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Interhemispheric relationships: The neocortical comissures; Syndromes of hemispheric disconnection
Abstract
[Introduction] Until a few years ago, prevailing views regarding the syndrome of the corpus callosum in man were based very largely on the studies of Akelaitis and his co-workers (Akelaitis et al. 1942; Akelaitis 1944). Using a wide variety of tests Akelaitis examined a series of more than two dozen patients with partial and complete surgical sections of the corpus callosum and anterior commissure and was unable to find any consistent neurological or psychological dysfunctions that could be reliably attributed to the commissural sections. Symptoms such as unilateral astereognosis, alexia, agraphia, ideo-motor apraxia (Sweet 1941), as well as apathy, amnesia, personality changes and related effects, that earlier had been ascribed to callosal lesions (Alpers and Grant 1931) seemed accordingly to be more properly explained in terms of the extracallosal cerebral damage that commonly accompanies lesions in the commissures. These Akelaitis reports in combination with confirmatory observations on absence of symptoms after callosum section in animals established the general doctrine of the 1940's and 1950's in which it was believed that behavioral deficits seen in connection with callosal lesions are best ascribed to associated brain damage (Bremer et al. 1956). Meanwhile, the discrepancy between the enormous size and strategic position of the corpus callosum on the one hand and the observed lack of any important functional disturbance following its complete surgical section on the other remained during this period one of the more puzzling enigmas of neurology.
... The usual clinical studies of patients with lesions to the right hemisphere give us comparatively limited material to judge its functions. Only very recently, thanks to the work of Sperry and Gazzaniga (1967) and Sperry et al. (1969), and of Gazzaniga (1970Gazzaniga ( , 1972 who used the method of cutting through the corpus callosum for the study of the functions of the right hemisphere, new avenues for the study of its functions were found. ...
... The first fact is that the non-dominant hemisphere (in the right-handed, the right), despite its complete anatomical similarity with the left, has nothing to do with the organisation of language activity and that lesions to it e sometimes even rather extensive lesions e do not affect the language processes. The non-dominant hemisphere also takes part to a lesser extent in the realisation of complex intellectual functions and is less involved in complex motor actions (Sperry and Gazzaniga, 1967;Sperry et al., 1969). It is characteristic, however, that with intersection of the corpus callosum and when information is presented in the right hemisphere, naming of objects becomes impossible. ...
... It is characteristic, however, that with intersection of the corpus callosum and when information is presented in the right hemisphere, naming of objects becomes impossible. Maintained is the ability of direct observation of objects and of diffusely distinguishing word meanings (Sperry and Gazzaniga, 1967;Sperry et al., 1969;Gazzaniga, 1970Gazzaniga, , 1972. Important data, which indirectly enable us to assess the role of the right hemisphere in the organisation of human psychological processes, are provided by observation of patients with massive damage to the right hemisphere. ...
Aleksandr Luria repeatedly emphasised the importance of emotions and the right hemi- sphere in his neuropsychological writings. It is surprising, therefore, that Luria's most influential book, The Working Brain, appears to lack an explicit section on these topics. This is especially notable because of a comment in the book's English-language Introduction, by Karl Pribram, referencing Luria's thoughts about precisely this material. Remarkably, it seems that Luria did write such an explicit chapter, in the original Russian edition. How- ever, in the English-language version, the relevant sections were separated, embedded elsewhere without chapter headings, and altered, presumably following an explicit translation decision. The present paper tracks the nature of these changes and, 50 years later, presents the material for the first time translated and reunited in English, as Luria intended. After the translation, we offer a brief commentary, on the ways in which Luria's ideas were in some respects prescient, and in other respects less well-informed about the brain basis of emotions and the right hemisphere. This reunification offers an interesting time capsule on the opinions of one of neuropsychology's greatest minds, on a topic which Luria admits had, at the time, only a modest empirical foundation.
... Previous evidence suggests that split-brained people are unable to integrate words across the midline. For example, Sperry, Gazzaniga, and Bogen (1969) tested patients with full forebrain commissurotomy with stimuli of this sort, and found the following: ...
... In a later study, however, Corballis and Sergent (1988) found that one of the commissurotomized patients, L.B., who had been included in the study by Sperry et al. (1969), did appear to appreciate that a single word had been presented but based his attempts to say the word for the most part on the right half only, with at best only limited information from the left half. It may be that in the intervening years, L.B. acquired a crude perceptual continuity across the midline or had simply become sufficiently "test-wise" to realize that information was being presented in both visual fields. ...
... Moreover, on no occasion when the words were correctly reported were they mispronounced, implying that they were seen as wholes. These results contrast with those in splitbrained patients (Sperry et al., 1969) and the callosotomized patient, V.P., with bilateral speech representation, who pronounced such words as two 3-letter words rather than as six-letter wholes (Gazzaniga et al., 1984). Although A.L.M., had difficulty recognizing the six-letter words, she never once reported any of the three-letter words making up the six-letter words, even though subsequent testing showed that she could easily read those three-letter words when they were presented alone. ...
Three cases of callosal agenesis (a 39-year-old woman and her 11- and 12-year-old daughters) were tested on their ability to integrate visual information between the visual hemifields. They were all able to name colors and digits in either hemifield with high accuracy and were able to decide whether letters or digits in opposite hemifields were the same or different. They had greater difficulty deciding whether colors in opposite hemifields were the same or different. When shown 6-letter words made up of pairs of 3-letter words that straddled the midline (e.g., MANAGE, ROTATE),they responded to them as whole words and never as 3-letter words,suggesting perceptual continuity across the midline, at least for verbal material. The most likely interpretation is that the integration of form, but not color, is achieved through the intact anterior commissure in these participants.
... However, the hemispheres' independent attentional resources cannot explain why the BFA is weaker in healthy subjects with an intact corpus callosum. Some studies propose that the hemifield in which stimuli are presented only affects by which hemisphere they are initially encoded, but that information is then rapidly transferred between hemispheres (Sperry et al. 1969;Gazzaniga 2000;Bourne 2006), suggesting a shared VWM storage (Galeano Weber et al. 2020). Other studies have, however, found crossover costs resulting from memory transfers between hemispheres (Minami et al. 2019;Strong and Alvarez 2020;Brincat et al. 2021) and within-hemifield memory interference (Buschman et al. 2011), which together indicate hemisphere-specific storage. ...
... Both visuospatial attention and VWM have been shown to have a higher capacity for bilaterally than unilaterally displayed stimuli, called the bilateral field advantage (BFA). However, unlike up to doubled capacity in bilateral attention (Alvarez and Cavanagh 2004), the BFA of VWM has been found to be nuanced in healthy participants (Delvenne 2005;Umemoto et al. 2010;Zhang et al. 2017;Galeano Weber et al. 2020), putatively due to early interhemispheric integration of encoded information (Sperry et al. 1969;Gazzaniga 2000;Bourne 2006;Galeano Weber et al. 2020). Yet, it remains debated whether VWM storage is hemisphere-specific or globally shared, the latter resulting in similar capacity limits in unilateral and bilateral VWM, and which neuronal mechanism might underlie this interhemispheric integration. ...
