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Relationships between flow, self-concept, psychological skills, and performance.
... At same time, flow states have frequently been associated with elevations in well-being [32] , selfconcept [33] , positive subjective experience and objective performance [28] . This intersection of peak performance and peak experience is the crux of the flow experience and means that flow is extremely relevant in sport. ...
... This intersection of peak performance and peak experience is the crux of the flow experience and means that flow is extremely relevant in sport. Flow research was adopted into sport in the early 1990s, with the first empirical studies published in 1992 [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] . Since, then a body of sport-specific flow research has emerged, including a number of studies which are considered classics in the field [36,37] . ...
... Since, then a body of sport-specific flow research has emerged, including a number of studies which are considered classics in the field [36,37] . A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between flow states and performance by Harris et al. [38] reports that in sport much research has focused on the relationship of flow with performance [33][34][35][36][37][38][39] , antecedents of flow and interventions to increase flow [41] . The core components of the flow experience do appear to be functional for task performance [42,43] in the context of sport and include intrinsic motivation, high levels of con-centration, and focusing on the goal not the self, all of which are likely to provide performance benefits [44][45][46] . ...
Coaches and sportsmen and women have long paid more attention to individual factors that predispose to sports practice and how they are able to affect performance, both in training and during competitive performance. Despite this, to date, very little research has analyzed the relationship between individual variables such as sense of self-efficacy, personality factors and flow status and investigated their possible implications. The aim of the present work is to verify through the comparison of two different samples (competitive athletes and practitioners) the possible relationship and difference between these variables. The research participants were 425 (male 162, female 263) The research participants practice various types of sports (volleyball, football, tennis, swimming, dance, etc.), among them 43.5% practice sports at competitive. Participants were recruited in specific sports centers. The results confirm the indirect effect of the Flow state between antecedents and outcomes, and they confirm that there are differences between those who engage in competitive sports and those at the amateur level. The study reveals significant practical implications regarding the effect produced by the flow state during performance, and this effect is enhanced when the motivations of those seeking to achieve the goal are stronger.
... Optimised flow allows individuals to internalise criteria of judgement within their field, enabling self-feedback and improving performance (Csikszentmihalyi, 1996). In a study of over 200 athletes, Jackson et al. (2001) found that flow state significantly predicted the athletes' finishing position in competition. In a meta-analysis of 22 studies, Harris et al. (2023) found a significant relationship between flow and performance. ...
... The mean resilience scores (32.37, SD = 4.51) and flow state scores (4.24, SD = 0.41) in three-day eventing riders in this study, however, were elevated relative to scores reported for athletes in other studies (Iungano et al. 2019;Jackson et al., 2001;Paulus et al., 2012). This finding suggests that resilience and flow state may be intrinsic traits or qualities that elite three-day eventing athletes possess prior to reaching the highest levels of the sport, rather than skills that are developed through experience at the highest level of competition itself. ...
This study investigated the roles of psychological resilience, performance strategies, and flow state in elite equestrian three-day event riders, building on previous equestrian sport literature and bridging the gap in research about three-day eventing athletes relative to athletes in other equestrian disciplines. In order to better understand personal traits and states in athletes and individuals in high-physical-risk and sustained focus performance domains, this study examined baseline resilience levels, performance strategies used in specific competitions, and the flow state of event riders in those same competitions. The objective was to determine if performance strategies employed by elite three-day eventing athletes were related to baseline resilience and flow state characteristics, and if baseline resilience levels were related to levels of flow state within the group. Participants included 94 international level three-day eventing athletes (15 males, 78 females, 1 undisclosed; age 31.5 ± 8.85) competing in the United States in the Spring 2021 Fédération Equestre International eventing season. Results demonstrated a modest but significant correlation ( , ) between baseline resilience levels (measured by the CD-RISC-10) and flow state (measured by the Flow Short Scale) for all athletes. Performance strategies were measured by the Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS). Regression analyses indicated that the performance strategies subscales of emotional control and negative thinking were found to predict flow state ( , , ). The sub-scales of goal setting, automaticity, emotional control, and self-talk predicted resilience ( , , ). No significant findings emerged between an athlete’s highest level of experience and their resilience scores ( , ) or flow scores ( , ). This study indicates a self-selection of riders in the elite levels of three-day eventing based on those who already demonstrate high levels of resilience as well as high propensity for experiencing flow state in competition.
... The phenomenon was first described by Csikszentmihalyi in the 70 s [2]. Jackson and colleagues determined and first measured some components of flow state [3][4][5], with flow conceptualized as a state incorporating nine dimensions (including having a sense of control and unambiguous feedback, among others) [6]. ...
... FP has received much publicity in recent years, partly due to the notion that it may be beneficial for mental and somatic health. For example, FP is positively associated with higher self-esteem, selfconcept, and self-efficacy [3,5,12]; greater life satisfaction [12,13]; active coping strategies [12]; intrinsic motivation [3,8]; and psychological well-being [12]. Some studies report a negative association between FP and anxious symptomatology (e.g., [3,12,[14][15][16][17]). ...
Flow is a phenomenon where one experiences optimal challenge, marked by an intense, effortless, and rewarding concentration on a task. Past research shows that flow proneness is associated with good mental and cardiovascular health. However, this research has been primarily cross-sectional, based on self-report data, and has not controlled for potential confounding effects of neuroticism. In a large, longitudinal twin sample (N = 9361), we used nationwide patient registry data to test whether flow proneness predicted registry-based diagnoses of depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, stress-related disorders, or cardiovascular diseases. We used survival analyses taking time to diagnosis into account to test if (a) there is a relationship between flow proneness and health diagnoses over time, (b) neuroticism confounds this relationship, and (c) the relationship remains present within discordant monozygotic twin pairs (N = 952), thereby controlling for genetic and shared environmental confounding. Individuals with higher flow proneness had a decreased risk of receiving diagnoses for depression (16%; CI [14%, 18%]), anxiety (16%; CI [13%, 18%]), schizophrenia (15%; CI [4%, 25%]), bipolar (12%; CI [6%, 18%]), stress-related (9%; CI [9%, 12%]), and cardiovascular disorders (4%; CI [1%, 8%]). When controlling for neuroticism, higher flow proneness still decreased the risk of depression (6%; CI [3%, 9%]) and anxiety diagnoses (5%; CI [1%, 8%]). Monozygotic twins who experienced more flow than their co-twin had a lower risk for depression (16%; CI [5%, 26%]) and anxiety (13%; CI [1%, 24%]), though only the association with depression remained significant when also controlling for neuroticism (13%; CI [1%, 24%]). Findings are in line with a causal protective role of flow experiences on depression and potentially anxiety and highlight that neuroticism and familial factors are notable confounding factors in observed associations between flow proneness and health outcomes.
... In the wake of this attempt of handling flow state, a set of investigations sought to correlate it to other theories and psychological constructs that may have an impact on it. In this sense, some research tried to associate flow to personality traits, self-regulation processes, beliefs systems, self-determination, as well as emotions control and mood (Cooper et al., 2018;Stavrou et al., 2015;Gomes et al., 2013;Moreno Murcia et al., 2008;Jackson et al., 1998Jackson et al., , 2001Jackson, 1995). ...
... When these indicators were associated with the 9 dimensions of flow and, consequently, with team sports, the study by Swann et al (2012) suggested that three of these dimensions are prerequisites for flow to happen (balance between challenge and skillsobjectives clear and unambiguous feedbacks). In this perspective, Jackson et al. (2001), in addition to including the dimension of the fusion between action-consciousness as a fourth flow predictor element, suggested that these elements significantly contributed to the action's final excellency. ...
The flow state has materialized as a condition of possibility for the search for the best performance in sports, both individual and collective. The objective of this systematic review of studies was to identify which form the “state of flow” influenced the sports performance of team sports athletes. Up from references to selected databases (for example, Web of Science Core Collection; SPORTDiscus (EBSCO-Host); PsycINFO and Pubmed), the results showed that 1946 articles were obtained, with the exclusion of duplicate studies (n = 407). Among the 46 articles that emerged from the analysis, the data excluded 37 studies, and considering an amount of 9 articles which were included in the final section of the systematic review and carried out in the period from 2015 to 2020. As a result, the flow state enhances a full absorption involvement of team-sport athletes. Emotional states tend to be part of an athlete's success. Knowing the three essential fields that comprise this scope (flow-mindfulness-performance) allows us to raise questions for the future, inherent to the effects of performance and the magnitude of the athlete's response depending on their individual characteristics, action possibilities, task constraints, and how much this influences their state of flow at the individual and collective levels.
