disclosure and self-criticism in the relationship between shyness and internalization problems were significant. Conclusions These findings suggest that while shyness tends to increase as children enter adolescence, the risk of it persisting long-term is greater if it exceeds the normal range. Additionally, interventions to improve shyness should focus on self-disclosure. When internalization problems are present, self-disclosure and self-criticism should be considered simultaneously.
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