Visual working memory has a limited maximum capacity, which can be larger if stimuli are presented bilaterally vs. unilaterally. However, the neuronal mechanisms underlying this bilateral field advantage are not known. Visual working memory capacity is predicted by oscillatory delay-period activity, specifically, by a decrease in alpha (8 to 12 Hz) band amplitudes in posterior brain regions reflecting attentional deployment and related shifts in excitation, as well as a concurrent increase of prefrontal oscillation amplitudes and interareal synchronization in multiple frequencies reflecting active maintenance of information. Here, we asked whether posterior alpha suppression or prefrontal oscillation enhancement explains the bilateral field advantage. We recorded brain activity with high-density electroencephalography, while subjects (n = 26, 14 males) performed a visual working memory task with uni- and bilateral visual stimuli. The bilateral field advantage was associated with early suppression of low-alpha (6 to 10 Hz) and alpha–beta (10 to 17 Hz) band amplitudes, and a subsequent alpha–beta amplitude increase, which, along with a concurrent load-dependent interareal synchronization in the high-alpha band (10 to 15 Hz), correlated with hit rates and reaction times and thus predicted higher maximum capacities in bilateral than unilateral visual working memory. These results demonstrate that the electrophysiological basis of the bilateral field advantage in visual working memory is both in the changes in attentional deployment and enhanced interareal integration.
... 6 In contrast, Roger Sperry, who studied patients that underwent a complete transection of the corpus callosum (split-brain) to control intractable tonic-clonic seizures, showed that the corpus callosum is essential for interhemispheric transfer. 15, 16 Sperry and colleagues found that despite a lack of obvious neurological or psychological (B) A schematic shows cobalt (grey rectangle) and LFP electrode placement (red dots). (C) We marked the electrode tips' location in the VL (dotted lines) by creating an electrical lesion at the end of the recordings (red arrows). ...
... dysfunction, the interhemispheric transfer of learning, memory, sensory, and motor functions was impaired. 15 Similarly, a complete transection of the corpus callosum abolished bilateral synchrony in primarily generalized penicillin epilepsy. 17 The lack of techniques made it difficult to separate the relative roles of the thalamus and corpus callosum in bilateral neuronal activity, so the uncertainty whether cortical synchronization occurs through the subcortical relays or the corpus callosum still remains. ...
Objective:
Bilateral synchronous cortical activity occurs during sleep, attention, and seizures. Canonical models place the thalamus at the center of bilateral cortical synchronization because it generates bilateral sleep spindle oscillations and primarily generalized absence seizures. However, classical studies suggest that the corpus callosum mediates bilateral cortical synchronization.
Methods:
We mapped the spread of right frontal lobe-onset, focal to bilateral seizures in mice and modified it using chemo and optogenetic suppression of motor thalamic nucleus and corpus callosotomy.
Results:
Seizures from the right cortex spread faster to the left cortex than to the left thalamus. The two thalami have minimal monosynaptic commissural connections compared to the massive commissure corpus callosum. Chemogenetic and closed-loop optogenetic inhibition of the right ventrolateral thalamic nucleus did not alter inter-hemispheric seizure spread. However, anterior callosotomy delayed bilateral seizure oscillations.
Interpretation:
Thalamocortical oscillations amplify focal onset motor seizures, and corpus callosum spreads them bilaterally. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... Evidence from callosotomized adult monkeys and humans shows that the corpus callosum is involved in the intermanual (interhemispheric) transfer of certain sorts of haptic perception and for the control of certain kinds of bimanual skills [200][201][202][203]. Although each hemisphere seems capable of monitoring proprioceptive information from both sides of the body (likely via extralemniscal and spinal-thalamic ipsilateral pathways), callosotomized patients seem to be unable to mimic with one hand the postures imposed on the fingers of the other hand, nor are they able to retrieve with one hand an object from an array that matches an object held in the other hand [203]. ...
... Evidence from callosotomized adult monkeys and humans shows that the corpus callosum is involved in the intermanual (interhemispheric) transfer of certain sorts of haptic perception and for the control of certain kinds of bimanual skills [200][201][202][203]. Although each hemisphere seems capable of monitoring proprioceptive information from both sides of the body (likely via extralemniscal and spinal-thalamic ipsilateral pathways), callosotomized patients seem to be unable to mimic with one hand the postures imposed on the fingers of the other hand, nor are they able to retrieve with one hand an object from an array that matches an object held in the other hand [203]. In addition, familiar bimanual tasks involving interlimb coordination of simultaneous actions of the hands can be performed after callosotomy, but novel tasks involving asymmetric but synchronous actions cannot be [200,201,204]. ...
The author presents his perspective on the character of science, development, and handedness and relates these to his investigations of the early development of handedness. After presenting some ideas on what hemispheric specialization of function might mean for neural processing and how handedness should be assessed, the neuroscience of control of the arms/hands and interhemispheric communication and coordination are examined for how developmental processes can affect these mechanisms. The author’s work on the development of early handedness is reviewed and placed within a context of cascading events in which different forms of handedness emerge from earlier forms but not in a deterministic manner. This approach supports a continuous rather than categorical distribution of handedness and accounts for the predominance of right-handedness while maintaining a minority of left-handedness. Finally, the relation of the development of handedness to the development of several language and cognitive skills is examined.
... Evidence from callosotomized adult monkeys and humans shows that the corpus callosum is involved in the intermanual (interhemispheric) transfer of certain sorts of haptic perception and for the control of certain kinds of bimanual skills (Preilowski, 1972(Preilowski, , 1975Selnes, 1974;Sperry, Gazzaniga, & Bogen, 1969). Although each hemisphere seems capable of monitoring proprioceptive information from both sides of the body (likely via extralemniscal and spinal-thalamic ipsilateral pathways), callosotomized patients seem to be unable to mimic with one hand the postures imposed on the fingers of the other hand, nor are they able to retrieve with one hand an object from an array that matches an object held in the other hand (Sperry et al., 1969). ...
... Evidence from callosotomized adult monkeys and humans shows that the corpus callosum is involved in the intermanual (interhemispheric) transfer of certain sorts of haptic perception and for the control of certain kinds of bimanual skills (Preilowski, 1972(Preilowski, , 1975Selnes, 1974;Sperry, Gazzaniga, & Bogen, 1969). Although each hemisphere seems capable of monitoring proprioceptive information from both sides of the body (likely via extralemniscal and spinal-thalamic ipsilateral pathways), callosotomized patients seem to be unable to mimic with one hand the postures imposed on the fingers of the other hand, nor are they able to retrieve with one hand an object from an array that matches an object held in the other hand (Sperry et al., 1969). Also, familiar bimanual tasks involving interlimb coordination of simultaneous actions of the hands can be performed after callosotomy but novel tasks involving asymmetric but synchronous actions cannot be (Preilowski, 1972(Preilowski, , 1975Zaidel & Sperry, 1977). ...