... Seligman (2002) skelner overordnet mellem tre former for positive tilstande, der tilsammen bidrager til menneskelig lykke (happiness og well-being): det rare liv, det engagerede liv og det meningsfulde liv. 1 »Det rare« sammenfatter positive emotioner af kortere varighed såsom kropslige, sanselige og homøostatiske oplevelser; »det engagerede« indebaerer laengerevarende fordybelse i udfordret koncentration, som det kommer til udtryk i flow-oplevelser (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990(Csikszentmihalyi, , 2003Seligman, 2002;Knoop, 2002; og »det meningsfulde« angår oplevelsen af at vaere del af noget meget større end en selv og dermed have såvel socialt som eksistentielt perspektiv i livet, som raekker ud over den umiddelbare oplevelse. 2 Alle tre former for lykke ser ud til at have direkte relevans for forståelsen af laereprocesser og kreativitet, idet 1) »det rare« indebaerer grundlaeggende kropsligt velvaere og tryghed, som man ganske vist ikke laerer meget af i sig selv, men som er vigtige forudsaetninger for at kunne og turde agere udforskende og eksperimenterende (Fredrickson, 1998(Fredrickson, , 2001; idet 2) »det engagerede« dels indebaerer en bevidsthedstilstand, der kombinerer koncentreret opmaerksomhed rettet mod interessant stof med en optimal udfordringsgrad, hvilket normalt indebaerer laeringseffektivitet, fordi det adaptive pres for at laere vil vaere optimalt; og dels tenderer til at forstaerke hukommelsen gennem staerkt emotionelt ladede engagerede oplevelser (Csikszentmihalyi, Rathunde & Whalen, 1993;Jackson, Thomas, Marsh, & Smethurst, 2002;Stein, Kimiecik, Daniels, & Jackson, 1995;Caine & Caine, 1994); og idet 3) »det meningsfulde« i nuet såvel som i det større perspektiv udgør et dybere, motiverende grundlag, uden hvilket en person selvsagt vil vaere mindre tilbøjelig til at søge laering eller kreative aktiviteter (se fx Knoop, 2002.). 3 Disse indsigter forekommer at vaere almene og angå alle livsaldre, men vilkårene for de naevnte former for lykke ser ud til at aendre sig kvalitativt gennem livet. Såfremt børn således vokser op under psykosocialt gode vilkår, vil de tidligt opleve dyb, naiv tryghed, en masse flow under leg, fortaellinger og anden fordybelse, og de vil opleve den store »mening«, som en velfungerende familie, venner og naere omgivelser udgør -uanset disse sociale konstellationers kulturelle karakter (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990). ...
... Dette falder ret nøje i tråd med de nylige gennembrud i moralpsykologien, hvor meget nu tyder på, at menneskelig moral i langt højere grad end tidligere antaget er biologisk funderet, og at den moralfilosofiske dominans på dette genstandsfelt muligvis har skygget for disse indsigter. Eksempelvis viser nogle af resultaterne fra internet-surveyen »The Moral Sense Test«, at selv ikke moralfilosoffer er i stand til at forklare, hvorfor de i ét dilemma vaelger at draebe én person for at redde fem, mens de i et andet (naesten) identisk dilemma vaelger at lade de fem dø (den eneste forskel på det første og det sidste dilemma er formodentlig fysisk naerhed med den ene, man skal ofre for at redde de fem, men hvorfor denne fysiske naerhed er afgørende, er selv moralfilosoffer, som har deltaget i testen, altså ikke i stand til at redegøre for) (Hauser, 2005;Frank, 2005;Varming, 2005). ...
Denne artikel beskriver og diskuterer den særligt nydelsesfulde og engagerede bevidsthedstilstand, der kaldes »flow« samt nogle af de vigtigste forudsætninger herfor. Med udgangspunkt i flow-tilstandens direkte og indirekte fænomenologiske konstituenter, som de aktuelt forstås i Positive-Psychology perspektivet, hvor der skelnes mellem tre former for lykke, benævnt som henholdsvist det rare liv, det engagerede liv og det meningsfulde liv, fokuseres på voksnes vilkår og muligheder for at opleve flow i voksenlivet såvel som betydningen heraf. Det konkluderes, at det moderne, komplekse samfund, på grundlag af øget materiel velstand, frihedsgrader og kulturel rigdom, for mange rummer flere muligheder for at opleve flow, end man tidligere havde, men at disse muligheder potentielt begrænses af nye risici, der kompromitterer såvel det rare, som det engagerede og det meningsfulde på måder, der også på forskellig vis overgår det tidligere kendte.
... The Flow State Scale (Jackson & Marsh, 1996) assess flow within a particular event, However, later on Dispositional Flow Scale 4 (Jackson et al., 1998) was developed in order to assess individual differences among performers towards the propensity to access flow experience. Dispositional Flow Scale was earlier named Trait Flow Scale, however it was renamed afterwards (Jackson et al., 2001). ...
Mindfulness and flow are two optimal, therapeutic and productive states of consciousness that have recently gained a lot of attention in various fields such as clinical, cognitive science, psychology, sports, music, human-computer interaction, etc. There is an ongoing discussion about the similarities and differences between these two states, and numerous studies have appeared comparing the two based on various parameters such as present awareness and the type of self that both seek to promote. Research on integrating mindfulness to influence the flow phenomenon has proven to be a promising field, but there is little knowledge about the relationship between these two states in general and in a musical context in particular. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the constructs of mindfulness and the dimensions of flow during the process of playing a musical instrument. Playing a musical instrument is one of the most important areas for entering the flow state, and research on the relevance of mindfulness during the flow phenomenon in a musical context is still in its infancy. This work is divided into two main studies. The first study aims to investigate whether the dispositional trait of mindfulness has a predictive relationship with different dimensions of flow. Such an investigation should understand the nature of optimal experiences of mindfulness and flow and try to elucidate the issues related to their coexistence and interdependence. The second study was a qualitative study aimed at observing the changes in the lived experience of flow by changing mindfulness levels in musicians. A one-month musical induction program was planned with two music students and two musicians.
Mindfulness and flow are two optimal, therapeutic and productive states of consciousness that have recently gained a great deal of attention in various fields such as clinical, cognitive science, psychology, sports, music, human-computer interaction, etc. There is an ongoing discussion about the similarities and differences between these two states, and numerous studies have appeared comparing the two based on various parameters such as present awareness and the type of self that both seek to promote. Research on integrating mindfulness to influence the flow phenomenon has proven to be a promising field, but there is little knowledge about the relationship between these two states in general and in a musical context in particular. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the constructs of mindfulness and the dimensions of flow during the process of playing a musical instrument. Playing a musical instrument is one of the most important areas for entering the flow state, and research on the relevance of mindfulness during the flow phenomenon in a musical context is still in its infancy. This work is divided into two main studies. The first study aims to investigate whether the dispositional trait of mindfulness has a predictive relationship with different dimensions of flow. Such an investigation should understand the nature of optimal experiences of mindfulness and flow and try to elucidate the issues related to their coexistence and interdependence. The second study was a qualitative study aimed at observing the changes in the lived experience of flow by changing mindfulness levels in musicians. A one-month musical induction program was planned with two music students and two musicians. In summary, the results of the experiments presented in this thesis provide a preliminary understanding of how mindfulness is related to various dimensions of flow and how a mindfulness training program has an ability to influence flow in musical instrument playing context. This thesis contributes to the literature at a conceptual level by identifying which constructs of mindfulness that have a greater influence on different dimensions of flow as well as outlining relevant mindfulness-based intervention techniques.
... Optimum performans duygu durumu ile sportif performans arasında ilişki olduğunu gösteren çalışmalar bulunmaktadır (Jackson, Thomas, Marsh & Smethurst, 2001;Lazarovitz, 2004). Akış halinde olan bir sporcunun performansla yakaladığı uyum üst düzeydedir (Jackson, 1992). ...
... When examining the conducted studies, it is known that flow experience is associated with optimal performance, positive subjective experience, positive mood, happiness, subjective well-being, and good mood, as well as life satisfaction, satisfaction, quality of life, and socialization, and it has positive effects on well-being (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)10,11). Additionally, flow experience is positively related to sports, exercise, and exceptional performance (12)(13)(14). In studies focused on extreme sports, it is often observed that attention is given to a single discipline, such as surfers and mountain climbers. ...
Purpose: The purpose of this research is to determine the impact of recreational flow experience on perceived wellness among extreme sports participants. Material and Methods: Employing a quantitative research method, a correlational survey model was utilized in this study. The research group consists of 532 extreme sports participants, including 397 men and 135 women. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24.0, with Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression used to examine the relationship and impact of flow experience on perceived wellness. Results: The findings revealed that anxiety and boredom during the activity were negatively correlated with perceived wellness, while acquaintance and flow were positively correlated. Regression analysis showed no significant impact of boredom on wellness. Acquaintance positively affected psychological, emotional, physical, and intellectual wellness, while anxiety had a negative effect on all dimensions of wellness. Additionally, recreational flow experience had a positive impact on all dimensions of perceived wellness. Conclusion: Consequently, it was determined that anxiety during extreme sports negatively affected perceived wellness, while the attitude towards acquaintance during the activity and recreational flow experience positively influenced perceived wellness. Recommendations for practitioners include organizing trainers and informing recreation specialists and coaches to establish a balance between challenge and skill in order to facilitate the flow experience.
... Therefore, H 5 and H 6 all were found significant and supportive. All above findings were also supported by Abubakar et al. (2017), Jackson et al. (2010) and Judge et al. (2011). Employees may struggle with decision-making, fear taking on new challenges and experience heightened stress levels. ...
For strongly securing the employer-employee relationship, it is important to have a desirable and positive working environment. This study investigates the impact of workplace bullying on self-concept, employee cynicism and life satisfaction, which effect employees' performances. The survey has been conducted through the adaptation of standard tools among 200 employees working in various banks like ICICI and Axis to name a few. The analysis of data will be done through G*power software and SmartPLS4 software to apply structural equation modelling. Results revealed that the relationship between workplace and personal bullying on employee cynicism, self-concept and job performance of employees is significant which effect the employee's satisfaction with life. It develops the turnover intention among employees. This study has very strong and valid implications for management for the employees of the banking sector. It will help in energizing and motivating their workforce more towards effective performances, which will make their well-being stronger. It will be effectively helpful in maintaining a productive working environment by prioritizing their daily role at the workplace. This study validates the relationship among the variables used in the study. It invites more research from a different perspective to identify the impact in understanding the role of workplace bullying which creates deviance among employees.
... Also, it has been correlated with increased productivity and improved performance [8,9], with the involvement of positive emotions, happiness, and wellbeing [10,11] and with an adequate direction of attention to the task at hand, without the need for effort [12]. One of the estimates is that by being in flow, athletes are able, even under pressure, to expand their mental state beyond a state of tension, anxiety and need for self-control [13]. 2 The search for this optimal mental state has directed research not only to verify the factors that influence and correlate with flow state and its effects on athletes' behavior, but also intervention strategies that might induce it. ...
This study aimed to analyze the effect of a flow training program based on mindfulness applied to young and adult elite handball athletes. A quantitative, quasi-experimental, descriptive data analysis approach was carried out. The sample included 105 athletes (51 female and 54 male). The athletes were divided into two groups: i) experimental (n = 53) and ii) control (n = 52). The results of the repeated ANOVA indicated that the experimental group achieved significant improvements compared to the control group in decision making (n2p=.086), mental well-being (n2p=.045), dispositional flow state (n2p=.103), non-judgment (n2p=.040), refocusing (n2p=.052) and mindful trait in daily life (n2p=.058). In the linear regression test, the factor non-judgment was identified as a predictor of decision making (F(103)=7.99, p=.006) and the predictor for the mental well-being were dispositional flow state (F(102)=29.2, p
... (신동성, 1997 (Black & Weiss, 1992;Landers, 1980 (Jackson, 1992(Jackson, , 1996Jackson et al., 2001;Swann et al., 2012)Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the structural relationship among the perception of athlete Julsil, flow, and perceived performance of athletes. Methods: A confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analysis for each factor were conducted to verify the validity of the questionnaire, and a descriptive statistical analysis and correlation analysis were conducted through the data of 418 athletes excluding missing values. ...
... Sportif karşılaşmalarda başarı için yalnızca fiziksel özelliklerin üst seviyede olması değil, buna ek olarak psikolojik özelliklerin de önemli olduğu belirtilmektedir. Zihinsel dayanıklılık kavramının ortaya çıkmış olduğu araştırmalarda bir kişilik özelliği olarak ifade edilen bu kavram, zaman içerisinde sporda başarıyı etkilen bir unsur olarak görülmüştür (Jackson et al, 2001). ...
Bu araştırmada, BESYO öğrencilerinin zihinsel dayanıklılık ve fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri ile uyku kalitesi arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak, Sporda Zihinsel Dayanıklılık Envanteri, Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi, Pittsburgh uyku kalitesi indeksi (PUKİ) ve araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanan demografik form kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen verilere göre, Sporda Zihinsel Dayanıklılık Envanteri ile Toplam Fiziksel Aktivite arasında pozitif yönlü çok zayıf bir ilişki bulunmaktadır. Sporda Zihinsel Dayanıklılık Envanteri ile PUKİ arasında negatif yönlü çok zayıf bir ilişki bulunmaktadır. 24-25 arası yaşlarda olanların PUKİ puanın, 22-23 yaş arası olanlara göre daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kadınların Oturma alt boyut puanlarının erkeklere göre daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Profesyonel veya amatör olarak aktif spor yapanların PUKİ, Sporda Zihinsel Dayanıklılık Envanteri, Şiddetli Fiziksel Aktivite, Orta Düzeyde Fiziksel Aktivite alt boyut puanları yapmayanlara göre daha yüksektir. Yüzme-dalış sporunu yapanların Güven alt boyut puanı, futbol ve diğer takım sporlarını yapanlara göre daha yüksektir. Futbol sporunu yapanların Devamlılık alt boyut puanı, diğer sporları yapanlara göre daha düşüktür. Diğer sporları yapanların Sporda Zihinsel Dayanıklılık Envanteri puanı, futbol ve diğer takım sporlarını yapanlara göre daha yüksektir. Spor yapmayanların Şiddetli Fiziksel Aktivite alt boyut puanı, yüzme-dalış ve diğer sporları yapanlara göre daha düşüktür. Spor yapmayanların Orta Düzeyde Şiddetli Fiziksel Aktivite alt boyut puanı, tenis-badminton ve diğer sporları yapanlara göre daha düşüktür. Spor yapmayanların Oturma Süresi alt boyut puanı, futbol, atletizm, diğer ve diğer takım sporları yapanlara göre daha yüksektir. Spor yapmayanların PUKİ puanı futbol, yüzme-dalış, tenis-badminton, kış sporları, diğer ve diğer takım sporları yapanlara göre daha yüksektir. 7 yaş ve altında spora başlayanların Güven alt boyut puanı, 17 yaş ve üstünde başlayanlara göre daha yüksektir. 8-11 yaş arasında spora başlayanların Orta Düzeyde Şiddetli Fiziksel Aktivite alt boyut puanı, 17 yaş ve üstünde başlayanlara göre daha yüksektir. Haftada 1-2 gün antrenman yapanların Güven alt boyut puanı, haftada 3-4 gün antrenman yapanlara göre daha düşüktür. Ayrıca, haftada 5-6 gün antrenman yapanların Güven alt boyut puanı, diğer tüm gruplara göre daha yüksektir. Haftada 1-2 gün antrenman yapanların Şiddetli Fiziksel Aktivite alt boyut puanı, haftada 3-4 gün ve 5-6 gün antrenman yapanlara göre daha düşüktür. Haftada 1-2 gün antrenman yapanların Orta Düzeyde Şiddetli Fiziksel Aktivite alt boyut puanı, haftada 3-4 gün ve 5-6 gün antrenman yapanlara göre daha düşüktür. Haftada 1-2 gün antrenman yapanların Toplam Fiziksel Aktivite puanı, haftada 3-4 gün ve 5-6 gün antrenman yapanlara göre daha düşüktür. Sigara içme durumu grupları arasında ölçek ve alt boyut puanları bakımından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark saptanmamıştır. Bunun yanı sıra alkol kullananların Yürüme alt boyut puanları kullanmayanlara göre daha düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir.
... At the individual level, flow and flow dimensions evoke positive emotions. Flow improves resilience and optimism (Jackson and Eklund, 2002), feelings of self-efficacy (Salanova et al., 2006), teaching (Csikszentmihalyi, 1996), learning (Csikszentmihalyi, 2003), sports (Jackson et al., 2001), and mental health (Ishimura and Kodama, 2006). At the organizational level, flow at work (FaW) is positively associated with employee performance (Csikszentmihalyi, 2003;Engeser and Rheinberg, 2008;Kuo and Ho, 2010;Akçakanat et al., 2019;Demerouti, 2006), service quality (Kuo and Ho, 2010), employees' well-being and innovation (Nielsen and Cleal, 2010;Csikszentmihalyi, 2003), job satisfaction (Akçakanat et al., 2019), creativity (Bakker, 2008;Gardner et al., 2005;Rego et al., 2012;Zubair and Kamal, 2015), employee development (Csikszentmihalyi, 2003), and organizational citizenship behavior (Kasa and Hassan, 2015). ...