The author presents his perspective on the character of science, development, and handedness and relates these to his investigations of the early development of handedness. After presenting some ideas on what hemispheric specialization of function might mean for neural processing and how handedness should be assessed, the neuroscience of control of the arms/hands and interhemispheric communication and coordination are examined for how developmental processes can affect these mechanisms. The author’s work on the development of early handedness is reviewed and placed within a context of cascading events in which different forms of handedness emerge from earlier forms but not in a deterministic manner. This approach supports a continuous rather than categorical distribution of handedness and accounts for the predominance of right-handedness while maintaining a minority of left-handedness. Finally, the relation of the development of handedness to the development of several language and cognitive skills is examined.
... Sin embargo, en el aspecto funcional, es decir psicológica, neurológica y conductualmente, logró resaltar una serie de problemas cerebrales que eran resultado de la cirugía en donde ocurre lo que se llama el Síndrome de Desconexión Hemisférica. En donde los pacientes llegan a mostrar conductas que aparentan provenir de dos fuentes de consciencia distintas, creando sus propias sensaciones, recuerdos, conceptos e impulsos relacionados a la volición, cognición y aprendizaje de experiencias, todo de manera separada y privada (Sperry, 1968y Sperry, Gazzaniga y Bogen 1969. Lo que hace que cada hemisferio cree por separado sus propios recuerdos que son inaccesibles para el otro hemisferio. ...
... Demostrando la gran capacidad que posee el cerebro para poder adaptarse y buscar darle un sentido a lo que hace (Sperry, Gazzaniga y Bogen 1969). ...
The present descriptive-correlational research aims to find a relationship between the dimensions of neuroticism and extraversion of personality and brain dominance in university students. In a sample of 490 male and female students, two tests were applied at the Catholic University of Santa Maria - Arequipa, the Eysenck Personality Invetory (EPI) to determine personality and the Herrmann Brain Dominance Instrument (HBDI) - recontextualized to measure brain dominance. According to the results obtained, it was found that there is a statistically significant relationship between neuroticism and brain dominance profile and the dominance of hemisphere processing; as well as a relationship between extraversion and dominance of cortex processing. Other results show that personality typology, as well as brain dominance, are related to the area of study of the students. This research represents a contribution for future research on similar topics.
Key words: neuroticism, extraversion, personality typology, brain dominance
... The falx cerebri lies in the longitudinal fissure between the two hemispheres and has on both of its sides the subarachnoid system composed of the leptomeninges and the flowing cerebrospinal fluid. The combination of an impermeable falx and double layers of leptomeninges would seem to rule out any effective amount of sulcal communications across the longitudinal fissure and would accord well with the findings of divided consciousness following commissurotomy (see Sperry, Gazzaniga, & Bogen, 1969). Thus, no significant amounts of sulcal communication at the longitudinal fissure is predicted to occur in the normal brain. ...
Two sulcal-gap signalization systems are hypothesized to have evolved as emergent functional “exaptations” having the capacity to transmit two-way cortex-to-cortex signals across tissues embedded in opposing sulcal banks. Hypothesis 1 posits that a primary sulcal-gap signalization system evolved the capacity to transmit nonlanguage signals within hierarchically lower-order sensory, motor, and perceptual functional areas of the neocortex having elemental functional units consisting of columns of about 110 neurons. Hypothesis 2 posits that a secondary sulcal-gap signalization system evolved the capacity to transmit language signals within hierarchically higher-order cognitive functional areas of the “neo-neocortex” having elemental functional units consisting of modules of about 4,000 neurons. Neuroanatomical, neurophysiological, neuroevolutionary, and neurodevelopmental evidence is presented in support of these two sulcal-gap hypotheses. It is speculated that the combined cognitive capacities of these two sulcal-gap signalization systems may contribute to the transduction of physiological brain into psychological mind.
... Patients with right hemisphere damage show greater impairment in haptic tasks, such as the Form Board Test, compared to those with left hemisphere damage [42]. Commissurotomized patients exhibit a left-hand/righthemisphere advantage in tasks requiring organization of scrambled objects by shape or texture [43]. Other studies support this advantage in texture discrimination, tactual maze navigation, and shape recognition [44,45]. ...
It has been proposed that the sensorimotor system provides a foundation for the development of cognitive abilities and their hemispheric specialization. In this study, we investigated the potential relationship between haptic processing and mental rotation ability, both of which are typically lateralized to the right hemisphere. Previous research has also indicated that males tend to outperform females in both functions. The current study investigates how the sensorimotor-haptic system relates to mental rotation ability, specifically to examine the influence of hand performance (as a proxy for hemispheric specialization) and biological sex on this relationship. Seventy-five participants (n = 41 females) completed a haptic task, and the well-known mental rotation test (MRT) developed by Shepard and Metzler (Science 171:701-3, 1971). Results confirmed a positive correlation between performance on the haptic and MRT tasks. Further, males outperformed females in both tasks. However, when sex and hand performance were considered, males were better in the haptic task, but only when using their left-hand. Moreover, left-hand haptic performance was the sole predictor of MRT performance. These findings suggest that sex differences in haptic processing may contribute to the observed sex differences in mental rotation ability, supporting the view that sensorimotor processes shape cognitive function and its hemispheric lateralization.
... Within this framework, functional brain units at various scales can be thought of as modular networks or networks-ofnetworks, as they continuously interact in various ways, e.g. in a synergistic or antagonistic or otherwise modulatory manner. By far the most studied form of modularity in the brain is that represented by the structural and functional hemispheric subdivision 22 . An early but still cited model of interhemispheric cross-talk 23 proposed that the brain is a highly reciprocally interconnected neural network, characterized by a constantly shifting pattern of locally higher and lower activation levels. ...
Today the human brain can be modeled as a graph where nodes represent different regions and links stand for statistical interactions between their activities as recorded by different neuroimaging techniques. Empirical studies have lead to the hypothesis that brain functions rely on the coordination of a scattered mosaic of functionally specialized brain regions (modules or sub-networks), forming a web-like structure of coordinated assemblies (a network of networks). The study of brain dynamics would therefore benefit from an inspection of how functional sub-networks interact between them. In this paper, we model the brain as an interconnected system composed of two specific sub-networks, the left (L) and right (R) hemispheres, which compete with each other for centrality, a topological measure of importance in a networked system. Specifically, we consideredfunctional brain networks derived from high-density electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings and investigated how node centrality is shaped by interhemispheric connections. Our results show that the distribution of centrality strongly depends on the number of functional connections between hemispheres and the way these connections are distributed. Additionally, we investigated the consequences of node failure on hemispherical centrality, and showed how the abundance of inter-hemispheric links favors the functional balance of centrality distribution between the hemispheres.