This study aims to examines how authentic leadership affects employees' flow experiences and the indirect effect of authentic leadership on flow at work through psychological climate. This study offers a different perspective in terms of testing for the first time the connection between authentic leadership and flow at work through the business environment. The sample of the research consists of 391 public sector employees from different cities in Turkey. In the research, convenience and snowball sampling methods were used together. Results show that that perceived authentic leadership has a positive and significant impact on the perceived psychological climate. Perceived authentic leadership and perceived psychological climate effect positively to flow at work. The most important finding of the study is that psychological climate positively mediates the effect of perceived authentic leadership on the flow at work experience.
... Bu yüzden son zamanlarda sporcular ve antrenörler için önemli bir hale gelmiştir. Zihinsel dayanıklılığın önemi düşünüldüğünde sporcuların spor ortamlarında daha iyi performans göstermeleri için fiziksel yeterliliklerinin yanında zihinsel olarak da yeterli olmaları beklenmektedir (15). ...
Amaç: Araştırmada spor bilimleri fakültesinde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin egzersiz bağımlılığı ve zihinsel dayanıklılık düzeylerinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesinin yanında egzersiz bağımlılığı ile zihinsel dayanıklılık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Araştırmaya 2020-2021 eğitim öğretim yılı içerisinde Balıkesir Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesinde öğrenim gören 193’ü erkek, 197’si kadın olmak üzere toplam 390 öğrenci katılmıştır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak; “Demografik Bilgi Formu”, “Egzersiz Bağımlılığı Ölçeği” ve “Sporda Zihinsel Dayanıklılık Envanteri” kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Katılımcıların egzersiz bağımlılığı düzeyleri ile yaş ve egzersiz sıklığı değişkenlerine göre anlamlı bir fark tespit edilmiştir. Zihinsel dayanıklılık düzeyleri incelendiğinde cinsiyet, yaş ve egzersiz sıklığı değişkenlerine göre anlamlı bir fark görülmüştür. Egzersiz bağımlılığı ve zihinsel dayanıklılık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki incelenmiş olup aralarında pozitif yönde düşük düzeyde anlamlı ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç: Katılımcıların egzersiz bağımlılığı düzeylerinin riskli grupta yer aldığı tespit edilmiştir. Üniversite öğrencilerinin cinsiyet değişkenine göre erkek katılımcıların kadınlara oranla zihinsel dayanıklılık düzeylerinin daha yüksek olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Katılımcıların yaş düzeyi ilerledikçe bağımlılık riski düşerken zihinsel dayanıklılık düzeylerinin artmakta olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca katılımcıların yapmış olduğu haftalık egzersiz sayısı arttıkça bağımlılık seviyesi artarken zihinsel dayanıklılık düzeylerinin arttığı saptanmıştır.
... It includes one's feelings about the self, other persons, society, and experiences including his convictions, values, goals and attitudes (Maheswari, 2016). Jackson (2001) described that Self-Concept is associated with a wide range of performance indicators. It is one of the significant psychological concepts for many of the developmental, clinical, social and especially educational outputs. ...
Self-Concept is the overall perception of individuals about their own personality and behaviours. It is a very common indicator of students’ academic achievement. Self-Concept can be considered as the sum total of persons’ thoughts and beliefs about how they are. The present study puts emphasis on the Self-Concept of Post Graduate level students in Purulia district of West Bengal. The objectives of the study are to express the differences between the Self-Concept of Female and Male students; Urban and Rural students & Arts and Science students of Post Graduate level respectively. Descriptive survey method is followed to conduct the study. The researchers have selected 200 Post Graduate level students from Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University of Purulia district as the sample of the study by using stratified random sampling technique. ‘Self Concept Scale’ developed by Dr. (Mrs.) Pratibha Deo was used to collect the data. No significant difference was found in the Self-Concept of Post Graduate level students in respect to their Gender (Female and Male) and Stream (Arts and Science group); but there was a significant difference in their Self-Concept on the basis of Residence (Urban and Rural). Keywords: Self-Concept, Post Graduate level students, Gender, Residence, Stream.
... Sin embargo, es en el mundo del deporte donde contamos con un mayor número de trabajos publicados en relación al flujo psicológico (e.g. Jackson, 1992Jackson, , 1993Jackson, , 1995Jackson, , 1996Jackson, , 1999Jackson, , 2000Jackson, y Eklund, 2002;Jackson, Kimiecik, Ford y Marsh, 1998;Jackson, y Csikszentmihalyi, 1999Jackson y Marsh, 1996;Jackson y Roberts, 1992;Jackson, Thomas, Marsh, y Smethurst, 2001;Kimieck y Harris, 1996;Kowal y Fortier, 1999Mandingo, Thompson y Couture, 1998;Russell, 2001). En España, el número de trabajos relacionando flujo y deporte también es importante (e.g. ...
Actualmente no existe claridad sobre lanaturaleza y estructura del constructoflujo psicológico, por lo que la evaluaciónde éste puede resultar complicadasi no se aplican los instrumentos adecuados.Por ello, el objetivo del presenteestudio se centra en analizar y comparardos instrumentos de medida delflujo psicológico y parte de los componentesque los constituyen.Para ello, se evaluó con la Escala del Estadode Flujo (FSS) (García-Calvo, Jiménez,Santos-Rosa, Reina y Cervelló, 2008) y lasSubescalas de Flujo (SF) (Rodríguez,Schaufeli, Salanova y Cifre, 2008) a 294participantes, de los cuales 116 son varonesy 178 son mujeres; con una edad comprendidaentre 17 y 76 años, siendo lamedia de 39.
... One reason for this interest is undoubtedly the large number of positive outcomes associated with Flow, including heightened creativity (e.g. 4 ), enhanced learning (e.g. 5 ), and peak performance in sports (e.g. 6 ). Furthermore, because Flow typically occurs when an individual engages in an activity which stretches his or her existing capacities, the intrinsically rewarding (i.e. ...
Flow is a well-known construct describing the experience of deep absorption in a task, typically demanding but intrinsically motivating, and conducted with high skill. Flow is operationalized by self-report, and various instruments have been developed for this, but none have been made available in the Finnish language in thoroughly validated form. We present a psychometric scale-validation study for the Finnish translation of the Flow Short Scale (FSS). We collected data from 201 Finnish speaking participants using the Prolific Academic platform. We assessed the scale’s factorial structure using Mokken scale analysis, Parallel Analysis, Very Simple Structures analysis and a standard Confirmatory Factor Analysis. We then evaluated how correlated was the FSS with the Flow State Scale and Flow Core Scale. Finally, we evaluated how well the FSS distinguished Flow-inducing experiences from boring (non-Flow-inducing) experiences. Taken together, our results show that an 8-item, two-factor version of the scale was a justified instrument with good psychometric properties.
... Substantial factorial validity evidence has been published on the FSS-2-General (e.g. Jackson et al. 2008Jackson et al. , 2001Jackson and Eklund 2002). ...
Recent advancement in technology has made virtual reality (VR) more accessible and immersive than ever before, resulting in its increasing utility in various industries. Despite this, VR has remained an underutilised tool within clinical psychology. This study aimed to explore the potential of using VR for therapeutic benefits through examining the level of flow and anxiety-reducing effects of freeform drawing in real life (on paper) versus drawing in VR (using Tilt Brush) via a randomised-controlled trial with 40 participants. State and trait anxiety was measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, level of flow was measured using the Long Flow State Scale, and level of presence was measured using the iGroup Presence Questionnaire. Overall level of flow was not significantly different between both groups, implying drawing in VR induces as much flow as drawing in real life. Level of flow was positively correlated to level of presence experienced in the VR group ( p < .01). Although there was no significant interaction effect, both groups experienced an overall decrease in state anxiety, with the VR group experiencing a significant reduction of state anxiety from pre- to post-test ( p < .01).
... 7. La solidez de los resultados de las medidas subjetivas de la carga de trabajo utilizadas en las intervenciones dependen de la validez de las respuestas proporcionadas por los sujetos, tal como afirman Jackson et al. (2001). ...
Se realiza un análisis de la utilización de las estrategias de enseñanza incidentales para el aprendizaje de las habilidades en el baloncesto. Para ello, se utiliza la estructura de la metodología DAFO (debilidades, amenazas, fortalezas y oportunidades), que ha demostrado ser una técnica eficaz para analizar y formular nuevas estrategias de acción. Hemos realizado una evaluación interna y externa, recopilando, analizando, interpretando e identificando algunos elementos que consideramos se deberían tener en cuenta en investigaciones futuras, aprovechando las fortalezas y oportunidades y minimizando las amenazas y debilidades detectadas que pudieran favorecer o limitar la generalización de los resultados obtenidos, con objeto de avanzar en el entendimiento del efecto de la configuración de determinadas variables sobre el comportamiento de los jugadores, aumentando la eficacia del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje a través de la mejora del diseño de nuestras tareas. Analizamos dichos elementos y realizamos una comparación de la tendencia del efecto de las tareas desarrolladas en los estudios que utilizan dichas estrategias de enseñanza (n=124), fundamentalmente de naturaleza inespecífica, con un estudio realizado de corte ecológico donde se desarrollan tareas específicas (n=1). En líneas generales, los resultados de nuestro estudio evidencian la importancia de que los jugadores dispongan de ambos tipos de procesamiento, reflexivos e intuitivos. Finalmente, consideramos que el análisis DAFO puede aportar una visión más amplia en el campo de la investigación del entrenamiento deportivo, actuando como complemento en el análisis de los principios que rigen el diseño de las tareas.
... The concept of flow has been explored and widely applied in sport, exercise, and performance psychology [2][3][4]. In this regard, several studies [e.g., [5][6][7] have shown that flow experience is closely associated with measures of athletic performance and mental reward. The traditional nine-dimensions framework of flow proposed by Csikszentmihalyi [8] has been widely recognized, including: (1) challenge-skills balance (i.e., the balance between perceived challenge and perceived skills), (2) clear goals (i.e., a clear set of goals that can provide direction and purpose), (3) unambiguous feedback (i.e., clear feedback to actions), (4) action-awareness merging (i.e., a merged awareness with one person's actions), (5) concentration on the task at hand (i.e., a centering of attention on the present task without distraction), (6) sense of control (i.e., a lack of anxiety about losing control), (7) loss of self-consciousness (i.e., the self as an object of awareness fades), (8) time transformation (i.e., altered sense of time), and (9) autotelic experience (i.e., intrinsically rewarding experience without goals or rewards external to itself) [9]. ...
Purpose
The integrated model of flow and clutch provides a multistate perspective to the optimal experiences during physical exercises. Based on this model, the Flow-Clutch Scale (FCS) was developed. The current study is the first step to test the psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the FCS (FCS–C).
Method
A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with Maximum Likelihood estimate was performed in Chinese athletes (N = 426) to explore the structural validity. The Pearson correlations between the subscales of the FCS-C and “non-reactivity to inner experiences”, “cognitive flexibility”, and “self-consciousness” were explored to examine the concurrent validity. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were used to assess the internal consistency of the total scale and subscales. Moreover, the test-retest reliability was examined in the subsample (N = 53) in a two-week interval.
Results
The results of CFA suggested that the three-factor model showed an acceptable model fit (χ² = 459.40, df = 120, CFI = 0.95, GFI = 0.90, SRMR = 0.03, RMSEA = 0.082 [90% CI = 0.074–0.09]). And concerning the correlations between the factor “characteristics of flow” and “self-consciousness”, the concurrent validity is not satisfactory. Moreover, the test-retest coefficients ranged from 0.75 to 0.78 (p < .01) and Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.87 to 0.96.
Conclusion
Results indicated that the three-factor model of FCS-C is acceptable, whereas its validity is not satisfactory to appropriately examine flow and/or clutch states in Chinese athletes. In summary, it shed light on future research on optimal experiences in China.
... En el ámbito del deporte, un programa de entrenamiento (con contenidos educativos, establecimiento de objetivos, diálogo interno y atención plena) mostró su eficacia para promover el estado de Fluidez y aumentar el rendimiento (medido en tiempo) de cuatro escaladores de élite (Norsworthy et al., 2018). También se ha encontrado una relación pequeña pero estadísticamente significativa entre las experiencias de Fluidez de los atletas (calificadas justo después de una competición) y la posición final (Jackson et al., 2001). En jugadores de fútbol el rendimiento se asoció con la experiencia de Fluidez durante el juego, tanto cuando los mismos jugadores calificaron el rendimiento como cuando lo hizo el entrenador (Bakker et al., 2011). ...
La interpretación musical es una actividad compleja a nivel motor, cognitivo y emocional que depende de una variedad de factores, no solo relacionados con la competencia musical. Los estados psicológicos pueden influir en el nivel de competencia artística, ya que pueden facilitar o impedir que los músicos intérpretes muestren su verdadero potencial musical. El desarrollo de habilidades de autorregulación dirigidas a suscitar la respuesta de Fluidez puede contribuir a mejorar la calidad de su experiencia durante la interpretación, aumentar la motivación intrínseca, y facilitar el compromiso con la actividad durante largos períodos de tiempo (importante para los logros creativos y artísticos). En las enseñanzas musicales parece fundamental el desarrollo de habilidades psicológicas que preparen adecuadamente a los músicos y estudiantes de música a afrontar los estresores específicos vinculados a las demandas de sus estudios y de su futura profesión. Pero, más allá de los beneficios específicos en la actividad profesional, el entrenamiento en habilidades psicológicas de autorregulación podría influir en su salud y bienestar general.
La teoría de la Fluidez se enmarca en la corriente de la Psicología Positiva, cuyo cuerpo de conocimiento ha ido en aumento desde el inicio del S. XXI. Desde esta corriente, la investigación científica se ha dirigido a comprender y construir aquellos factores que permiten que las personas, las comunidades y las sociedades prosperen. Los resultados del creciente número de investigaciones que han estudiado los efectos de aplicar la Psicología Positiva en diferentes ámbitos, muestran que la Psicología Positiva tiene una amplia base de evidencia que respalda su eficacia. Específicamente, la investigación sobre la experiencia de Fluidez ha aumentado durante los últimos años. La Fluidez “es un estado gratificante de profunda implicación y absorción que las personas experimentan cuando afrontan una actividad desafiante y perciben habilidades adecuadas para involucrarse” (EFRN, 2014)1. El fenómeno fue descrito por Csikszentmihalyi (1975)2 para explicar por qué las personas realizan actividades sin más motivo que la actividad en sí misma, sin recompensas extrínsecas, y, además, persisten en esas actividades.
La experiencia de Fluidez es una experiencia reconocida como una realidad fenomenológica por personas de todas las edades, género, estatus socioeconómico y muy diversas culturas; y se considera como un estado positivo de conciencia por todas ellas. La evidencia que se ha obtenido a través de décadas de investigación ha mostrado que la experiencia de Fluidez, entendida como una experiencia óptima, sucede cuando los desafíos que una persona afronta, así como las habilidades que tiene para involucrarse están en equilibrio y a partir de un cierto nivel (superior a lo que uno realiza de forma más cotidiana en la vida diaria). Aunque estas relaciones están en parte moderadas por otros factores, tanto situacionales, como personales. La evidencia empírica también muestra que la Fluidez se asocia al afecto positivo. Cuando las personas experimentan Fluidez en una situación, también tienden a ser felices después. En el contexto de actividades que ofrecen desafíos óptimos para las habilidades que posee una persona, es un estado que se ha asociado de forma positiva con el rendimiento. En parte, porque el estado de Fluidez, como estado intrínsecamente gratificante, conduciría a un mayor compromiso con la actividad a lo largo del tiempo.
En el ámbito de la música, existe una acumulación creciente de trabajos de investigación que han estudiado la Fluidez desde diferentes perspectivas. En el contexto de la interpretación musical, uno de los temas de mayor interés está relacionado con la contribución de la experiencia de Fluidez a la mejora de los síntomas de la Ansiedad Escénica Musical y a la mejora del rendimiento o calidad interpretativa. Para poder evaluar el estado de Fluidez en personas que interpretan música, pero también, para poder evaluar la eficacia de intervenciones dirigidas a desencadenar la respuesta de Fluidez, es necesario contar con un instrumento de medida del estado de Fluidez, validado en una muestra representativa de músicos intérpretes del Estado Español.