... It is by now well established that the right and left cerebral hemispheres of healthy humans differ in the psychological functions they subserve. Clinical evidence for this assertion comes from studies on the effects of unilateral cerebral lesions (Hecaen, 1972) and from corpus callosotomy studies (the surgical separation of the hemispheres by sectioning the fibres of the corpus callosum) (Sperry, Gazzaniga & Bogen, 1969). Studies reporting hemispheric differences in healthy participants have employed brief presentations of stimuli to the left and right visual fields (White, 1972), presentation to the left and right ears under binaural (Kimura, 1961) or monaural (Young, 1983) conditions, or, less commonly, presentation to the left and right hands (Hermelin & O'Connor, 1971;Oscar-Berman, Rehbein, Porfest, & Goodglass, 1978;Witelson, 1976). ...
Over the past decades, a growing literature on perceptual bias has investigated the factors that determine normal performance in simple visuospatial tasks, such as line bisection and aesthetic preference. Normal right-handed participants may exhibit spatial asymmetries in these tasks with a tendency to bisect to the left of the objective middle in line bisection and a preference for images with the center of interest in their right half in aesthetic preference tasks. These patterns of performance have mostly been attributed to hemispheric imbalance. Other explanations have also been put forth to explain the spatial asymmetries seen in the normal population. Here we review studies that target the role of reading direction on visuospatial tasks. In addition to presenting several of our studies that investigated differences in line bisection and aesthetic preference performances between left-to-right readers (French) and right-to-left readers (Israeli), we present a discussion of the existing literature on reading direction, culture and visuospatial processing. The findings are discussed regarding the interaction between cultural factors, such as reading habits, and biological factors, such as cerebral lateralization, in visual perception.
... 21 Disruption of callosal function can severely affect sensory integration, motor coordination, and cognitive and emotional processing. 22,23 Research on split-brain patients, in whom the corpus callosum has been cut to treat intractable epilepsy, reveals that many cognitive and perceptual processes are functionally lateralized, 24 with the left hemisphere playing a larger role in verbal tasks and the right hemisphere dominant in nonverbal and spatial tasks. 22,25,26 How does functional lateralization emerge on the neurophysiological level? ...
... Roger Sperry and colleagues, in their seminal article on the split-brain condition (Sperry et al., 1969) concluded that calculation must be considered, along with speech and writing, a left hemisphere function and that the contribution of the right hemisphere to calculation was almost nil. In fact, they wrote, "tests for mathematical performance in the minor hemisphere with nonverbal readout and with the sensory input restricted to the left visual field or the left hand, indicate … that the capacity for calculation on the minor side is almost negligible. ...
In 1974, Roger Sperry, based on his seminal studies on the split-brain condition, concluded that math was almost exclusively sustained by the language dominant left hemisphere. The right hemisphere could perform additions up to sums less than 20, the only exception to a complete left hemisphere dominance. Studies on lateralized focal lesions came to a similar conclusion, except for written complex calculation, where spatial abilities are needed to display digits in the right location according to the specific requirements of calculation procedures. Fifty years later, the contribution of new theoretical and instrumental tools lead to a much more complex picture, whereby, while left hemisphere dominance for math in the right-handed is confirmed for most functions, several math related tasks seem to be carried out in the right hemisphere. The developmental trajectory in the lateralization of math functions has also been clarified. This corpus of knowledge is reviewed here. The right hemisphere does not simply offer its support when calculation requires generic space processing, but its role can be very specific. For example, the right parietal lobe seems to store the operation-specific spatial layout required for complex arithmetical procedures and areas like the right insula are necessary in parsing complex numbers containing zero. Evidence is found for a complex orchestration between the two hemispheres even for simple tasks: each hemisphere has its specific role, concurring to the correct result. As for development, data point to right dominance for basic numerical processes. The picture that emerges at school age is a bilateral pattern with a significantly greater involvement of the right-hemisphere, particularly in non-symbolic tasks. The intraparietal sulcus shows a left hemisphere preponderance in response to symbolic stimuli at this age.
... Variability among aphasics in right hemisphere support of different language functions may be attributable to variability in left hemisphere inhibition with different lesions (Lansdell, 1969;Milner, 1974;Sperry, Gazzaniga, & Bogen, 1969); it may also reflect an inherent variability of language functions in the right hemispheres of dextrals. Furthermore, there is now growing clinical evidence for right hemi-sphere recovery of some language funtions in aphasia (e.g., Cummings, Benson, Walsh, & Levine, 1979) and for selective language deficits following right hemisphere lesions in dextrals (e.g., Ross, 1981;Gardner et al., Note 1.). ...
Responds to M. S. Gazzaniga's review of right-hemisphere language in split-brain patients. The present author contests Gazzaniga's assumption that, without language, right-hemisphere cognition shows no purpose, representing only an early phylogenetic and ontogenetic stage of development. The present author presents evidence from some of the same patients studied by Gazzaniga (the California series), the right hemisphere in aphasics, and language in normal right hemispheres to refute Gazzaniga's hypothesis that overall cognitive competence of the right hemisphere freezes at the time language processes are consolidated in the left hemisphere. Evidence for right-hemisphere involvement in normal language is becoming increasingly evident. (26 ref)
... The most current and dramatic version of this historic controversy has been aroused by experiments on patients who have undergone a surgical "deconnection" of the cerebral hemispheres (Gazzaniga, 1970;Sperry, Gazzaniga, & Bogen, 1969). Each year seems to bring a number of qualifications of claims made about these patients, and it is therefore too early to say which of the empirical claims might be taken as final. ...
Recent findings from studies of commissurotomized human patients have revived controversies regarding the unity of consciousness and the "unicity of self." The issue is older and deeper than contemporary commentators generally acknowledge. Examination of historical versions of the dispute reveals a number of insights and confusions quite similar to those now filling the pages of contemporary journals. Because they fail to make necessary distinctions among such concepts as "self," "self-identity," and "personal identity," both the old and the new literatures are punctuated with logical incoherence. Once such key terms are analyzed, it becomes clear that the traditional notion of unified consciousness is largely unaffected by "split-brain" data. (22 ref)
... In general, lesion studies (De Ajuriaguerra et al., 1960;Hecaen et al., 1963;Kimura, 1976;Kimura & Archibald, 1974) strongly suggest that for most people, including left-handers, the left hemisphere is associated with sequential motor programming, writing, and language specialization. Further support comes from Sperry, Gazzaniga, and Bogen's (1969) work with commissurotomy patients. Whether such a close association of language and motor skill is always the case was thrown into doubt by Heilman, Coyle, Gonyea, and Geschwind (1973). ...