El hilo conductor de la presente tesis ha sido la medición del estado de Fluidez en el contexto de la música. En primer lugar, se realizó la adaptación al español y la validación del instrumento de medida del estado de Fluidez, cuyas propiedades psicométricas se analizaron con una amplia muestra de 486 músicos del Estado Español que tenían una relación consolidada con la actividad musical (tanto estudiantes, profesionales, como aficionados). En segundo lugar, se utilizó el instrumento para evaluar el estado de Fluidez en personas con Altas Capacidades Intelectuales cuando interpretan música. Este estudio se realizó como un estudio piloto, dado que no existe en la literatura un trabajo previo en el que se haya medido el estado de Fluidez en estas personas. En tercer lugar, se utilizó el instrumento para evaluar un programa de intervención específico de entrenamiento de habilidades de autorregulación psicológica diseñado para músicos intérpretes. El objetivo principal fue desencadenar la respuesta de Fluidez y el afrontamiento de la Ansiedad Escénica Musical durante la interpretación.
De los resultados obtenidos en los tres estudios se puede concluir, en primer lugar, que se dispone de una herramienta validada para evaluar el estado de Fluidez en músicos intérpretes. La validación de este instrumento puede tener implicaciones clínicas y educativas, ya que el uso del cuestionario permite identificar aspectos importantes de lo que facilita o inhibe una actuación musical o del mismo aprendizaje. También puede utilizarse para futuras investigaciones donde se desee medir la variable estado de Fluidez. En segundo lugar, los resultados del segundo estudio sugieren una relación entre las personas con altas capacidades, la experiencia de Fluidez, concretamente en la experiencia de la pérdida de la autoconciencia, y aspectos de la personalidad creativa. Los resultados también sugieren que las personas con altas capacidades podrían controlar mejor su atención, disfrutar más durante el aprendizaje y, por tanto, aprender mejor. Para finalizar, los resultados del programa de intervención mostraron que los músicos intérpretes que participaron en el programa aumentaron los niveles del estado de Fluidez y disminuyeron los niveles de Ansiedad Escénica Musical de forma estadísticamente significativa. Ello sugiere que los programas que contemplen en su diseño una combinación de todas las técnicas y métodos que se utilizaron en el programa y que provienen de la Psicología científica podrían ser útiles para tratar la problemática de la Ansiedad Escénica Musical o prevenirla; y, además, podrían facilitar el estado de Fluidez, un mayor disfrute durante la interpretación y potencialmente una mejor calidad interpretativa.
Se exponen las limitaciones y se señalan direcciones futuras de investigación.
1 EFRN, 2014: Red Europea de Investigadores de Fluidez (European Flow-Researchers’ Network)
2 Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety. Jossey-bass.
... P eak human performance emerges during the experience of flow-the subjective state of being immersed in one's current task [1][2][3] . Flow enhances learning and academic achievement [4][5][6] , boosts productivity, fosters artistic talent 7 , and improves objective measures of athletic skill 8,9 . Flow also promotes subjective well-being 7,10 ; positive affect has been found to increase with the amount of flow experienced during the workday 11 , and the absence of flow has been linked to depression 2 . ...
Flow is a subjective state characterized by immersion and engagement in one’s current activity. The benefits of flow for productivity and health are well-documented, but a rigorous description of the flow-generating process remains elusive. Here we develop and empirically test a theory of flow’s computational substrates: the informational theory of flow. Our theory draws on the concept of mutual information, a fundamental quantity in information theory that quantifies the strength of association between two variables. We propose that the mutual information between desired end states and means of attaining them — I(M;E) — gives rise to flow. We support our theory across five experiments (four preregistered) by showing, across multiple activities, that increasing I(M;E) increases flow and has important downstream benefits, including enhanced attention and enjoyment. We rule out alternative constructs including alternative metrics of associative strength, psychological constructs previously shown to predict flow, and various forms of instrumental value. Flow is a desired but elusive state characterized by the subjective experience of immersion and engagement in an activity. Here, the authors develop and empirically validate a formal model that specifies variables and computations involved in the subjective experience of flow.
Measuring flow, an optimal mental state defined by intense focus and immersion, can provide valuable insights into research on human engagement. However, a review of 69 studies identified significant methodological issues that could be undermining progress in this area of research. We discovered the use of eight nonvalidated psychological flow verification instruments (used in 33 studies), ambiguity and a lack of transparency in the interpretation and reporting of the verification results (36 studies), and a lack of screening of participants with only two studies screening for a disposition to experience a flow state. Additionally, despite the balance of challenge and skill being an essential precondition for inducing a flow state, 33 studies did not appropriately match flow-inducing activities to participant’s skill levels. These issues with measuring flow through self-assessment make it impossible to accurately validate hypothesised flow states using physiological approaches. To address these limitations, we propose a set of research protocol guidelines for integrating physiological and psychological measures to triangulate flow indicators. This provides a robust research framework that will allow the identification of physiological measures of flow that can provide a real-time objective alternative to subjective self-assessment instruments.
ZET Bu araştırmanın amacı amatör futbolcuların psikolojik performanslarının farklı değişkenler açısından incelenmesidir. Araştırmaya İç Anadolu bölgesinde farklı klüplerde futbol oynayan 126 amatör futbolcu katılmıştır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak demografik değişkenlerin belirlenmesine yönelik kişisel bilgi formu ve Psikolojik Performans Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Ölçek, Loehr J.E. (1982) tarafından geliştirilmiş ve Türkçeye çevrilmesi, güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışmaları Erman ve ark (2002) tarafından yapılmıştır. Sporcuların; özgüven, olumsuz enerji, dikkat kontrolü, görselleştirme ve imgeleme kontrolü, motivasyon seviyesi, olumlu enerji ve tutum kontrolü alanlarını içeren, psikolojik becerilerin seviyesini ölçmeyi amaçlayan toplam 42 sorudan oluşan 7 alt boyut bulunmaktadır. Çalışma grubunu oluşturan katılımcıların psikolojik performans düzeylerinin belirlenebilmesi için verilerin analizinde SPSS 22 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) programından faydalanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde kullanılacak testleri belirlemek için basıklık ve çarpıklık değerlerinin yanında, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Histogram, Plot Grafikleri ve Kayıp veri ve uç değer analizleri yapılarak incelenmiştir. İlgili verilerin karşılaştırılmasında dağılım, frekans ve anova testi yapılmıştır. İstatistiksel analizler sonucunda katılımcıların psikolojik performans düzeylerinin yaş değişkeni açısından tüm alt boyutlarda anlamlı olarak farklılaşmadığı, medeni durum değişkeni açısından ise olumsuz enerji ve tutum kontrolü alt boyutlarında anlamlı olarak farklılaştığı tespit edilmiştir. ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to examine the psychological performance of amateur football players in terms of different variables. 126 amateur football players playing football in different clubs in the Central Anatolia region participated in the study. A personal information form and the Psychological Performance Scale were used as data collection tools in the study to determine demographic variables. The scale was developed by Loehr J.E. (1982) and its translation into Turkish, reliability and validity studies were conducted by Erman et al. (2002). There are 7 sub-dimensions consisting of a total of 42 questions aiming to measure the level of psychological skills of athletes, including self-confidence, negative energy, attention control, visualization and imagery control, motivation level, positive energy and attitude control. SPSS 22 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) program was used in the analysis of the data 8th INTERNATIONAL HALICH CONGRESS ON MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH www.izdas.org/halic Istanbul, Turkiye 139
Sports competition and athletic performance are of major interest in sports psychology. Throughout the history of sports, researchers have sought to identify the modifiable factors that could help those who take part in competition to adapt to it as best as possible. In this study, we will focus on identifying certain psychological factors described in the specialized literature as having a consistent link to decreasing competitive anxiety, while looking for implementable techniques to improve these factors. The aim of this study was to identify effective methods for decreasing competitive anxiety, reaching a state of flow and influencing the dimensions of mindfulness (awareness, refocus, non-judgment). The study included a total number of 27 female subjects and was conducted over a period of 4 months (21.07.2022-21.11.2022). In the study, the subjects were divided into two groups: one working group where the intervention took place and in which 15 female footballers from League 1 were randomly assigned, and one control group with 12 female footballers. The two groups underwent an evaluation aimed at identifying the achievement of the state of flow and the reduction of competitive anxiety after a few mental and physical relaxation exercises. The results of the statistical processing of data show some differences between the two groups in terms of score for the tracked parameters, but also between the results of each group in the pre- and post-tests. However, statistically significant differences between the two groups were obtained only for the state of flow and somatic anxiety. The state of flow, of mental wellbeing, should be considered before, during and after each sports competition, regardless of its level, in order to achieve a satisfactory performance in the world of sports, correlated with the expectations and the training of each athlete. Keywords: competitive state anxiety, mindfulness, state of flow
The history of ancient sports shows us that sports practice was not a secular one but was closely linked to religious faith. Whether we are talking about ancient Greece (Athens, Sparta, etc.), whether we are talking about Latin America or the Far East, the presence of homage and respect towards the gods is seen as something sacred and no one could dispute it. We have researched the religious phenomenon in sports for more than 30 years, and the result is like religion. politics and the arts of war decided the history of the world and civilization. (Barbos, 2015). It is proven by ancient writings, but also by archaeological traces, from ancient temples and stadiums dedicated to gods and legendary heroes, such as Hercules, the most famous demigod of the ancient world, who remained in legends as one of those who achieved the most successful sports. This article summarizes some ancient sports competitions, which were strictly related to the respect for the gods, which was rewarded with sports games, such as the Olympic Games of Greece. Keywords: Hylozoism, anthropological, animism, secular ritual, sacred ritual, oracle, Delphi, ecotheology, sumo, kyudo.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh self-determination terhadap flow pada remaja yang menyukai aktivitas olahraga. Penelitian ini melibatkan beberapa variabel yaitu flow dan self-determination. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan teknik pengisian kuesioner melalui Google Form secara online. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 117 remaja dengan rentang usia 15-25 tahun. Metode analisis yang kami gunakan adalah metode deskriptif dan korelasi spearman menggunakan JASP 0.18.1.0. Skala yang kami gunakan adalah skala modifikasi flow dan skala modifikasi self-determination. Berdasarkan penelitian yang kami lakukan, kami menemukan: 1). Semakin tinggi self-determination seseorang, semakin besar kemungkinan ia mengalami keadaan mengalir. Pada penelitian ini diketahui P = 0,001 berada dibawah 0,05. Artinya ada hubungan antara arus & self-determination.2). Laki-laki memiliki self-determination yang lebih tinggi dan cenderung mengalami kondisi flow dibandingkan perempuan. 3). Rentang usia 20-25 tahun mempunyai kemandirian yang lebih tinggi dan cenderung mengalami kondisi flow dibandingkan dengan rentang usia 15-19 tahun.
Despite having great potential, microtransactions are an understudied business model in the video game industry. The current study explores the buying process of microtransactions to highlight the most important factors affecting such behavior. Using pre-validated scales, a questionnaire was administered online to 301 participants who were asked to evaluate their impulse buying tendency (IBT) and purchase intention (PI) for microtransactions within gaming scenarios. The study found a positive relationship between drivers, such as performance, hedonic content and social factors, flow experience, and impulse buying. This tendency leads to a higher intention to purchase microtransactions. Businesses can utilize the paper's findings to tailor their microtransaction content to these drivers, leading to higher profits.
يخطوا العالم من حولنا خطى سريعة نحو التقدم في مجال التنافس الرياضي، حيث أهتمت كثيرا من الدول المتقدمة بعلم النفس الرياضي الذي يعتبر أحد الركائز الأساسية لبناء الرياضة الاحترافية وتحقيق أعلى المستويات التنافسية، وقد أهتمت تلك الدول اهتماما كبيرا لتطوير مجال علم النفس الرياضي على اختلاف طرقه لتحقيق أعلى استقاده منه، وخير مثال على ذلك مدى الاستفادة التي حققتها المنتخبات التي حصلت المراكز أولى في بطولة العالم لكرة القدم بنسخته الأخيرة عام (2018) من وجود «المتخصصين النفسيين» على مقاعد البدلاء أو داخل الغرف المغلقة، بصورة انعكست بشكل إيجابي على نتائجهم في المونديال.
وتُعد المتغيرات النفسية المحرك الأساسي لتوجيه ودعم السلوك البشري لتحقيق الأهداف الشخصية، فمعتقدات الفرد حول قدراته تمكنه من التحكم في البيئة الاجتماعية مما يسهم بشكل كبير في زيادة قدرته على الانجاز والنجاح في المهام الموكلة إليه تحت أي ظرف من الظروف، وبالرغم من التقدم العلمي في مجال إعداد الرياضيين بدنياً ومهاري وخططياً يظل العامل النفسي هو المتغير الحاسم في الأداء الرياضى. حيث إن وصول الرياضي إلى المستويات العالية يتوقف على مدى براعته في توظيف قدراته البدنية والمهارية والنفسية خلال مواقف التدريب والمنافسات الرياضية حيث أن الأداء الرياضي الناتج هو محصلة لكل هذه القدرات.
ويشير (بدر الدين ٢٠٠٥) الى أن ممارسة الرياضة تتطلب توافر مجموعة من المهارات النفسية الأساسية التي تؤهل وتساعد الرياضي في مجابهة الضغوط النفسية التي يتعرض لها في مواقف التدريب والمنافسة، لذا اتجهت الكثير من الدراسات الحديثة في المجال الرياضي إلى محاولة تحديد المهارات النفسية التي يتطلبها الرياضي والتدريب عليها وتوظيفها لتحقيق التفوق الرياضي على مستوى التدريب والمنافسة. (بدر الدين، ٢٠٠٥: ٣٠)
ويؤكد (طه ٢٠٠٢) على أن العمليات النفسية التي يستخدمها اللاعب بشكل متكرر في مختلف ظروف ومواقف التدريب والمنافسات لتلبية المتطلبات التي تفرضها عليه طبيعة النشاط الرياضي الممارس، تصبح بعد فترة من الممارسة الفعلية كخصائص مكتسبه تميز سماته الشخصية وقدراته العقلية، وأن العوامل النفسية مثل قوة الإرادة والعزم والتصميم والجرأة وتحمل المسؤولية والقدرة علي ضبط النفس وبذل الجهد والتضحية من أهم الأسس التي يعتمد عليها السلوك المهاري والخططي. (طه، ٢٠٠٢: ٨٨)
وتوصل (أحمد ٢٠٠٨) إلى أن هناك صفات وقدرات نفسية ثابتة يجب أن يمتلكها لاعبي كرة القدم وهي : الثقة بالنفس والإمكانيات الذاتية والقدرة علي التصرف المناسب في المباراة بصورة مستقلة، الروح القتالية اللازمة لتعبئة الإمكانيات الذاتية في كل مباراة، القدرة علي الوصول إلي نتائج ممتازة رغم الصعوبات، إحساس كل لاعب بالمسئولية والرغبة في العمل لحل المشكلات، التصميم والاستعداد للمخاطرة، القدرة علي سرعة التغلب تجاه المواقف المثيرة والعميقة، القدرة علي اتخاذ القرارات لتحقيق النتائج وعدم التردد، القدرة علي تركيز الانتباه، المثابرة علي التحكم في النفس في المباراة وخاصة عند الاحتكاك بالمنافس، السيطرة علي النفس مهما كان قرار الحكم لصالح الفريق المنافس، التركيز في متطلبات الأداء الفني والخططي، القدرة علي الاسترخاء وهدوء الأعصاب. (أحمد، ٢٠٠٨: ١١٦)
ويشير كل من (علاوي٢٠١٢) و(راتب ٢٠٠٠) إلى أن الخبرات الانفعالية الإيجابية التي يمر بها اللاعب خلال ممارسته للنشاط الرياضي لها أثر بالغ الأهمية على مستوى الأداء، وزيادة الدافعية للاستمرار في التفوق من أجل الاستمتاع بالنشاط كما تعمل على توسيع وتعميق انتباهه وتركيزه وتجعله أكثر مرونة في تفكيره وتساعده على مقاومة الانفعالات السلبية. (علاوي، ٢٠١٢: ٢٠١)، (راتب، ٢٠٠٠: ١٤)
ويرى الباحث أن الاهتمام بالمهارات النفسية للاعبي كرة القدم يزيد من فاعلية الأداء ويؤدي إلى تحقيق الأهداف المنشودة ووصول للاعب إلى حالة نفسية مثلى عن طريق الاستمتاع بزيادة الرغبة في التدريب والمنافسة والوصول الرياضي لحالة التدفق التي يضمن بها المدرب الرياضي اندماج اللاعب كلياً في النشاط الممارس مما يؤدي إلى أداء وظائفه البدنية والعقلية والمهارية على النحو الأمثل ووصوله الى حالة التدفق المهاري المثلي.