J. Levy and M. Reid's neurological model proposes that (a) writing hand/posture is predictive of cerebral lateralization of verbal and spatial functions, (b) both inverted and normal writing postures are directly controlled by the language-dominant hemisphere via ipsilateral pyramidal tracts for inverters and contralateral pyramidal tracts for normals, and (c) inverted posture is due to this ipsilateral pyramidal control and to partial agenesis of the corpus callosum. This model is evaluated in light of the relevant empirical literature and a critical appraisal of Levy and Reid's own theoretical rationale. It is concluded that Levy and Reid's neurological model does not receive conclusive or unqualified support from the empirical evidence. Nevertheless, although their model should not be accepted in its original form, it has provided the framework for a number of profitable areas of research that demand further investigation. (71 ref)
... Previous studies of split-brain patients have revealed that the right hemisphere is superior for visual-spatial transformations (Bogen & Gazzaniga, 1965;Levy-Agresti & Sperry, 1968;Nebes, 1971) and for the recognition of complex visual patterns (Levy, Trevarthen, & Sperry, 1972), while the left hemisphere is superior for speech and calculation (Sperry, Gazzaniga, & Bogen, 1969), This research was aided by the Frank P. Hixon Fund of the California Institute of Technology and by U.S. Public Health Service Grants MH 02273 and MH 46980-01. ...
Tested 4 commissurotomy patients (described in a previous study by J. Levy et al; for ability to match tachistoscopically presented stimuli with pictures in free vision, according to either structural appearance or functional-conceptual category. Patients were given ambiguous, structural, or functional instructions on any given run of trials with simultaneous double stimulus input to the 2 cerebral hemispheres. With ambiguous instructions, appearance and function matches were performed by the right and left hemispheres, respectively. When instructions were specific, appearance instructions tended to elicit appearance matches and right-hemisphere control. When function instructions were given, left-hemisphere control and function matches tended to be elicited. In 3 of the 4 patients, however, there was a significant number of dissociations between controlling hemisphere and strategy of matching. (24 ref)
... Association connections enable communication between cortical regions within the cerebral hemispheres; commissural connections enable communication between corresponding regions in opposite cerebral hemispheres. The right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex normally intercommunicate via white matter tracts-the corpus callosum (CC), anterior commissure (AC), and hippocampal commissure [20]. Among these commissural connections, the CC is the largest white matter tract in the mammalian nervous system [21,22]. ...
Little is known empirically about connectivity and communication between the two hemispheres of the brain in the first year of life, and what theoretical opinion exists appears to be at variance with the meager extant anatomical evidence. To shed initial light on the question of interhemispheric connectivity and communication, this study investigated brain correlates of interhemispheric transmission of information in young human infants. We analyzed EEG data from 12 4-month-olds undergoing a face-related oddball ERP protocol. The activity in the contralateral hemisphere differed between odd-same and odd-difference trials, with the odd-different response being weaker than the response during odd-same trials. The infants’ contralateral hemisphere “recognized” the odd familiar stimulus and “discriminated” the odd-different one. These findings demonstrate connectivity and communication between the two hemispheres of the brain in the first year of life and lead to a better understanding of the functional integrity of the developing human infant brain.
... However, classical callosotomy studies suggest the corpus callosum mediates bilateral synchrony and seizure spread. 31 To disentangle the roles of the thalamus and callosum in bilateral seizure spread, we recorded local field potentials (LFPs) from the bilateral premotor cortex and ventrolateral motor thalamus simultaneously to map their temporal sequence of activation. 24 We selected the motor thalamus because it receives strong projections from the right motor cortex, the seizure focus in our case. ...
Mapping neuronal circuits that generate focal to bilateral tonic–clonic seizures is essential for understanding general principles of seizure propagation and modifying the risk of death and injury due to bilateral motor seizures. We used novel techniques developed over the past decade to study these circuits. We propose the general hypothesis that at the mesoscale, seizures follow anatomical projections of the seizure focus, preferentially activating more excitable neurons.
... Para comprobar la lateralidad hemisférica de funciones lingüísticas se han llevado a cabo estudios con pacientes con el cuerpo calloso seccionado (cerebro hendido) que permiten evaluar la competencia lingüística positiva del hemisferio derecho libre de cualquier efecto inhibitorio del hemisferio izquierdo dañado. Los estudios llevados a cabo por Gazzaniga y Sperry (1969), han confirmado que, en la mayoría de las personas, el control del habla y la expresión verbal están controladas por el hemisferio izquierdo, mientras que la escritura por el hemisferio derecho, de manera que los pacientes con el cerebro hendido tienen dificultades para responder verbalmente a estímulos presentados en el campo visual izquierdo. Partiendo de la base de los estudios de cerebro hendido, se afirma que las especializaciones del hemisferio derecho son en funciones no lingüísticas que incluyen procesos espaciales y visuales complejos. ...
una gran cantidad de literaturasobre trastornos derivados de lesionescerebrales traumáticas, tanto en los procesoscognitivos básicos (atención,memoria) como en los superiores (razonamiento,toma de decisiones), sinembargo no son tantos los que haninvestigado los efectos sobre el procesamientoemocional y su posible rehabilitación.La presente investigación tienepor objetivo determinar la eficacia de unentrenamiento en reconocimiento yexpresión emocional en pacientes conafectación hemisférica derecha cuyoprocesamiento emocional pueda estaralterado e influyendo negativamentesobre su ansiedad, depresión, autoestimay regulación emocional. Ocho mujerescon lesión cerebrovascular de afectaciónderecha fueron evaluadas utilizandoel Diagnostic Assesment of NonverbalAfect 2-Adult Faces (DANVA2-AF), elHospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), la Escala de Autoestima deRosemberg (EAR) y el Cuestionario deRegulación emocional (ERQ). Cuatro deellas realizaron un Programa de Entrenamientoen Procesamiento Emocionalmientras que las restantes no recibierondicho entrenamiento. Tras recibir elentrenamiento, se las volvió a evaluardel mismo modo que al inicio con el finde analizar las diferencias entre la evaluaciónPre y Post de ambos grupos y lasdiferencias entre el grupo experimentaly el grupo control. Los resultados obtenidosno permitieron aceptar las hipótesisde partida, y por lo tanto no se puedeconcluir que este entrenamiento mejoreel procesamiento emocional, aunque laslimitaciones encontradas podrían ayudara futuras investigaciones que analicenla importancia del entrenamientoen el reconocimiento y expresión emocionalen la rehabilitación de este tipode pacientes.
... For example, classical lesion studies identified the Broca's and Wernicke's areas (the two centers for speech processing) typically in the left hemisphere (Bogen and Bogen, 1976;Dronkers et al., 2007). Research on split-brain patients suggests that each hemisphere contributes differentially to various cognitive and perceptual processes (Sperry, 1968;Sperry et al., 1969). The left hemisphere is inferred to play a larger role in verbal tasks, whereas the right hemisphere is more dominant in nonverbal and spatial tasks (Borod et al., 1992;Gazzaniga, 2000;Witelson and Pallie, 1973). ...
Despite essentially symmetric structures in mammalian brains, the left and right hemispheres do not contribute equally to certain cognitive functions. How both hemispheres interact to cause this asymmetry remains unclear. Here, we study this question in the anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM) of mice performing five versions of a tactile-based decision-making task with a short-term memory (STM) component. Unilateral inhibition of ALM produces variable behavioral deficits across tasks, with the left, right, or both ALMs playing critical roles in STM. Neural activity and its encoding capability are similar across hemispheres, despite that only one hemisphere dominates in behavior. Inhibition of the dominant ALM disrupts encoding capability in the non-dominant ALM, but not vice versa. Variable behavioral deficits are predicted by the influence on contralateral activity across sessions, mice, and tasks. Together, these results reveal that the left and right ALM interact asymmetrically, leading to their differential contributions to STM.
... Image aesthetic assessment is usually regarded as a classification or score regression task. For the classification task, images can generally be divided into high-quality images and low-quality images [32]. For the regression task, images can be evaluated according to aesthetic overall scores. ...
With the continuous development of social software and multimedia technology, images have become a kind of important carrier for spreading information and socializing. How to evaluate an image comprehensively has become the focus of recent researches. The traditional image aesthetic assessment methods often adopt single numerical overall assessment scores, which has certain subjectivity and can no longer meet the higher aesthetic requirements. In this paper, we construct an new image attribute dataset called aesthetic mixed dataset with attributes(AMD-A) and design external attribute features for fusion. Besides, we propose a efficient method for image aesthetic attribute assessment on mixed multi-attribute dataset and construct a multitasking network architecture by using the EfficientNet-B0 as the backbone network. Our model can achieve aesthetic classification, overall scoring and attribute scoring. In each sub-network, we improve the feature extraction through ECA channel attention module. As for the final overall scoring, we adopt the idea of the teacher-student network and use the classification sub-network to guide the aesthetic overall fine-grain regression. Experimental results, using the MindSpore, show that our proposed method can effectively improve the performance of the aesthetic overall and attribute assessment.
... At around the same time, Roger Sperry, Michael Gazzaniga and colleagues explored the neuropsychological side effects of cutting the connection between the two cerebral hemispheres Zygon as a treatment for intractable epilepsy. Their publications on those who came to be known as "split-brain" patients further emphasized the importance not only of intact brain centers, but also of communication between them for healthy psychological functioning (Sperry, Gazzaniga, and Bogen 1969). This insight has had a powerful cultural afterlife through the writing of Iain McGilchrist (2009; for a critical response, see De Haan 2019). ...
This article presents a historical overview of the role played by neurology patients and clinicians in the development of understanding brain–behavior relationships and argues that, even with the advent of sophisticated functional brain imaging techniques, this clinical approach remains valuable. It is particularly important in the biological study of religion, where there is a danger that piecemeal and reductionist approaches will come to dominate. It is argued that religion is a socially located, multifaceted, and embodied phenomenon that occurs not in the brain but in the lives of human persons. Insights drawn from people living with conditions affecting the brain are thus vital for a full understanding of human identity, spirituality, and religion.
... Based on the definition of the classification task in basic aesthetic evaluation tasks, there are two categories of images: high quality and low quality [10]. However, the judgements are usually based on distinguished aesthetic common sense. ...
In the tasks of image aesthetic quality evaluation, it is difficult to reach both the high score area and low score area due to the normal distribution of aesthetic datasets. To reduce the error in labeling and solve the problem of normal data distribution, we propose a new aesthetic mixed dataset with classification and regression called AMD-CR, and we train a meta reweighting network to reweight the loss of training data differently. In addition, we provide a training strategy acccording to different stages, based on pseudo labels of the binary classification task, and then we use it for aesthetic training acccording to different stages in classification and regression tasks. In the construction of the network structure, we construct an aesthetic adaptive block (AAB) structure that can adapt to any size of the input images. Besides, we also use the efficient channel attention (ECA) to strengthen the feature extracting ability of each task. The experimental result shows that our method improves 0.1112 compared with the conventional methods in SROCC. The method can also help to find best aesthetic path planning for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and vehicles.
... Demyelination in the genu of the corpus callosum leads to a decrease in speed or quantity of interhemispheric connections (Schulte and Müller-Oehring, 2010; van der Knaap and van der Ham, 2011; R. , which may manifest as altered temporal dynamics of the inter-hemispheric functional connectivity. Past studies have demonstrated the dynamic nature of inter-hemispheric communications over time (Doron et al., 2012), and this was speculated to be associated with connections through the corpus callosum (Sperry et al., 1969), wherein its white matter integrity is of paramount importance for cognitive inhibition, a key mechanism that underlies emotional regulation, the suppression of irrelevant negative information, and rumination (Demeyer et al., 2012;Joormann, 2010). ...
Rumination is a repetitive and compulsive thinking focusing on oneself, and the nature and consequences of distress. It is a core characteristic in psychiatric disorders characterized by affective dysregulation, and emerging evidence suggests that rumination is associated with aberrant dynamic functional connectivity and structural connectivity. However, the underlying neural mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we adopted a multimodal approach and tested the hypothesis that white matter connectivity forms the basis of the implications of temporal dynamics of functional connectivity in the rumination trait. Fifty-three depressed and ruminative individuals and a control group of 47 age- and gender-matched individuals with low levels of rumination underwent resting-state fMRI and diffusion tensor imaging. We found that lower global metastability and higher global synchrony of the dynamic functional connectivity were associated with higher levels of rumination. Specifically, the altered global synchrony and global metastability mediated the association between white matter integrity of the genu of the corpus callosum to rumination. Hence, our findings offered the first line of evidence for the intricate role of (sub)optimal transition of functional brain states in the connection of structural brain connectivity in ruminative thinking.
... Esta sería una fuente del materialismo cartesiano, objeto de la crítica que desarrolla Daniel Dennett. Los ya clásicos experimentos de Gazzaniga (1969Gazzaniga ( , 1977Gazzaniga ( , 2000, reinsertados en el debate contemporáneo recientemente por Harari (2016), quien los ve como una "bomba de tiempo en el laboratorio" (p. 311) ponen en serio entredicho esta intuición de sentido común. ...
En el presente texto se evalúan las posibilidades conceptuales de una interpretación fisicalista de la conciencia. Con dicho fin se toman en cuenta posiciones representativas en el ámbito de la filosofía, así como investigaciones neurocientíficas recientes. Ambas líneas de investigación suponen el cuestionamiento de los acercamientos de sentido común al tema de la conciencia. No obstante, no suponen una completa eliminación de lo que dicho acercamiento puede representar. En este sentido, se propone una interpretación epistemológica de la perspectiva intuitiva de primera persona en relación con la perspectiva científica de tercera persona.
... Patients who underwent cerebral commissurotomy for treatment of intractable epilepsy often presented with "split-brain syndrome," whereby tasks that required interhemispheric information transfer were impaired. For example, when presenting a visual stimulus selectively to the left hemifield, split-brain patients verbally reported that they did not see the stimulus, despite an intact ability to perform other types of manual or nonverbal responses that demonstrated that the stimulus had in fact been seen (Sperry et al., 1969). Given that this deficit was principally characterized by an impaired ability to verbally report information presented to the right hemisphere, Bogen and colleagues theorized that split-brain patients may also be impaired at generating words to express their feelings (i.e., may present with higher levels of alexithymia). ...