The study aimed to reveal physical exercise conditions and catecholamine response-dependent differences while an individual experiences a flow state (FS) following noncompetitive and competitive running drills. Urine laboratory catecholamine levels were measured using a standard clinical method during pre- and post-physical exercises. The noncompetitive task involved intermittent running drills, from an absolute beginning up through exhaustion. Initially, the drill is performed individually then later competing alongside other runners. Twenty-two males (mean age: 40.27; SD: 5.4; min–max: 31–49 years) were selected in accordance to the following criterion: healthy status without using medication, routine forms of training (running, cycling or swimming) ideally performed with regularity, at least three times per week, 45 min per session. During the noncompetitive task, a high FS experience was associated with a low level of catecholamines, (noradrenaline and adrenaline) while in parallel, the high FS was associated with a low concentration of homovallinic acid. During competitive conditions, the FS-related catecholamine level changes have not yet been found. In conclusion, the low concentration of the circulating catecholamines supports the transient hypofrontality hypothesis regarding the FS experiences. Furthermore, synchronized noradrenaline and adrenaline neurosecretion play an essential role in the manifestation and the prolongation of FS in noncompetitive exercise conditions.
El presente estudio se desarrolla con el objeto de determinar las propiedades psicométricas de un cuestionario para medir Experiencia Fluida en la disciplina de tiro al blanco deportivo. Asimismo, asociar esta variable a los niveles de rendimiento de un grupo deportistas competidores en la disciplina. El estudio contempló la participación de 18 tiradores pertenecientes a clubes de tiro deportivo. Inicialmente se realizaron entrevistas semi estructuradas para observar la manifestación de las dimensiones de la Experiencia Fluida. A partir de estas entrevistas se elaboró una hoja de auto reporte consciente (hoja de feedback). Luego mediante un diseño correlacional se evaluó la asociación entre el Cuestionario psicométrico de Experiencia Fluida elaborado, el puntaje asignado a las respuestas de la hoja de feedback y los puntajes de la ronda de disparos efectuadas por los participantes. Los resultados demostraron una asociación positiva entre las variaciones en el rendimiento atlético y las del nivel de Experiencia Fluida. Se concluye que el estado mental es independiente de la ejecución ya que el deportista no alcanza a observar durante el transcurso de la ejecución deportiva
Bu çalışmanın amacı Buz Hokeyi oyuncularında sporda zihinsel dayanıklılık düzeylerinin tespit edilmesi, cinsiyet, yaş, spor yaşı, eğitim düzeyi ve oyun mevkii açısından incelenmesidir. Araştırma evrenini Türkiye Buz Hokeyi Federasyonu liglerinde bulunan lisanslı 1240 sporcu oluşturmaktadır. Örneklem grubu ise evren içerisinden rastgele seçilen ve araştırmaya katılım noktasında gönüllü olan lisanslı 129 sporcudur. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak iki bölümden oluşan anket formu kullanılmıştır. Anket formunun ilk bölümü araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanmış olan, cinsiyet, yaş, spor yaşı, eğitim düzeyi ve oyun mevkii durumlarını öğrenmeye yönelik kişisel bilgi formudur. Anket formunun ikinci bölümünde katılımcıların sporda zihinsel dayanıklılık düzeylerinin ölçülmesi amacıyla Sheard vd. tarafından 2009 yılında geliştirilen, Türkçeye uyarlaması ise Altıntaş ve Bayar Koruç tarafından 2016 yılında yapılan Sporda Zihinsel Dayanıklılık Envanteri kullanılmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde SPSS 20 paket programı kullanılmıştır. Veri toplama aracı ile toplanan veriler elektronik ortama aktarıldıktan sonra ilk olarak normallik sınaması yapılmış, verilerin normal dağılım göstermediğinin tespit edilmesi üzerine non-parametrik analizler yapılmıştır. Sporda Zihinsel Dayanıklılık Envanteri toplam puan ortalamalarının 2,86±,092 olduğu görülmektedir. Bunun yanında Güven alt boyutunda ortalamanın 2,66±,289 Kontrol alt boyutunda 3,6±,191 ve Devamlılık alt boyutunda ise 2,43±,108 düzeyinde olduğu görülmektedir. Diğer taraftan katılımcıların cinsiyet, yaş, eğitim düzeyi, mevki ve spor yaşlarına göre sporda zihinsel dayanıklılık envanterinden aldıkları puanların karşılaştırılmasının sonucunda gruplar arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde farklılıklara rastlanmıştır.
The relative contribution of reflective thinking, psychological flow,
and emotional control in predicting the wisdom
of special education teachers
Abstract
The aim of the research is to reveal the nature of the associative
relationships between wisdom in its various dimensions and each of
(Psychological flow, Emotional control, Reflective thinking) among
special education teachers, and to identify the extent to which wisdom
can be predicted through psychological flow, emotional control,
reflective thinking among special education teachers, The study sample
consisted of (120) male and female teachers of special education in Beni
Suef Governorate, with (68) male and (52) female teachers, and the
average age of the study sample was (35.6) years.
To achieve the objectives of the research, the researchers relied on
the scales (wisdom, reflective thinking, and emotional control) prepared
by the researchers, and the psychological flow scale prepared by Amal
Baza (2010) as tools for research.
The results of the study showed that there is a statistically
significant relationship between wisdom in its dimensions and each of
psychological flow, emotional control and Reflective thinking, and the
results of the research revealed that the ratio of joint contribution for
each of (emotional control, psychological flow, and Reflective thinking)
when they entered as independent variables together 92.8% in the
variation of degrees Wisdom, and the emotional control variable is
considered the most influential in wisdom, as it ranked first in the
regression equation, and contributed 44.9 percent to the variation in
wisdom degrees. The results of the research also showed that there are
differences in the level of wisdom of special education teachers due to
gender in favor of males.
Keywords: reflective thinking, psychological flow, emotional
control, wisdom
Research on the relationship between athlete identity and psychological performance strategies, which have common features in the theoretical framework, is limited. With an attempt to contribute new knowledge in this direction, the aim of the research is to determine the determining role of athlete identity on psychological performance strategies. For this purpose, 302 male athletes ( age=22.18±4.60) who continue their professional sports life from different team sports branches (Football, Basketball, Volleyball, Handball) voluntarily participated in the research. Personal Information Form, Athlete Identity Scale and Psychological Performance Strategies Scale created by the researchers were used as data collection tools in the study. In the analysis of the data obtained from 302 participants, firstly, the skewness and kurtosis values for the normality test, the distributions of the Q-Q graph were examined and it was determined that the data were suitable for the normal distribution. After this stage, whether there is a multicollinearity problem between the variables was examined by Pearson Product Moments Correlation analysis. Within the scope of the research, after testing the scales with first and second level Confirmatory Factor Analysis, the predictive role of athlete identity on performance strategies was examined using SEM analysis. When the findings were examined, it was determined that the identity of the athlete significantly predicted the strategies of goal setting, relaxation, negative thinking, imagery, acting, talking to oneself and emotional control, but it did not have any effect on the automaticity sub-dimension. As a result; It can be said that a high level of athlete identity has an effect on psychological performance strategies and based on these findings, more effective psychological skills training programs can be developed by researchers.
Flow is a mental state experienced during holistic involvement in a certain task, and it is a factor that promotes motivation, development, and performance. A reliable and objective estimation of the flow is essential for moving away from the traditional self-reporting subjective questionnaires, and for developing closed-loop human-computer interfaces. In this study, we recorded EEG and pupil dilation in a cohort of participants solving arithmetic problems. In particular, the EEG activity was acquired with a prototype of a commercial headset from Logitech with nine dry electrodes incorporated in a pair of over-ear headphones. The difficulty of the tasks was adapted to induce mental Boredom, Flow and Overload, corresponding to too easy, optimal and too challenging tasks, respectively. Results indicated statistically significant differences between all pairs of conditions for the pupil dilation, as well as for the EEG activity for the electrodes in the ear-pads. Furthermore, we built a predictive model that estimated the mental state of the user from their EEG data with 65% accuracy.
Various models and theories based on psychology have been developed. Flow Theory, which is among these models, has been studied by many researchers. In this context, the moderating role of gender in the effect of sensation-seeking on the flow of skiers and snowboarders was investigated. The research was carried out on 622 participants who ski and snowboard in winter tourism regions in Turkey. The Contextual Sensation Seeking Questionnaire for Skiing and Snowboarding-CSSQ-S and The Dispositional Flow Scale Sort Form (DFS-2) measurement tools were used in the research. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that there is a causal relationship between CSSQ-S (Novelty) and DFS-2. As a result of the regulatory impact analysis, it was determined that there were significant differences in terms of women and men in the relationship between CSSQ-S (Novelty) and DFS-2. As a result, it was determined that there is a causal relationship between CSSQ-S (Novelty) and DFS-2. According to this result, the effect of women's pursuit of excitement about skiing and snowboarding on the flow state is higher than that of men, which puts women in a more intense flow state during the experience.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.