Humans are highly adept at differentiating, regulating, and responding to their emotions. At the core of all these functions is emotional awareness: the conscious feeling states that are central to human mental life. Disrupted emotional awareness—a subclinical construct commonly referred to as alexithymia—is present in a range of psychiatric and neurological disorders and can have a deleterious impact on functional outcomes and treatment response. This chapter is a selective review of the current state of the science on alexithymia. We focus on two separate but related issues: (i) the functional deficits associated with alexithymia and what they reveal about the importance of emotional awareness for shaping normative human functioning, and (ii) the neural correlates of alexithymia and what they can inform us about the biological bases of emotional awareness. Lastly, we outline challenges and opportunities for alexithymia research, focusing on measurement issues and the potential utility of formal computational models of emotional awareness for advancing the fields of clinical and affective science.
... In particular, experiments have been conducted where the left hemisphere was shown to play a major role in speech and reasoning, and controls the right side of the body, while the right hemisphere processes spatial information, and controls the left side of the body [Dennerll, 1964]. The authors of [Sperry et al., 1969] considered the case of patients which, due to different causes, had a severed corpus callosum (a nerve tract which connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain). An interesting case is that of W.J., a former Second World War combatant [Gazzaniga, 2014]. ...
The second decade of the current millennium can be summarized in one short phrase: the advent of data. There has been a surge in the number of data sources: from audio-video streaming, social networks and the Internet of Things, to smartwatches, industrial equipment and personal vehicles, just to name a few. More often than not, these sources form networks in order to exchange information. As a direct consequence, the field of Graph Signal Processing has been thriving and evolving. Its aim: process and make sense of all the surrounding data deluge.In this context, the main goal of this thesis is developing methods and algorithms capable of using data streams, in a distributed fashion, in order to infer the underlying networks that link these streams. Then, these estimated network topologies can be used with tools developed for Graph Signal Processing in order to process and analyze data supported by graphs. After a brief introduction followed by motivating examples, we first develop and propose an online, distributed and adaptive algorithm for graph topology inference for data streams which are linearly dependent. An analysis of the method ensues, in order to establish relations between performance and the input parameters of the algorithm. We then run a set of experiments in order to validate the analysis, as well as compare its performance with that of another proposed method of the literature.The next contribution is in the shape of an algorithm endowed with the same online, distributed and adaptive capacities, but adapted to inferring links between data that interact non-linearly. As such, we propose a simple yet effective additive model which makes use of the reproducing kernel machinery in order to model said nonlinearities. The results if its analysis are convincing, while experiments ran on biomedical data yield estimated networks which exhibit behavior predicted by medical literature.Finally, a third algorithm proposition is made, which aims to improve the nonlinear model by allowing it to escape the constraints induced by additivity. As such, the newly proposed model is as general as possible, and makes use of a natural and intuitive manner of imposing link sparsity, based on the concept of partial derivatives. We analyze this proposed algorithm as well, in order to establish stability conditions and relations between its parameters and its performance. A set of experiments are ran, showcasing how the general model is able to better capture nonlinear links in the data, while the estimated networks behave coherently with previous estimates.
... Dieser Zustand ermöglicht es, die beiden Gehirnhälften einzeln anzusprechen und Hinweise auf Asymmetrien zu erhalten. Zuvor hatten andere Studien gezeigt, dass die rechte Gehirnhälfte dazu tendiert, eine Spezialisierung auf räumlich-visueller Verarbeitung und dem Erkennen von visuellen Mustern aufzuweisen(BOGEN & GAZZANIGA, 1965;LEVY-AGRESTI & SPERRY, 1968;NEBES, 1971;LEVY, TREVARTHEN & SPERRY, 1972) und die linke Gehirnhälfte sich eher auf Rechenprozesse und Sprachstrukturen spezialisiert(SPERRY, GAZZANIGA & BOGEN, 1969;PANKSEPP, 1998). Die Frage, die bei der Betrachtung dieser Forschungsergebnisse aufkam, war, ob es eine Art "Metakontrolle" gibt, die bestimmt, welche der Hirnhälften für die Bewältigung einer Denkaufgabe primär benutzt wird. ...
Verständnisprozesse sind zentraler Teil des Lernens und der Bildung. Beim Erlernen von Quantenphysik sind diese Prozesse jedoch oft durch klassische Vorstellungen blockiert. Zur genaueren Erörterung dieser Problematik wird eine Studie vorgestellt, die klassische und quantenphysikalische mentale Modelle von Lernenden erhebt und zu dem allgemeinen Modellverständnis in Beziehung setzt.
Die Datenerhebung erfolgte per Onlinefragebogen und deckt eine breite Probandengruppe ab, zu der neben Lernenden verschiedener Schul- und Hochschulformen auch Lehrerinnen und Lehrer sowie viele andere Berufsgruppen gehören. Die empirischen Daten weisen darauf hin, dass die jeweilige Gestalt und Funktionalität der mentalen Modelle unabhängig voneinander in Bezug auf ihre Realitätstreue interpretiert werden. Aus dieser Beschreibung werden vier Verständnistypen mentaler Modelle abgeleitet und in die derzeitige
naturwissenschaftsdidaktische Erkenntnislage eingeordnet.
Keywords: mental model, conceptual development, understanding, physics education, chemistry education, biology education, educational science, neurology
We encountered a case of pure alexia that selectively affected kana accompanied by agraphia due to a left occipito-temporal medial hemorrhage that resulted in difficulty reading horizontally written kana words aloud in letter-by-letter and whole-word at the right end. To clarify the factors leading to alexia, we examined (1) the effect of the number of letters, (2) the difference in oral reading performance between vertically and horizontally printed words, (3) whole-word reading of horizontally and vertically printed words under a short presentation time of 100 msec, and (4) nonverbal visual information processing ability. The results showed that (1) there was a word-length effect, and although letter-by-letter reading was generally accurate, there were morphological similarity errors, (2) horizontally printed words had longer reading time than vertically printed words, (3) horizontally printed words had lower performance than vertically printed words, and there were frequent phonological errors at the end of words, and (4) reaction time was longer for discrimination of differentiation on the right side of the stimulus than on the left side. These findings suggest that subcortical lesions in the left occipitotemporal region may result in a specific type of alexia, characterized by difficulty in reading horizontally printed words aloud.
The first part of this chapter concentrates on the nature of design ability, drawing upon a variety of studies and investigations into design activity and designer behaviour. From a review of these studies, design ability is summarised as comprising abilities of resolving ill-defined problems, adopting solution-focussed cognitive strategies, employing abductive or appositional thinking and using non-verbal modelling media. These abilities are highly developed in skilled designers, but they are also possessed to some degree by everyone. A case is proposed for design ability to be seen as a fundamental form of human intelligence. The second part of the chapter argues that understanding the nature of design ability is necessary in order to enable design educators to nurture its development in their students. The nurture of this ability through design education is discussed with particular reference to the problem of providing design education through the distance-learning media of the Open University. ‘Open-ness’ is emphasised as a key principle for modern design education.
Despite considerable progress made in educational neuroscience, neuromyths persist in the teaching profession, hampering translational endeavors. The initial wave of interventions designed to dispel educational neuromyths was predominantly directed at preservice teachers. More recent work in the field, reviewed here, has shifted its focus primarily to in-service teacher professional development interventions. We discuss various interventional approaches, including refutation texts embedded into a brief training in foundational neuroscience, personalized refutation texts, insightful reflections upon science of learning key concepts (e.g., brain plasticity), and immersive experiences within research groups, highlighting their strengths and limitations. The evolving nature of scientific knowledge, the imperative to respect educators' personal and professional sensitivities, as well as challenges posed by conceptual change, are also addressed. This narrative review underscores the need to bring neuromyth investigations into the classroom environment. At the turn of the millennium, major advances in neuro-science fueled expectations for an education grounded in scientific knowledge of the brain (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2002). Access to neuroimaging technology, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, has allowed for the emergence of a mediational field-educational neuroscience-to probe brain structures and functions involved in the acquisition
The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness is the first of its kind in the field, and its appearance marks a unique time in the history of intellectual inquiry on the topic. After decades during which consciousness was considered beyond the scope of legitimate scientific investigation, consciousness re-emerged as a popular focus of research towards the end of the last century, and it has remained so for nearly 20 years. There are now so many different lines of investigation on consciousness that the time has come when the field may finally benefit from a book that pulls them together and, by juxtaposing them, provides a comprehensive survey of this exciting field. An authoritative desk reference, which will also be suitable as an advanced textbook.
Comments on J. J. Christensen-Szalanski and L. R. Beach's conclusion that the attention given to commentaries and replies to articles did not justify the extra space. The author indicates that a 40% increase in space was associated with a 91% increase in citations; data do not argue against the use of commentaries.
With the continuous development of social software and multimedia technology, images have become a kind of important carrier for spreading information and socializing. How to evaluate an image comprehensively has become the focus of recent researches. The traditional image aesthetic assessment methods often adopt single numerical overall assessment scores, which has certain subjectivity and can no longer meet the higher aesthetic requirements. In this paper, we construct an new image attribute dataset called aesthetic mixed dataset with attributes(AMD-A) and design external attribute features for fusion. Besides, we propose a efficient method for image aesthetic attribute assessment on mixed multi-attribute dataset and construct a multitasking network architecture by using the EfficientNet-B0 as the backbone network. Our model can achieve aesthetic classification, overall scoring and attribute scoring. In each sub-network, we improve the feature extraction through ECA channel attention module. As for the final overall scoring, we adopt the idea of the teacher-student network and uese the classification sub-network to guide the aesthetic overall fine-grain regression. Experimental results, using the MindSpore, show that our proposed method can effectively improve the performance of the aesthetic overall and attribute assessment.
This handbook is currently in development, with individual articles publishing online in advance of print publication. At this time, we cannot add information about unpublished articles in this handbook, however the table of contents will continue to grow as additional articles pass through the review process and are added to the site. Please note that the online publication date for this handbook is the date that the first article in the title was published online. For more information, please read the site FAQs.
This handbook is currently in development, with individual articles publishing online in advance of print publication. At this time, we cannot add information about unpublished articles in this handbook, however the table of contents will continue to grow as additional articles pass through the review process and are added to the site. Please note that the online publication date for this handbook is the date that the first article in the title was published online. For more information, please read the site FAQs.
This handbook is currently in development, with individual articles publishing online in advance of print publication. At this time, we cannot add information about unpublished articles in this handbook, however the table of contents will continue to grow as additional articles pass through the review process and are added to the site. Please note that the online publication date for this handbook is the date that the first article in the title was published online. For more information, please read the site FAQs.
In the tasks of image aesthetic quality assessment, it is difficult to reach both the high score area and low score area due to the normal distribution of aesthetic datasets. To reduce the error in labelling and solve the problem of normal data distribution, we propose a new aesthetic mixed dataset with classification and regression called AMD-CR, and we train a meta reweighting network to reweight the loss of training data differently. In addition, we provide a training strategy according to different stages based on pseudo labels, and then we use it for aesthetic training according to different stages in classification and regression tasks. In the construction of the network structure, we construct an aesthetic adaptive block (AAB) structure that can adapt to any size of the input images. Besides, we also use the efficient channel attention (ECA) to strengthen the feature extracting ability of each task. The experimental result shows that our method improves 0.1112 compared with the conventional method in SROCC. The method can also help to find best aesthetic path planning for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and vehicles.
The following work presents a research experience, which was torn with a teaching group
from the Social Studies and Civic Education Teaching.It was executed at the National
University of Costa Rica, as an initiative since the aforementioned career accreditation.
This teaching staff worked with the digital knowledge of their discipline, which allowed
them to learn about different proposals for the use of technology and to reflect
theoretically on the meaning of incorporating them in the educational context.This
proposal was developed in a workshop format, where a series of tools were used, with the
objective that the participants develop their own mediation activities in their different
educational contexts, basing on innovative approaches from active learning.
The natural sciences have changed the traditional understanding of human nature by pointing out the biological dependence of human. The relationship between the biological and the social has become a problem, and this reflects the phenomenon of psychopathy – a special type of personality that combines neurophysiological abnormalities and related behavior. The article summarizes the conclusions of the latest experimental research in this field. It is hypothesized that psychopathic properties exactly correspond to the ideological requirements of modern society, and the development of modern technologies contributes to their reproduction. The cultivation of psychopathy can completely change human beings, making society physically psychopathic, and psychopathy can be a model for the future state of society.
Infarction of the territory of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) can be the result of carotid artery atherosclerosis and embolism, cardioembolism, local ACA atherosclerosis, or ACA dissection. Considerable variation describes the anatomy of the ACA and the brain regions it supplies. Neurologic impairments following infarction in the ACA territory include weakness, sensory loss, apraxia and callosal disconnection signs, akinetic mutism and motor neglect, language disturbance, and urinary incontinence.
Artikkelissa tarkastellaan aivopuoliskojen toimintoja ja aivo toiminnan ja psyyken välisiä yhteyksiä. Erityisesti keskitytään aivotoiminnan asymmentrian tutkimuksen esittelyyn ja virheelliseen tutkimustulosten yksinkertaistamiseen. Artikkeliin liittyy erillinen esipuhe.
The ways a person’s illnesses and afflictions are socially constructed and culturally conceived amongst relatives and friends as biographically contextualized in the narratives of a known life-journey are contrasted with modern conceptions of “Patient Journey” in the digitizing of medical care in hospitals and in computerized GP Consultations. In this chapter most relevant dimensions of a personal life-journey support system – across health, handicaps and illness - are outlined. The chapter demonstrates a new road to facilitate private logging of phenomena, a coherent and sedimenting self-narrative not only in text, picture and sound, but also through user-network-developed pictographic fonts. Inclusion of biotelemetric data and virtual body imaging as part of such support systems are considered. And questions are raised concerning the future of thus skilled chronic patients’ interfacing most trusted helpers, fellow-sufferers and wider shared social platforms of Patient Journey Records.
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